Nama : Nur An Nisa Octa Ayuningtyas

Kelas/Jurusan : 1B/D3-Teknik Kimia

NIM : 2031410064

TUGAS ATK 1: PROBLEM HIMMELBLAU

EDISI 7
HALAMAN 56:
1. For Ethanol a handbook gives sp. Gr. 60°F = 0,79389. What is the density of Ethanol
at 60°F?
massa jenis = 0.79389 × 983.2
Kg
= 780.5526
m3
2. The specific gravity of steel is 7.9. what is the volume in cubic feet of a steel ingot
weighing 4000 lb?
7.9 × 62.34 = 492.486 lb/ft3
Volume = 4000/492.486
= 8.12 ft3
3. The specific gravity of a solution in 0,80 at 70°F. how many cubic feet will be
occupied by 100 lb of the solution at 70°F?
0.80×997.8 = 798.24
Volume = 100/798.24
= 0.12ft3

4. A solution in waters contains 1,704 kg of HNO3/kg H2O, and the solution has a
specific gravity of 1,382 at 20°C. what is the mass of HNO3 in kg per cubic meter of
solution at 20°C?
m HNO2 = 1.704 Kg
ρ HNO2 = 1382
T = 20oC
Ditanya = V HNO2
m
Penyelesaian => ρ =
V
m
 V=
ρ
g 1 kg 1000.000 cm3
 1382 3 x x
cm 1000 gr 1 m3
1.382.000 .000
 =
1000
 = 1.382.000
 1704 Kg
 V= Kg
1.382.000 3
m
 = 12 x 10-4 m3

HALAMAN 59:
1. Commerical sulphuric acids is 98% H2SO4 and 2 % H2O. What is the mole ratio of
H2SO4 to H2O?
98 % = 98 g H2SO4 dan 2% = 2 g air
98
Mol H2SO4 = = 1 mol
98
2
Mol air = = 0,1111 mol
18
1
Mole fraksi H2SO4 = = 0,9
1,11
2. A compound contains 50% sulphur and 50% oxygen by mass. Is the empirical
formula of the compound (1) SO , (2) SO2 , (3) SO3 or (4) SO4?
1 mol s
50 g S ( ) = 1,59 mol S = 1
32,0669
1 mol O
50 g O ( ) = 3,125 mol O = 2
15,999 g
S02
3. How many kg os activated carbon ( a substances use in removing trace impurities)
must be mixed with 38 kg of sand so that the final mixture is 28% activated carbon?
VCC . C + XCP.P = XCµ. µ C+P=µ
1 + C + 0.38 = 0,28 . µ C + 38 = µ
C+P=µ
a(b+c) = ab + ac
0,28 (c+38) = 0,28 . C + 0,28 . 38 14,37 + 38 = 52,37
0,28C + 10,64 + 0,28C + 10,64
XCC . C + XCP . P = XCµ . µ
C = 0,28C + 10,64
C – 0,28C = 10,64 1 . 14,37 + 0 . 38 = 0,28 . µ
0,72 C = 10,64
10,64 14,37 + 0 = 0,28 µ
C=
0,72
= 14,37 14,37 = 0,28 µ

14,37
=µ
0,28

51,32 = µ
4. A gas mixture contains 40 lb of O2 , 25 lb of SO2 , and 30 lb of SO3. What is the
composition of the mixture in mole fractions?

HALAMAN 61:
1. Saccharin, an artificial sweetener that is 3000 times sweater than sucrose, is composed
of 45,90% carbon, 2,73% hydrogen, 26,23% oxygen, 7,65% nitrogen, and 17,49
sulfur. Is the molecular formula of saccharin (a) C14H1006N2S2 , (b) C5H7O3NS , (c)
C8H9O2NS , (d) C7H5O3NS?
asumsikan bahwa massa senyawa 100gram
45,90 % x 100 g
C¿ =3,83 mol
12
2,73 % x 100 g
H¿ =2,73 mol
1
26,23 % x 100 g
O¿ =1,64 mol
16
7,65% x 100 g
N¿ =0,55 mol
14
17,49 x 100 g
S¿ =0,55 mol
32
Rasio mol C : H : O : N : S

3,83 : 2,73 : 1,64 : 0,55 : 0,55

Rumus molekul sakarin

d) C7H5O2NS
2. A mixture of gases is analized and found to have the following composition:
CO2 12,0% , CO 6,0% , CH4 27,3% , H2 9,9% , N2 44,8%. How much will 3 lb mol of
this gas weigh?
 Basis 3 lb mol
 Mencari komposisi komponen dalam mol
12
CO2 = x 3 lb mol = 0,36 lb mol
100
6
CO = x 3 lb mol = 0,18 lb mol
100

27,3
CH4 = x 3 lb mol = 0,82 lb mol
100

9,9
H2 = x 3 lb mol = 0,297 lb mol
100

44,8
N2 = x 3 lb mol = 1,344 lb mol
100

 Mencari massa tiap komponen

m
n= m = n . Mr
Mr

lb
CO2 = 0,36 lb mol x 44 = 15,84 lb
lb mol
 lb
CO = 0,18 lb mol x 28 = 5,04 lb
lb mol

lb
CH4 = 0,82 lb mol x 16 = 13,12 lb
lbmol

lb
H2 = 0,297 lb mol x 2 = 0,594 lb
lb mol

lb
N2 = 1,344 lb mol x 28 = 37, 632 lb
lb mol

 Mencari massa total

Massa total = mCO2 + mCO + mCH4 + mH2 + N2

= 15,84 lb + 5,04 lb + 13,12 lb + 0,594 lb + 37, 632 lb

= 72, 226 lb

3. A liquefied mixture of n-butane, n-pentane, and n-hexane has the following

composition: n-C4H10 50% , n-C5H12 30% , n-C6H14 20%. For this mixture, calculate:
a. The weight fraction of each component.
b. The mole fraction of each component.
c. The mole present of each component.
d. The average molecular weight of the mixture.

HALAMAN 66:
1. How many ml/gr is equivalent to a 1,2% solution of a substance in water?
2. If a membrane filters yields a count of 69 fecal coliform (CF) colonies from 5 mL of
well waterm what should be the reported FC concentration?
3. The danger point ib breathing sulphur dioxide for humans is 2620 μg/m3. How many
ppm in this value?
Concentration( ppb)=24 , 45×concentration( μg/m3 )÷molecular weight
24 , 45×2620
ppb= =999 , 8907 ppb
64 ,066
1 ppm
999 , 8907 ppb× =1 ppm
1000 ppb

HALAMAN 69, 70 – 77:

2.1 The following was a leter to The Chemical Engineer (a British publication).

In reply to Dr J. B. Morris in the February issue, of course the symbols g mole

and kg mole used to exist, and they still can if you want them to, but not in the SI.
Anyway, what is wrong with the mole (mol) and kilomole (kmol) ? They are easier
 both to say and to write. We are all aware off the apparent inconsistency in the choice
of the mole rather than the kilomole as the basic SI unit for amount of substance, but
the controversy is over now and it is sterile to pursue the matter.

Dr Morris is treading on dangerous ground when he attempts “to remind us

that the mole has the dimensions of mass.” The mole is certainly relate to mass, but
this not confer dimensions of mass on it. The amount of substance is proportional to
mass divided by the relative molecular mass, a dimensionless ratio formerly known as
the molecular weight. If SI units are involved, a dimentional contants of
proportionality numerically equal to 103 is normally chosen, but there is no
fundamentally compelling reason why we should do so.

Explain what is correct and what is not correct about this latter.

- the first paragraf of the letter is ok. in the the second paragraph, the author is
wrong. the molecullar weight, even in SI, is the ratio of mass to mole (or the mass
per a fixed number of molecular) and is not dimensionless.

- paragraf pertama dari surat itu benar . di paragraf kedua, penulis salah. berat
molekul, bahkan dalam SI, adalah rasio massa terhadap mol (atau massa per
jumlah molekul tetap) dan bukan tanpa dimensi.
2.2 The following objectives were given at the beginning of a chapter discussing the
concept of a mole. Do the objectives describe the correct characteristics of the mole?
Answer yes or no.

 Objective 1. The student will know that the mole is a counting unit and that
one mole of any substance contains the same number of units as one mole of
any other substance.
 Objective 2. The student will know that the mole is defined as the amount of
substance containing Avogadro's number of units or particles of that
substance.
 Objective 3. The student will be able to calculate the atomic or molecular
masses grams from the molar masses of the respective atoms or molecules,
and vice- versa.

Yes

2.3 Explain the differences between mole, molecule, and molecular weight.

- A molecule is a number of moleculles, whereas a molecule is a collection of two

or more atoms that exist in nature in a certain arrangement which are bound by
chemical forces, and the molecular weight is the mass per mole.
- Mol adalah sejumlah molekul, sedangkan Molekul adalah kumpulan dua atom
atau lebih yang ada di alam suatu susunan tertentu yang terikat oleh gaya kimia,
dan berat molekul adalah massa per mol.
2.4 What is wrong, or correct, about each of the following answers to the question: What
is a mole?

(a) A mole is found in a certain number of cm3 of one substance or another.

It is not a number of molecules in a volume

(b) A mole is the weight of a molecule expressed in grams.

It is not a weight

(c) A mole is the number of molecules in one gram of a substance.

It is not a number of molecules in a gram

(d) A mole is the sum of atomic weights.

It is not an atomic weight or sum thereof

(e) A mole is the molecular weight of an element.

It is not a molecular weight

2.5 A textbook states: "A mole is a quantity of material whose weight is numerically
equal to the molecular weight." State whether this statement is correct, incorrect, or
partially correct, and explain in no more than three sentences the reasoning behind
your answer.

The statement is partially correct. A mole is a number of entities, not a

quantity of material. “Quantity” usually is not considered to be
enumerated.
2.6 What does the unit mol-1 mean? Can a unit be mol1/3?

a) mol-1 means the inverse of the unit “mol”

b) Yes.
2.7 Select the correct answer (s):

1. A mole of H2O and a mole of O2

(a) have the same mass

(b) contain one molecule each

(c) have a mass of 1g each

(d) contain the same number of molecules

2. One mole of oxygen molecules contains more independent units (O2) than one mole
of oxygen atoms (O).

(a) True, because there are two atoms of O for every molecule of O2.
 (b) True, because one mole of O2 weighs more than one mole of O.

(c) False, because both of them have the same number of particles.

(d) False, because one mole of O has the same mass as one mole of O̟2.

2.8 Calculate the mass of one mole of chlorophyll (C55H72MgN4O5)

Mr C55H72MgN4O5 = 882

Mol = 1 mol

MassaC 55 H 72 Mg N 4 O 5=Mol x Mr

¿ 1 x 882=882 gram

2.9 Convert the following:

(a) 120 Ib moles of NaCl to g.

massa NaCl= (120x453,592) x gmol NaCl. 58,44gNaCl/(gmol NaCl)

=54431,04 x 58,44g NaCl

=3180950 g

(b) 120 g moles of NaCl to Ib.

massa NaCl= 120 x gmolNaCl(58,44gNaCl/(gmol NaCl))

=120x58,44g

= 7010g

(c) 120 Ib of NaCl to g moles.

massa NaCl= (120x453,592) (58,44gNaCl/(gmol NaCl))

= 54431,04gmol/58,44

=931,4gmol

(d) 120 g of NaCl to lb moles

. massa NaCl=(0,00220462x120)x(58,44gNaCl/(gmol NaCl)

= 0,2645544gmol/58,44

= 0,004527

2.10 (a) What is the molecular weight of CaCO3?

MW = 40g/gmo + 12 g/gmol + 3(16)

 = 100 g/gmol

(b) How many g mol are in 10 g of CaCO3?

1 g mol CaC O 3
n=10 g CaC O 3 x =0,1 g mol CaC O 3
100 g CaC O 3

(c) How many Ib mol are in 20 lb of CaCO3?

1 lb mol CaC O 3
n=20 lb CaC O 3 x =0,2 lbmol CaC O 3
100 lb CaC O 3

(d) How many g are in 2 Ib mol of CaCO3?

100 lb CaC O 3 454 g

n=2lb mol x x =90800 g CaC O 3
1 lb mol 1lb

2.11 Convert the following:

(a) 4 g mol of MgCl2 to g

Diket Mr : 95 g/mol

gram
4 gmol =
95

gram = 95 x 4 = 380 gram

(b) 2 lb mol of C3H8 to g

Diket Mr : 44 g/mol

m
2 lbmol =
44

453,59 gram
m = 88lb = 88lb x = 39915,92 gram
1lb

(c) 16 g of N2 to lb mol

Diket Mr : 28 g/mol

0,0022lb
16 gram x 0,0352
Mol = 1 gram = = 1,257 x 10-3 lbmol
28
28

(d) 3 lb of C2H6O to g mol

 Diket Mr : 46

gram
3lb x 453,59 1360,77
mol : 1 lb = = 29,582 gmol
46
46

2.12 How many pounds are there in each of the following

(a) 16.1 lb mol of pure HCI

Diket Mr : 36,5 g/mol

m
16,1lbmol =
36,5

m = 587,65 lb

(b) 19.4 Ib mol of KCI

Diket Mr : 74,5 g/mol

m
19,4 lbmol =
74,5

M = 1445,3

(c) 11.9 g mol of NaNO3

Diket Mr : 85g/mol

gram
11,9 gmol =
85

0,0022lb
Gram = 1011,5 gram x = 2,2253 lb
1 gram

(d) 164 g mol of SiO2

Diket Mr : 60

gram
164 gmol =
60

0,0022lb
Gram = 6560 gram x = 21,648 lb
1 gram
2.13 A solid compound was found to contain 42.11% C, 51.46% 0, and 6.43% H. Its
molecular weight was about 341. What is the formula for the compound?

C : O : H

42,11 51,46 6,34

: :
12 16 1

3,5 : 3,2 : 6,3 = 1:1:2

Rumus empiris = CH3O6

(CH2O)n = 341
30 x n = 341
n = 11
Jadi, nama formula (rumus molekulnya) adalah

(CH2O)11 = C11H22O11

2.14 The structural formulas in Figure P2.14 are for vitamins:

Vitamin A, C20 H30O , vitamin C, C6H8O6

Mr C20 H30O = (12x20)+ (30)+ (16) Mr C6H8O6 = (12x6)+(8)+(16x6)

= 286 = 176

(a) How many pounds of compound are contained in each of the following (do for
cach vitamin):

(1) 2.00 g mol (2) 16 g

2.00 g mol 286 gram x 1 lb

Vit A = x = 1,25 lb
❑ 1 g mol 454 gram

16 g 1 lb
= x = 0,035 lb
❑ 454 gram

2.00 g mol 176 gram 1 lb

Vit C = x x = 0,775 lb
❑ 1 g mol 454 gram

16 g 1 lb
= x = 0,035 lb
❑ 454 gram

(b) How many grams of compound are contained in each of the following (do for
each vitamin):
 (1) 1.00 lb mol (2) 12 Ib

1.00lb mol 286lb 454 gram

Vit A = x x = 129,844 gram
❑ 1lb mol 1 lb

12lb 454 gram

= x = 5,448 gram
❑ 1 lb

1.00lb mol 176lb 454 gram

Vit C = x x = 79,904 gram
❑ 1lb mol 1 lb

12lb 454 gram

= x = 5,448 gram
❑ 1 lb

2.15 You are asked to decide what size containers to use to ship 1,000 Ib of cotton-seed oil
of specific gravity equal to 0.926. What would be the minimum size drum expressed
in gallons?

Diket= m = 1,000 lb

ρ = 0,926

Ditanya= min size dalam satuan gallon?

ρ zat ( cotten seed oil)

Sp gr =
ρ referensi(air)

ρ zat = ρ cotten seed x ρ. air

= (0,0926) x (62,4) = 57,782 lb/ft3

m
Pzat =
v

1.000lb oil 1 ft 3 7,48 gal

V = x x =129,45 gal
❑ 57,78lb oil 1 ft 3

2.16 The density of a certain solution is 8.80 Ib / gal at 80°F. How many cubic feet will be
occupied by 10,010 lb of this solution at 80°F?

8,80 lb
Diket: P= T = 80℉
50 L

m = 10,010 lb

Ditanya : V (ft3)

m
Dijawab : V=
ρ
 10,010lb 1 gal 0,314 ft 3
= × x =152,051 ft3
❑ 8,80 lb 1 gal

2.17 Which of these three sets of containers represent each one mole of lead (Pb), one mol
of zinc (Zn), and one mo! of carbon (C).

Manakah dari set wadah ini yang mewakili

1 mol Timbal (Pb)

1 mol seng (Zn)

1 mol karbon (C)

Dasar : 1g mol setiap senyawa

g.mol mw g ρ (g/cm3) V (cm3)

Pb 1 207.21 207.21 11.33 18.3

Zn 1 6.538 65.38 7.14 9.16

C 1 12,01 12,01 2.26 5.31

massa(g)
V= g Set 2 adalah yang benar
density ( 3 )
cm

2.18 Inserting genetic material into plant cells to create disease-resistant or

herbicidetolerant strains of crops is now possible with a technique that requires no
special equipment. Known as" transformation, "the method differs from
microinjection or the ballistic method, which uses a "gun" to fire gold particles
coated with the genetic material into cells. Transformation only requires
commercially available silicon car- bide "whiskers," a test tube and a mixer. Suppose
that 10,000 SiC crystals, with an average diameter of 0.5 μm and length of 20 μm,
are added to a test tube containing 1,000 plant cells and the genetic material to be
inserted. The tube is agitated in a simple mixer for about a minute. Collisions between
the cells and needle-like SiC crystals create pores through which the genetic material
diffuses into the cell. How many grams of SiC were added? The specific gravity of
SiC is 3.17.

Diket : 10.000 kristal Sic

Diameter rata-rata 0,5 um

Panjang 20 um
 1000 sel tumbuhan dan matei genetik

Berat jenis SiC 3,17

Ditanya : Berapa banyak eram SiC yang ditambahkan ?

Basis : 10.000 SiC crystals

Volume dari 104 crystals: [(0.5x10-6m)2(π ¿/4] (20x10-6m)(104) = 3.93x10-14m3

Grams SiC = (3.93x10-14)(3.17g/cm3)(100cm/1m)3 = 1.25 x 10-7g

2.19 A cylindrical rod of silica (SiO2) is heated to its melting point and at hread of silica
0.125 mm in diameter is drawn from the melt. By careful control of the temperature
and the tension on the thread being drawn, long fibers of uniform diameter can be ob-
tained that make optical fibers.

(a) Calculate how much fiber (in km) can be drawn from one cylinder of silica 1.0m
in length and 2.5 cm in diameter. Also estimate the mass. The specific gravity of
silica is 2.25.

Volume Silinder = π r 2 h=3,14 ¿

Volume silinder = Volume fiber

2
4,9 x 10−8 m3 =π ( 6,25 x 10−5 m ) h

h=40 m of fiber

106 g (
Mass = (density)(volume) = 2,25 x ( m 3 ) 4,9 x 10−4 m 3 )=1,10 g

(b) Before optical fiber is used, it is typically covered with a thin protective coating of
a polymer. The fiber discussed above is coated with a 50 μm layer of a polymer with
density 1,740 kg / m³. How much polymer is needed to coat the entire fiber?

0,0125 x 10−3 m −5 −4
r coating = +5 x 10 m=1,1 x 10
2

r 0,125 x 10−3 m −5
fiber= =6,25 x 10
2

V fiber + coating−V fiber =V coating

2 2
40 m (( 1,1 x 10−4 m ) π−( 6,25 x 10−5 ) π )=1,1 x 10−3 m3

1740 kg
(1,1 x 10−3 m 3) =1,9 kg polimer
m3
2.20 In fully vaulted storage systems (see Figure P2.20) the primary container is installed
in a completely sealed reinforced concrete vault of monolithic construction. Leak
detection is normally achieved by the installation of monitoring wells or sensors in the
backfill area. These vaults must be constructed by pouring the floor and walls as
continuous structural elements. Chemical resistant coatings on interior surfaces and
water barrier coatings on exterior surfaces are required.

If a 10,000 gallon cylindrical tank is to be buried in an approved containment

system, the volume of the containment system must by law hold 10% of the volume
of the tank. If tbe void fraction of the backfill material (after compaction) is 20%,
what must be the volume in ft of the excavation made before the concrete vault is
poured? What is the weight of the backfill if it is sand (density 2.2g /cm3)?

2005 ft 2 3 3
1m 100 cm
❑ |(3,281 ft ) |( 1m ) |2,2cmg =1,25 x 10 kg
3
5

2.21 A sample has a specific volume of 5,2 (m3)(kg-1) and a molar volume of 1160 (m3)(kg
mole-1). Determine the molecular weight of the material.

Specific volume = 5,2 (m2) (kg-1)

V molar = 1160 (m3) (kg mol-1)

1 kg 1160 m 3
BM = X =223,1kg/kg mol
5,2m 3 kg mol

2.22 Five thousand barrels of 28° API gas oil are blended with 20,000 bbl of 15° API fuel
oil. What is the dencity of the mixture in lb/gal and lb/ft3? Assume that the volume are
additive. 1 bbl = 42 gal. The DENSITY OF WATER AT 60° F is 0,999 g/cm3.

60 ℉ 141,5
Specific grafity =
60 ℉ ° API + 131,5

141,5
s . g .28 ° = =0,887
28+131,5

ρ28 ° = 0,887 × 62,4 lb/ft ³ = 55,36 lb/ft ³

42 gal 1 ft ³
v 28° = 5000 bbl × × =28,07 ×103 ft ³
1 bbl 7,481 gal

55,36lb
m 28 ° = 3
× 28,07 ×103 f t 3=155 , 39552×10 4 lb
ft

141,5
s . g .15 ° = =0,966
15+131,5

ρ15 ° = 0,966 × 62,4 lb/ft ³ = 60,27 lb/ft ³

 42 gal 1 ft ³
v15 ° = 20.000 bbl × × =1,123 ×105 ft ³
1 bbl 7,481 gal

60,27 lb
m15 ° = 3
× 1,123 ×105 f t 3=67,68321× 105 lb
ft

155 ,39552 ×104 lb +67,68321× 105 lb lb

ρmix = 3 5
=59,288 3 =
28,07 ×10 ft ³+1,123 ×10 ft ³ ft
lb 1 ft ³
59,288 3 × =7,93 lb / gal
f t 7,481 gal

2.23 In a handbook you find that the conversion between ° API and density is 0,800
density = 45,28° API . Is this a misprint?

60° F 141,5
Sp. gr. = =0,8
60° F ° API + 131,5

¿ 0,8 ( ° API +131,5 ) =141,5

¿ 0,8° API +105,2=141,5

36,3
° API = =45,38
0,8

60° F
Sp. gr. ≠ density
60 F

2.24 The specific grafity of acetic acid is 1,049. What is the density in lbm/ft3?

Massa jenis air = 1,00 lbm/ft3

Density air dalam suhu 60 °F = 62,4 lbm/F3

1,049lbm /F 3 HA C
3
X 62,4 lbm/¿ft3 HO = 65,4 lbm/ft3
1,00 lmb/ F H 2 O

2.25 The specific grafity of a fuel oil is 0,82. What is the density of the oil in lb/ft3? Show
all units.

0,82lb /ft ³ lb
3
×62,4 3 =51lb / ft ³
1lb/f t H 2 O f t H 2O

2.26 The specific grafity of Ag2O is 7,30 with the reference H2O AT 25℃. What is the
specific grafity the reference water is at 4℃?

specific grafity Ag2O = 7,30

g
ρ=7,30× 0,997 =7,278 g/¿ cm3
cm3
 7,278 g /cm3
specific grafity pada 4℃ = = 7,278
1 g /cm3

2.27 The Handbook of Physics and Chemistry lists in one column a 30% fulfuric acid
solution at 20℃ as having a specific grafity of 1,2185. In the next column it lists the
grams/liter of H2SO4 in the solution as being equal to 365,6. Is this value correct?

Sp. gr = 1,2185 untuk 30% H2SO4

ρ = 1,2185 g/cm3

0,30(1,2185) = 0,3656 g/cm3 dari H2SO4

0,3656 g 1000 c m3
X = 365,6 g H2SO4/L
c m3 1L

2.28 The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, P. L. 92-500, specifies legally acceptable
methods for wastewater analys. Analys for cyanide is done according to the method
outlined in “Standard Methods of the Examination of Water Wastewater.” Mercuric
chloride is used in the analytic procedure to decompose complex cyanides, and 200
mg are used per analysis.

The Illinois Pollution Control Board has established Water Quality Standards
that limit mercury (as Hg) to 0.0005 ppm in any effluent. Permit holders are required
to submit daily reports on their effluent. Will a permit holder discharging 100,000 gal
/ day be in violation of the cited standard if one analysis is made?

2.29 You are asked to make up a laboratory solution of 0.10 molar H2SO4 (0.10 mol
H2SO4/L) from concentrated (96.0%) H2SO4. You look up the specific gravity of
96.0% H2SO4 and find it is t.858. Calculate

(a) the weight of 96.0% acid needed per L of solution.

(b) the volume of 96.0% acid used per L of solution.

(c) the density of the 0.1 molar solution.

2.30 A bartender claims that his special brand of rum is so strong that ice cubes sink in it.
Is this possible?

2.31 The density of benzene at 60 ° F is 0.879 g / cm3. What is the specific gravity of
benzene at 60 ° F / 60 ° F?

gram
0,879
ρbenzena cm3 1 lb (30,48 cm)3
Sp .Gr .= = x x 3
=0,8785
ρair pada 60℉ lb 453,59 gram (1 ft )
62,4 3
ft
2.32 A liquid has a specific gravity of 0.90 at 25 ° C. What is its

(a) Density at 25 ° C in kg / m3?

kg liq kg H 2 O
0,90 3
10 3
m m3 kg liq
x =900
kg H 2 O 1 m3
3
m

(b) Specific volume at 25 ° C in ft3 / lbm?

1 m3 3
3,2808 ft 0,454 kg ft 3
900 kg liq
x ( 1m ) x
1 lb m
=0,0178
lb m

(c) If the liquid is placed in a 1.5-L bottle that has a mass of 232 g, how much will the
full bottle weigh?

0,9(1000 g) 1,5liter
x +232 g=1582 g
liter 1

2.33 Given a water solution that contains 1,704 kg of HNO3 / kg H2O and has a specific
gravity of 1.382 at 20 ° C, express the composition in the following ways:

Massa HNO3 = 1,704 kg

Massa H2O = 1 kg

s.g. = 1,382

(a) Weight percent HNO3

komponen Kg Fraksi massa Persen berat

HNO3 1,704 massa HN O 3 1,704 0,63 x 100% = 63
= =0,63
massatotal 2,704
H2O 1 massa H 2 O 1 0,37 x 100% = 37
= =0,37
massa total 2,704
Total 2,704 1,00 100

(b) Pounds HNO3 per cubic foot of solution at 20 ° C

0,63lb HNO3 1,382 lb /ft ³

× =62,4 lb /f t 3 HNO3
1 lb 3
1lb / f t H 2 O

(c) Molarity (gram moles of HNO3 per liter of solution at 20 ° C)

BM HNO3 = 63 g/gmol
 1,382 g /cm ³ 1g H 2O 1000 cm ³ 0,63 g HNO 3 1 gmol
× × × × =13,82 g mol / L
1 g /cm ³ H 2O 1 cm ³ H 2O 1L 1g 63 g

2.34 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) has established limits for the
storage of various toxic or hazardous chemicals (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119, Ap-
pendix A). The maximum limit for acetaldehyde is 113.0 kg. What is the minimum
size spherical vessel that can be used to store this liquid at room temperature?

2.35 For the purpose of permit compliance, all hazardous materials are categorized into
three hazard categories: toxicity, flammability, and reactivity, and assigned numbers
in cach category from 0 to 4 (most severe). Methyl alcohol (methanol, CH3OH) has
the code 1, 4, 0 in the liquid state. For the toxic category, any amount of stored toxic
material of category I over 0.35 oz. must be reported by city ordinance. Must a one-
half liter bottle of methanol (sp.gr. = 0.792) be reported?

MeOH
Sp.gr. = 0,792 g ( cm3 )
0,500 L 1000 cm3 0,792 g MeOH 1lb 16 ons
x x x x =13,96 ons
1 1L cm 3 454 g 1lb

2.36 Oil (sp.gr. = 0.8) is flowing through a 6 inch diameter pipe with a velocity of 56.7 ft /
s. What is the flowrate of the oil in m / s?

Sp.gr = 0,8

d = 6 inchi

v = 56,7 ft/s

56,7 ft
Q=vA= x π ¿¿
s

2.37 Forty gal / min of a hydrocarbon fuel having a specific gravity of 0.91 flow into a tank
truck with load limit of 40,000 Ib of fuel. How long will it take to fill the tank in the
truck?

lb fuel 62,4 lb H 2 O
0,91
1 ft 3 fuel ft 3 H 2 O 1 ft 3 40 gal
x x x x =132 menit
40000 lb fuel lb H 2 O 1 7,48 gal 1 menit
1,0
ft 3 H 2 O

2.38 Calculate the empirical formula of an organic compound with the following mass
analysis: carbon, 26.9%; hydrogen, 2.2%; and oxygen as the only other element
present.

Massa C = 26,9 gram Ar C = 12

 Massa H = 2,2 gram Ar H = 1

Massa O = 100 gram – (26,9 gram + 2,2 gram) = 70,9 gram Ar O = 16

massa C 26,9 g
mol C= = =2,2417 mol
Ar C g
12
mol

massa H 2,2 g
mol H = = =2,2 mol
Ar H g
1
mol

massa O 70,9 g
mol O= = =4,4312 mol
Ar O g
16
mol

2,2417 mol C 2,2 mol H 4,4312 mol O

mol C : mol H : mol O= : :
2,2 mol H 2,2 mol H 2,2 mol H

¿ 1:1 :2

Jadi, rumus empirisnya adalah CHO2

2.39 Given the following mass percent composition, determine the empirical formula:
49.5% C; 5.2% H; 28.8% N: 16.5% O.

Massa C = 49,5 gram Ar C = 12

Massa H = 5,2 gram Ar H = 1

Massa N = 28,8 gram Ar N = 14

Massa O = 16,5 gram Ar O = 16

Massa keseluruhan = 100 gram

massa C 49,5 g
mol C= = =4,125 mol
Ar C g
12
mol

massa H 5,2 g
mol H = = =5,2 mol
Ar H g
1
mol

massa N 28,8 g
mol N = = =2,057 mol
Ar N g
14
mol

massa O 16,5 g
mol O= = =1,031 mol
Ar O g
16
mol
 4,125 mol C 5,2 mol H 2,057 mol N 1,031mol O
mol C : mol H : mol N :mol O= : : :
1,031mol O 1,031 mol O 1,031 mol O 1,031mol O
¿ 4 : 5:2 :1

Jadi, rumus empirisnya adalah C4H5N2O

2.40 Calculate the mass and mole fractions of the respective components in NaCIO3

Na = 23 g

Cl = 35,5 g

O₃ = 48 g

106,5 g

massa A
Fraksi massa A =
massa total campuran

Fraksi massa Na = 23 / 106,5 = 0,22 g

Fraksi massa Cl = 35,5 / 106,5 = 0,33 g

Fraksi massa O₃= 48 / 106,5 = 0,45 g

Jumlah fraksi massa = 1g

2.41 The specific gravity of a solution of KOH at 15 ° C is 1.0824 and contains 0.813 Ib
KOH per gal of solution. What are the mass fractions of KOH and H2O in the
solution?

Sp.gr KOH =1.0824

ρKOH = (1.0824)ρH2O

= (1.0824) . (62.4 lb/ft3) . (1 ft3/7.481 gal)

= 9.03 lb/gal

•Mass of solution in 1 gallon → 9.03 lb

•Mass of KOH → 0.813 lb

•Mass of H2O → 8.217 lb

Component mi(lb)/ mtotal Xi (mass fraction)

KOH = 0.8130.813 / 9.03 = 0.09

H2O = 8.2178.217 / 9.03 = 0.91

 lbΣXi = 1.0

2.42 Prepare an expression that converts mass (weight) fraction (ω) to mole fraction (x),
and another expression for the conversion of mole fraction to mass fraction, for a
binary mixture.

ma
ω
a = ma+mb

Dimana ma = massa dari molekul a dan mb = massa dari molekul b

ωa + ωb = 1

ωb = 1 – ωa

Dan fraksi suatu mol dilambangkan sebagai x, jadi :

na
xa = na+nb

xa + xb = 1

xb = 1 – xa

Kemudian akan terbentuk suatu rumus untuk mencari tau suatu mol

m
n= M , dengan dinyatakan m sebagai massa dan M sebagai berat suatu molekul

2.43 You have 100 kilograms of gas of the following composition:

CH4 30%

H2 10%

N2 60%

What is the average molecular weight of this gas?

Kompone Mol% = mol BM BM x mol

n
CH4 30 16 480
H2 10 2 20
N2 60 28 1680
Total 100 2180

jumlah massa 2180 kg

BM rata-rata = = =21,8 mol
jumlah mol 100 kg
2.44 You analyze the gas in 100 kg of gas in a tank at atmospheric pressure, and find the
following:

CO2 : 19.3%, N2 : 72.1%, O2 : 6.5%, H2O: 2.1%

What is the average molecular weight of the gas?

Kompone Lb mol BM Lb mol x BM

n
CO2 19,3 44 849,2
N2 72,1 28 2018,8
O2 6,5 32 208
H2O 2,1 18 37,8
Total 100 3113,8

jumlah massa 3113,8

BM rata-rata = = =31,138 mol
jumlah mol 100

2.45 Suppose you are required to make an analysis of 317 lb of combustion gas and find it
has the following composition:

CO2 60%

CO 10%

N2 30%

What is the average molecular weight of this gas in the American Engineering System
of units?

lbmole BM lbmole × BM

CO 2 60 44 2.640

CO 10 28 280

N2 30 28 840

100 3.760

jumlah massa 3.760

BM rata-rata = = = 37,6 lb/lbmole
jumlah mol 100

2.46 You purchase a tank with a volume of 2.1 ft³ . You pump the tank out, and add first
20 lb. of CO2 and then 10 lb of N2. What is the analysis of the final gas.in the tank?

lb BM
 CO 2 20 44

N2 10 28

Jumlah mol CO 2 = lb ÷ BM = 20÷ 44 = 0,455

Jumlah mol N 2 = lb ÷ BM = 10 ÷ 28 = 0,357

jumlah mol CO 2 0,455

Fraksi mol CO 2= = =0,560
jumlah mol CO 2 + jumlah mol N 2 0,455+ 0,357

jumlah mol N 2 0,357

Fraksi mol N 2 = = =0,44
jumlah mol N 2+ jumlah mol CO 2 0,357+ 0,455

2.47 How many ppb are there in 1 ppm? Does the system of units affect your answer?
Does it make any difference if the material for which the ppb are measured is a gas,
liquid, or solid?

1 ppm artinya 1 per sejuta atau 0,000001 atau 1 ×10−6 . Sedangkan 1 ppb
artinya 1 per milyar atau 0,000000001 atau 1 ×10−9. Sehingga jumlah ppb dalam
10−9 −3
1 ppm adalah =10 atau 0,001. Iya, untuk menyatakan konsentrasi
10−6
larutan yang sangat encer, biasanya digunakan ppm. Ppm ekivalen dengan
fraksi massa untuk zat padat dan zat cair. Sedangkan gas ekivalen dengan fraksi
mole.

2.48 The table lists values of Fe, Cu, and Pb in Christmas wrapping paper fo r two
different brands. Convert the ppm to mass fractions on a paper free basis.

Concentration, ppm

Fe Cu Pb

Brand A 1310 2000 2750

Brand B 350 50 5

1310 350
Fe → Brand A = = 0,216 Brand B = = 0,864
6060 405

2000 50
Cu → Brand A = = 0,33 Brand B = = 0,123
6060 405

2750 5
Pb → Brand A = = 0,454 Brand B = = 0,012
6060 405

2.49 Harbor sediments in the New Bedford, Massachusetts, area contain PCBS at levels up
to 190,000 ppm according to a report prepared by Grant Weaver of the Massachusetts
 Coastal Zone Management Office ( Environ. Sci. Technol., 16 (9) (1982): 491A.
What is the concentration in percent?

190.000 g PCB
x 100 % = 19%
106

2.50 NIOSH sets standards for CCI, in air at 12.6 mg / m³ of air (a time weighted average
over 40 hr). The CCI4 found in a sample is 4800 ppb (parts per billion; billion = 109).
Does the sample exceed the NIOSH standard? Be careful!

4800 g mol CCL4 103 g mol air 1kg mol air 154 g CCL 4 103 mgCCL4
= x x x x
10 9 g mol air 1 kg mol air 22,4 m 3 1 g mol CCL 4 1 g CCL 4

= 33,9 mgCCL 4 which exceeds the NIOSH standarts

2.51 The following table shows the annual inputs of phosphorus to Lake Erie:

Short tons / yr

Source

Lake Huron 2,240

Land drainage 6,740

Municipal waste 19,090

Industrial waste 2,030

30,100

Outflow 4,500

Retained 25,600

(a) Convert the retained phosphorus to concentration in micrograms per liter

assuming that Lake Erie contains 1.2 x 1014 gal of water and that the average
phosphorus retention time is 2.60 yr.

(b) What percentage of the input comes from municipal water?

(c) What percentage of the input comes from detergents, assuming they represent 70%
of the municipal waste?

(d) If 10 ppb of phosphorus triggers nuisance algal blooms, as has been reported in
some documents, would removing 30% of the phosphorus in the municipal waste and
all the phosphorus in the industrial waste be effective in reducing the eu- trophication
(ie , the unwanted algal blooms) in Lake Erie?

(e) Would removing all the phosphate in detergents help?

2.52 A gas contains 350 ppm of H2S in CO2. If the gas is liquified, what is the weight
fraction H2S?

350 g mol H 2 S 1 g mol gas 34 g H 2 S 1 g mol CO 2

= x x x
6
10 g mol gas 1 gmol CO 2 1 g mol H 2 O 44 g CO2

270 g H 2 S 270 g H 2 S
= 6 = 6
10 g CO2 10 g total liquid

Max fraction H 2 S = 2,70 10−4

2.53 Sulfur trioxide (SO3) can be absorbed in sulfuric acid solution to form more
concentrated sulfuric acid. If the gas to be absorbed contains 55% SO3, 41% N2, 3%
SO2 and 1% O2, how many parts per million of O2 are there in the gas? (b) What is
the composition of the gas on a N2 free basis?

1% mol 1 10 4
 ¿ 1 % O 2 dalam100 % gas udara= = x
100 % mol 100 10 4
104 4
 ¿ 6
atau 10 ppm( part per million atau bagian per juta)
10
 N2 bebas jadi tidak perlu dihitung tapi tetap dicantumkan sehingga keadaan gas 100%.
Sedangkan n total 55% + 3% + 1% = 59%
n suatuunsur
 Cari persen mol tiap unsur fraksi mol tiap unsur x 100 %= x 100 %
ntotal semua unsur
n SO 55 %
 x 100 %= x 100 %=93,2 %
3

ntotal 59 %
n SO 3%
 x 100 %= x 100 %=5,08 %
2

ntotal 59 %
nO 1%
 x 100 %= x 100 %=1,69 %
2

ntotal 59 %

2.54 If the concentration of Ca is 56.4 mg / L and of Mg is 8.8 mg / L in water, what is the

total hardness of the water expressed in mg / L of CACO3?

 Ar Ca = 40
 Ar C = 12
 3 x Ar C = 48
 Mr CaCO3 = 100
 Ar Mg = 24,3
gram
100 CaCO
Mr CaCO3 gram . mol 3 CaCO3
 = =2,5
Mr Ca gram Ca
40 Ca
gram . mol
 gram
100 CaCO
Mr CaCO3 gram . mol 3 CaCO3
 = =4,1
Mr Mg gram Mg
24,3 Mg
gram .mol

CaCO3 mg CaCO3 mg mg mg
(
total CaCO 3= 2,5
Ca
x 56,4
liter )(
Ca + 4,1
Mg
x 8,8
liter
Mg =141 )
liter
CaCO3 +36,08
liter
CaC

2.55 Twenty-seven pounds (27 lb) of chlorine gas is used for treating 750,000 gallons of
water each day. The chlorine used up by the microorganisms in the water is measured
to be 2.6 mg / L. What is the residual (excess) chlorine concentration in the treated
water?

27 lb 27 lb 453,59 gram 1000 mg 1 juta gal mg

 = x x x =4,3
750 gal 0,75 juta gal 1lb 1 gram 3.785 .412liter liter
mg mg mg
 4,3 −2,6 =1,7
liter liter liter

2.56 A newspaper report says the FDA found 13-20 ppb of acrylonitrile in a soft drink
bottle, and if this is correct, it only amounts to 1 molecule of acrylonitrile per bottle.
Is this statement correct?

 Tidak benar. Dalam 1 botol mengandung 1 mol x 1023 atau lebih tepatnya bukan
13-20 ppb (billion atau miliyar atau (x 109))
2.57 Several studies of global warming indicate that the concentration of CO2 in the
atmosphere is increasing by roughly 1% per year. Do we have to worry about the de-
crease in the oxygen concentration also?

 Secara mol, konsentrasi CO2 di udara sekitar 330 part per millions (ppm),
sedangkan O2 sekitar 209.500 ppm. Jika konsentrasi CO2 di atmosfer meningkat
sekitar 1% tiap tahun yakni sekitar 3,5 ppm tiap tahun (330 ppm menjadi 333,5
ppm), sehinggan membuat konsentrasi O2 turun dari 209,500 menjadi 209,497
ppm, yang penurunannya kurang dari 0,002% atau lebih tepatnya 0,0015%.
Angka itu sangatlah kecil, sehingga tidak perlu khawatir tentang penurunan O 2.

2.58 The analysis of a biomass sample gave

% dry weight of cell

C 50.2

O 20.1

N 14.0

H 8.2

P 3.0
 Other 4.5

This compound gives a ratio of 10.5 g ceils / mol ATP synthesized in the
meta- bolic reaction to form cells. Approximately how many moles of C are in the
cells per mole of ATP?

mol C dalamrasio senyawa=n x rasio senyawa

gram
10,5
50,2 gram ( mol ) ( ATP )
mol C= x
gram 100 gram
12
mol

(gr )(mol) (mol ) 0,4325

¿ 0,43925 =0,43925 =
( gr)( mol)(ATP) (mol)( ATP) ATP

2.59 A radioactive tracer labeled microorganism (MMM) decomposes to NN as follows

MMM (s) → NN (s) + 3 CO2 (g)

If the CO2 (g) yields 2 x 107 dpm (disintegrations per minute) in a detection device,
how many μCi (micro Curies) is this? How many cpm (counts per minute) will be
noted if the counting device is 80% efficient in counting disintegrations? Data: 1
Curie = 3 x 1010 dps (disintegrations per second).

2 x 10 7 disintegrasi 1 menit 1 curie

a. x x x
menit 60 sekon 10 disentegrasi
3 x 10
sekon

2 x 10 7 disintegrasi 80 % 6
b. x =16 x 10 cpm
1menit 100 %

2.60 Several alternative compounds have been added to gasoline including methanol,
ethanol, and methy-ter-butyl ether (MTBE) to increase the oxygen content of gasoline in
order to reduce the formation of CO on combustion. Unfortunately, MTBE has been found in
ground water at concentrations sufficient to cause concern. Persistence of a compound in
water can be evaluated from its half-life, t1/2, i.e., The time for one-half of the compound to
leave the system of interest. The half-life depends on the conditions in the system, of course,
but for environmental evaluation can be approximated by

t1/2 = In (2) / (k) (OH-)

where (OH-) is the concentration of hydroxyl radical in the system that for this
problem of the contamination of water is equal to 1.5 x 106 molecules / cm³. The
values of k determined from experiment are:

k (cm'V (molecule) (sec)

Methanol 0,15 x 10-12

 Ethanol 1 x 10-12

MTBE 0,60 x 10-12

Calculate the half-life of each of the three compounds, and order them according to
their persistence.

Methanol :

ln 2
t 1/ 2= −12 6
=30,8065 x 105
(0,15 x 10 )(1,5 x 10 )

Etanol :

ln 2
t 1/ 2= −12 6
=4,6210 x 105
(1 x 10 )(1,5 x 10 )

MTBE :

ln 2
t 1/ 2= −12 6
=7,7016 x 105
(0,60 x 10 )(1,5 x 10 )

HALAMAN 95:
1. Complete the following table with the proper equivalent temperature:

℃ ℉ °K ° Ra

-40 104 313,15 564

25 77,0 298,15 537

424,85 769,73 698 1256,73

-234,56 -390,2 38,59 69,8

 ( 1,81 ∆℃
-40 ℃ = 40℃ x
∆℉
)+32 °=72 °+ 32°=104 ℉
1∆ K
-40 ℃=( 40 ℃ x
1∆℃ )
 +273,15° =40 ° +273 °=313,15 K

1,8 ∆ ° Ra
-40 ℃=( 40 ℃ x
1 ∆℃ )
 + 492° =72° + 492°=564 ° Ra

1∆℃ 1
 ( 77,0 °−32 ° ) ℉ x =45 ° x =25 ° C
1,8 ∆ ℉ 1,8
 77,0 ℉=25 ℃= (25 ° +273,15 ° ) K =298,15 ° K
1 ∆° Ra
 (77,0 ℉ x
1∆℉ )
+460 °=77,0 ° + 460° =537 ° Ra
 698 ° K −273,15 °=424,85 ℃
1,8 ∆ ℉
 (
698 ° K = 424,85 ℃ x
1∆℃ )
+ 32°=764,73 ° +32 °=769,73 ℉

1 ∆ ° Ra
698 ° K =( 769,73℉ x
1∆℉ )
 + 460° =1.256,73° Ra

1∆℃ 1∆℃
 x ( 69,8° Ra−492° )= x (−422,2° Ra ) =(−234,56 ℃ )
1,8 ∆ ° Ra 1,8 ∆ ° Ra
1,8 ∆ ℉
 (
69,8 ° Ra= (−234,56)° C x
1∆℃ ) +32 °=(−422,2 ) ℉ +32 °=(−390,2)℉

1∆ K
69,8 ° Ra=( (−234,56)° C x
1∆℃ )
 +273,15 °=38,59 ° K