MIDTERMS REVIEWER HISTORY b.

Increase your understanding of

national identities and societies
Introduction to History | Why study history? - back then our identity was taken
away by the Spaniards.
c. Understand the present/change
1. In every fields, history is important
and essential to everyone
d. Improve moral understanding and
have an idea of other's experience
2. If history was taken from you, you
will lost your identity
e. History consoles. It leads us to
know about the more reslience sides
3. Some people used history for their
of ourselves amid troubles
own interest.
f. Learn your identity
ETYMOLOGY OF HISTORY
- observe the culture
4. History means learned or wise man
g. For good citizenship
(Greek)
- they surrender their moral value
5. It evolded from the word historia
h. Be inspired
(curiosity) originally meant inquiry,
the act of seeking knowledge, as well
i. Learn about human behavior
as the knowledge that results from
and tendencies
inquiry
j. Understand power flow
6. Estoire - defined as 'a (vernacular)
narrative of past. events, presented as
k. Have other options on how
true, and whose authenticity is
you would want the future to
attested by an authority (French)
look like
- we need to evaluate what kind of
7. Why study history?
progress we are approaching
- Studying history enables us to
(technologies)
develop better understanding of the
world in which we live.
9. Not every legal is right
-we need to find an answer
10. Philippines is the most compliant in
8. Importance of studying History
mask wearing
a. Understand other cultures
- this is the way we can achieve peace
BAD SIDE OF SOCIAL MEDIA
and understanding
- adopting others culture
11. Can harm one’s mental health
- you can be affected after reading bad
things on social media.
12. Spreading of Fake News
13. Cyberbullying
- when you say something bad you
can be easily judged.
14. Other people used things for clout
15. Social Media can make you
pressured.
16. Contextomy
- taking quotes out of context
- pinagtatagpi tagpi ang quote
- binabawasan
- people are putting wrong
information
- may hindi sinasama kaya parang
nagiging masama yung statement
- selective excerpting of words from
their original linguistic context in a
way that distorts the source's intended
meaning, a practice commonly
referred to as 'quoting out of context'.
- taking things out of context to
mislead information or interpretation
17. Historical negationism/ denialism
- illegitimate distortion of the
historical records without using
verified evidences.
- illegitimate historical revisionism
may use techniques inadmissible in
proper historical discourse, such as
presenting known forged documents
as genuine, inventing ingenious but
implausible reasons for distrusting
genuine documents
- this is also generally known as
historical distortion
18. History is imperative, for your facts
to be verified
- prove it with verifiable facts.
19. When doing a scientific approach in
history, you should determine if the
source I primary or secondary.
20. There are two primary sources
-primary source
-secodary source
21. Historical Source
- historical information in the form of
documents, heritage, videos, word of
mouth, art, artifacts, fossils and more
that gives us clue or exact information
on what transpired in the past
- ex : anything that happened to you
22. Importance of Historical Source
- These sources inform us about
history at the most basic level,
and these sources used as clues in
order to study history.
- They must be validated to ensure
their credibility.
- It informs us about the history at a
most basic level.
23. Evidences gave us clues of what
transpired in the past
- not exactly the events but some
behavior, tendencies
24. Sources should be validated to ensure
their credibility.

- always validate what you read on
books, news or in the internet
Primary Sources
25. It was created at the time of
understanding, however something
that is created years after the years of
the event can be consider a primary
source
- During the world war, there are
many books, news but some of the
author of this has their own
experiences. But they only wrote
them.
- created at the time of the under
study
26. Account of the
eyewitness/eyewitnesses
- recorded by the person who
experienced or participated in the
event
- they saw it with their own eyes
27. They are immediate, first-hand
accounts of a topic, from people who
had a direct connection with it
28. can be described as those sources that
are closest to the origin of the
information. They contain raw
information and thus, must be
interpreted by researchers.
29. Reading and using primary sources
- No historical evidence is objective.
They have to be interpreted.
To examine a primary source, you
must ask do the following:
A. Identify the historical context of
the source?
a. Who wrote it? What do you know
about the author?
- the author should provide a first
hand information or based on
his/her own experiences.
- Profiling of the author is
important because we have to
determine the authority he/she has
in the things he/she is written
- it is important because it talks
about information if the
information is written after the
situation it is credible.
b. Where and when was it written?
c. Why was it written?
- it was written for the future
evidences
d. To what audience is it addressed?
What do you know about this
audience?
- It was addressed for the next
generations or future uses.
- to explain what was life before
Reading and using primary sources
B. Classify the source
30. What kind of work is it?
- diary, article
31. What was its purpose?
- to document everything
32. What are the important conventions
and traditions governing this kind of
source? Of what, legal, political,
religious, or philosophical traditions
is it apart?
-commision of the church/government
C. Understanding the source
33. What are the keywords in the source
and what do they mean?
- important words and their meaning
34. What point is the author trying to
make? Summarize the thesis.
- to provide information or important
things
35. What evidence does the author give
to support the thesis?
- For thesis the author provides
evidences.
36. What assumptions underlay the
argument?
- experiences
37. What values does the source reflect?
38. What problems does it address? Can
you relate these problems to the
historical situation?
39. What action does the author expect as
a result of this work? Who is to take
this action? How does the source
motivate that action?
D. Evaluate the source as a source of
historical information.
- sources should be interpreted
because they can’t interpret
themselves
40. How typical is this source for this
period?
41. How widely was this source
circulated?
42. What problems, assumptions,
arguments, ideas, and values, if any,
does it share with other sources from
this period?
43. What other evidence can you find to
corroborate your conclusions?
E. Be Your Own Interpreter
44. It is very tempting in a course of this
kind to use the textbook as a source of
interpretations. If you encounter a
primary source that you don't entirely
understand it seems easiest to look up
the proper interpretation in the text,
rather than trying to figure it out for
your self.
Examples of Primary Source
45. Official Photographs
- not manipulated and not edited
46. Sketches/Drawings
- this was close to the origin of
information
-comic books paintings
47. Old maps 59. Audio Files
- argument of places - format is a file format for storing
digital audio data on a computer
48. Scrapbooks system.
- it contains personal information
60. Government Newsletter
49. Material evidence -announcement by government
-phone - Interviews

50. Statistical tables/graphs/charts 61. Interviews

-contains first hand information and
they need to be interpreted 62. Artworks

51. Oral history 63. News Articles

-pass from generation to generation
- one problem of this is from passing
some information could be lost.
52. Published documents
- gazette (some are not primary)
- manifesto
- can be primary and secondary
- Straight News (5w’s what ,when)
- Editorial Column (Opinon
Based)(Secondary because they are
interpretation of certain event)
SECONDARY SOURCES

53. Speech 64. Testimony of anyone who is not an

- released statement eyewitness or one who was not
present at the event he is telling in his
54. Diaries story.
- personal information - if the witness wrote his/her story
years after the event, that will still be
55. Personal Journals considred a primary source
-Personal information
65. These are works that analyze, assess,
56. Artifacts or interpret a historical event, era, or
- old things phenomenon, generally utilizing
primary sources to do so.
57. Memoirs - analyzes the primary sources

58. Tapped Convo Using secondary sources

- minamanmanan ang subjects (NBI)
* Three ways to use a secondary source.
 1st
66. As a collection of facts.
- Use a secondary source if you need
to find a particular piece of
information quickly.
- Example: Educational reading
materials
2nd
67. As a source of background material.
- If your interests are focused on one
subject, but you need to know
something about what else was going
on at that time or what happened
earlier, you can use a secondary
source to find the background
material you might need.
3rd
68. As an interpretation.
- Since the facts do not speak for
themselves, it is necessary for the
historian to make give them some
shape and to put them in an order
people can understand. This is called
an interpretation.
- Many secondary sources provide not
only information but a way of making
sense of that information.
- You should use a secondary source
if you wish to understand how a
historian makes sense of a particular
event, person, or trend.
As an interpretation.
69. Finding the interpretation.
- Good authors want to communicate
their interpretation.
- the reason for writing a book or
article is to communicate something
to another person, a good author will
make the interpretation easy to find.
70. The importance of the interpretation.
- An interpretation is how a historian
makes sense of some part of the past.
- Like a good story, well-done history
reveals not only the past but
something about the present as well.
- Great historians help us to see
aspects of the past and about the
human condition which we would not
be able to find on our own.
71. Historians often disagree on
interpretations.
- Some facts are ambiguous.
Historians ask different questions
about the past.
- Historians have different values and
come to the material with different
beliefs about the world.
- historians often arrive at different
interpretations of the same event.
Examples of Secondary Source
72. Textbooks
73. Reference Books
- including dictionaries,
encyclopedias, and atlases.
74. Scholarly Journals
- use these and books exclusively for
writing Literature Reviews.
75. Copywrite Articles
- they were grab form news articles
 -interpretation
76. Editorial Columns
Difference between the two types of
sources
77. A primary source provides first-hand
information on the topic.
-The author personally participated in
the event under discussions, such as a
science experiment, a humanitarian
mission, or the writing of a novel.
- The work has not been changed or
analyzed by another person or
organization.
78. Secondary sources present an
argument, interpretation, conclusion,
or summary based upon information
found in primary sources.
- the authors gained their information
second hand.
Why the need to distinguish?
82. Primary and Secondary is both
important
- This two should always come
together.
- this is because some primary sources
cannot interpret themselves and you
need a secondary source for a
background.
-They check each other so that if one
of them is wrong it can be easily
corrected.
- both of them are equally important
because they verify each other
(pag may mali sa secondary titingin sa
primay, vice versa)
*if there is nothing check there is
somwthing wrong in either two of
them
83. Newspaper
- primary source
- answers the 5w’s
84. Photograph
-primary

85. Carving
79. Relying on secondary sources may -primary
blur out actual details.
- If you rely on the source that you 86. Book (story)
didn’t know if it primary or secondary -contains interviews
some details can be blurred out. - secondary source

80. To determine their reliability. 87. Letter

-Primary
81. Trying to picture the past is like
competing a puzzle. The pieces must 88. Biography
fit with each other or you'll get a - secondary
distorted image. -written by other person
- to get the old you need to get the
pieces and it should be matched.
89. Autobioraphy
- primary source
90. Comic Books
- Primary
91. School Book
-secondary
92. Novel
-primary
93. Movie
-can be primary or secondary
- secondary (documentary)
EVALUATION OF PRIMARY &
SECONDARY SOURCES
94. It must be comprehensible in the
most basic level of vocabulary,
language, handwriting.
95. Source must be carefully located in
accordance with place and time.
Author, composer, writer and location
where it was published must be
checked for authenticity.
96. Authenticity must be checked and
counterchecked, including details of
paper, ink, watermark and others.
97. HISTORIANS MUST BE ABLE TO
BE VERFIED
EVALUATING PRIMARY
SOURCES
98. SIX POINTS OF INQUIRIES
a. Date - When was it produced?
b. Localization - Where did it
originate?
c. Authorship - Who wrote it?
d. Analysis - What pre-existing
material served as the
basis for its production?
e. Integrity - What was its orignal
form?
f. Credibility - What is the evidential
value of its content?
EVALUATING SECONDARY
SOURCES
99. Louis Gottschalk said that secondary
source must be used for
- deriving the setting wherein
the contemporary evidence will fit in
the grand narrative
-getting leads to other
biographic data
- acquiring quotations or citations
from contemporary or other sources
- deriving interpretations with a
view of testing and improving them
but not accepting them as outright
truth
FACTS
1. In the Philippines where there is
not enough documentation of oral
history, evaluation of sources must
be performed more sternly. This
applies to both PRIMARY and
SECONDARY sources.
(history of provinces is written by
foreigners)
 2. Secondary sources can fill in the
gaps in the absence of primary
sources.
They can:
-improve background knowledge
-detect inconsistencies and errors
3. Evaluation based on seven (7)
internal criteria/factors
-The genealogy of the document
-The genesis of the document
-The originality of the document
-The interpretation of the
document
-The authorial authority of the
document
-The competence of the observer
-The trustworthiness of the
observer
How to assess reliability of each
type of primary source?
4. PRIMARY:
- Assess how they are directly
related and closely related to the
time of the events they pertain in.
5. SECONDARY: Assess based on
the elapsed time from the date of
the event to the date of their
creation. This is because as time
passes, more materials are likely to
be available to come up with
extensive outputs.
-as time passed many information
be will released
- The more material the more you
can confirm the event
EXAMINING AN AUTHOR'S
ARGUMENT
6. When you analyze an argument,
you break it down into each part
and examine them by themselves
and in relation to the other parts of
the argument.
- An argument needs to include
evidence in support of the writer’s
claim or position.
7. 3 major ways that authors present
an argument:
-Reasoning - the author presents a
logical explanation of the
argument.
-Evidence - the author presents
statistics, facts, and studies to
prove his point.
- Appeal - the author appeals to the
reader's emotions to elicit
empathy.
8. As good critical readers, it is
important to consider the motives
and qualifications of authors.
9. Authors typically attempt to
convince the reader that their point
of view is the correct one. When
examining a text, the reader should
check to see if:
- facts are provided.
-the facts provided have been
selectively picked from a broader
set of data or factual information
and limited to only those that
support the author's opinion or
bias.
-the facts presented explore
perspectives other than the author's
and examine different positions
and sides that can be taken in
relation to the issue or argument.
-supporting facts pertain to the
point being made and prove or
support the author's opinions,
arguments, or conclusions.