Sistem Integumen - - ncrease and create a thicker epidermis; we call this

- a callus.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, its accessory -
structures such as hair and sweat glands, and the subcutaneous
- a. Langerhans Cells
tissue below the skin. It separates the internal environment of -
the body from the external environment and prevents the entry -
of many harmful substances. -
THE SKIN -
-
The two major layers of the skin are the outer epidermis and -
the inner dermis. -
-
EPIDERMIS : The epidermis is made of stratified -
squamous keratinizing epithelial tissue and is thickest on the - - Within the epidermis are
palms and soles. The cells that are most abundant are called - Langerhans = dendritic cells because of their
keratinocytes, and there are no capillaries present between - branched appearance when they move.
them. four or five sublayers, two of these are of greatest - - Originate in the red bone marrow, and are quite
importance: - ( mobile.
then modified by the liver and kidneys to the most - Able to phagocytize foreign material, such as
1. Stratum Germinativum bacteria.
active form, called 1,25-D, or calcitriol, which is
- Stratum germinativum = stratum basale. - Migrate to lymph nodes and present the pathogen
considered a hormone).
- Basal means the “base” or “lowest part. to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.
- Vitamin D is important for the absorption of calcium
- the base of the epidermis, the innermost layer in - Triggers an immune response such as the
and phosphorus from food in the small intestine;
which mitosis takes place. These cells produce the production of antibodies (antibodies are proteins
protein keratin. that label foreign material for destruction).
2. Stratum Corneum
- Scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum
- The stratum corneum = outermost epidermal layer,
germinativum = called Merkel cells (or Merkel
consists of many layers of dead cells; all that is left is
discs); these are receptors for the sense of touch.
their keratin.
- The living keratinocytes are able to synthesize
- protein keratin is relatively waterproof, keratin
antimicrobial peptides called defensins: following
prevents the entry of water.
any injury to the skin, as part of the process of
- The stratum corneum = barrier to pathogens and
inflammation.
chemicals.
- The living portion of the epidermis also produces a
- The inflammatory response that characterizes
vitamin; the cells have a form of cholesterol that, on
allergies causes blisters and severe itching. tissue
exposure to ultraviolet light, is changed to vitamin D
fluid may collect, causing a blister.
 b. Melanocytes replace worn-off surface DERMIS : is made of an irregular type of fibrous connective
cells. tissue, irregular meaning that the fibers are not parallel, but run
Produces antimicrobial.
in all directions. Fibroblasts produce both collagen and elastin
Cholesterol is changed to
vitamin D on exposure to fiber. The uneven junction of the dermis with the epidermis is
UV rays called the papillary layer. A lots of capillary.

Langerhans cells Phagocytize foreign 1. Hair follicles

material and stimulate
an immune response by
lympocytes
Markel cells Receptors for sense of
touch
Melanin Protects living skin
- Produce another protein, a pigment called melanin. layers from further
- Dark skin, the melanocytes continuously produce exposure to UV rays
large amounts of melanin. Melanocytes Produce melanin on
exposure to UV rays
- The melanocytes of lightskinned people produce
less melanin.
- The activity of melanocytes is genetically regulated.
- Melanin production is increased by exposure of the
skin to ultraviolet rays, which are part of sunlight
and are damaging to living cells.
- People with dark skin already have good protection
against the damaging effects of ultraviolet rays;
people with light skin do not .
- Melanin also gives color to hair and eye.

Epidermis Table
Part
Stratum Corneum
(keratin)
Stratum Germinativum
( Stratum Basale )
Function
Prevent loss or entry of
water.
If unbroken, prevents
entry of psathogens and
most chemicals.
Continuous mitosis
produces new cells to
 - Made of epidermal tissue and growth process of
hair.
- At base of a follicle is the hair root contains cells
called the matrix, where mitosis takes place.
- The new cells produce keratin, get their color from
melanin, then die and become incorporated into
the hair shaft.
- The rate of hair growth averages 0.3 to 0.4
in./month (8 to 10 mm).
- Attached to each hair follicle is a small, smooth
muscle called the pilomotor or arrector pili muscle.
2. Nails Follicles
4. Glands
a. Sebaceous Glands
- Found on the ends of fingers and toes, nail follicles
produce nails.
- Mitosis takes place in the nail root at the base of
the nail and the new cells produce keratin (a
stronger form of this protein than is found in hair)
and then die.
3. Receptors - sebum inhibits the growth of bacteria on the skin
- Cutaneous senses are found in the dermis (Merkel surface. Another function of sebum is to prevent
cells are in the stratum germinativum, as are some drying of skin and hair.
nerve endings). - sebaceous glands are more numerous around the
- Cutaneous senses are found in the dermis (Merkel nose and mouth.
cells are in the stratum germinativum, as are some
nerve endings). b. Ceruminous Glands
- For pain, heat, and cold, the receptors are free
nerve endings.
- Touch and pressure, the receptors are called
encapsulated nerve endings.
- Provide the central nervous system with
information about the external environment and its
effect on the skin.
- Made of epithelial tissue. The exocrine glands of the
skin have their secretory portions in the dermis.
- Ducts (saluran) of sebaceous glands open into hair
follicles or directly to the skin surface, secretion is
sebum refer to as oil.
c. Sweat Glands 2. Eccrine glands The cells (adipocytes) of adipose tissue are specialized to store
Two types of sweat glands, apocrine and - Are found all over the body but are especially fat, and our subcutaneous layer of fat stores excess nutrients as
eccrine. numerous on the forehead, upper lip, palms, and a potential energy source.
soles.
- The duct of this tube extends to the skin’s surface, Subcutaneous tissue
where it opens into a pore.
Part Function
- Sweat produced by eccrine glands to maintenance Areolar connective tissue Connects skin to
of normal temperature. muscles
Contains many
5. Blood Vessels WBCs to destroy
Capillaries in the dermis, the other blood vessels of pathogens that
great importance are the arterioles. enter breaks in the
skin
a. Arterioles are small arteries, and the smooth muscle
Contains mast
in their walls permits them to constrict (close) or cells that release
dilate (open) to maintenance of body temperature, histamine,
because blood carries heat, which is a form of leukotrienes, and
energy. other chemicals
b. warm environment the arterioles dilate involved in
inflammation
(vasodilation)= pelebaran pembuluh darah, disertai
Adipose tissue Contains stored
kulit memerah atau terasa hangat.
energy in the form of
c. The vasoconstriction decreases the flow of blood
true fats
through the dermis and keeps heat within the core Cushions bony
of the body. prominences
1. Apocrine glands Provides some
- Are most numerous in the axillae (underarm) and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE : may also be called the insulation from cold
genital areas and are most active in stressful and superficial fascia, one of the connective tissue membranes, Contributes to
emotional situations. Made of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, connects appetite Contributes
to use of insulin
- Their secretion does have an odor. the dermis to the underlying muscles.
Produces cytokines
- If the apocrine secretions are allowed to
Areolar connective tissue, or loose connective tissue, contains that activate WBCs
accumulate on the skin, bacteria metabolize the
chemicals in the sweat and produce waste products collagen and elastin fibers and many white blood cells that have
that have distinct odors that many people find left capillaries to wander around in the tissue fluid between skin
unpleasant. and muscles.