Ubffhr M´ ? Xm`ebe Mº :?

, Arupk Mº:3
‖Hvbfubt`vb“

Hstue`bmths
Duf`bmb Lbmuhfb Lbrufbmeb Br`bs @E. >52:57 Ibr`mb
Dkgbmb Bmerhb Ghrmbmehz Ukrrhs @E. 83:?:>

@mstruotkr4
^ìotkr Buaustk Âv`fb Fbrb

Okrpkrbo`ÿm Xm`vhrs`tbr`b L`mutk Eh E`ks "XM@L@MXUK"

Ohrhs, Zuhrtk Obrrhòk ‟ ^`ogbeb
Hstbeìst`ob Ehsor`pt`vb MSO. 50>
_àpt`lk shlhstrh
3:3:
 @mtrkeuoo`ÿm

B okmt`mubo`ÿm sh hmokmtrbrâ um tbffhr hm ekmeh sh ehch ehsbrrkffbr hdhro`o`ks cbsbeks hm fbs

lhe`ebs eh thmehmo`b mk ohmtrbf, hstbs lhe`ebs ehsor`pt`vbs phrl`thm uc`obr fb pks`o`ÿm quh koupb um

vbfkr ehmtrk eh um okmdumtk eh ebtks, sh obfoufb pbrb vbr`bcfhs eh t`pk oubf`tbt`vk kre`mbf y eh t`pk

oubmt`tbt`vk (e`sorhtb y okmt`mub), fks rhsuftbeks sh hxprhsbm hm fbs l`slbs um`ebehs eh fks ebtks hm

hstue`k (phrohmt`fhs, eho`fhs y oubrt`fhs).

 LHE@EB_ EH UHMEHMO@B MK OHMUSBF - XM@EBE ?
Uhlbs pbrb `mvhst`abr

@. »Ruà hs umb lhe`eb eh thmehmo`b mk ohmtrbf;

Zhrl`thm okmkohr pumtks obrbothrìst`oks eh umb shr`h eh vbfkrhs, quh mk mhohsbr`blhmth t`hmhm quh shr 
ohmtrbfhs. Fb `mthmo`ÿm eh hstbs lhe`ebs hs e`v`e`r hf okmdumtk eh kcshrvbo`kmhs hm arupks okm hf l`slk môlhrk
eh vbfkrhs.

Fbs lhe`ebs eh pks`o`ÿm mk ohmtrbfhs phrl`thm okmkohr ktrks pumtks obrbothrìst`oks eh fb e`str`cuo`ÿm quh mk
skm fks vbfkrhs ohmtrbfhs. Hmtrh ktrks `me`obekrhs, sh suhfhm ut`f`zbr umb shr`h eh vbfkrhs quh e`v`ehm fb luhstrb
hm trblks `aubfhs4
 Oubrt`fhs4  skm ? vbfkrhs quh e`str`cuyhm fb shr`h eh ebtks, krehmbeb eh nkrlb orho`hmth k
ehorho`hmth, hm oubtrk trblks `aubfhs, hm fks quh obeb umk eh hffks okmohmtrb hf 38% eh fks
rhsuftbeks.
 Eho`fhs4 skm 0 vbfkrhs quh e`str`cuyhm fb shr`h eh ebtks, krehmbeb eh nkrlb orho`hmth k ehorho`hmth, hm e`hz
trblks `aubfhs, hm fks quh obeb umk eh hffks okmohmtrb hf 2:% eh fks rhsuftbeks.
 Zhrohmt`fhs4  skm 00 vbfkrhs quh e`str`cuyhm fb shr`h eh ebtks, krehmbeb eh nkrlb orho`hmth k
ehorho`hmth, hm o`hm trblks `aubfhs, hm fks quh obeb umk eh hffks okmohmtrb hf 2% eh fks rhsuftbeks.
 Hstbs lhe`ebs skm ut`f`zbebs okm luogb nrhouhmo`b hm bquhffbs pkcfbo`kmhs quh puhehm shr e`v`ebs hm arupks k
hstrbtks, obeb umb eh hffbs okm umb okme`o`ÿm hspho`bf9 pkr hdhlpfk, umb pkcfbo`ÿm eh phrskmbs ofbs`n`obebs yb
shb pkr hebehs, hstbturbs, phsks, hto.

@@. »Oÿlk sh gbffbm fks oubrt`fhs eh um okmdumtk eh ebtks;

Fks oubrt`fhs skm fks trhs vbfkrhs eh fb vbr`bcfh quh e`v`ehm b um okmdumtk eh ebtks krehmbeks hm oubtrk
 pbrths `aubfhs.R2, R3 y R? ehthrl`mbm fks vbfkrhs okrrhspkme`hmths bf 38%, bf 8:% y bf 18% eh fks ebtks. R3
ok`mo`eh okm fb lhe`bmb.
Oÿlk sh obfoufbm fks oubrt`fhs4

2. Krehmblks fks ebtks eh lbykr b lhmkr 

3. Cusoblks hf fuabr quh koupb obeb oubrt`f lhe`bmth fb hxprhs`ÿm
Hxprhs`ÿm hdhlpfk4
 I . M 
, I ∓2 ,3 , ?
5
 Môlhrk `lpbr eh ebtks 3,

8, ?, >, 1, 5, 0
3, ?, 5, 8, >, 1, 0
 
R2 R3 R?

 Môlhrk pbr eh ebtks 3,

 8, ?, >, 1, 2, 0

2,3, ? , 5 ,8 , > , 1,0

3.8 5. >.8
8

R2 R3 R?
@@@. »Oÿlk ehthrl`mbr fks phrohmt`fhs eh um okmdumtk eh ebtks;
Fb nÿrlufb câs`ob pbrb obfoufbr phrohmt`fhs hs fb s`au`hmth4 F * M /2:: < Z. Fb F rhprhshmtb fks môlhrks lhmkrhs bf
tktbf eh ebtks quh thmhlks, M hs hf tktbf eh ebtks quh thmhlks y 2:: hs hf môlhrk hm quh ehchlks e`v`e`rfk
 pbrb bfobmzbr hf phrohmt`f.

B pbrt`r eh fks thlbs bckrebeks hm fks v`ehks, fb rhv`s`ÿm ehf lbthr`bf y ehf f`crk eh fb um`ebe ‖Lhe`ebs eh
thmehmo`b mk ohmtrbf“, rhbf`oh fks s`au`hmths hdhro`o`ks4
2. Fks s`au`hmths ebtks rhprhshmtbm hf môlhrk eh g`dks eh um arupk eh 5: nbl`f`bs.

8  3 ? : 2 ? 8 3 ? 2
2 3 2 5 ? 3 : 8 : 2
3? 8? :3 35 :8 ?3 2 ?: 23 :
5

b. Gbffh fbs lhe`ebs eh thmehmo`b ohmtrbf pbrb ebtks mk barupbeks (rhbf`zbr prkohsks oklpfhtks).
Krehmbr fks ebtks eh lhmkr b lbykr
: : : : : : : : : :
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? 5 5 5 8 8 8 8 8

LHE@B

W`
(Mulhrk n`  x µ −  x`
(nrhouhmo`b) N  M 
eh g`dks) <
  : 1 1
2 7 28 Nkrlufb 71/5:< 3,27
3 0 35
? 7 ?3
5 ? ?8   x µ <3
LHE@BMB 8 8 5:
Uktbfhs xµx
m 5:
<3:
5:
<
 xµ
< 3
3
LKEB

Lk < 3 g`dks

c. Ehthrl`mh R2, R3 y R?.

 : : : : : : : 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 5 5 8 8 8 8 8

 R2< hf oubrt`f Zr`lhrk hs hf vbfkr lbykr quh hf 38% eh fks vbfkrhs eh fb e`str`cuo`ÿm.
Oklk M < 5: rhsuftb quh M/5 < 2:9 hf pr`lhr oubrt`f hs fb lhe`b br`tlàt`ob eh e`ogk vbfkr y hf s`au`hmth4
R2< (2 + 2) / 3 < 2

 R3 < hf _haumek Oubrt`f hs, hv`ehmthlhmth, fb lhe`bmb eh fb e`str`cuo`ÿm, hs hf vbfkr eh fb vbr`bcfh quh koupb
hf fuabr ohmtrbf hm um okmdumtk eh ebtks krehmbeks. Oklk M/3 < 3: 9 fb lhe`bmb hs fb lhe`b br`tlàt`ob eh
e`ogk vbfkr y hf s`au`hmth4

Lhskcrhpbsb
 R? < hf Uhrohr Oubrt`f, hs hf vbfkr quh < R3 < (3 bf
+ 3)/
18%3 <eh3 fks vbfkrhs eh fb e`str`cuo`ÿm.
Hm muhstrk obsk, oklk ?M / 5 < ?(5:)/5< ?:, rhsuftb

R? < (?+ ?) / 3 < ?

b. Okmstruyb hf e`barblb eh obdb y c`akths.
  Fb pbrth `zqu`hreb eh fb obdb hs lbykr quh fb eh fb ehrhogb9 hffk qu`hrh eho`r quh fks gkabrhs
oklprhme`eks hmtrh hf 38% y hf 8:% hstâ lâs e`sphrsb quh hmtrh hf 8:% y hf 18%.

 Hf c`akth eh fb `zqu`hreb (W lìm., R2) hs lâs okrtk quh hf eh fb ehrhogb9 pkr hffk hf 38% eh fb obmt`ebe eh g`dks
pkr gkabrhs hstâm lâs okmohmtrbeks quh hf ktrk 38%.

 Hf rbmak `mthroubrtìf`ok < R? - R2 < ?-2 <39 hs eho`r, hf 8:% eh fks gkabrhs hstâ hm hf prklhe`k eh thmhr eh : b
3 g`dks.

3. Fks s`au`hmths ebtks okrrhspkmehm b fks eìbs eh vbobo`kmhs quh tklbrkm fks hlpfhbeks eurbmth hf ôft`lk bòk4

MXLHSK EH OBMU@EBE EH
HLZFHBEK_
EÌB_ (x`) (n`)
: 2:
2 >
3 23
? 0
5 5
8 ?
> 2

b. Oklpfhth fb tbcfb eh nrhouhmo`bs.

P
` m` g` M` G`
: 2: 33% 2: 33%
2 > 2?% 2> ?>%
3 23 31% 37 >3%
? 0 3:% ?1 73%
  5 25 0%
3% 52
58 02%
2::%
8 ? 1% 55 07%
>
M <58

 c. Gbffh fbs lhe`ebs eh thmehmo`b ohmtrbf (rhbf`zbr prkohsks oklpfhtks).

 P
m` g` M` G` y`m`
`
: 2: 33% 2: 33% :
2 > 2?% 2> ?>% > Md-2
3 23 31% 37 >3% 35 Md
? 0 3:% ?1 73% 31
5 5 0% 52 02% 2>
8 ? 1% 55 027: 28
> 2 3% 58 %: >
%
m<58 05

Lhe`b Br`tlàt`ob4
Hf prklhe`k eh fks eìbs eh vbobo`kmhs quh tklbrkm fks hlpfhbeks hs eh 3.:0 eìbs.

Lhe`bmb (Lh)4

Kcthmhr fbs nrhouhmo`bs bcskfutbs boulufbebs M`

P` m` g` M` G` y`m`
: 2: 33% 2: 33% :
2 > 2?% 2> ?>% >
3?3? 20 3?
31: >73% 351
3 % 71
5 5 0% 52 02% 2>
8 ? 1% 55 07% 28
> 2 3% 58 2::% >
m<58 05
Cusobr fb l`tbe eh fbs kcshrvbo`kmhs pkr lhe`k eh m/3 m<58 m/3 < 58/3 < 33,8
 Fkobf`zbr hf rhsuftbek bmthr`kr m/3 hm fbs okfulmbs eh fbs nrhouhmo`bs bcskfutbs boulufbebs. _` mk bpbrhoh,
sh tklb hf vbfkr `mlhe`btblhmth bmthr`kr y sh s`lckf`zb okm Md-2 y bf `mlhe`btblhmth suphr`kr 
 pkr M`.
P` m` g` M` G` y`m`
: 2: 33% 2: 33% :
2 > 2?% 2> ?>% > Md-2
3 23 31% 37 >3% 35 Md
? 0 3:% ?1 73% 31
5 5 0% 52 02% 2>
8 ? 1% 55 07%
2:: 28
> 2 3% 58 >
%
m<58 05
 Md-2 m/3
2> 6 33, 8

Lh < Pd
Lh < 3

Okmvhrt`r ebtks barupbeks b kr`a`mbf

: : : : : : : : : : 222222333333333333?????????5555888>

Fb lhe`bmb eh eìbs tklbeks eh vbobo`kmhs pkr pbrth eh fks hlpfhbeks hs 3 LKEB

Lk < 3
Fb obmt`ebe eh eìbs quh lâs sh rhp`th hm eìbs tklbeks eh vbobo`kmhs pkr pbrth eh fks hlpfhbeks hs 3.
L@M : L@M < :
R2 2 R2 < 2
LHE@BMB 3 LHE@BMB < 3
R?  ? R? <?
LBW > LBW < >

o. Ehsbrrkffh hf e`barblb eh obdb y c`akths.

  Fb pbrth `zqu`hreb eh fb obdb hs `aubf quh fb eh fb ehrhogb9 hffk qu`hrh eho`r quh fks hlpfhbeks hmtrh hf 38% y hf
8:% p`e`hrkm hmtrh umk y eks eìbs eh vbobo`kmhs y hs prkpkro`kmbf bf pkrohmtbdh eh hlpfhbeks hmtrh hf 8:% y
hf 18% quh p`e`hrkm eh eks b trhs eìbs.
 Hf c`akth eh fb `zqu`hreb (W lìm., R2) hs lâs okrtk quh hf eh fb ehrhogb (R?, Wlbx)9 pkr hffk hf 38% eh fks
hlpfhbeks p`e`hrkm hmtrh ohrk y um eìb eh vbobo`kmhs y ehf 18% bf 2::% p`e`hrkm eh trhs b sh`s eìbs eh
vbobo`kmhs.


H f r m ak `m t r o u b rt ì f ` o k < R ? - R 2 < ? - 2 < 3 9 h s e h ` r , h f 8 : %

vb o bo ` m h s hs t â h m h f p r k l h e ` k eh : b 3 e ìb s e h v bo b o ` k m h s ph
h f hlpfhbek quh p`e`hrkm sus
e `e ks.

e. Gbffh hf phrohmt`f 38, >: y 0: ehf okmdumtk eh ebtks.

MXLHSK EH OBMU@EBE EH
EÌB_ (x`) HLZFHBEK_
(n`)
: 2:
2 >
3 23
? 0
( +2 )
i   M  5 5
Zks`o`ÿm<   8 ?
2:: > 2
: : : : : : : : : : 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 >
2 3 3
23?58>170 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 37 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 5 5 5 5
: 2 23 ? 5 8 > 58> 1 52 3 ? 5 8
1 7 0 : 2 3 ? 5 8 > 1 : 2 3 ? 7 0 :
Z Z
38 0 0:
Z
>:

Zks`o`ÿm< 38( 58 +
<22,8  38<2  
2)
2::

>: ( 58 +
Zks`o`ÿm< <31,>  Z >:<3
2)
2::

0: ( 58 + 2)
Zks`o`ÿm< < 52,5  Z 0:< 5
2::

 Hm hf phrohmt`f 38 fks eìbs eh vbobo`kmhs kso`fbm pr`mo`pbflhmth phrskmbs quh mk p`e`hrkm vbobo`kmhs skfk um
pkrohmtbdh lìm`lk p`e`ÿ um eìb eh vbobo`kmhs.
 Hm hf phrohmt`f >: fks eìbs eh vbobo`kmhs kso`fbm pr`mo`pbflhmth phrskmbs quh p`e`hrkm vbobo`kmhs hmtrh um
eìb y eks.

 Hm hf phrohmt`f 0: fks eìbs eh vbobo`kmhs kso`fbm phrskmbs quh p`e`hrkm vbobo`kmhs hmtrh ohrk y oubtrk eìbs.
?. Fks s`au`hmths ebtks okrrhspkmehm b fks eìbs eh vbobo`kmhs quh tklbrkm fks hlpfhbeks eurbmth hf ôft`lk bòk4
b. Ehsbrrkffh hf e`barblb eh obdb y c`akths.
 c. Gbffh hf phrohmt`f 28, ?:,>:,18 y 0: ehf okmdumtk eh ebtks.

MXLHSK EH EÌB_ OBMU@EBE EH

HLZFHBEK_ N` m` M`
Y: ‟ 3) 2: 2: 33 33
Y3 ‟5) > 2> 2? ?>
Y5 ‟ >) 23 37 31 >3
Y> ‟ 7) 0 ?1 3: 73
Y7 ‟ 2:) 5 52 0 02
Y2: ‟ 23) ? 55 1 07
Y23 ‟25) 2 58 3 2::
58 2::

b. Ehsbrrkffh hf e`barblb eh obdb y c`akths.

 Fb pbrth `zqu`hreb eh fb obdb hs lhmkr quh fb eh fb ehrhogb9 hstk qu`hrh eho`r quh fks hlpfhbeks hmtrh hf 38% y
hf 8:% p`e`hrkm hmtrh oubtrk y sh`s eìbs eh vbobo`kmhs.

 Hf c`akth eh fb `zqu`hreb (W lìm., R2) hs lâs okrtk quh hf eh fb ehrhogb (R?, Wlbx)9 pkr hffk hf 38% eh fks
hlpfhbeks p`e`hrkm hmtrh ohrk y oubtrk eh vbobo`kmhs y ehf 18% bf 2::% p`e`hrkm eh sh`s b obtkroh eìbs eh
vbobo`kmhs.

 Z28 < (28 * 58 ) / 2:: Z28 < 2,37

Z28 < > + 3 (>,18-37 / ?1-37)

Z28 < > + 3 (-32,18 / 0) Z28 < > + (-5,13)

 Z28 < 2,37

 Z?: < (?: * 58 ) / 2:: Z?: < ?,2>

Z?: < 3 + 3 (2?,8 - 2: / 2> - 2:) Z?: < 3 + 3 (?,8 / >)

Z?: < 3 + 2,2> Z?: < ?,2>
Z>: < (>: * 58 ) / 2:: Z>: < 8,7?

 Z>: < 5 + 3 (31 - 2> / 37 -2>) Z>: < 5 + 3 (22 / 23)

Z>: < 5 + 2,7? Z>: < 8,7?
Z18 < (18 * 58 ) / 2:: Z18 < 1,31

 Z18 < > + 3 (??,18 - 37 / ?1 - 37) Z18 < > + 3 (8,18

/ 0) Z18 < > + 2,31
 
Z18 < 1,31

 Z0: < (0: * 58 ) / 2:: Z0: < 0,18

Z0: < 7 + 3 (5:,8 - ?1 / 52 - ?1) Z0: < 7 + 3 (?,8 / 5)

Z0: < 7 + 2,18 Z0: < 0,18

5. Hm umb oklpht`o`ÿm eh t`rk bf cfbmok okm r`nfh eh b`rh, sh t`hmhm fks eks ôft`lks pbrt`o`pbmths, fks oubfhs
t`rbrkm b u m tbcfhrk, hffks kct`hmhm hf
s`au`hmth rha`strk e hspuàs e 2 e `spbrks
obeb umk. h 8

b. Gbffh ehf okmdumtk eh ebtks hf prklhe`k, fb lhe`bmb y fb lkeb.

Lhe`bmb (Lh)4
Kcthmhr fbs nrhouhmo`bs bcskfutbs boulufbebs M`
Duabekr 3
Duabekr 2
P` m` g` M` G` P`m` P` m` g` M` G` P`m`
2 : :% : :% :
23 >? 5353 >0 5>5>: > 3 1 51% 1 51% 25
23 >? :% >0 %
? : :% 0 7:% : ? 1 51% 25 0?% 32
5 ? 3:% 23 7:% 23 5 2 1% 28 2::% 5
8 ? 3:% 28 2::% 28 8 : :% 28 2::% :
m< 28 ?0 m< 28 ?0
 Cusobr fb l`tbe eh fbs kcshrvbo`kmhs pkr lhe`k eh m/3 m<58 m/3 < 28/3 < 1,8

Fkobf`zbr hf rhsuftbek bmthr`kr m/3 hm fbs okfulmbs eh fbs nrhouhmo`bs bcskfutbs boulufbebs. _` mk bpbrhoh, sh tklb hf
vbfkr `mlhe`btblhmth bmthr`kr y sh s`lckf`zb okm Md-2 y bf `mlhe`btblhmth suphr`kr pkr M`.

Duabekr 2
 Md m/3
1 6 1,8

Lh < P`
Lh < 3

Duabekr 2
P` m` g` M` G` P`m`
2 > 5:% > 5:% > Md-2
3 ? 3:% 0 >:% > Md
? : :% 0 7:% :
5 ? 3:% 23 7:% 23
8 ? 3:% 28 2::% 28
m< 28 ?0
Duabekr 3
 Md m/3
1 6 1,8

Lh < P`
Lh < ?

Dua bPe`k m` g` M` G` P`m`

r 3
2 : :% : :% : Md-2
3 1 51% 1 51% 25 Md
? 1 51% 25 0?% 32
5 2 1% 28 2::% 5
8
Okmvhrt`r ebtks:barupbeks
:% b kr`a`mbf
28 2::% :
m< 28 ?0
 duabekr 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 8 8 8
Lhe`bmb < 3
Lkeb <
2
 duabekr 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5
Lhe`bmb < ?
Lkeb <
3

 Fb lhe`bmb eh fks pumtks rhbf`zbeks pkr hf duabekr 2 hs 3 y hf môlhrk eh pumtks quh lâs sh rhp`th hs hf 2
 Fb lhe`bmb eh fks pumtks rhbf`zbeks pkr hf duabekr 3 hs ? y hf môlhrk eh pumtks quh lâs sh rhp`th hs hf 3
Hf prklhe`k eh pumtks rhbf`zbeks pkr obeb duabekr hs eh ? pumtks.
 c. Ehthrl`mh R2, R3 y R? .

Duabekr 2 Duabekr 3
L@M 2 L@M < 2 L@M 3 L@M < 3
R2 2 R2 < 2 R2 3 R2 < 3
LHE@BMB 3 LHE@BMB < ? LHE@BMB ? LHE@BMB <
?
R?  5 R? < 5 R?  ? R? < ?
LBW 8 LBW < 8 LBW 5 LBW < 5

o. Shbf`oh
(Mktb4 gbohrhffbe`barblb eh obdb y c`akths
tbcfb eh nrhouhmo`bs pbrb hfypumtbdh
bmbf`ohehfksobeb
rhsuftbeks
duabekr).eh fks eks okmdumtks eh ebtks.

Eh bouhrek bf e`barblb eh C`akths y obdbs eh fks duabekrhs pkehlks hv`ehmo`br9 quh hf duabekr 2 rhbf`zÿ lbykr
môlhrk eh bmktbo`ÿm hmtrh 3 y 5 pumtks, l`hmtrbs quh hf duabekr 3 rhbf`zÿ lbykr môlhrk eh bmktbo`kmhs hmtrh 3 y ?
pumtks. Blcks duabekrhs oklpfhtbrkm um tktbf eh 28 pumtks, hf duabekr 2 bfobmzÿ trhs vhohs hf lbykr
 pumtbdh, l`hmtrbs quh hf duabekr 3 rhbf`zÿ um lbykr môlhrk eh bmktbo`kmhs hmtrh 3 y ? pumtks.
Hm fks oubrt`fhs R2, R3 y R? tuvk lbykr rhfhvbmo`b hf duabekr 2 l`hmtrbs quh hf duabekr 3 tuvk rhfhvbmo`b skcrh hf R3
P R?.
 C`cf`karbnìb



r`bfhs PkuUuch

ww.lkmkarbn`bs.okl/trbcbdks72/prhshmtbo`km-ebtks-hstbe`st`oks/prhshmtbo`km-ebtks- hstbe`st`oks.sgtlf#`xzz8B^F
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