Macchine

(Fluid dynamics Revision)

Prof. Claudio Dongiovanni

E-mail: claudio.dongiovanni@polito.it

2017-2018
 Conservation Laws
• We can write the conservation laws by
following the Lagrangian or the Eulerian
specification
• We write the Conservation law for a generic
physical scalar quantity B per unit volume
• VS is the closed volume system
Conservation Laws: Lagrangian Specification
• The amount of B in the system of volume VS
BS = ò rbdV
V S
• The variation rate of B inside the system volume
DBS D !" !
" dV + P × ndS
Dt
= ò
Dt VS
rbdV = ò P
VS
V òSS S
DBS
– Dt is the Lagrangian derivative, also called Material
Derivative

– òVS
! V dV is the production rate of B in the system volume,
P
!
being the volumetric production rate of B
P V
!" !
– òSS
P S × ndS
is the amount of B produced per unit time on
the system surface S
"! s that goes into the thermodynamic
system, being the surface production rate of B
PS
Conservation Laws: Lagrangian Specification
• When the generic physical quantity is a
vectorial quantity
!
DBS D ! !" !
"
Dt
= ò
Dt S
V
rb dV = ò PV dV + ò P S × ndS
VS SS
Conservation Laws: Eulerian Specification
• VCV is the Control Volume, that is the volume of
the open system. We consider a VCV fixed in the
space and incapable of being deformed
• VCV overlaps with the associated system volume
VS at the staring time t
• Amount of B in the control volume at the
starting time t BCV (t ) = òV rbdV = BS (t )
CV

• Variation rate of B in the control volume is

D ¶ ! !
ò
! Dt CV
V
rbdV = ò rbdV + ò F × ndS
¶t VCV SCV

– where is the flux vector

F
• This is the Reynolds' Transport Theorem
 Conservation Laws: Eulerian Specification
• The control volume overlaps with the system volume at
the starting time t, therefore the conservation equation
for a generic scalar quantity B in the Eulerian
specification is
¶ ! ! !" !
" dV + P × ndS
ò
¶t VCV
rbdV + ò F × ndS = ò P
SCV VCV
V òSCV S
¶
– ò
¶t VCV
rbdV variation of B in VCV per unit time
! !
– ò F × ndS net Flux of B across the control volume surface
!
SCV
having a normal vector that comes out from
n
the surface

– ò
VCV
! V dV production of B in the control volume
P

!" !
– ò P S × ndS production of B on the control volume surface
SCV
Conservation Laws : Eulerian Specification
• The net Flux through the control volume surface
can be divided in !
!
– Convective Flux Fc = Bc
It is the flux of B as a result of the mass flowing across
the control volume surface
!
– Diffusive Flux Fd = cr Ñb
Flux of B goes from regions of high concentration to
regions of low concentration (Fick’s law)
• c is the diffusion coefficient or diffusivity
• b is the physical quantity B for unit mass
– In problems involving fluidynamic machines the
diffusive flux is usually negligible (not for energy)
Conservation Laws: Eulerian Specification

• It follows the final form

¶ ! ! ! ! !" !
" dV + P × ndS
ò
¶t VCV
rbdV + ò rbc × ndS - ò rcÑb × ndS = ò P
SCV SCV VCV
V òSCV S
• When the generic physical quantity is a
vectorial quantity
¶ ! !! ! !! ! !" !
"
ò
¶t CV
V
rb dV + ò rb c × ndS - ò rcÑb × ndS = ò PV dV + ò P S × ndS
SCV SCV VCV SCV
 Mass Conservation Law or
Continuity Equation
• Mass per unit volume is the density
• Mass cannot be produce or destroyed
"!
B= r !V =0
P PS = 0

D
– Lagrangian ò
Dt VS
rdV = 0

¶ ! !
– Eulerian ò
¶t VCV
rdV + ò rc × ndS = 0
S CV
 Mass Conservation Law
! !
• Steady-state process: ò rc × ndS = 0
S CV

• Mass goes in the control volume across the Area

A1 and goes out across area A2
! ! ! !
- ò r1c1 × n1dS = ò r 2 c2 × n2 dS
A1 A2

• One-dimensional flow
G1 = G2 = G = rAcm = const.
where cm is the normal component of the flow velocity to
the cross flow area A. It is called meridional component
 Linear Momentum Conservation Law
!
• Linear momentum per unit volume is rc
• Linear momentum changes by means of
Forces " " "! " !
B = rc PV = rg P =s
D ! !
– Lagrangian ! ò rc dV = å F eS
Dt VS
å F eS
where is the resulting external force applied to
the system
– Eulerian
¶ ! !! ! ! ! ! !
ò rc dV + ò rc c × ndS = ò rgdV + ò s × ndS = WCV + å FeCV
¶t VCV SCV VCV SCV
!
WCV is the weight of the fluid in the control volume
 Linear Momentum Conservation Law
!! ! ! !
• Steady-State process ò rc c × ndS = WCV + å FeCV
S CV

• Mass goes in the control volume across the

Area A1 and goes out across area A
! 2!
!! ! !! !
ò r1c1c1 × n1dS + ò r2c2c2 × n2dS = WCV + å FeCV
A1 A2

• One-dimensional flow
! ! ! ! ! ! !
G(c2 - c1 ) + p1 A1n1 + p2 A2 n2 = WCV + Fwall + òt × ndS
A1 + A2

!
ò t × ndS
where is usually negligible
A1 + A2
Angular Momentum Conservation Law
! !
• Angular momentum per unit volume is r ´ rc
• Linear momentum changes by means of force
momentums
! ! ! !" ! ! !
B = r ´ rc PV = r ´ rg " S = r ´s
P

D ! ! !
ò r ´ rc dV = å TeS
– Lagrangian Dt VCS
!
å TeS is the net torque, or rather the moment of the
resulting external force, applied to the system
– Eulerian
¶ ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
ò r ´ rc dV + ò r ´ rc c × ndS = ò r ´ rgdV + ò r ´ s × ndS = rG ´ WCV + å TeCV
¶t VCV SCV Vc Sc
Angular Momentum Conservation Law
• Steady-State process
! !! ! ! ! !
ò r ´ rc c × ndS = r ´W + å T
S CV
G CV eCV

• Mass goes in the control volume across the

Area A1 and goes out across area A2
! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !
ò r1 ´ r1c1c1 × n1dS + ò r2 ´ r 2c2c2 × n2 dS = rG ´WCV + å TeCV
A1 A2

• One-dimensional flow
! ! ! ! ! ! !
G (r2 ´ c2 - r1 ´ c1 ) = rG ´ WCV + å TeCV
Fluid Dynamic and Turbo Machines
• Mass Conservation
G = x0pd0l0 r0cm0 = x1pd1l1r1cm1 = x 2pd 2l2 r 2cm 2

Axial Flow Layout Mixed Flow Layout Radial Layout

Fluid Dynamic and Turbo Machines
• Angular Momentum Conservation
M = G(r2cu 2 - r1cu1 )
this is the component along the machine axial direction
of the moment of external forces acting on the fluid in
the control volume. By using this convention it is a
positive value when it is applied to pumps and
compressors
• The power consumption is
for pumps and compressors P = Cw = G (u2 cu 2 - u1cu1 )
for turbines P = Cw = G (u1cu1 - u2 cu 2 )
• The shaft work can be derived as P
pumps and compressors Li = = u2cu 2 - u1cu1
G
P
turbines Li = = u1cu1 - u2cu 2
G
Fluid Dynamic and Turbo Machines
• Energy Conservation
c12 - c02
– Stator Qe0®1 = h1 - h0 + g (z1 - z0 ) +
2

c22 - c12
– Rotor Qe1®2 + Li = h2 - h1 + g (z2 - z1 ) +
2

– Rotor rotating reference frame

w22 - w12 u22 - u12
Qe = h2 - h1 + g (z2 - z1 ) + -
1®2
2 2
– Stator and Rotor
c22 - c02
Qe + Li = h2 - h0 + g (z2 - z0 ) +
2
Fluid Dynamic and Turbo Machines
• By combining these relationships we can obtain
c22 - c12 w22 - w12 u22 - u12
For pumps and compressors Li = - +
2 2 2
For turbines L = c1 - c2 - w1 - w2 + u1 - u2
2 2 2 2 2 2

i
2 2 2
• In these equations the first two terms take in to account
the fluid velocities variation with reference to the fixed and
the rotating reference frame, respectively. They are
connected to losses
• The last term takes into account the fluid position change in
the machine. It is not connect to losses
• It follows that the last term, when possible, must give a
positive contribution in order to increase the machine
efficiency. It follows that pumps and compressors are
designed with a centrifugal layout and turbines are often
designed with a centripetal layout