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2001

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ISSN 1512-0759
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ßÉËÀà ÌáÅÃÀ ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖËÉ ÂÀÌÏÝÄÌÉÓ ßÉÍÀÓÉÔÚÅÀÏÁÉÓ ÀÅÔÏÒÏÁÀ.
ÈØÅÄÍÓ ßÉÍÀÛÄÀ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ÊÉÃÄÅ ÄÒÈÉ ÍÏÌÄÒÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ
ÓÀÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÓ ÄÞÙÅÍÄÁÀ. ÓÀÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÉ ÓÐÄÝÉ×ÉÖÒ ÃÀÒÂÓ
ßÀÒÌÏÀÃÂÄÍÓ. ÉÂÉ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ ÚÅÄËÀÆÄ Ö×ÒÏ ÀáËÏÓ ÌÏÉÀÆÒÄÁÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÀÓÈÀÍ,
ÒÀÝ ÌÉÓ ÌÏÌÄÔÄÁÖË ÌÂÒÞÍÏÁÉÀÒÏÁÀÆÄ ÌÄÔÚÅÄËÄÁÓ. ÓßÏÒÄà ÀÌÉÔÏÌÀÝ, ÈÖ ÈÅÀËÓ ÂÀÃÀÅÀÅËÄÁÈ
ÀÌÀ ÈÖ ÉÌ ØÅÄÚÍÉÓ ÞÉÒÉÈÀà ÊÀÍÏÍÓ, ÌÀÛÉÍÅÄ ÛÄÂÅÄØÌÍÄÁÀ ÛÈÀÁÄàÃÉËÄÁÀ ÀÌ ØÅÄÚÍÉÓ
áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ, ÌÉÓÉ ÓÖÒÅÉËÄÁÉÓ, ÌÉÓßÒÀ×ÄÁÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÉÃÄÏËÏÂÉÉÓ ÈÀÏÁÀÆÄ.
ÈÖ ÀÌ ÊÖÈáÉÈ ÂÀÃÀÅáÄÃÀÅÈ ÜÅÄÍÓ ÓÀÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÓ, ÓÀÀÌÀÚÏ ÁÄÅÒÉ ÂÅÀØÅÓ.
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÀ ÄÒÈ-ÄÒÈÉ ÓÀÖÊÄÈÄÓÏÀ ÐÏÓÔÊÏÌÖÍÉÓÔÖÒÉ ØÅÄÚÍÄÁÉÓ
ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ, ÀÓÄÅÄ ÓÀÊÌÀÏà ÌÀÙÀËÉ ÃÏÍÉÓÀÀ ÓáÅÀ ÓÀÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏ ÀØÔÄÁÉÝ,
ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÜÅÄÍÓ ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÀÛÉ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÄÁÉ Ö×ÒÏ ÓáÅÀÂÀÍÀÀ ÓÀÞÉÄÁÄËÉ. ÀÒ ÖÍÃÀ ÃÀÂÅÀÅÉßÚÃÄÓ,
ÒÏÌ ÊÀÝÏÁÒÉÏÁÀÓ ãÄÒ ÀÒ ÛÄÖØÌÍÉÀ ÉÓÄÈÉ ÉÃÄÀËÖÒÉ ÊÀÍÏÍÉ, ÒÏÌËÉÓ ÏÁÉÄØÔÖÒ
ÂÀÍáÏÒÝÉÄËÄÁÀÆÄ ÅÄÒ ÌÏÀáÃÄÍÃÀ ÂÀÅËÄÍÀÓ ÉÓ, ÈÖ ÅÉÍ ÀÔÀÒÄÁÓ ÌÀÓ ÝáÏÅÒÄÁÀÛÉ. ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÉ,
ÆÏÂÀÃÀÃ, ×ÀÒÀÔÉÍÀ ØÀÙÀËÃÉÀ; ÈÀÅÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀÓ ÌÉÅÝÄÌ ÃÀ Ö×ÒÏ ÖáÄÛÀà ÅÉÔÚÅÉ: ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÉ
ÌÉÈÉÀ, “ÉËÖÆÉÀÀ”, ÈÖ ÌÉÓÉ ÂÀÍáÏÒÝÉÄËÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÝáÏÅÒÄÁÀÛÉ ÂÀÔÀÒÄÁÀ ÉÌ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÄÁÉÓ
áÄËÛÉ ÀÙÌÏÜÍÃÄÁÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÈÀÝ, ÓáÅÀÃÀÓáÅÀ ÌÉÆÄÆÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÏ, ÀÒ ÞÀËÖÞÈ ÀÌÉÓ ÊÄÈÄÁÀ.
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÉÓ ÌÉÙÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÌÃÄ ÓáÅÀÃÀÓáÅÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ãÂÖ×ÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÄÒ
ÒÀÌÃÄÍãÄÒÌÄ ÉØÍÀ ßÀÌÏßÚÄÁÖËÉ ÓÀÊÉÈáÉ ÀáÀËÉ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÉÓ ÌÉÙÄÁÉÓ ÀÖÝÉËÄÁËÏÁÉÓ
ÈÀÏÁÀÆÄ, ÈÖÌÝÀ ÀÒÀÅÉÓ ßÀÒÌÏÖÃÂÄÍÉÀ ÓÀ×ÖÞÅËÉÀÍÉ ÀÒÂÖÌÄÍÔÄÁÉ, ÈÖ ÒÀÔÏÌ ÀÒÉÓ ÀÌÉÓ
ÓÀàÉÒÏÄÁÀ. ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÀ ÖÍÃÀ ÉÝÅËÄÁÏÃÄÓ ÌáÏËÏà ÌÀÛÉÍ, ÒÏÝÀ ÌÉÓÉ ÒÏÌÄËÉÌÄ
ÃÄÁÖËÄÁÀ áÄËÓ ÀÒ ÖßÚÏÁÓ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÄÁÒÉÅÉ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÓ ÀÙÌÛÄÍÄÁËÏÁÀÓ. ÀÒ ÀÒÓÄÁÏÁÓ
ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÓÀÊÄÈÄÁÄËÓ ÂÀÀÊÄÈÄÁÓ. ÀÒ ÀÒÓÄÁÏÁÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÀ,
ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÂÀÌÏÒÉÝáÀÅÓ ÁÉÖãÄÔÉÓ “ãÉÁÉÓ ØÖÒÃÄÁÉӔ ÌÏáÅÄÃÒÀÓ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ
ÌÀÙÀË ÄÛÄËÏÍÄÁÛÉ. ÀÌÀÓ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍÄËÈÀ ÖÒÚÄÅÉ ÍÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÂÀÃÀßÚÅÄÔÉËÄÁÄÁÉÓ
ÌÉÙÄÁÉÓ ÖÍÀÒÉ ÓàÉÒÃÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÀÒÀ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÉÓ ÂÀÌÏÝÅËÀ.
ßÉÍÀÌÃÄÁÀÒÄ ÂÀÌÏÝÄÌÀÛÉ ÃÀÉÍÔÄÒÄÓÄÁÖËÉ ÌÊÉÈáÅÄËÉ ÉáÉËÀÅÓ ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÆÏÂÀÃÈÄÏÒÉÖË
ÌÓÏ×ËÌáÄÃÅÄËÏÁÒÉÅ, ÀÓÄÅÄ ÐÒÀØÔÉÊÖË, ÓÀÃÙÄÉÓÏ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÀÔÉÊÀÓ ÌÉÞÙÅÍÉË ÓÔÀÔÉÄÁÓ.
ÌÉÖáÄÃÀÅÀà ÉÌÉÓÀ, ÒÏÌ ÓÀÊÌÀÏà ÞÍÄËÉÀ ÀÌÀ ÈÖ ÉÌ ÓÔÀÔÉÉÓ ÝÀËÊÄ ÂÀÌÏÚÏ×À, ÌÀÉÍÝ ÌÓÖÒÓ
ÀÙÅÍÉÛÍÏ ÀÌÄÒÉÊÄËÉ ÐÒÏ×ÄÓÏÒÉÓ, ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÃÉÃÉ ÌÄÂÏÁÒÉÓ, ÁÀÔÏÍ äÄÒÌÀÍ ÛÅÀÒÝÉÓ,
ÏÒÉ ÛÄÓÀÍÉÛÍÀÅÉ ÓÔÀÔÉÀ, “ÝÉËÉÓßÀÌÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÀ” ÃÀ “ÒÉÈ ÛÄÖÞËÉÀ ÃÀÄáÌÀÒÏÓ
ÈÀÅÉÓÖ×ÀËÉ ÐÒÄÓÀ ÌÀÒÈËÌÓÀãÖËÄÁÀӔ. ÌÊÉÈáÅÄËÓ ÊÉÃÄÅ ÄÒÈáÄË ÛÄÅÀáÓÄÍÄÁ, ÒÏÌ ÁÀÔÏÍÉ
äÄÒÌÀÍ ÛÅÀÒÝÉ ÉÚÏ ÄÒÈ-ÄÒÈÉ ÐÉÒÅÄËÉ ÖÝáÏÄËÉ ÄØÓÐÄÒÔÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÌÀÝ ×ÀÓÃÀÖÃÄÁÄËÉ
ÃÀáÌÀÒÄÁÀ ÂÀÖßÉÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÉÓ ÔÄØÓÔÆÄ ÌÖÛÀÏÁÉÓÀÓ ÃÀ ÓÀÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÏ
ÓÀÓÀÌÀÒÈËÏÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÉÓ ÛÄÌÖÛÀÅÄÁÉÓ ÃÒÏÓ.
ÜÄÌÉ ÀÆÒÉÈ, ÀËÌÀÍÀáÉÓ ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖËÉ ÂÀÌÏÝÄÌÀ ×ÀÒÈÏ ÂÀÌÏáÌÀÖÒÄÁÀÓ äÐÏÅÄÁÓ ÉÖÒÉÃÉÖË
ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÀÛÉ ÃÀ ÌÀÓÛÉ ÂÀÌÏØÅÄÚÍÄÁÖËÉ ÓÔÀÔÉÄÁÉ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏ ÂÀÍÓãÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÉÓ ÓÀÂÀÍÉ
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pirvel punqtSi CamoTvlili mizezebis aRmofxvris Semdeg.
3. pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis moqmedeba gavrceldes “sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis
miwis sakuTrebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis moqmedebis sferoze imave kanonis me-4, me-
8, me-15 da me-19 muxlebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad.
4. pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis moqmedeba gavrceldes “fizikuri pirebisa da kerZo
samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis sargeblobaSi arsebuli arasasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis
miwis kerZo sakuTrebad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis moqmedebis sferoze
amave kanonis me-2 da me-3 muxlebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad.
5. pirveli Tavis pirveli muxlis moqmedeba gavrceldes “saxelmwifo qonebis privatizaciis
Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanoniT regulirebul urTierTobebze amave kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
6. saqarTvelos yofil saxelmwifo-komerciul bankebSi anabrebze ricxuli fuladi saxsrebis
dabrunebaze pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis moqmedeba gavrceldes saqarTvelos prezidentis
2001 wlis 2 ivlisis #258 brZanebulebis safuZvelze miRebuli normatiuli aqtis
Sesabamisad.
7. saqarTvelo acxadebs, rom saqarTvelos ganmartebiT, “adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad
TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropis konvenciis” pirveli oqmis me-2 muxli ar akisrebs mas
valdebulebas, daafinansos specialuri saswavleblebi (religiuri da filosofiuri
mrwamsis mixedviT), garda saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa.
8. saqarTvelo acxadebs, rom afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionSi arsebuli viTarebis gamo
saqarTvelos xelisufleba moklebulia SesaZleblobas, ikisros pasuxismgebloba am
konvenciisa da misi damatebiTi oqmebis debulebaTa pativiscemasa da dacvaze, ris gamoc
afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionSi saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis
aRdgenamde saqarTvelo ixsnis pasuxismgeblobas aRniSnul teritoriebze TviTgamocxadebuli,
ukanono xelisuflebis organoebis mier pirveli oqmis debulebaTa darRvevaze.

saqarTvelos parlamentis
Tavmjdomare nino burjanaZe

Tbilisi,
2001 wlis 27 dekemberi,
# 1243 – Is.

6
 ÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÉÓ ÃÀÝÅÀ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ
Ö×ËÄÁÀÈÀ ÃÀ ÞÉÒÉÈÀà ÈÀÅÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀÈÀ
ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÄÅÒÏÐÉÓ ÊÏÍÅÄÍÝÉÉÓ ÐÉÒÅÄËÉ
ÏØÌÉÓ ÐÉÒÅÄËÉ ÌÖáËÉÓ ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ
1. Sesavali sakuTrebis uflebasa da sabazro ekonomi-
kasTan dakavSirebuli is mtkice politikuri
meore msoflio omis Semdeg saerTaSoriso
valdebulebebi, romlebsac Seicavs evropaSi
samarTalSi gamoikveTa aSkara tendencia,
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb CSCE
sakuTrebis ufleba ecnoT rogorc adamianis
bonis 1990 wlis konferenciis finaluri
ufleba. 1948 wlis adamianis uflebaTa say-
dokumenti, adamianuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb
ovelTao deklaracia Seicavs debulebas (mux-
kopenhagenis 1990 wlis Sexvedris dokumen-
li 17) yoveli adamianis uflebis Sesaxeb -
ti da 1990 wlis parizis wesdeba “axali
flobdes sakuTrebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom
evropisaTvis”. amdenad, rogorc erT-erTma
sakuTrebis ufleba ar aris daculi arc
avtorma sworad SeniSna, konvenciisa da dam-
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb
atebiTi oqmebis danergva sakuTrebis dacvis
saerTaSoriso paqtSi da arc ekonomikuri,
ganviTarebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania.
socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb
saerTaSoriso paqtSi, mas sayovelTao ufle-
baTa doneze moixsenieben adamianis uflebaTa
2. istoriuli foni
Sesaxeb sxva konvenciebSi, iseve rogorc
arasavaldebulo aqtebSi. ufro metic, sakuTre- konvenciis Sedgenis droisaTvis Zneli iyo
bis dacvis punqti Sesulia adamianis ufleba- sakuTrebis uflebis formulirebis Sesaxeb
Ta Sesaxeb ZiriTad regionalur konvenciebSi. SeTanxmebis miRweva. Travaux Preparatoires
asaxavs gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis mravalf-
Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTrebis
erovnebas. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
ufleba Sesulia sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso
deklaraciis me-17 muxlis mixedviT SemoT-
dokumentebSi, dResdReobiT Zalian Zneli
avazebuli flobis garantia damakmayofile-
iqneboda sayovelTao doneze gamogveyvana
beli gamosavali ar aRmoCnda. uTanxmoebaTa
savaldebulo CveulebiTi norma. is avtore-
meore mizezi iyo sakuTrebis uflebis Sesa-
bic ki, romlebic cnoben sakuTrebis ufleb-
Zlo inkorporacia sakuTrebis CamorTmevis
is garkveul arsebobas saerTaSoriso
gamo kompensaciis miRebis uflebasTan. sab-
CveulebiT samarTalSi, aRiareben, rom Zneli
olood naTeli gaxda, rom SeuZlebeli iyo
iqneboda aseTi normis xasiaTis zusti gan-
konvenciaSi sakuTrebis uflebis Sesaxeb de-
sazRvra sxvadasxva qveynebSi, iseve, rogorc
bulebis Setana da Semdgomi ganxilvis Sem-
arsebul saerTaSoriso iuridiul aqtebSi,
deg igi Seitanes pirvel oqmSi. pirveli oq-
sakuTrebis cnebisadmi gansxvavebuli midgo-
mis pirveli muxlis teqsti Semdegia:
mebisa da misi gansxvavebuli aRqmis gamo.
Tumca, SeiZleba visaubroT evropaSi ufro yovel fizikur Tu iuridiul pirs aqvs Tavisi
Zlieri regionaluri CveulebiTi normis ar- sakuTrebis mSvidobianad sargeblobis ufle-
sebobaze, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT dasavleTis ba. aravis unda CamoerTvas misi sakuTreba
qveynebis saerTo tradicias sakuTrebis dacvis garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac es sazoga-
sferoSi. am mosazrebas niadags umtkicebs doebriv interesebSia da eqvemdebareba kano-
ukanaskneli periodis sakonstitucio cvlile- niT da saerTaSoriso samarTlis zogadi princ-
bebi centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi da i pebiT uzrunvelyofil pirobebs.

7
 Tumca winamdebare debulebebma ar unda SezRu-
don saxelmwifos ufleba ZalaSi gaataros
is kanonebi, romlebic mas sazogadoebis in-
teresebidan gamomdinare, sakuTrebis gamoy-
enebis kontrolisaTvis an gadasaxadebis Tu
sxva Sesatanebisa an jarimebis gadaxdis
uzrunvelyofisTvis aucileblad miaCnia.
pirveli oqmis me-5 muxlis Sesabamisad, pirve-
li oqmis pirveli muxli konvenciis damate-
biT muxlad miiCneva da, Sesabamisad, sakuTre-
bis ufleba daculia im meqanizmebiT, rom-
lebic konvenciaSia mocemuli. im saxelmwi-
foTa deklaraciebi, romlebic cnoben ko-
misiis kompetencias miiRos sarCelebi (gancx-
adebebi) individualuri pirebisagan an aRi-
areben sasamarTlos savaldebulo iurisdiq-
cias, avtomaturad vrceldeba pirvel oqmze.
3. konvenciis interpretaciis
meTodebi
konvenciis ganmartebis (interpretirebis)
procesSi konvenciis institutebi, ZiriTadad,
iyeneben CveulebiTi samarTlisaTvis nacnob,
specifiur kiTxvebze pasuxis moZebnis empir-
iul meTods, romelic gulisxmobs im wina
gadawyvetilebaTa gaTvaliswinebas, romlebic
met-naklebad exmianeba arsebul sakiTxs. mx-
olod sakmao moculobiT precedentuli sa-
marTlis dagrovebis Semdeg xdeba sayovelTao
gavrcelebis mqone dadgenilebaTa gamocxade-
ba. aseTi dadgenilebebic ki eqvemdebareba
Semdgom cvlilebebs.
“SeTanxmebaTa/xelSekrulebaTa Sesaxeb” kanon-
Tan dakavSirebiT 1969 wlis venis konvenci-
is 31_33 muxlebSi mocemuli interpretire-
bis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso samarTlis say-
ovelTaod miRebuli princi pebi vrceldeba
konvenciaze. Tumca preambulaSi gacxadebu-
li misi obieqti da mizani iwveven am prin-
ci pTa garkveuli morgebis saWiroebas. am-
rigad, im ideebs, romelTa wamowevasac kon-
vencia isaxavs miznad, dabrkoleba ar unda
Seuqmnas iseTma ganmartebam (interpretaciam),
romelic zRudavs mxare saxelmwifoTa valde-
bulebebs. ufro metic, aq gamoyenebul unda
iqnes ganmartebis evoluciuri meTodi. es imas
niSnavs, rom konvenciaSi gamoyenebuli cnebe-
bi gagebul unda iqnen sazogadoebaSi mim-
dinare movlenaTa ganviTarebis konteqstSi.
8
konvenciis ganmartebisa da misi gamoyenebis
procesSi, konvenciis institutebma ganavi-
Tares “dafasebis mijnis” (dadgenili normi-
dan dasaSvebi gadaxvevis farglebis, moqni-
lobis sazRvrebis) doqtrina, romelic Sedegia
imis gacnobierebisa, rom konvenciis aRsrule-
baze sruli praqtikuli Tu politikuri
kontrolis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia.
termini - “dafasebis mijna”, asaxavs garkveul
Tavisuflebas, romelic eniWebaT saxelmwi-
foebs imis gadawyvetisas, Tu rogor Seas-
rulon konvenciis debulebebi. dasaSvebi gada-
xvevis farglebis sidide damokidebulia:
pirveli - mxare saxelmwifoTa Soris konkre-
tul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeTanxmebis
arsebobaze. Tu moxerxdeba saerTo evropu-
li standartis gamoyvana, maSin dasaSvebi
gadaxvevis farglebi viwro iqneba;
meore - SezRudvis safuZvelsa da im konkre-
tuli uflebis xasiaTze, romelTanac gvaqvs
saqme. konvenciis institutebis praqtikis
mixedviT, im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saqme gvaqvs
respodenti qveynis ekonomikur wesrigTan,
dasaSvebi gadaxvevis farglebi ufro farTo
iqneba.
interpretaciis meore mniSvnelovani saSu-
alebaa proporciulobis princi pi. imis gada-
wyvetisas, saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli
ZiriTadi uflebis SemzRudavi RonisZieba
Seesabameba Tu ara konvencias, konvenciis
institutebi ganixilaven mis proporciulo-
bas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xdeba Ziri-
Tadi uflebis xelyofis simZimis Sepirispireba
am darRveviT miRweuli miznis mniSvnelo-
basTan. amrigad, es princi pi moqmedebs rogorc
normidan dasaSvebi gadaxvevis doqtrinis
SezRudva.
4. konvenciis moqmedeba
droSi
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod miRe-
buli princi pia is, rom xelSekruleba (SeT-
anxmeba) ar vrceldeba im qmedebebsa Tu faqte-
bze, romlebsac adgili hqondaT, an im situ-
aciebze, romlebmac arseboba Sewyvites misi
mxarisaTvis ZalaSi Sesvlis dRemde. es, Se-
sabamisad, vrceldeba konvenciazec. amis
sailustraciod gamodgeboda komisiis mier
bolo dros miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi cen-
traluri da aRmosavleT evropis im saxelm-
wifoebidan Semosul sarCelebTan (gancxade-
bebTan) dakavSirebiT, romlebmac moaxdines
konvenciis ratificireba. mravali sarCeli
(gancxadeba), romelic exeboda movlenebs
(yvelaze xSirad sakuTrebis eqspropriacias
an konfiskacias), romlebsac adgili hqon-
daT konvenciis ZalaSi Sesvlamde, ar daiSve-
ba gansaxilvelad ratione temporis.
Tumca saxelmwifo Carevis zogierT aqts
komisia ganixilavs rogorc gangrZobiTs. aseTia
is qmedebebi, romlebic Cadenil iqnen war-
sulSi mocemul momentSi, magram maTi Sede-
gebi mainc ganagrZobs arsebobas. am SemTx-
vevaSi is faqti, rom qmedeba Cadenil iqna ama
Tu im mxarisaTvis konvenciis ZalaSi Sesv-
lamde, ar iwvevs sarCelis ganxilvisaTvis
dauSveblobis ratione temporis cnobas.
sakuTrebis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT unda
aRiniSnos, rom sakuTrebis CamorTmeva Sead-
gens erTjerad aqts, maSin, rodesac sakuTrebis
gamoyenebis akrZalva qmnis gangrZobiT situ-
acias. de faqto eqspropriacia, romelic ar
moicavs sakuTrebis formalur gadasvlas,
magram gulisxmobs mkacr SezRudvebs, rom-
lebic gamoixateba sakuTrebis CamorTmevaSi,
miiCneva gangrZobiT Carevad.
5. pirveli muxlis mimarTeba
konvenciis sxva muxlebTan
pirveli muxli Zalian xSirad ganixileba
konvenciis sxva muxlebTan erTad. me-6 mux-
lis pirveli punqti adgens, rom “adamianis
uflebaTa da movaleobaTa gansazRvris dros,
yovel adamians aqvs ufleba moxdes misi sa-
marTliani da sajaro mosmena kanonis mier
Seqmnili damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli
sasamarTlos mier.” sakuTrebis ufleba samo-
qalaqo uflebaa. rig SemTxvevebSi, romleb-
Sic saqme exeba sakuTrebis uflebas, saCivrebis
wardgena xdeba rogorc pirveli muxlis, aseve
me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis safuZvelze.
amis ti piur magaliTs warmoadgens eqspro-
priaciis procedurebi, miwis konsolidaciis
procedurebi an procedurebi, romlebic dakav-
Sirebulia garkveuli ekonomikuri saqmiano-
bis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro licenziis
gacemasTan an mis CamorTmevasTan. sasamarT-
los precedentulma samarTalma daadastu-
ra, rom erTi da igive faqti SeiZleba ewi-
naaRmdegebodes konvenciisa da oqmis erTze
met debulebas. me-8 muxli adgens, rom yve-
la adamians aqvs ufleba pativi scen mis
“saxls”. “saxli” SeiZleba ganvixiloT
rogorc sakuTreba, amrigad, saCivari Sei-
Zleba wardgenil iqnes, rogorc pirveli
muxlis, aseve me-8 muxlis safuZvelze.
me-14 muxli krZalavs diskriminacias kon-
venciiT dacul uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa
ganxorcielebisas. sasamarTlo praqtikidan
gamomdinare naTeli gaxda, rom me-14 muxls
damoukidebeli xasiaTi ar gaaCnia da saqmeSi
Semodis mxolod maSin, rodesac saqmis faqtebi
konvenciaSi Sesuli romelime sxva uflebiT
gaTvaliswinebul CarCoebSi aris. TumcaRa me-
14 muxls avtonomiuri arseboba gaaCnia da
misi darRveva ar gulisxmobs sxva daculi
uflebebis darRvevas. aqedan gamomdinare, Careva
pirveli muxlis mixedviT SesaZloa gamarTle-
buladac iTvlebodes, magram mainc ewinaaRm-
degebodes me-14 muxls. princi pSi, Tu sasa-
marTlo pirveli muxlis darRvevas cnobs,
rogorc wesi, saWirod aRar miiCnevs me-14
muxlis safuZvelze warmodgenili saCivris
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebas. ase rom,
ganmcxadeblebi (mosarCleebi) me-14 muxls
xSirad iyeneben rogorc alternatiul safuZ-
vels sasamarTlosaTvis misamarTad.
6. sakuTrebis uflebis
dacvis farglebi
aRiarebs ra yoveli adamianis uflebas mSvi-
dobianad isargeblos Tavisi qonebiT, pirve-
li muxli, Tavisi SinaarsiT, uzrunvelyofs
sakuTrebis uflebas. es moicavs ara mxolod
sakuTrebis flobisa da gamoyenebis uflebas,
aramed misi gankargvis uflebasac, rac,
rogorc sasamarTlom daadgina, “Seadgens
sakuTrebis uflebis tradiciul da funda-
mentur aspeqts.”
pirveli muxli icavs mxolod arsebul
sakuTrebas da, Sesabamisad, igi ar uzrunve-
lyobs qonebis memkvidreobiT an nebayoflo-
biTi gasxvisebis Sedegad SeZenis uflebas.
amrigad, samkvidro qoneba ar aris daculi,
9
 sanam igi ar gaxdeba sakuTreba. metic, pirve- Sesruldeba savaldebulo piroba. Van Marle
li muxli ar uzrunvelyofs cxovrebis and others saqmeSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
garkveuli donis qonis an sxva socialur keTili neba SeiZleba daukavSirdes pirvel
uflebebs, anu yoveli adamianis ufleba SeiZi- muxlSi Sesul sakuTrebis uflebas.
nos qoneba, ar aris masSi daculi. pirveli
sajaro samarTlis sarCelebTan dakavSire-
muxlis ZiriTad amocanas Seadgens arsebuli
biT, rogoricaa sapensio uflebebi, komisiam
sakuTrebis dacva saxelmwifo Carevisagan.
ganasxvava sistemebi, romlebSic monawile
Tumca sasamarTlos araerTxel ganucxade-
Sesatans ixdis garkveul fondSi, romel-
bia, rom konvenciiT aRiarebul uflebaTa da
Sic, mis mier gadaxdili Tanxis odenobis
TavisuflebaTa dacvam garkveul pirobebSi
Sesabamisad, iqmneba individualuri wili,
SeiZleba moiTxovos mxare saxelmwifoTagan
romelic SeiZleba ganisazRvros nebismier
dadebiTi qmedeba. es, pirveli muxlis gage-
konkretul momentSi da is sistemebi, rom-
biT, niSnavs, rom saxelmwifom ara mxolod
lebSic kavSiri axla gadaxdil Senatansa da
Tavi unda Seikavos sakuTrebis uflebaSi
mogvianebiT miRebul sargebels Soris gac-
arbitraluri Carevisagan, aramed mas akisria
ilebiT umniSvneloa. pirveli sistema war-
valdebuleba uzrunvelyos iseTi garemos
moSobs sakuTrebis uflebas aseTi fondis
arseboba, romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneba
nawilze. meore sistema ki efuZneba social-
sakuTrebis uflebis efeqturi ganxorciele-
uri solidarobis princi ps. Muller-is saqme-
ba. es SesaZloa moicavdes qveynis policiis
Si komisiam daadgina, rom im SemTxvevaSic
ZaliTa da sasamarTlo sistemiT uzrunvely-
ki, Tu miviCnevT, rom pirveli muxli uzrun-
ofas sakuTrebis uflebaSi kerZo pirebis
velyofs im pirTa sistemidan sargeblis miRebis
Carevisagan dasacavad. miuxedavad amisa, unda
uflebas, romlebic periodulad ixdidnen
gvaxsovdes, rom saxelmwifoebi sargebloben
Sesatans socialuri dazRvevis sistemaSi, es
valdebulebidan dasaSvebi gadaxvevis uflebiT
mainc ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnes, rogorc
da, Sesabamisad, aSkarad SezRudulia kon-
garkveuli odenobis pensiis garantia. aseT
venciis institutebis uflebamosileba pasuxi
SemTxvevaSi, pensiis odenobis meryeoba Sei-
mosTxovon mxare saxelmwifoebs kerZo piris
Zleba warmoadgendes pirveli muxlis dar-
Tu organizaciis mier sakuTrebis uflebis
Rvevas, Tu saqme gveqneba sargeblis mniS-
xelyofiT gamowveuli konvenciis darRvevi-
vnelovnad SemcirebasTan.
saTvis. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme
gvaqvs kerZo piris mier sakuTrebis uflebis pasuxi kiTxvaze - Seadgens Tu ara qonebas
xelyofasTan, uzrunvelyofil unda iqnes is garkveuli ekonomikuri saqmianobis warmarTvis
sasamarTlo procedura, romelic Seesabame- licenzia, damokidebuli iqneba, inter alia,
ba konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis sakiTxze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara licenzia
moTxovnebs. ganvixiloT misi mflobelisaTvis imis safuZ-
vliani da legitimuri molodinis Seqmnis
safuZvlad, rom mas gangrZobiTi xasiaTi eqneba
7. “qonebis” cneba da licenzirebuli saqmianobidan sargeblis
konvenciaSi cnebebs avtonomiuri mniSvnelo- gangrZobiTad miRebis SesaZlebloba iqneba.
ba aqvT. rogorc komisiam, aseve sasamarT-
lom, farTod gansazRvres “qonebis” cneba,
8. sakuTrebis uflebis
saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesabamisad, sadac
SezRudvebi
“qonebis” koncefcia identuria “SeZenil”
uflebaTa koncefciisa. Sporrong and Lonnroth-is saqmeSi sasamarT-
lom pirveli muxli Semdegi sami gansxvave-
daculia rogorc uZravi, aseve moZravi qone-
buli wesis Semcvelad ganmarta:
ba. es vrceldeba, agreTve, sapatento ufle-
bebsa da aqciebze. saxelSekrulebo uflebe- pirveli wesi, romelsac sazogado xasiaTi
bi da sasamarTlos mier dakisrebuli valebi aqvs, acxadebs qonebiT Tavisuflad sarge-
aseve Seadgenen qonebas. pirobiTi valdebuleba blobis princi ps. es gancxadebulia pirveli
mas Semdeg Seva qonebis SemadgenlobaSi, roca punqtis pirvel winadadebaSi. meore wesi exeba

10
qonebis CamorTmevas da mas garkveul pirobebs
uqvemdebarebs. es Cans imave punqtis meore
winadadebaSi. mesame wesi aRiarebs saxelmwi-
foTa uflebamosilebas, sxvasTan erTad gaa-
kontrolon sakuTrebis gamoyeneba sazogadoe-
brivi interesebis Sesabamisad, iseTi kanoneb-
is ZalaSi gatarebiT, romlebsac isini mizni-
saTvis savaldebulod miiCneven. es mocemulia
meore punqtSi.
sasamarTlom daamata, rom imis ganxilvamde
Sesrulda Tu ara pirveli wesi, unda gan-
isazRvros, ukanaskneli ori xom ar miesad-
ageba SemTxvevas. sasamarTlos es pozicia
ufro mtkiced ganisazRvra James-is saqmeSi,
rodesac axsnil iqna, rom am sami wesis gan-
sxvavebuloba ar gulisxmobs maT Soris kav-
Siris ararsebobas. piriqiT, meore da mesame
wesebi exeba sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvis
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebs da amitom ganxi-
lul unda iqnen pirvel winadadebaSi gacxa-
debuli sazogado princi pis WrilSi.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom pirveli winadadeba
warmoadgens mesame damoukidebel safuZvels
CarevaTa (SezRudvaTa) regulirebisaTvis. is
faqti, rom esa Tu is Careva (SezRudva) ar
jdeba CamorTmevis wesis da arc gamoyenebaze
kontrolis wesis CarCoebSi, ar niSnavs, rom
igi avtomaturad arRvevs pirvel muxls.
8.1. sakuTrebis CamorTmeva
pirveli muxlis meore winadadebaSi naxsene-
bi sakuTrebis CamorTmeva ar uTanabrdeba
saerTaSoriso samarTlis “CamorTmeva-gamorT-
mevas”. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi Careva
(SezRudva), romelic scildeba mxolod
sakuTrebis gamoyenebaze socialuri kontro-
lis farglebs da gavlenas axdens kerZo
sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobaze, Seadgens “Cam-
orTmeva-gamorTmevas” da Sedegad moiTxovs
kompensacias. konvenciis institutebis gan-
martebiT ki CamorTmevas ufro viwro gageba
gaaCnia.
situacia naTelia, rodesac adgili aqvs
sakuTrebis gadasvlas. pirveli muxlis me-
ore winadadeba miesadaga britanuli gemTm-
Seneblobis da sahaero xomaldebis warmoeb-
is saxelmwifo seqtorSi gadasvlis saqmes,
sadac kanonmdeblobam kerZo sakuTreba gada-
sca moqiravneebs.
sirTuleebi Cndeba im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
adgili ara aqvs sakuTrebis formalur gada-
svlas. Sporrong and Lonnroth-is saqmeSi sasa-
marTlom CaTvala, rom arsebul pirobebSi
mas Rrmad unda Caexeda saqmeSi da gamoeZia
im situaciis realuri faqtebi, romelsac
exeboda sarCeli, raTa gaerkvia, marTlac
warmoadgenda Tu ara situacia de faqto
eqspropriacias, rogorc amas mosarCleebi
(ganmcxadeblebi) amtkicebdnen. am saqmeSi
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mosarCleTa qoneb-
is gamoyenebis da gankargvis ufleba mniS-
vnelovnad SeizRuda da Tavad sakuTrebis
uflebas daemuqra safrTxe, magram sasamarT-
lom mainc ar daadgina de faqto eqspropri-
acia. Papamichalopoulous-is saqmeSi sasamarT-
lom daadgina, rom situacia Seadgenda de
faqto eqspropriacias, radganac mosarCleebs
saSualeba ar hqondaT gamoeyenebinaT, gaeyi-
daT, memkvidreobiT gadaecaT, daegiravebi-
naT an gaeCuqebinaT TavianTi sakuTreba. am-
rigad, cxadia, rom mxolod Zalian gan-
sakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi miiCneva sakuTreb-
is uflebis SezRudva (Careva) de faqto
eqspropriaciad.
8.2. kontroli sakuTrebis
gamoyenebaze
pirveli muxlis meore punqtSi naTqvamia, rom
saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs garkveul pirobeb-
Si ganaxorcielos sakuTrebis gamoyenebaze
kontroli. sakuTrebis CamorTmevis viwro
gansazRvrebis gamo, gamoyenebaze kontroli
SezRudvaTa farTo speqtrs moicavs. amis
ti piuri magaliTi iqneboda mSeneblobis akrZa-
lva, garkveuli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganx-
orcielebis licenziis gauqmeba an rentis
kontroli.
garkveuli SezRudvebi miiCneva sakuTrebis
gamoyenebis kontrolad da ara mis CamorTme-
vad, miuxedavad imisa, rom adgili aqvs
sakuTrebis gadasvlas. aseTia SemTxvevebi,
rodesac konfiskacia sakuTrebis gamoyenebis
wesebis ZalaSi gatarebisaTvis aucilebel
RonisZiebas warmoadgens. Handyside-is saqme-
Si, romelic pirveli iyo aseT saqmeTa Soris,
sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom wignis ganadgure-
ba masSi bilwi sityvebis aRmoCenis Semdeg
gamarTlebuli iyo meore punqtis mixedviT.
11
 saxelmwifos ufleba uzrunvelyos gadasax-
adebis an sxva Sesatanebis Tu jarimebis gada-
xda, warmoadgens sakuTrebis gamoyenebaze
kontrolis uflebis specifikur aspeqts. igi
Seicavs ara mxolod gadasaxadis gadaxdevineb-
isaTvis saWiro nabijebs, aramed Tavad gada-
saxadis dadgenasac.
8.3. sxva saxis SezRudvebi
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, pirveli punqtis pirve-
li winadadeba iZleva sakuTrebis uflebis
SezRudvaTa (CarevaTa) regulirebis calkeul
safuZvlebs. aseTi motivacia pirvelad gamoy-
enebul iqna Sporrong and Lonnroth-is saqme-
Si. am saqmeSi eqspropriaciis grZelvadianma
nebarTvebma da mSeneblobis akrZalvebma gav-
lena moaxdines momCivanTa qonebaze, magram
eqspropriacia faqtiurad arasodes ganxor-
cielebula. imis gadawyvetisas, Tu romeli
wesi miesadageboda arsebul pirobebs, sasa-
marTlom iolad miiRo gadawyvetileba
mSeneblobaze gavrcelebul akrZalvebTan
dakavSirebiT, radganac isini aSkarad gamoy-
enebaze kontrolis ganxorcielebis saSuale-
bebs warmoadgendnen. magram rac Seexeba eqspro-
priaciis nebarTvebs, “isini ar iyvnen gam-
iznuli gamoyenebaze kontrolis an SezRud-
visaTvis.” imdenad, ramdenadac isini warmoad-
gendnen pirvel nabijs qonebis CamorTmevaSi,
es nebarTvebi ar jdebodnen meore punqtis
gavrcelebis farglebSi. ase rom, isini unda
ganexilaT pirveli punqtis pirveli winadade-
bis Sesabamisad (pirveli punqtis pirvel
winadadebasTan mimarTebaSi).
sasamarTlom aseTi midgoma daadastura
Semdgomi gadawyvetilebebiTac. pirveli wi-
nadadeba miesadaga im saqmeebs, romlebSic
sasoflo sameurneo miwebis gadanawilebis
proceduram gamoiwvia mosarCleTaTvis miwis
droebiTi CamorTmeva. sasamarTlom CamorTme-
vis droebiTi xasiaTi gadamwyvetad CaTvala
da daaskvna, rom situacia ar Seadgenda
sakuTrebis CamorTmevas. meore saqmeSi sasa-
marTlom daadgina, rom momCivanis sasargeb-
lo arbitraluri gadawyvetilebis sakanonm-
deblo saSualebiT gauqmeba ar SeiZleba ganix-
ilebodes rogorc CamorTmeva, magram war-
moadgens Carevas, romlis ganxilvac pirveli
muxlis mixedviT unda moxdes. Pochas-s saqme-
12
Si, sadac urbanuli ganviTarebis sqemis safuZ-
velze moxda sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva,
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am saqmes unda
misadageboda pirveli winadadeba, radgan mo-
sarCelis saCivari ukavSirdeboda xelisufal-
Ta zogad qcevas da ara romelime speci-
fikur nabijs, romelic zRudavda gamoyenebas.
arsebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis safuZvelze
Zalian Znelia im SemTxvevebisaTvis mkacri
kriteriumis dadgena, romlebsac unda mie-
sadagos pirveli winadadeba. am sistemis susti
mxareebi mravali avtoris mier iqna gakri-
tikebuli. gamoiTqva azri, rom sasamarTlos
mier gamoyenebuli midgoma xelovnuri iyo
da pirvel muxlSi daculi sakuTrebis ga-
rantiis zogad xasiaTTan gacilebiT ufro
Sesabamisi iqneboda SezRudvaTa (CarevaTa)
sxvadasxva ti pebis kvalificireba rogorc
CamorTmevis an gamoyenebaze kontrolisa.
9. SezRudvaTa (CarevaTa)
kontroli
cxadia, faqtebisa da kanonis rTuli kombina-
ciebi aZnelebs SezRudvaTa (CarevaTa)
garkveul kategoriebad klasificirebas. am-
rigad, sazRvari meore punqtSi moxseniebul
“gamoyenebaze kontrolsa” da pirveli punq-
tis pirvel winadadebaSi “sxva Carevebs
(SezRudvebs)” Soris bundovania da maT Soris
gansxvavebis moZebna Znelia. metic, CamorTme-
vis cnebis viwro gansazRvreba arTulebs
kompensaciis sakiTxs, romelic SesaZloa sxva
CarevebTan (SezRudvebTan) dakavSirebiTac
wamoiWras da ara mxolod im SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac CamorTmevas aqvs adgili. Tumca aseTma
klasifikaciam dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba
iurisprudenciaSi arsebuli tendenciis gamo,
yvela Careva (SezRudva) erTsa da imave moTx-
ovnebs dauqvemdebaron imis gadawyvetisas,
dairRva Tu ara pirveli muxli. CarevaTa
(SezRudvaTa) analizisas, konvenciis insti-
tutebi ukvirdebian:
pirveli _ Carevis (SezRudvis) mizans;
meore _ Carevis (SezRudvis) kanonierebas;
mesame _ Carevis (SezRudvis) Sesabamisobas
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTad principebTan
(es moTxovna dgeba mxolod im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
saqme gvaqvs sakuTrebis CamorTmevasTan);
dabolos _ proporciulobas Carevis mizansa
da mis misaRwevad gamoyenebul saSualebaTa
Soris.
9.1. Carevis (SezRudvis)
mizani
Lithgow-s saqmeSi sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom
moTxovna imisa, rom Careva (SezRudva) iyos
sazogadoebriv interesebSi, ukavSirdeba am
Carevis motivaciasa da mis gamarTlebas.
rogorc Cans, ar arsebobs raime gansxvaveba
pirveli punqtis meore winadadebaSi naxseneb
sazogadoebriv interessa da meore punqtSi
xsenebul saerTo interesebs Soris. prece-
dentul samarTalSi am terminTa SenacvlebiT
xmarebis magaliTebic gvxvdeba. magaliTad,
Tsomptsos and others-is saqmeSi sakiTxi,
eqspropriaciis zoma Seesabameboda Tu ara
pirvel muxls, ganixileboda mis “saerTo
interesebTan”, da ara “sazogadoebriv inter-
esebTan”, mimarTebaSi.
sazogadoebriv interess, rogorc es James-
is saqmeSia ganmartebuli, ufro farTo gage-
ba aqvs. am saqmeSi mosarCleebi amtkicebdnen,
rom sazogadoebriv interesebSi yofnis moTx-
ovna gulisxmobda, rom sakuTrebis CamorT-
mevas sargebeli unda moetana mTeli sazoga-
doebisaTvis da rom erTi piris mier meore-
saTvis sakuTrebis ZaldatanebiT gadacema am
ukanasknelis sasargeblod ar SeiZleba em-
saxurebodes sazogadoebriv interesebs. sasa-
marTlom gaiziara, rom marTlac, “sakuTreb-
is CamorTmeva, romelic, kerZo pirisaTvis
konkretuli sargeblis miniWebisa garda, sxvas
arafers isaxavs miznad, ar SeiZleba Sediodes
sazogadoebrivi interesebSi. Tumca, daamata
ra, rom “sakuTrebis CamorTmeva, legitimuri
socialuri, ekonomikuri an sxva politikis
gatarebis mizniT, SeiZleba iyos sazogadoe-
briv interesebSi im SemTxvevaSic, Tu farTo
sazogadoeba pirdapir ar iyenebs an sarge-
blobs am CamorTmeuli sakuTrebiT”, sasa-
marTlom uaryo mosarCleTa argumenti.
imis gadawyvetisas, Tu ra SeiZleba Seadgen-
des sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare
legitimur mizans, saxelmwifoebi sargebloben
normidan SesaZlo gadaxvevis farTo far-
glebiT. rogorc sasamarTlom James-is saqmeSi
daadgina, ufro axlos icnoben ra TavianT
sazogadoebasa da mis saWiroebebs, adgilo-
brivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs ufro
ukeT SeuZliaT imis gansazRvra, Tu ra Se-
dis sazogadoebriv interesebSi, vidre saer-
TaSoriso mosamarTles. Tavdapirvelad swored
adgilobrivma xelisuflebam unda gansazRvros
rogorc problemis arseboba, ise mdgomareo-
bis gamosasworeblad saWiro qmedebebi. maTi
Sefaseba, rogorc wesi, iTvaliswinebs im
politikur, socialur Tu ekonomikur sak-
iTxebs, romelTa Sesaxeb mosazrebebi demokra-
tiul sazogadoebaSi SesaZloa mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdebodes. amitomac sasamarTlo pativs
scems kanonmdebelTa mosazrebebs imis Sesax-
eb, Tu ra Sedis sazogadoebriv interesebSi,
Tuki es mosazrebebi safuZvels moklebuli
ar aris. arsebobs kargad Camoyalibebuli
precedentuli samarTali, romelic erovnul
xelisuflebas normidan SesaZlo gadaxvevis
farTo uflebebs aniWebs qalaqgegmarebis,
gansaxlebis Tu fiskaluri politikis sfer-
oebSi sazogadoebriv interesebSi myofi le-
gitimuri miznis dadgenisas.
Tumca es ar niSnavs moqmedebis SeuzRudav
Tavisuflebas. sasamarTlo uflebas itovebs
Seamowmos, xom ar aris erovnuli xelisu-
flebis gadawyvetileba aSkarad usafuZvlo.
am mizniT man SeiZleba gamoiZios saxelmwi-
fos qmedebis realuri motivaciebi, imisaTvis,
rom naxos, arsebobda Tu ara aSkara mizani,
rac gulisxmobs im faqtebis gamoTxovnas,
romelTa safuZvelzec moqmedebda erovnuli
xelisufleba.
9.2. Carevis (SezRudvis)
kanoniereba
pirveli muxli adgens, rom qonebis CamorT-
meva unda “akmayofilebdes kanoniT dadgenil
pirobebs”, xolo mis gamoyenebaze kontroli
dasaSvebia, Tu igi efuZneba iseT kanonebs,
romlebsac saxelmwifo savaldebulod miiC-
nevs. kanonierebis moTxovna Seesabameba ufro
farTo princi ps, rom konvenciaSi daculi
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvas
kanonieri safuZveli unda gaaCndes.
konvenciis institutebma ramdenimejer ganacx-
ades, rom am gagebiT SesaZlo gadasinjvis
farglebi SezRudulia. adgilobrivi kanonis
ganmarteba da misadageba, upirveles yovlisa,
13
 erovnuli xelisuflebis, gansakuTrebiT ki
sasamarTlos saqmea. es konvenciis institute-
bisaTvis miRebuli faqtia. isini konvenciis
darRvevad cnoben kanonSi mxolod aSkara
Secdomis arsebobas an SemTxvevas, rodesac
kanoni misadagebul iqna arasworad an arbi-
tralurad.
kanoni, romelic Carevis (SezRudvis) safuZ-
vels warmoadgens, unda Seesabamebodes
garkveul kriteriumebs. igi unda iyos
Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi da ganWvretadi. me-
tic, sasamarTlo xazs usvams, rom termini
“samarTali” konvenciaSi aRniSnavs Sidasax-
elmwifoebriv samarTals. “Sidasaxelmwifoe-
briv samarTalSi unda arsebobdes xelisu-
flebis mxridan arbitraluri Carevisagan
samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba.”
kanonierebis moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT um-
niSvnelovanes sakiTxs warmoadgens is, Tu
ra odenobiT unda mieces moqmedebis Tavisu-
fleba aRmasrulebel organos. sasamarTlos
xSirad aRuniSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia abso-
luturi sizustis miRweva kanonis Seqmnisas,
magram, miuxedavad amisa, kanoni, romelic
iZleva moqmedebis Tavisuflebas, unda miu-
TiTebdes am Tavisuflebis farglebs.” us-
afuZvlo ar aris kanonis aRmasrulebeli
organoebisaTvis Tavisuflebis miniWeba imis
gadawyvetaSi, Tu rodis Caerios sakuTrebis
uflebaSi, radgan aseT gadawyvetilebaze,
rogorc wesi, gavlenas axdens faqtorTa
farTo speqtri, magram ar arsebobs raime
mizezi imisaTvis, rom aRmasrulebeli orga-
noebi Tavisuflad wyvetdnen iseT sakiTxebs,
romlebic dakavSirebulia kompensaciis gace-
mis saWiroebis dadgenasTan an misi odenobis
gansazRvrasTan. Hentrich-is saqmeSi sasamarT-
lom daadgina, rom sagadasaxado organoTa
mier qonebis CamorTmeva upiratesi Sesyidvis
uflebis safuZvelze xorcieldeboda Sexed-
ulebisamebr, maTi qmedeba ar iyo winaswar
iolad gansazRvradi da ar iyo uzrunvelyo-
fili proceduruli TavdacviTi saSualebe-
bi, ris gamoc Careva arakanonierad cno.
9.3. saerTaSoriso samarTlis
ZiriTadi princi pebi
pirveli punqtis meore winadadebaSi xsenebu-
li saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi princ-
14
i pebi warmoadgens im princi pebs, romlebic
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi Camoyalibda ucx-
oelTa qonebis eqspropriaciasTan dakavSire-
biT. Tumca konvenciis Seqmnis droidan sakuTre-
bis Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala da
dRes sakamaToa “adekvaturi, drouli da
efeqturi” kompensacia yvela SemTxvevaSia
saWiro Tu ara.
am princi pebis CarTvam CamorTmevis wesSi misi
interpretaciis seriozuli problema war-
moSva. umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi iyo, unda
gavrcelebuliyo Tu ara saerTaSoriso sa-
marTlis standartebi Tanabrad, rogorc
ucxoelebze, aseve moqalaqeebze, Tu mxolod
ucxoelebze. James-is saqmeSi sasamarTlom
CaTvala, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis princ-
i pebi ar vrceldeba im RonisZiebebze, rom-
lebsac saxelmwifo axorcielebs Tavisi qveynis
moqalaqeebis qonebasTan dakavSirebiT. sasa-
marTlom uaryo mosazreba, rom xsenebul
sazogado saerTaSoriso samarTalze xazgas-
mis amgvari interpretacia gadaWarbebulia.
sasamarTlos azriT, amgvari xazgasma sul
cota or mizans emsaxureba: pirveli - igi
saSualebas aZlevs aramoqalaqeebs TavianTi
uflebebis dasacavad pirdapir mimarTon ECHR-
s organoebs saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesa-
bamisi princi pebis safuZvelze, maSin, rode-
sac winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT amisaTvis
Sesabamisi di plomatiuri arxebis an davis
gadawyvetis sxva xelmisawvdomi saSualebeb-
is Zebna mouxdebodaT. meorec, amiT xdeba
aramoqalaqeTa (ucxoelTa) poziciis dacva
pirveli protokolis ZalaSi SesvliT maTi
uflebebis SezRudvisagan, rac gamoricxavs
msgavs argumentebs.
cxadia, arsebuli precedentuli samarTlis
mixedviT, am princi pebma SeiZleba warmoSvas
gansxvavebebi ucxoelebisa da moqalaqeTaTvis
kompensaciis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. rogorc
sasamarTlom daadgina, aseTi gansxvavebuli
mopyroba ar Seadgens konvenciis pirveli oqmis
me-14 muxliT dadgenili diskriminaciis akrZa-
lvis darRvevas, radganac SesaZloa arsebob-
des mniSvnelovani safuZveli ucxoelebisa
da moqalaqeebis gansxvavebisaTvis, rodesac
saqme exeba kompensacias, gansakuTrebiT so-
cialur reformasTan dakavSirebiT qonebis
CamorTmevis gamo.
 9.4. Carevis proporciuloba
Sporrong and Lonnroth-is saqmeSi sasamarT-
lom ganacxada, rom mas unda ganesazRvra,
xom ar iqna darRveuli balansi sazogadoe-
brivi interesebidan gamomdinare moTxovnebsa
da pirovnebis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis
moTxovnas Soris. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom
am balansis Zieba gasdevs mTels konvencias
da es asaxulia pirvel muxlSic. sasamarT-
lom erovnuli kanonmdeblobis da ECHR-s
safuZvelze Seiswavla saqmis faqtebi, raTa
ganesazRvra, saxelmwifos qmedeba xom ar
ugulebelyofda garantirebul uflebebs, xom
ar iyo darRveuli balansi da mosarCleebs
xom ar daekisraT “pirovnuli da gadaWarbe-
buli” simZime.
saqmeSi Tavmoyrili sajaro da kerZo inter-
esebis awon-dawonvisa da dabalansebis moTx-
ovna James-is saqmeSi sxvadasxva pirobebiT
gamoixata, sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom “unda
arsebobdes proporciuli kavSiri miznis mis-
aRwevad gamoyenebul saSualebebsa da misaR-
wev mizans Soris.”
Gillow-is saqmeSi, komisiis SexedulebiT, mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom sakiTxisadmi midgoma
CamorTmevis wessa da gamoyenebaze kontro-
lis wesSi TiTqmis erTnairia, proporciu-
lobis sazomi aSkarad gansxvavebulia, “rad-
ganac pirveli muxlis pirvel winadadebaSi
mocemuli saerTo wesis mixedviT Tu ganvix-
ilavT, sakuTrebis CamorTmeva ufro serio-
zuli movlenaa, vidre mis gamoyenebaze kon-
troli, ris SemTxvevaSic sruli sakuTreba
SenarCunebulia. amrigad, rogorc Cans,
SezRudvis (Carevis) seriozuloba unda gan-
sazRvravdes mis gamamarTlebeli pirobebs da
Sesabamis kompensacias, rac imas niSnavs, rom
proporciulobaze zedamxedveloba saqmidan
saqmemde SesaZloa gansxvavebuli iyos. am-
rigad Sesabamisi proporciulobis testis
analizi unda moxdes TiToeuli konkretuli
Carevis ti pis gaTvaliswinebiT.
9.4.1. proporciuloba da
sakuTrebis CamorTmeva
Tu ar CavTvliT saerTaSoriso samarTlis
zogadi princi pebis moxseniebas, pirveli pun-
qtis meore winadadeba ar Seicavs aSkara
miTiTebas kompensaciis Sesaxeb. Tumca sakuTre-
bis dacva aseTi pirobis gareSe uazro da
araefeqturi iqneboda. amitom James-is saqmeSi
sasamarTlo daeyrdno saerTo evropul stan-
darts da pirveli muxli Semdegnairad gan-
marta:
“xelSekrulebis monawile saxelmwifoTa sa-
marTlebrivi sistemebis Sesabamisad, ko-
mpensaciis gadaxdis gareSe sazogadoebrivi
interesebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmeva gam-
arTlebulad iTvleba mxolod gamonaklis
SemTxvevebSi. . . ra Tqma unda, kompensaciis
pirobebi imis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva,
sadavo kanonmdebloba icavda Tu ara sxva-
dasxva Tavmoyril interesTa Soris sa-
marTlian balanss da xom ar akisrebda ara-
proporciul simZimes mosarCleebs.”
kompensaciis donesTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarT-
lom daamata, rom sakuTrebis CamorTmeva misi
Rirebulebis Sesabamisi Tanxis gadaxdis gareSe
warmoadgens araproporciul simZimes, Tumca
sruli kompensacia yvela SemTxvevaSi ar aris
aucilebeli. sazogadoebriv interesebSi myo-
fi iseTi legitimuri miznebi, romlebic
ekonomikuri reformis an ufro didi so-
cialuri samarTlianobis ganxorcielebas
emsaxureba, SesaZloa ar moiTxovdnen sruli
sabazro Rirebulebis anazRaurebs.
amrigad, pirveli muxli ar moiTxovs Tana-
bari donis kompensacias yvela kategoriis
CamorTmevisaTvis, radganac rogorc CamorT-
meuli sakuTrebis xasiaTis, iseve Sesabamisi
kompensaciis standartis arCevis pirobebi,
sakuTrebis sajaro (saxelmwifo) seqtorSi
gadasvlis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba gansxvavde-
bodes im moTxovnebisagan, rac sakuTrebis
sxva mizeziT CamorTmevis SemTxvevaSi dgeba.
saxelmwifoebi aSkarad sargebloben SesaZ-
lo gadaxvevis garkveuli uflebiT kompensaci-
is Sesabamisi donis gansazRvrisas. Tumca,
rogorc Cans, kerZo sakuTrebis eqspropri-
aciis Cveulebriv pirobebSi samarTliani ko-
mpensaciis uzrunvelsayofad unda moxdes
sruli Rirebulebis gadaxda. Henrich-is saqme-
Si sasamarTlom Caatara testi proporciu-
lobaze da interesTa tolobis erT-erTi
elementi iyo araadeqvaturi kompensacia.
15
 9.4.2. proporciuloba da Seicavs procedurul moTxovnebs da daaskv-
kontroli sakuTrebis na, rom Sesabamisi procedura saSualebas
gamoyenebaze iZleoda, gaTvaliswinebuli yofiliyo momCi-
vanis danaSaulisa da ganxorcielebuli kanon-
radganac pirveli muxlis meore punqti acx-
darRvevis xarisxi. amrigad, Careva Seesabam-
adebs, rom saxelmwifos SeuZlia iseTi kanon-
eboda meore punqtis moTxovnebs. Scolo-s
ebis SemoReba, “romlebsac is aucileblad
saqmeSi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iyo mTavrobis
miiCnevs” sakuTrebis gamoyenebaze kontroli-
mier gansaxlebis politikis ganxorcielebis
saTvis Tu es sazogado interesebSia, sasa-
mizniT binebis gamoyenebaze ganxorcielebu-
marTlom Handyside-is saqmeSi CaTvala, rom
li kontroli. binebis mesakuTreebs ar See-
igi unda Semofargluliyo mxolod kiTxvis
ZloT moqiravneTa gamosaxleba. am sferoSi
qveS mdgomi SezRudvis miznisa da misi
saxelmwifoTa SesaZlo gadaxvevis farTo
kanonierebis gadasinjviT. Tumca SemdgomSi
uflebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom
sasamarTlom Seicvala pozicia. dRes meore
italiis kanonmdeblobis mier miRebuli gan-
punqti ganixileba rogorc erT-erTi pirve-
sakuTrebuli RonisZiebebi, maTi gamoyenebis
li muxlis sam wesTagani da, amrigad, igi
calkeuli gamonaklisebis garda, misaRebad
gagebul unda iqnes pirvel winadadebaSi
cno arsebuli miznisaTvis. Tumca, kompeten-
mocemuli zogadi princi pebis WrilSi. aqedan
tur xelisufalTa kraxi am debulebaTa swo-
gamomdinareobs, rom sakuTrebis gamoyenebis
rad misadagebaSi ewinaaRmdegeboda pirveli
SemzRudavi RonisZiebis proporciulobac unda
muxlis meore punqtis moTxovnebs.
iqnes gadasinjuli.
saxelmwifoebi sargebloben moqmedebis far-
Gillow-is saqmeSi komisiam miiCnia, rom is
To TavisuflebiT sakuTrebis gamoyenebaze,
proporciulobis testi, romelic unda mie-
raTa “uzrunvelyon gadasaxadebis, Sesatanebis
sadagos sakuTrebis gamoyenebaze kontrolis
an jarimebis gadaxda”. Tumca es Zalaufleba
RonisZiebebs, naklebad mkacri unda iyos
SeuzRudavi ar aris da proporciulobis
sakuTrebis CamorTmevasTan dakavSirebiT gamoy-
testi aqac unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. Svens-
enebul testTan SedarebiT da igi damokide-
ka Managementgruppen v. Sweden-is saqmeSi
buli unda iyos dawesebuli akrZalvis sim-
komisiam daadgina, rom “gadasaxadebis gazrdiT
wvaveze. arsebuli precedentuli samarTlis
warmoqmnilma finansurma valdebulebam Sesa-
safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sax-
Zloa uaryofiTad imoqmedos mflobelobis
elmwifoebs SesaZlo darRvevis farTo ufle-
garantiaze, Tu igi gadaWarbebul simZimes
bebi eniWebaT sakuTrebis gamoyenebaze SezRud-
akisrebs pirovnebas, an mniSvnelovnad amZ-
vebis dawesebaSi. rogorc Cans, mxolod gamonak-
imebs mis finansur mdgomareobas.” sagadasax-
lisi RonisZiebebi miiCneva araproporciulad.
ado davalianebebis iZulebiT amoRebasTan
magaliTad, Mellacher-is saqmeSi, romelic dakavSirebiT, saxelmwifoebs eniWebaT SesaZ-
saijaro kanonmdeblobas Seexeboda, sasamarT- lo gadaxvevis (darRvevis) farTo farglebi.
lom CaTvala, rom Carevis miznisa da sxva Gasus Dosier- und Fordertechnik GmbH-i s
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rentis iseTi Sem- saqmeSi sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom igi “mxed-
cirebebic ki, romlebic, TavianTi odenobiT, velobaSi miiRebs kanonmdeblis Sefasebas aseT
gasaocari iyvnen, ar iyvnen imdenad araSesa- sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, Tuki is moklebuli
bamisi da araproporciuli, rom gascile- ar aris angariSgasawev safuZvels.”
bodnen saxelmwifos dasaSvebi gadaxvevis
sazRvris farglebs. is faqti, rom zogierT-
9.4.3. proporciuloba da sxva
ma pirma ganicada sxvebze didi danakargebi,
Carevebi
gamoyenebuli sqemis saerTo xasiaTidan ga-
momdinare, gardauval Sedegad iqna miCneuli. Sporrong and Lonnroth-is saqmeSi, cno ra,
AGOSI-is saqmeSi daisva sakiTxi, ramdenad rom pirveli punqtis pirveli winadadeba Care-
gamarTlebul RonisZiebas warmoadgenda kon- vaTa regulirebis specialur normas Seicavs,
fiskacia udanaSaulo mesakuTris mimarT. sasa- sasamarTlom Seiswavla, darRveuli iyo Tu
marTlom daadastura, rom pirveli muxli ara samarTliani balansi “sazogadoebis saerTo

16
interesebidan gamomdinare moTxovnebsa da
pirovnebis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis moTx-
ovnebs Soris”. sasamarTlom ganixila saqme-
Si arsebuli faqtebi da eqspropriaciis Sesaxeb
erovnuli kanoni mouqnelad cno. mosarClee-
bi “srul gaurkvevlobaSi aRmoCndnen Tavian-
Ti sakuTrebis bedis Sesaxeb”, maT sakuTre-
baze gavlenis mqone eqspropriaciis nebar-
Tvebis gamoyenebis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
gasaCivrebis an am situaciiT gamowveuli
danakargebis kompensaciis moTxovnis SesaZle-
blobis gareSe, ris gamoc isini atarebdnen
“pirovnul da gadaWarbebul” simZimes. sasa-
marTlom Tavisi amgvari midgoma ganamtkica
im saqmeebSi, romlebic exeboda miwis droe-
biT gadasvlas miwis konsolidaciis RonisZ-
iebaTa gatarebis mizniT. am gadawyvetileba-
Ta safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
kompensaciis sakiTxi SeiZleba wamoiWras iseT
CarevebTan dakavSirebiTac, romlebic ar war-
moadgenen qonebis CamorTmevas. am gadawyvetile-
baTa meore mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa pirveli
punqtis pirvel winadadebaSi mocemul wesTan
Sesabamisobis proceduruli moTxovnebi. im
SemTxvevaSi Tuki arsebobda davis sagnad
qceul situaciaSi Tavdacvis proceduruli
gzebi, magram maTi gamouyenebloba SesaZloa
mieweros mosarCleebs, sasamarTlo ar cnobs
pirveli muxlis darRvevas.
10. samarTliani
dakmayofileba (satisfaqcia)
rodesac sasamarTlo cnobs, rom monawile
saxelmwifos mier konvenciis darRvevas hqonda
adgili, man SeiZleba samarTlianad daakmay-
ofilos dazaralebuli mxare, Tuki darRve-
vis Sedegebis srulad gamosworeba saxelm-
wifos Sida kanonis mixedviT SeuZlebelia.
unda aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia
mxolod fuladi kompensaciis gaReba. mas ar
gaaCnia uflebamosileba daavalos saxelmwi-
fos sxva zomebis miReba, magaliTad sakuTrebis
dabruneba.
17
 ÝÉËÉÓßÀÌÄÁÀ
ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÀ
À merikisa da evropis sazogadoebebis damok-
idebuleba sityvis Tavisuflebis mimarT mniS-
vnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. evro-
pelebi mas ganixilaven rogorc uflebas,
romelic, sxva uflebebis msgavsad, garkveul
SezRudvebs eqvemdebareba. amerikelebisTvis ki
sityvis, azris gamoTqmisa da Sesabamis Tavisu-
flebebs udidesi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. arc
erTi evropeli ar ityoda sityvis Tavisu-
flebis Sesaxeb iseT sityvebs, rogoric
amerikelma mosamarTlem, lernd hendma war-
moTqva: swori daskvnebis gakeTeba ufro Sesa-
Zlebelia sxvadasxva adamianebis mier war-
moTqmuli, zogjer uazro, sityvebis safuZ-
velze, vidre mxolod avtoritetuli pireb-
is mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT. an rogorc es
amerikis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlem,
benjamen kardozom aRniSna, "fiqrisa da si-
tyvis Tavisufleba yoveli azrisa da Tavisu-
flebis sawindaria."
am or kulturas Soris arsebuli gansxvave-
ba SeiZleba mravali konteqstiT iqnas ganx-
iluli. magaliTad, evropis nebismieri qveya-
na gamoricxavs iseTi sityvis Tavisuflebis
dacvas, romelic eTnikuri an sxva jgufebis
mimarT warmoSobs siZulvils. amerikaSi, didi
xnis ganxilvis Semdeg, egreT wodebuli "mtru-
li sityvis" ufleba SeiZleba daculi iyos
samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi ar gamoiwvevs raime
"ukanono qmedebas". amis gamo aSS-m gaakeTa
daTqma konstituciis me-20 muxlTan mima-
rTebaSi, romlis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo da
politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb xelSekrule-
baSi monawile yvela saxelmwifo valdebu-
lia miiRos kanoni erovnul, rasobriv da
18
ÃÀ
äÄÒÌÀÍ ÛÅÀÒÝÉ
religiur niadagze yovelgvari diskriminaciis,
Zaladobisa da arakeTilganwyobis Tavidan
asacileblad. amiT Cven gzas vuxsniT amerikuli
droSebis dawvas protestis niSnad, naciste-
bis Sesvlas holokostSi gadarCenili
ebraelebiT dasaxlebul teritoriebze, jvre-
bis dawvas zangebis mimarT mtruli ganwyo-
bis gamosaxatad.
msoflios TiTqmis yvela eris warmomadgenels,
visTanac me mqonda am Temaze saubari,
daujereblad miaCnia Cveni damokidebuleba
am sakiTxis mimarT. ara-amerikelebisaTvis
sityvis Tavisufleba politikuri procesis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia da, am pro-
cesis sxva nawilebis msgavsad, igi eqvemde-
b a r e b a k a n o n s ( conventional regulation) .
amerikelebisTvis ki sityvis Tavisuflebas
ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Cvens kanon-
proeqtSi adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb, si-
tyvis Tavisufleba, religiis TavisuflebasTan
erTad, erT-erTi pirvelTagania. amerikelebi-
sTvis es niSnavs ara marto azris gamoTqmis
Tavisuflebas, aramed emociis gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebasac, rogorc politikuri, aseve
individualuri TviTrealizaciis Tval-
sazrisiT.
gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebi, romlebic
sityvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT war-
moiSvnen, naTlad asaxaven gansxvavebebs amerikis
individualistur sazogadoebasa da evropis
communitarian da sxva qveynebis sazogadoe-
bebs Soris. amerikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli in-
dividualisturi, anti-samTavrobo damokide-
buleba arasdros yofila iseTi popularu-
li, rogorc dRes, miuxedavad imisa, rom
amerikisa da msoflios istoriaSi mas iy-
enebdnen klasobrivi da politikuri intere-
sebis gatarebisTvis. meore mxriv, dRes evro-
paSi individualisturma kapitalizmma ver
aRmofxvra (communitarian impulses) impulsebi.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisgan gansxvave-
biT, TiTqmis yvela evropuli qveynis konsti-
tucia moicavs dadebiT ekonomikur da so-
cialur uflebebs; magaliTad, ramdenime wlis
win, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaes-
ma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saxelmwifo,
konstituciis Tanaxmad, ar iyo valdebuli
daecva oTxi wlis biWis uflebebi, romel-
sac mamamisma mZime fizikuri travma miayena.
aseTi damokidebulebis gamo, naklebad savar-
audoa, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
rodesme xels moaweren saerTaSoriso xe-
lSekrulebas ekonomikuri, socialuri da
kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb.
am naSromSi me ar vapireb warmovadgino
amerikelebis Sexedulebebi zogadad negati-
uri uflebebis an sityvis Tavisuflebis Sesax-
eb. aseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva
midgoma SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos Cveni
gansxvavebuli istoriuli ganviTarebiT. Cemi
azriT, evropis praqtika, da ara doqtrina,
ar Seesabameba azris gamoTqmis Tavisuflebis
cnebas, misi viwro gagebiTac ki. swored es
(da ara mxolod es) problema dgas presis
winaSe. mxedvelobaSi maqvs kanonebi prezi-
dentis, saxelmwifos, mTavrobis (premier-min-
istri an sxva saministroebi), an parlamen-
tis wevrebis Seuracxyofisa da ciliswameb-
is Sesaxeb.
mTavrobis arc erT oficialur pirs ar uy-
vars sakuTari Tavis kritikis mosmena. maTi
popularoba da Zalaufleba erTmaneTTan
pirdapir kavSirSia. amerikis prezidenti,
lindon jonsoni, rodesac man warmatebis
mwvervals miaRwia, aRSfoTebuli iyo presis
kritikuli gamosvlebiT; yofilma niu-iorkis
gubernatorma, mario kuomom Sua Rames gam-
oiZaxa mis mimarT kritikulad ganwyobili
Jurnalistebi.
amerikaSi sajaro mosamsaxureebisTvis ar
moqmedebs raime damcavi samarTlebrivi
meqanizmi, Tundac usamarTlo da mwvave kri-
tikis Tavidan asacileblad. amis mcdelobis
faqtebi me-18 saukunis bolo wlebSi SeiniS-
neboda, rodesac miRebul iqna kanonebi anti-
saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobis winaaRmdeg. kano-
nis Tanaxmad, Jurnalistebi da redaqtorebi,
romlebic akritikebdnen jon adamsis swraf-
vas Zalauflebisaken, dapatimrebul iqnen. erT-
erT redaqtors miusajes cxra Tve Tavisu-
flebis aRkveTa im mizeziT, rom man adamsis
administracias "boroti zraxvebis qariSxa-
li" uwoda. misi sistema iyo "safrangeTis
omi, amerikis sazRvao Zalebi, uzarmazari
mudmivi armia, damatebiTi gadasaxadebis siste-
ma". meore redaqtors, romelmac Tqva, rom
"Cveni krediti dabalia da Cven valdebulni
varT mSvidobian dros visesxoT fuli 8%
ganakveTiT", warudgines ciliswamebis braldeba.
es mxolod ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi
grZeldeboda da, sabolood, saswrafod iqna
gauqmebuli. amis Semdeg sajaro debatebi ufro
gaZlierda da amis Taobaze miRebul iqna
konstituciuri sanqcia. erT-erTi sakmaod
gaxmaurebuli saqme exeboda niu-iork taimssa
da CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan problemas.
1960 wels, kritikis Tavidan asacileblad,
sajaro mosamsaxureebma praqtikaSi danerges
ciliswamebis Sesaxeb kerZo saqmeebis ganx-
ilva. maT icodnen, rom samarTlebrivi qmede-
ba sisxlis samarTlis procesis saxiT ara-
konstituciuri iyo. alabamaSi rasistma
policiis komisarma niu-iork taimsis winaaRm-
deg aRZra saqme, romelic exeboda gazeTSi
samoqalaqo uflebebis liderebis (oTxi mRvde-
li) mier gamoqveynebul reklamas, sadac
ramdenime banaluri Secdoma iyo daSvebuli.
mas Semdeg, rac komisarma moigo es sasa-
marTlo procesi adgilobriv sasamarTloSi
da miiRo sakmaod didi fuladi anazRaureba,
saqmeSi CaerTo amerikis uzenaesi sasamarT-
lo. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ciliswame-
basTan dakavSirebuli saqmis warmoebis daw-
yebamde, sajaro mosamsaxurem jer unda daamt-
kicos gancxadebaSi moyvanili faqtebis siy-
albe, an Tavad ganmcxadeblis arakeTilsin-
disieri damokidebuleba mis mier wardgenili
gancxadebis siyalbis an sisworis mimarT.
sasamarTlo dakvirvebis Sedegad mivida im
daskvnamde, rom nebismieri mwvave kamaTis dros
Secdomebis daSveba gardauvalia da Secdo-
mis daSvebis ufleba daculi unda iyos.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sasamarTlom
ganacxada, rom "xalxi mxars uWers im prin-
19
 ci ps, romlis Tanaxmadac sajaro sakiTxebis
irgvliv warmoqmnili kamaTi unda iyos Tavis-
ufali, safuZvliani da sazogadoebisaTvis
Ria da sadac mwvave da xandaxan arasasiam-
ovnod mkacri kritika mTavrobis da sajaro
mosamsaxureebis mimarT savsebiT dasaSvebia."
unda aRiniSnos, rom yovelive zemoTqmuli
exeba mxolod sajaro mosamsaxureebis da
sajaro sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gakeTebul gancx-
adebebs da ara kerZo pirebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi standartis damkvi-
drebis dros bevri sirTule warmoiSva, Zir-
iTadi princi pi naTeli rCeba: sajaro mosam-
saxureebi ar arian daculni kritikisagan,
ara aqvs mniSvneloba, Tu ramdenad mwvave, arasa-
siamovno da mkacri SeiZleba aRmoCndes igi.
evropuli praqtika sakmaod gansxvavebulia,
gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Zve-
li gadmonaSTebi kvlav iCenen Tavs. liderebi
ciliswamebisa da Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb kanon-
ebs ufro metad kritikis CasaxSobad iyeneben.
bevr axlad mosul liders - romelic amJa-
mad arc Tu ise axalia - naklebad esmis, Tu
raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tavisufal
presas demokratiuli sazogadoebis ganviTare-
bisaTvis. es SeiZleba aixsnas im faqtiT, rom
evropaSi presa ufro ideologiuria, vidre
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, an SesaZloa
amis axsna evropis piradi Rirsebis tradi-
ciaSi veZioT, magram miuxedavad yvela am
mizezisa, Seuracxyofisa da ciliswamebis
Sesaxeb kanonebi ufro metad gamoiyeneba
Jurnalistebisa da sxvaTa mtruli gamosv-
lebis sawinaaRmdegod.
swored aq aris saWiro erTmaneTisagan gan-
vasxvavoT Seuracxyofa da ciliswameba. vi-
wro gagebiT, ciliswamebis Sesaxeb kanoni
niSnavs sityvierad an zepirad vinmes winaaRm-
deg iseTi araswori braldebis wayenebas,
romlis sicrue an siswore SeiZleba damt-
kicdes. meore mxriv, Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb
kanoni aris kanoni, romelic krZalavs Seu-
racxmyofeli epiTetebis gamoyenebas da sax-
elebis darqmevas da sadac faqtis sizustes,
siswores an siyalbes yuradReba ar eqceva.
rodesac oficialur pirs uwodeben "meqr-
Tames" - rac niSnavs, rom es piri iRebs
qrTamebs - es aris faqtobrivi gancxadeba,
20
xolo Tu mas uwodeben "binZur ZaRls", ase-
Ti gancxadeba ar SeiZleba iyos faqtobrivi,
garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu aq saubaria mis
pirad higienasa da ZaRlur bunebaze.
evropaSi TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi arsebobs
kanoni, romlis Tanaxmad sajaro mosamsaxu-
reebis ciliswameba da Seuracxyofa arakanon-
ier qmedebad iTvleba. pirvelad aseTi kanoni
inglisis samarTalSi gaCnda, Semdeg igi mi-
iRo dasavleT evropis didma nawilma da
mogvianebiT mTelma dasavleT naxevarsferom.
1606 wels star Cemberis gadawyvetilebam,
de Liberis Famosis, didi miTqma-moTqma gamoi-
wvia. misi azriT, "ganTqmuli adamianebis"
Seuracxyofa ufro seriozuli danaSaulia,
vidre ubralo adamianisa, radganac "mas Seu-
Zlia ara marto mSvidobis dangreva, aramed
mTavrobaSi areulobis gamowveva".
dRes safrangeTSi moqmedebs kanoni sajaro
mosamsaxureebis Seuracxyofisa da ciliswame-
bisagan Tavis dasacavad. am kanonis Tanaxmad
xelisuflebis oficialuri piris Seuracxy-
ofisa da ciliswamebisaTvis ufro maRali
sasjelia SemoRebuli, vidre kerZo pirebis
SeuracxyofisaTvis. germaniaSi miiCneven, rom
Seuracxyofas da ciliswamebas sajaro mo-
samsaxureebisTvis ufro meti ziani moaqvs,
rac gamowveulia maT mier dakavebuli Tanam-
debobebiT. ufro metic, germaniis sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsi krZalavs prezidentis,
federaluri respublikisa da misi simboloe-
bis, agreTve federaluri kanonmdeblobis,
xelisuflebisa da sakonstitucio sasamarT-
los Seuracxyofas. miuxedavad imisa, rom es
kanonebi naklebad moqmedeben, isini qaRaldze
mainc rCebian.
es kanonebi ar aris ucxo, gansakuTrebiT
aRmosavleT centraluri evropisaTvis.
amerikulma organizaciam, "fridom hauz",
romelic sityvis Tavisuflebisa da demokrati-
is ganviTarebis sakiTxebze muSaobs, Caatara
aRmosavleT centraluri evropisa da dsT-s
qveynebis gamokvleva. TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi
- albaneTSi, ungreTSi, CexeTis respublika-
Si, saqarTveloSi, poloneTSi, rumineTSi,
serbiaSi - kanoni krZalavs sajaro mosamsax-
ureebis ciliswamebas. magaliTad, ungreTis
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 232 (1) punq-
tis Tanaxmad:
nebismieri piri, romelic avrcelebs oficial-
uri piris reputaciis Semlaxvel faqtebs,
an Tavisi saubriT pirdapir exeba am faqtebs,
im piris TandaswrebiT, romelic pirdapir
kavSirSia oficialuri piris saqmianobasTan,
Cadis braleul qmedebas.
aseTi moqmedeba SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnas
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es gamowveulia
sajaro interesebis da nebismieri piris kanon-
ieri interesis dacviT.
amerikis uzenaesma sasamarTlom niu-iork
taimsSi gamoaqveyna Tavisi mosazreba, sadac
aRniSnulia, rom: sajaro ganxilvebSi aras-
wor faqtebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli gancx-
adeba did rols TamaSobs simarTlis gamov-
linebaSi, radgan maTi erTmaneTTan Sejereba
naTlad avlens simarTles. zogierTi kanoni
ciliswamebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gamarTlebu-
li iyos samarTliani braldebis moTxovniT
(sadac dasaSvebia Secdomebi winaswari gan-
zraxvis gareSe), magram verafers vityviT im
kanonebis sasargeblod, romlebic exeba prez-
identis, sajaro mosamsaxuris da qveynis
"Seuracxyofas". aseTi Seuracxyofebi ar
atareben uTanxmoebis naTlad gamoxatul
xasiaTs, rasac Cven amerikaSi vuwodebT "orTq-
lis gamoSvebas". Tanamdebobis pirebs aqvT
sakmarisi SesaZlebloba imisa, rom ara sa-
pirispiro azris gamoTqmis uflebis CaxSo-
biT, aramed sityviTa da saqmiT gaumklavdnen
upativcemulobiT miyenebul zians. aseTi midg-
oma sapirispiro azris gamoTqmasTan dakav-
SirebiT Tavidan agvacilebs raime sxva mo-
qmedebebs. amerikaSi azris gamoTqmis Tavisu-
flebas usafrTxoebis naTuras uwodeben,
romelic amcirebs dagrovili uaryofiTi
emociebis gamovlinebas.
savaraudoa, rom yvela es kanoni ar aris
amoqmedebuli. magram maTi umetesi nawili
ZalaSia. minda moviyvano ara marto aRmosav-
leT centraluri evropis magaliTi, aramed
sxva qveynebis magaliTebic, rac gagviadvilebs
am sakiTxis gagebas.
poloneTSi vinme stanislav bartosinskim,
megobarTan saubris dros prezident lex
valensas uwoda "nabiWvari". bartosinski
daadanaSaules poloneli eris, saxelmwifosa
da misi umaRlesi organoebis sajaro Seu-
racxyofaSi. prokurorma braldebaSi aRniS-
na, rom misi danaSaulia "sazogadoebaSi ux-
amsi sityvebis gamoyeneba". amisaTvis mopasuxe
aRiares damnaSaved da Sesabamisad daajarimes.
indoneziaSi erT-erT iurists miusajes 34
TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa mis mier germa-
niaSi warmoTqmuli sityvis gamo, romelSic
man indoneziis yofil da imdroindel prez-
identebs, suhartosa da sukarnos "diqta-
torebi" da suhartos "antidemokrati" uwoda.
ori poloneli studenti kanonis maxeSi gae-
ba, rodesac isini 1992 wlis demonstraciis
Semdeg yvirodnen - "Zirs valensa - komu-
nistebis agenti". es studentebi agreTve dam-
naSaveebad aRiares da daajarimes. Jurnal-
istma, Ryszard Zajac-ma gamoaqveyna statia,
sadac igi katovices adgilobriv sabWos da
cxra oficialur pirs uwodebs "sulelebs"
da "meorexarisxovan politikosebs", romelTac
surT Seqmnan "komunisturi partiis komite-
ti". amis gamo, ciliswamebis Sesaxeb kanonis
safuZvelze, Jurnalisti daapatimres. igi
daajarimes da miusajes 10-Tviani patimroba,
radgan man uari ganacxada bodiSis moxdaze.
rumineTSi erT-erTma Jurnalistma preziden-
ti haiesku Seadara Rors, rumineTis xalx-
uri zRapris mixedviT. mas wauyenes mTavro-
bis piris Seuracxyofis braldeba. agreTve
rumineTSi mimdinareobs sasamarTlo procesi
or ruminel JurnalistTan dakavSirebiT,
romelTac ganacxades, rom TiTqos preziden-
ti haiesku suk-Si muSaobs. maT SesaZloa
miusajon 3 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa.
1995 wlis noemberSi, "moskovski komsomole-
ci"-is Jurnalistma, vadim poeglim ruseTis
Tavdacvis ministrs, pavel graCovs "qurdi"
uwoda. Seuracxyofis miyenebisTvis igi daadan-
aSaules, magram Semdeg gaamarTles.
1995 wlis oqtomberSi, azerbaijanis sasa-
marTlom iumoristuli gazeTis 6 Tanam-
Sromels miusaja 5 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
prezident heidar alievis "Rirsebisa da pa-
tivis" SeuracxyofisaTvis. nuTu maTi dapatim-
rebiT prezidentis "pativi da Rirseba" aRdga?
TurqeTSi Jurnalistebma parlamentis depu-
tatebi Seadares "pavlovis ZaRlebs", xolo
prezidents miayenes Seuracxyofa, risTvisac
isini Sesabamisad dasjil iqnen. xorvatelma
Jurnalistebma gamoaqveynes parodia, romel-
21
 ic xazs usvamda prezident Franjo Tudjman-is
avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis tendencias. ami-
saTvis maT wauyenes braldeba "yalbi infor-
maciis gavrcelebisaTvis". belorusiaSi - sa-
dac qveynis prezidenti hitlers aqebda - opoz-
iciuri gazeTi "svoboda" daajarimes xelisu-
flebis oficialuri pirebis gakritikebisaTvis.
CexeTis respublikis sisxlis samarTlis kod-
eqsis Tanaxmad, daSvebulia sasamarTlo saq-
mis aRZvra respublikis, misi mTavrobis, par-
lamentis, sakonstitucio sasamarTlosa da
prezidentis ciliswamebisaTvis. prezidentma
havelma sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gada-
ugzavna yvela debuleba, garda debulebisa
prezidentis ciliswamebis Sesaxeb, romel-
mac ar miiRo arc erTi maTgani, garda de-
bulebisa respublikis ciliswamebis Sesaxeb.
amrigad, prezidentisa da respublikis cil-
iswameba kvlav danaSaulad iTvleba. Zalian
rTulia am gansxvavebebis gageba. nuTu prez-
identis posti an respublika imdenad sus-
tia, rom maT, dacvis mizniT, esaWiroebaT
sisxlis samarTlis sanqciebi? an nuTu
opoziciis dagmobiT isini ufro gaamyareben
TavianT poziciebs?
ra Tqma unda, es debulebebi moicaven sax-
elmwifosa da prezidentis pativiscemas. ma-
gram ratom awesrigebs am sakiTxs sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsi? da ra pativiscemazea
laparaki, Tuki is ZaldatanebiT aris gamowveuli?
maSinac ki, rodesac aseTi kanonebi ar aris
cxovrebaSi gatarebuli, rogorc es CexeTis
respublikis magaliTze ganvixileT, isini mainc
aferxeben kritikas. es kanonebi gamoiyeneba
samarTliani da kanonieri kritikis winaaRm-
deg. simarTle yovelTvis unda damtkicdes.
es Zalian rTuli, Zviri da uSedego proce-
duraa, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac lapar-
akia mxolod mosazrebaze.
dabolos, axal konstituciaSi gansazRvru-
li kanonebi ar Seesabamebian sityvisa da presis
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb arsebul princi pebs.
aqve minda aRvniSno, rom bevri maTgani ar
Seesabameba evropis konvencias. adamianTa
uflebebis evropis sasamarTlos ganmarte-
biT, evropis konvencia, romelic amerikis
doqtrinaze ufro sustia, krZalavs simarT-
lis dacvaze uaris Tqmas da moiTxovs xe-
lisuflebis warmomadgenelTa toleranto-
bas kritikis mimarT. niu-iork taimsis mier
gamoqveynebuli gancxadebis mixedviT, Lingens
22
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom miuxedavad imisa,
rom politikosebi uflebamosilni arian da-
icvan sakuTari reputacia, "kritikis dasaS-
vebi farglebi politikosebis mimarT ufro
farToa, vidre kerZo pirebis mimarT". kerZo
piri sakuTari surviliTa da SegnebiT ay-
enebs Tavs sajarod da mzad aris kritikis
mosasmenad, ambobs sasamarTlo. moTxovna imis
Sesaxeb, rom gamomsvlelma unda daicvas sak-
uTari mosazreba, arRvevs Tavad azris Tavisu-
flebis cnebas, radganac faqtebze da faseu-
lobebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli gadawyvetile-
bebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavde-
bian - faqtebi SeiZleba damtkicdes, xolo
faseulobebi ara.
aRmosavleT centraluri evropis yvela qvey-
ana evropis sabWos wevria. maT miiRes adami-
anTa uflebebis konvencia. aq aRwerili cil-
iswamebisa da Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb kanoneb-
is gamoyeneba arRvevs ara marto am qveynebis
konstituciebs, aramed maT saerTaSoriso
valdebulebebs.
1992 wels yirgizeTis prezidentma, a. akae-
vma ganacxada: arc erTma saxelmwifom, gan-
sakuTrebiT civilizebulma saxelmwifom,
dausjelad ar unda datovos saxelmwifo
meTauris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli nebismieri
qmedeba, saxelmwifo oficialuri pirebis
Seuracxyofa da erovnuli Rirsebis Selax-
va. es aucilebelia ara marto kerZo intere-
sebis dasacavad, aramed normaluri, demokra-
tiuli, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad.
Tumca es ase aris. demokratia gulisxmobs
gansxvavebebs, romlebic xels uwyoben mSvi-
dobiani saxelmwifo politikis gatarebas.
sityvis Tavisufleba aucilebeli pirobaa
demokratiuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
Tu nebismieri pirisTvis sityvis Tavisufle-
ba demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebe-
li uflebaa, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs
ufleba ara aqvT, "pativiscemis" evfemizmis
gamoyenebiT CaaxSon sityvis Tavisufleba
Seuracxyofisa da ciliswamebis Sesaxeb kanon-
ebiT. es niRbavs maT xelisuflebaSi darCe-
nisa da demokratiisaTvis xelis SeSlis mcde-
lobas. amis uamravi magaliTi moiZebneba Cvens
sisxlian saukuneSi.
ÌÀÓÀËÀ ÌÏÂÅÀßÏÃÀ IRIS–ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÌ
(USAID-ÉÓ ÊÀÍÏÍÉÓ ÖÆÄÍÀÄÓÏÁÉÓ
ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÉÓ ×ÀÒÂËÄÁÛÉ)
 ÒÉÈ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÃÀÄáÌÀÒÏÓ
ÈÀÅÉÓÖ×ÀËÉ ÐÒÄÓÀ
ÌÀÒÈËÌÓÀãÖËÄÁÀÓ
È avisufal presasa da marTlmsajulebas
Soris urTierToba, ZiriTadad, ori mima-
rTulebiT ganixileba. erTis mxriv, presa
moiTxovs marTlmsajulebisgan azris gamoTqmis
Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofas, xolo marTlm-
sajuleba, Tavis mxriv, xSirad uCivis presis
mier sasamarTlo xelisuflebis saqmianobis
araswor interpretacias da gaSuqebas. sxva
avtorebisgan gansxvavebiT, am eseis mizania
ufro Rrmad Caswvdes marTlmsajulebisa da
presis urTierTobis sakiTxs. erT-erT mx-
ares, romelic Seexeba presis mier sazoga-
doebisaTvis sasamarTlo xelisuflebis saqmi-
anobis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebas, Se-
darebiT naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, garda erTi
gamonaklisisa (gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si): ziani,
romelic masmediis gadaWarbebulma Riaobam
SeiZleba miayenos mopasuxis uflebas sa-
marTliani procesis Catarebaze. am urTier-
Tobis dadebiTi mxare, romelic Seexeba pre-
sis SesaZlebel da gadamwyvet, xolo xSir-
ad araadekvatur rols samarTlebrivi,
demokratiuli sazogadoebis sasamarTlo xe-
lisuflebis ganviTarebis procesSi, iSviaT-
ad warmoadgens ganxilvis sagans.
presisa da marTlmsajulebis urTierTobis
es mxare ufro Rrma Seswavlas saWiroebs,
gansakuTrebiT gardamaval etapze myofi sax-
elmwifoebisaTvis. aRmosavleT centralur
evropaSi da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi orive
instituti did cvlilebebs ganicdis ara
mxolod im TvalsazrisiT, Tu ras warmoad-
gendnen isini komunisturi reJimis dros,
aramed istoriuli TvalsazrisiTac. rogorc
cnobilia, aseT saxelmwifoebSi masmedia, Zir-
iTadad, erTi konkretuli partiis an fraqciis
äÄÒÌÀÍ ÛÅÀÒÝÉ
ideebs atarebda. es, garkveulwilad, simar-
Tles Seesabameba. zogierT sxva qveyanaSi
Jurnalistika obieqturobis mimarTulebiT
viTardeba. cvlilebebi, romlebic sasamarT-
lo sistemaSi mimdinareobs, ufro Rrma da
safuZvliania. es gansakuTrebiT exeba axal
sakonstitucio sasamarTloebs, romlebsac
dResdReobiT udidesi mniSvneloba eniWebaT
samarTlebrivi sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis.
samarTalsa da politikur sak-
iTxebs Soris arsebuli zRvari
saukune-naxevris win, aleqs de tokevili
werda: “iSviaTad Tu wamoiWreba aSS-Si iseTi
politikuri sakiTxi, romelic adre Tu gvi-
an marTlmsajulebis ganxilvis sagani ar
gaxdeba.” es gansakuTrebiT vrceldeba evro-
pisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis qveynebze,
sadac es gamonaTqvami dRes ufro aqtualuria,
vidre tokevilis droindel an dRevandel
aSS-Si. amerikelebs, romlebic gamudmebiT
kamaToben sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis
Taobaze abortis, samoqalaqo uflebebis,
federalizmis, homoseqsualizmis, sisxlis
samarTlis, saarCevno kanonmdeblobisa da
kampaniis dafinansebis Sesaxeb, SesaZlebelia
es daujerebladac ki moeCvenoT. magram ucxo
qveynebis, maT Soris evropisa da samxreT
afrikis sasamarTlo sistemis iurisprudenciis
ganxilva gviCvenebs, rom yvela zemoaRniSnu-
li sakiTxi (agreTve sxva sakiTxebi) damoukide-
beli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis sagans
warmoadgenda. faqtiurad, ucxo qveynebis
sasamarTloebis moqmedebis sfero exeba iseT
sakiTxebs, romelTa ganxilvas aSS yovelTvis
Tavs aridebda. magaliTad, 60-ian da 70-ian
23
 wlebSi, amerikis uzenaesma sasamarTlom uari
ganacxada vietnamis omis kanonierebis sak-
iTxis ganxilvaze, xolo ruseTis sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlo ki piriqiT - Seudga CeC-
neTis konfliqtis konstituciurobis gamokv-
levas. amerikis uzenaesma sasamarTlom Seqm-
na doqtrina, romlis meSveobiTac igi Tavs
aridebs "politikuri" sakiTxebis ganxilvas.
ucxo qveynebis sasamarTloebs aSkarad ara
aqvT ufleba Camoayalibon amgvari doqtrina,
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrma maTganma poli-
tikuri debatebis Tavidan asacileblad sxva
gza gamonaxa. garda amisa, amerikis uzenaes
sasamarTlos aqvs ufleba TviTon amoarCios
is saqme, romelsac igi sasamarTlo xelisu-
flebis saqmianobisaTvis mizanSewonilad miiCnevs.
maSinac ki, rodesac sasamarTlo ganixilavs
ekonomikur saqmianobasTan an socialur keTil-
dReobasTan, kerZod, pensiebsa da socialur
uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs,
sasamarTlo TiTqmis arafers akeTebs. 1937
wlidan, sasamarTlom amerikis mTavrobas
moqmedebis Tavisufleba mianiWa sagadasaxa-
do da maregulirebeli politikis gatareba-
Si. amerikisgan gansxvavebiT, evropis sasa-
marTloebi aqtiurad Caerivnen sagadasaxado,
socialuri uzrunvelyofis, pensiebisa da
msgavsi ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTxeb-
is gadawyvetaSi.
meore faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs evro-
pis qveynebis sasamarTloebis saqmianobis sf-
eros politikur da socialur sakiTxebTan
mimarTebaSi, aris maTi zogadi praqtika, romel-
ic TiTqmis yvela qveynis konstituciiT aris
gansazRvruli da romelic ukmayofilo kanon-
mdebelTa mcire ricxvs (an prezidents) aZlevs
saSualebas, mimarTos sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlos konstituciuri da zogjer kano-
niT dadgenili sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad.
magaliTad, ruseTSi, 1991 wlidan 1993
wlamde umaRlesi sabWos nebismier wevrs
SeeZlo zewola moexdina sakonstitucio
sasamarTloze ama Tu im saqmis ganxilvasTan
dakavSirebiT. amerikaSi ki, gansakuTrebiT
bolo wlebSi, Semcirda sasamarTloebSi gan-
saxilveli saqmeebis raodenoba - umetesad
federalur sasamarTloebSi, sadac ganixileba
TiTqmis yvela erovnuli sakiTxi - da im
kanonmdeblebma, romlebmac ver gaimarjves
kongresSi, dakarges saqmis sasamarTloSi
24
mogebis SesaZlebloba. evropis praqtikis erT-
erTi yvelaze naTeli magaliTia 1993 wlis
gazafxuli da zafxuli, rodesac ruseTis
umaRles sabWosa da prezident boris elcins
Soris gamudmebuli brZola mimdinareobda
sakanonmdeblo sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT:
rogorc ki erTi mxare miiRebda meore mxari-
saTvis dauSvebel brZanebulebas an kanons,
meore mxare dauyovnebliv mimarTavda sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos. safrangeTis sasa-
marTlo mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda 1974 wels
miRebuli cvlilebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac
erovnuli asambleis an senatis 60 wevrs
ufleba hqonda kanonis miRebamde miemarTa
sakonstitucio sasamarTlosTvis. amiT man
mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarba im pirovnebaTa im-
edebs, romlebmac igi 1958 wels daaarses.
evropis sasamarTloebis marTlmsajuleba,
romelic moicavs monitorings da saarCevno
kanonmdeblobis amoqmedebas, mniSvnelovnad
aZlierebs maT rols sazogadoebis cxovre-
baSi, kerZod, mis politikur da socialur
aspeqtebSi. miuxedavad am sakiTxebis poli-
tikuri da socialuri warmoSobisa da maTi
gadawyvetis mravalmxrivi da farTo ganStoe-
bisa, sasamarTloebi maT ganixilaven rogorc
iuridiul sakiTxebs. sasamarTloebi yovelTvis
ase udgebodnen am sakiTxs. 1803 wels, amerikis
ganTqmuli saqmis, merberi medisonis winaaRm-
deg, ganxilvisas, mosamarTle jon marSalma
Tqva, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonis arsi
da misi politikuri buneba an aRsruleba
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis kompetenciasa da
mis valdebulebas ganekuTvneba, isini mainc
ar ekuTvnian sasamarTlos gansjad saqmeTa
ricxvs. arasdros yofila advili samarT-
lebriv da politikur sakiTxebs Soris zR-
varis gavleba, magram sasamarTloebma
yovelTvis icodnen, rom maTi kanoniereba
emyareboda sazogadoebis mier am zRvaris
arsebobis Segnebas da sasamarTloebis apoli-
tikur xasiaTs.
presa, rogorc sasamarTloebis
saqmianobis momxsenebeli da
amxsneli
sazogadoebis mxridan sasamarTlo xelisu-
flebis moqmedebis gageba da gaTaviseba misi
efeqturobis sawindaria. swored aq TamaSobs
presa gadamwyvet rols. kargad gaTviTcno-
bierebuli presa aris upirvelesi da albaT
erTaderTi wyaro, romlis meSveobiTac sa-
zogadoeba iRebs informacias sasamarTloeb-
is moqmedebis Sesaxeb. es warmoadgens
sirTules, rogorc presisTvis, aseve mar-
TlmsajulebisTvisac. presis ZiriTadi miza-
nia gaigos, Tu ra Tqva da ra gaakeTa sasa-
marTlom (xSirad es ori gansxvavebuli sak-
iTxia). sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, romel-
sac mosamarTle rTuli, specifikuri eniT
dawerili eseis saxiT warmoadgens, xSirad
rTuli gasagebia ara marto iuridiul sak-
iTxebSi naklebad gaTviTcnobierebuli Jur-
nalistisTvis, aramed mcodne iuristisTvisac.
miuxedavad am teqnikuri sirTuleebisa, romel-
Ta gadalaxva uxdeba presas sasamarTlo gada-
wyvetilebis gamoqveynebis dros, garda imisa,
rom igi gasagebi eniT unda iyos dawerili,
man unda gaiTvaliswinos is faqti, rom sa-
zogadoebas ainteresebs saqmis ara teqnikuri,
aramed politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri
an sxva mxareebi. es aseve metad rTulia.
presam, upirveles yovlisa, unda gadawyvi-
tos, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania gansaxil-
veli saqme da Semdeg - Rirs Tu ara misi
gamoqveyneba.
samwuxarod, es cda yovelTvis ar aris war-
matebuli. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, rodesac
1995 wlis ivnisSi samxreT afrikis sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlom miiRo Tavisi umTavre-
si gadawyvetileba, sakonstitucio sasamarT-
los mosamarTlem, jon didkotma metad uCveu-
lo nabiji gadadga. man saqveynod gaakritika
presa da Tavis gamosvlaSi aRniSna, rom pre-
sam arc ki CaTvala saWirod sazogadoebi-
saTvis aexsna am gadawyvetilebis miRebis
ZiriTadi mizezebi. 1930 wels, aSS-is uzen-
aesma sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba
federaluri sasamarTloebis rolis Sesaxeb
saxelmwifo samarTalSi, romelmac gadatri-
aleba moaxdina aswlian iurisprudenciaSi.
gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom uzen-
aesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlis, feliqs frank-
furteris sityvebiT, federalurma sasamarT-
loebma saxelmwifo sasamarTloebis funqciebis
"uzurpacia" moaxdines. es gadawyvetileba
Seexo amerikis cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela as-
peqts. miuxedavad amisa, arc erTma amerikulma
gazeTma ar miaqcia am faqts yuradReba manam-
de, sanam uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlem
piradad ar miswera werili niu-iork taimsis
korespondents, romelSic igi am movlenas im
droisaTvis yvelaze umniSvnelovanes gadaw-
yvetilebas uwodebda. SemdgomSi, taimsis
korespondentma gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT
"umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetileba", romelSic
igi werda: "uzenaes sasamarTlos rom yolo-
da sareklamo agenti, lompkinsis saqme rva
dReSi cnobili gaxdeboda". miuxedavad imisa,
rom erTi kviriT adre filosofiuri mniS-
vnelobis es mosazreba mosamarTle brandais-
ma ganavrco, man saTanadod ver mii pyro sa-
zogadoebis yuradReba.
mas Semdeg, rac presa miiRebs gadawyvetile-
bas ama Tu im saqmis gamoqveynebis Taobaze,
yvelaze rTuli sakiTxia misi sazogadoebi-
saTvis gasagebi da martivi eniT gadacema.
agreTve mniSvnelovania informaciis drouli
da swrafi miwodeba. bolo ormoci wlis
ganmavlobaSi, aSS-is bevri Jurnalisti
muSaobs sasamarTlo sakiTxebze, kerZod uze-
naesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gamoqvey-
nebaze. mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTloebis saqmi-
anobis sferos daemata samoqalaqo ufle-
bebTan da abortTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxeb-
is ganxilva, ufro meti sainformacio orga-
nizacia dainteresda am gadawyvetilebebiT,
romelTa gaSuqebas maTi korespondentebi
ganaxorcielebdnen. bevri maTgani maRalkval-
ificiuri specialisti gaxda; TiTqmis yvelas
Seexo aq ganxiluli problemebi, gansakuTre-
biT ki mas Semdeg, rac uzenaes sasamarTlos
Cveulebad eqca ramdenime gadawyvetilebis erT
dReSi gamotana da TiToeul sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT mosazrebebis dawera, romlebic aranak-
leb as gverds moicavdnen.
amgvari sirTuleebis Tavidan asacileblad
masmediis bevri korespondenti kvalifikaciis
asamaRleblad gagzavnil iqna iuridiul sas-
wavlo kursebze, xolo zogierTi maTgani
iuristis xarisxis misaRebadac. Tu ramdenad
saWiroa JurnalistisTvis am sferoSi kval-
ifikaciis amaRleba, jer kidev sakamaTo sak-
iTxia. bevri Jurnalisti amas saWirod ar
miiCnevs. bevri Tvlis, rom iuridiuli ga-
naTleba xels SeuSlis Jurnalistsa da sa-
zogadoebas Soris efeqturi urTierTobis
damyarebas, radganac isini teqnikuri mxaris
mimarT ufro metad mgrZnobiareni da dain-
teresebulni gaxdebian. Tumca udavoa is
25
 garemoeba, rom specializacia garkveulwilad
saWiroa iseTi sakiTxebis gasagebad, romlebic
specialur codnas moiTxoven.
riT SeuZlia sasamarTlos
daexmaros Jurnalistebs
sasamarTloebs JurnalistebisaTvis bevri ramis
gakeTeba SeuZliaT. aRiares ra masmediis didi
mniSvneloba kanonis uzenaesobis ganxorciele-
baSi, sasamarTloebma miiRes garkveuli zomebi,
raTa daxmarebodnen Jurnalistebs maTi sam-
uSaos ukeT gagebasa da xalxisaTvis misi
arsis gadacemaSi. safrangeTis sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlom ganixila sakiTxi iuridiu-
li fakultetis profesoris daqiravebis Sesax-
eb, romelic xalxsa da presas ukeT auxsni-
da sasamarTlos mier gamotanili gadawyvetile-
bebis arss. safrangeTis sasamarTloebis mo-
qmedebebis ganmarteba metad seriozuli prob-
lemaa, radgan maTi gadawyvetilebebi bevr
iuridiul formulirebas Seicavs.
1935 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
uzenaesma sasamarTlom Seqmna sainformacio
ganyofileba, romelic, ZiriTadad, faqtebis
an sxva informaciis SegrovebiT aris dakave-
buli. igi arasdros ganixilavs im sakiTxs,
Tu raoden mniSvnelovania miRebuli gadaw-
yvetileba. meore yvelaze mniSvnelovani mov-
lena iyo is, rom sasamarTloebis yovel gada-
wyvetilebas Tan erTvoda SedarebiT mokle,
magram amomwuravi ganmarteba. dabali instan-
ciebis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebs win
erTvoda Canawerebi, romlebic asaxavdnen ama
Tu im saqmis ganxilvis dros sasamarTlos
damokidebulebas garkveuli sakiTxis mimarT.
warsulSi, calkeuli mosamarTleebi sityvi-
erad xsnidnen gadawyvetilebis miRebis wina-
pirobas, magram es praqtikaSi ar iqna daner-
gili. amerikis mosamarTleebi, agreTve, pi-
radad xvdebodnen Jurnalistebs da maTi
saubrebi mimdinareobda yovelgvari Canawere-
bis gareSe.
amerikis iuristTa asociaciam, amerikis iu-
ridiuli skolebis asociaciam da amerikis
gazeTis asociaciam erToblivi daxmareba
gauwies presis im warmomadgenlebs, romlebic,
ZiriTadad, amerikis uzenaesi sasamarTlos
saqmeebs ganixilavdnen. aSS-is iuridiuli
fakultetis profesorebi nebayoflobiT amza-
26
deben sam-oTx-gverdian mimoxilvebs sasamarTlo
saqmeebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gasagebi da te-
qnikuri terminologiiT naklebad datvirTu-
li eniT unda iqnan dawerili. uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos mosamarTleebic ki iyenebdnen maT
dasaxmareblad.
gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg profesorebi
Jurnalistebs utareben konsultaciebs, raTa
maT mieceT SesaZlebloba, ukeT gaigon sasa-
marTlos moqmedeba da sworad Seafason misi
mniSvneloba. yvelaze gaxmaurebuli proce-
sis drosac ki, magaliTad, rogoric iyo sim-
psonis kriminaluri saqme, profesorebi xSirad
televiziiT an beWdviTi organoebis saSu-
alebiT ganmartavdnen momxdar faqtebs. zo-
gierT SemTxvevaSi presa aqveynebda nawyvet-
ebs gadawyvetilebidan.
azris gamoTqmis cdunebis
daZleva
yvela am xerxis saSualebiT presam SeZlo
sasamarTlo saqmianobebis Sesaxeb sazogadoe-
bisaTvis informaciis miwodeba, xolo mar-
Tlmsajulebam moi pova farTo sazogadoebis
mxardaWera. erTaderTi ram, rasac amerikis
da sxva qveynebis mosamarTleebi mizanSe-
wonilad ar miiCneven, aris momavali an mim-
dinare gadawyvetilebebis, an iseTi miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebis sajarod gamocxadeba,
romlebic mimdinare sakiTxebs exeba, Tundac
sazogadoebisaTvis maTi gamarTlebis an axs-
nis mizniT. sasamarTlo Tavis damokidebule-
bas gadawyvetilebebis da mosazrebis saSu-
alebiT gamoxatavs. sxva danarCeni mxolod
safrTxes uqmnis mis avtoritets. sasamarT-
lo gadawyvetilebebi da mosazrebebi xSirad
kompromisis Sedegia, romelic warmoiSoba
umravlesobaSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani azr-
Ta sxvadasxvaobis safuZvelze. gadawyvetile-
bebi xSirad orazrovani da bundovania. mi-
uxedavad saboloo Sedegebze winaswari SeT-
anxmebisa, yvela mosamarTle maT Taviseburad
aRiqvams. amrigad, rodesac mosamarTle scdeba
gamoqveynebuli mosazrebis farglebs, imis-
aTvis, rom gaamarTlos da axsnas sasamarT-
los gadawyvetileba, arsebobs sxvaTa mo-
sazrebebis arasworad warmodgenis safrTxe.
da es arafris mTqmelia mosamarTlis mier
Sesrulebul samuSaosTan dakavSirebiT. ma-
galiTad, germaniaSi, erT-erTi mosamarTle
cdilobda daecva sasamarTlo gadawyvetile-
ba, romelic krZalavda jvarcmis dakidebas
bavariis saklaso oTaxSi da saqme uaresi
SedegebiT dasrulda.
sakuTari azris damalvis riski ufro maRa-
lia maSin, rodesac sadavo gadawyvetileba
iwvevs sasamarTlos SigniT Zalebis serio-
zul gayofas. swored am dros aris yvelaze
saintereso, Tu ra komentars gaukeTebs pre-
sa marTlmsajulebas. aseT garemoebaSi erTi
an meore mxarisaTvis metad rTulia Sedege-
bis obieqturad gadmocema romelime mxarisTvis
upiratesobis miniWebis gareSe. umravleso-
bisagan gansxvavebuli azris qona, xSir SemTx-
vevebSi, cdeba wesisa da kanonis arss da mis
siswores, raTa damtkicdes, Tu raoden mc-
daria igi. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis
axsniT individualuri mosamarTleebi ufro
met zians miayeneben dadebiTi sazogadoebrivi
azris Camoyalibebas.
sasamarTloebma da mosamarTleebma sajarod
ar unda axsnan TavianTi gadawyvetilebebi da
mosazrebebi. maTi movaleobaa ganixilon sasa-
marTlo saqme kanonis Sesabamisad. aSkaraa,
rom sazogadoebis mxardaWeras da, Sesabam-
isad, am sakiTxebis codnas maTTvis udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvs. garda amisa, sasamarTlo
mosazreba unda moicavdes gansazRvruli gada-
wyvetilebis miRebis mizezebs. TiToeuli mo-
samarTlis movaleobaa warmoadginos am mize-
zebis safuZvliani dasabuTeba. im SemTxveva-
Si, Tu mosazreba saTanadod ver amarTlebs
gadawyvetilebas, miuxedavad mosamarTlis
Semdegi axsna-ganmartebisa, Cndeba imis varaudi,
rom procesis ganxilva gascda iuridiul
farglebs. aseTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
dros zogierTi mosamarTle intervius saSu-
alebiT cdilobs auxsnas sazogadoebas misi
miRebis ZiriTadi mizezebi da amiT moi povos
misi mxardaWera. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba
moviyvanoT ungreTis sakonstitucio sasamarT-
los mosamarTleebi, romlebmac sul cota
orjer mainc ganaxorcieles aseTi moqmedeba.
rusi mosamarTleebisaTvis ki aseT qmedebas
yoveldRiuri xasiaTi aqvs. aseT SemTxvevebSi
presis statiebi mosamarTleTa mier gadaw-
yvetilebebis gamarTlebis Taobaze migvaniS-
neben im faqtze, rom maT ufro meti ziani
moitanes, vidre sargebeli, radgan inter-
vius dros mosamarTle SeiZleba ufro amayi
da inertuli mogveCvenos, romelsac ufro
Tavdacvis pozicia uWiravs.
miTi marTlmsajulebis
obieqturobaze
sazogadoeba mosamarTleebs undoblobiT epy-
roba. Tanamedrove sasamarTloebi - gansakuTre-
biT sakonstitucio sasamarTloebi ganixilaven
nebismieri socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu poli-
tikuri xasiaTis sakiTxebs. maTi saqmianobis
sfero moicavs TiTqmis yvela sakiTxs, daw-
yebuli saarCevno uflebebidan da Sedege-
bidan, damTavrebuli xelisuflebis sxvadasxva
ganStoebebs Soris mimdinare brZoliT. poli-
tikuri partizanuli dajgufebebi, romlebic
cdiloben sasamarTlo wesebi maqsimalurad
Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenon, ecdebian Caa-
ban sasamarTloebi amgvari sakiTxebis ganx-
ilvaSi. Tu sasamarTloebi saTanadod asrule-
ben TavianT movaleobas da gansakuTrebiT xels
uwyoben kanonis uzenaesobis damyarebas, maTi
saqmianoba yovelTvis gamoiwvevs viRacis uk-
mayofilebas, radganac isini xSirad win unda
aRudgnen xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebis neba-
survilis ganxorcielebas. sasamarTloebi,
romlebsac ar gaaCniaT “arc xmali da arc
safule”, mTlianad damokidebulni arian sa-
zogadoebis mxardaWerasa da maT gagebaze.
amis gamo, maT unda sjerodeT, rom maTi
gadawyvetilebebi obieqturia da sruliad
Seesabameba kanons.
es sruliadac ar niSnavs, TiTqos vinmes sjera,
rom mosamarTleebi, saqmis ganxilvis dros,
uars amboben TavianT faseulobebze. mosa-
marTleebi unda moqmedebdnen kanonze saku-
Tari Sexedulebis Sesabamisad, romelic unda
aisaxebodes maT mosazrebebSi. dasaSvebia, rom
mosamarTleebis Sesaxeb Seqmnili warmodge-
na, TiTqos isini miukerZoeblad da kanonis
Sesabamisad moqmedeben, ufro miTia, vidre
realoba. mosamarTleebi kiTxuloben gazeTebs
da uyureben televizors, gansakuTrebiT ma-
Sin, rodesac es maT uSualod exeba. magram
xalxi miTebiT cxovrobs da marTlmsaju-
lebis obieqturobaze Seqmnili miTi ufro
realobas Seesabameba, vidre cinizmiT aRsavse
tradiciul sibrZnes SeuZlia misi warmodge-
na. nebismieri pirisTvis, romelic Tvalyurs
adevnebs sasamarTloebis saqmianobas, gasage-
bia, rom politika, romelic exeba im wyaroebs
27
 da sakiTxebs, romlebsac sasamarTloebi ganix-
ilaven, ar gansazRvravs mosamarTleTa mo-
qmedebebs. miukerZoeblobis amsaxveli maga-
liTia bulgareTis sakonstitucio sasamarT-
los mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom adreul wlebSi sasamarTlo
mkacrad da Tanabrad iyo gayofili mosamarTleTa
Soris, romelTa erTi nawili yofili komu-
nistebis mier iyo arCeuli, xolo meore anti-
komunisturi opoziciis mier, maTi gadawyvetile-
bebi xmaTa umravlesobiT iyo miRebuli.
safrangeTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
yofili Tavmjdomaris, robert bainderis
azriT, nebismier pirs, romelic fiqrobs, rom
mosamarTleebi yovelTvis mxars uWeren da
atareben im politikuri Zalebis mosazrebebs,
romelTa mier isini iyvnen arCeulni, ubral-
od ar esmis sasamarTlos muSaobis meqanizmi.
aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlo, romelic day-
ofilia moqmedebis sferoebis mixedviT, sa-
davo sakiTxebis ganxilvisas erTsulovnad
(an TiTqmis erTsulovnad) uyris kenWs. yove-
li gansazRvruli vadis dros ganixileba iseTi
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, romlebzedac indi-
vidualur mosamarTleebs gamoaqvT savsebiT
moulodneli da miuRebeli gadawyvetilebe-
bi, gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, vinc isini daniSna
da xSir SemTxvevebSi Tavad mosamarTleebi-
saTvisac ki.
radganac miTi marTlmsajulebis obieqtur-
obis Sesaxeb simarTles Seesabameba da rad-
ganac sasamarTloebis xelisufleba am miTis
SenarCunebas emyareba, Zalian mniSvnelovania
is faqti, rom sasamarTloebi darCnen miuk-
erZoebelni da saqmeebis ganxilvis dros ar
moeqcnen im politikuri da socialuri gav-
lenis qveS, romelic Seqmnilia am gansaxil-
veli saqmeebis garSemo. me-19 saukunis ing-
liseli politikuri moRvawe da gazeT "ekon-
omist"-is redaqtori, uolter bagehoti monar-
qiis Sesaxeb ambobs, rom “misi arsi mis mag-
iurobaSia da Cven ar unda davuSvaT, rom am
magiurobas dRis Suqi moefinos”. es, garkveul-
wilad, marTlmsajulebasac exeba, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom cota gadaWarbebuli gamonaTq-
vamia - arc erTi sajaro institutis saqmi-
anoba ar unda iyos dafaruli sazogadoebi-
sagan. magram sasamarTloebis SemTxvevaSi maTi
Riaoba unda Semoifarglebodes sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebebis analiziT da kritikiT ma-
28
Sin, rodesac isini cdebian damoukideblo-
bisa da erTianobis gzas.
sasamarTloebis mier yoveldRiuri saqmiano-
bisgan simboluri da faqtiuri manZilis Se-
narCuneba did zegavlenas axdens presaze.
mosamarTleebs aqvT simboluri tansacmeli -
mosamarTleTa mantia (zogierT qveynebSi isi-
ni specialur qudebs atareben). sasamarTlo
oTaxebi isea mowyobili, rom isini ufro
aZliereben iq mimdinare saqmeebis mniS-
vnelovnebas. mosamarTleebi, rogorc wesi,
amaRlebul adgilas sxedan da maT skamebsa
da iq damswre sazogadoebas Soris yovelTvis
aris carieli adgili. TiTqmis yvela sasa-
marTlo oTaxSi damswreebi mosamarTlis an
mosamarTleTa Semosvlis an gasvlis dros
fexze dgebian. agreTve, mosamarTleebis didi
nawili ar aZlevs presas intervius da ar
atarebs preskonferencias, isini ar msjeloben
iq mimdinare saqmeebis Sesaxeb, arasdros
saubroben miRebuli gadawyvetilebis sis-
woreze da SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom TiTqmis
gandegil cxovrebas ewevian.
aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlo ar ugulebely-
ofs misi saqmianobis mimarT gamoCenil udides
da gamarTlebul interess. Tavis SenobaSi
(da sasamarTlo oTaxSi) man presisTvis gamoyo
specialuri adgili, Tumca ara sazogadoeb-
is keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad. es mowyo-
bilia ara imisaTvis, rom presa gaxdes sasa-
marTlosa da sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawv-
domi, aramed imisaTvis, rom presas gauad-
vildes sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gancx-
adebis gakeTeba. swored amis gamo, sasamarT-
los meSveobiT gadawyvetilebebi (da sxva
dokumentebi) xelmisawvdomi gaxda ara mx-
olod presisaTvis, aramed sazogadoebisTvisac.
radgan informacia xelmisawvdomia saqmis gada-
wyvetamde, presas aqvs upiratesoba gaecnos
saqmis mniSvnelovan momentebs da argument-
ebs. sasamarTloebi presisagan, saqmis gaSuqe-
bis garda, moiTxoven sasamarTlo gadaw-
yvetilebis gamoqveynebas.
presa, rogorc Suamavali
sazogadoebasa da
sasamarTloebs Soris
imis gamo, rom presa gadamwyvet rols Tama-
Sobs sazogadoebasa da sasamarTloebs Soris
urTierTobis damyarebaSi, presis arakompe-
tenturi an mikerZoebuli samsaxuri did zians
ayenebs sasamarTlos. simpsonis procesis Semdeg
dasavleTis, kerZod ki aSS-is erT-erTi udide-
si problema is aris, rom zogjer presa
imdenad amaRelveblad gadmocems sisxlis
samarTlis process, rom igi garkveulwilad
aferxebs mis msvlelobas. am problemis Tavidan
asacileblad, bevr qveyanaSi presas ekrZale-
ba mimdinare sasamarTlo procesis Sesaxeb
nebismieri informaciis an mtkicebulebis gamo-
qveyneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis sasa-
marTloebi ar uSveben amgvar mkacr akrZa-
lvebs, gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo procesis
dros ar daiSveba mxolod satelevizio ka-
merebi. es sakmaod windaxeduli nabijia. zo-
gierTi sasamarTlo ufro Sors wavida am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da televiziis daS-
veba akrZala maSinac ki, rodesac marTlmsa-
julebas aranairi safrTxe ar emuqreboda.
SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlo
krZalavs televiziis mier mimdinare proce-
sis gaSuqebas. aseTi akrZalva sruliadac ar
aris saWiro, radganac amiT televizia ver
da ar Seaferxebs sasamarTlo moqmedebas. im
sasamarTloebSi, sadac zepiri ganxilva mim-
dinareobs, iuristebis da mosamarTleebis mier
gamarTuli kamaTi da msjeloba mocemuli
sakiTxebis garSemo metad SemecnebiTia msme-
nelTaTvis, kanonis uzenaesobis TvalsazrisiT.
televiziiT am sakiTxebis gaSuqeba aris erT-
erTi saSualeba ganvamtkicoT mosaxleobis
pativiscema sakanonmdeblo institutebis mimarT.
sazogadoebas sjera, rom sasamarTloebi mar-
Tlac erTgulad emsaxurebian kanonis uzen-
aesobas. swored es rwmena udevs safuZvlad
marTlmsajulebas. amis gamo, sxvadasxva cer-
emoniebTan Tu movlenebTan dakavSirebiT, mo-
samarTleebi xSirad sityviT mimarTavdnen
sazogadoebas. mosamarTleebi, gansakuTrebiT
ki umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi,
sajaro mosamsaxureebad iTvlebian. sazoga-
doebasTan urTierToba maT daexmareba sa-
zogadoebis aRiarebis miRwevaSi da konsti-
tuciuri, demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi
ideebis ganxorcielebaSi. rodesac mosamar-
Tle romelime movlenasTan dakavSirebiT si-
tyviT gamodis, mas Tavisi gamosvliT Seu-
Zlia did roli iTamaSos kanonis uzenaeso-
bis ideis gatarebaSi. misi sityva ufro zog-
adi da filosofiuri xasiaTis unda iyos da
ar unda exebodes iseT sadavo sakiTxebs,
romlebic SesaZlebelia sasamarTlos gansjadi
gaxdes. Tu sasamarTloSi muSaobs infor-
maciis ganyofileba, maSin presas aqvs ufle-
ba miiRos am sityvis aslebi, romlebsac xSirad
Tavad sasamarTloebic ki mimarTaven.
dabolos rCeba erTi kiTxva, romelic Seexe-
ba presis rols kanonis uzenaesobis damyare-
baSi. yvelaferi is rac moeTxoveba presas
aris sasamarTlo saqmianobebis obieqturad
gadmocema da Tavisufali da samarTliani
sajaro diskusiis mowyoba. miuxedavad yve-
lafrisa, arc Tu ise advilia presisaTvis
aseTi sakiTxebis mimoxilva. sasamarTloebma
TavianTi moqmedebis farglebSi yvela Rone
unda ixmaron am miznis misaRwevad. arc pre-
sa da arc sasamarTlo ar iqneba warmatebu-
li manamde, sanam maT Soris ar damyardeba
mudmivi da axlo urTierToba. presa da sasa-
marTlo ver iarsebeben erTmaneTis gareSe,
xolo demokratiuli sazogadoeba ver iarse-
bebs orive maTganis gareSe.
ÌÀÓÀËÀ ÌÏÂÅÀßÏÃÀ IRIS–ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÌ
(USAID-ÉÓ ÊÀÍÏÍÉÓ ÖÆÄÍÀÄÓÏÁÉÓ
ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÉÓ ×ÀÒÂËÄÁÛÉ)
29
 ËÉÁÄÒÀËÉÆÌÉ
ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÀ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ
Ö davoa is faqti, rom qveyanaSi Seqmnili
mdgomareoba yovelTvis axdens gavlenas
adamianTa azrovnebaze, miuxedavad maTi asak-
isa, ganaTlebisa Tu socialuri statusisa.
rodesac qveyanaSi raime mimarTulebiT kriz-
isi viTardeba, qarTuli sazogadoeba Tavis
cxovrebisa da azrovnebis wess swored am
kriziss usadagebs da ise cxovrobs da
azrovnebs, TiTqos es krizisi bunebrivi da
aucilebeli movlenaa, romelic unda mivi-
RoT da ar uarvyoT, romelsac unda mover-
goT da ar SevewinaaRmdegoT. mecxramete
saukuneSi, roca saqarTvelos damoukidebloba
dakarguli hqonda, qarTuli sazogadoebas
gauqra jer imedi da mere survili imisa,
rom es damoukidebloba aRedgina. sazoga-
doebam rusuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da
azrovnebis wesi SeiTvisa da sakuTar cx-
ovrebis wesad gaixada. patriotizmi anaqroniz-
mad iqca da mis yovel gamovlinebaze sa-
zogadoeba mwvaved reagirebda.
samwuxarod, es ar yofila bolo SemTxveva,
rodesac qarTul sazogadoebas krizisi cx-
ovrebisa da azrovnebis wesad gauxdia. dResac,
roca qveyanaSi ekonomikuri krizisi, siRatake
da socialuri gaTiSuloba mefobs, qarTuli
sazogadoeba amas normalur mdgomareobad
aRiqvams. sazogadoeba ar cdilobs SeewinaaRm-
degos am movlenebs, igi mzadaa moergos maT,
Tumca es yovelive Tavad am sazogadoebis
cxovrebaze mxolod saziano gavlenas axdens.
sazogadoebis kredo mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
ar imoqmedos, ar moaxdinos reagireba, ar
SeewinaaRmdegos, aramed dinebaze miuSvas,
radgan "albaT asea saWiro“ an "ar gamova“.
30
ÃÀ
ÀËÄØÓÀÍÃÒÄ ÏÒÀáÄËÀÛÅÉËÉ
qarTul sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli amg-
vari azrovnebis wesiT SeiZleba aixsnas Cven-
Si liberalizmis aseTi popularoba, gan-
sakuTrebiT axalgazrdebs Soris. krizisi xom
imdenad Rrmaa, rom mis aRmosafxvrelad Tu
Sesamcireblad aqtiuri moqmedebebis, rea-
girebebis didi wyebaa gasatarebeli. amisTvis
ki sul cota saWiroa, jer erTi, icode, Tu
ra moqmedebebi unda ganxorcieldes da mere,
meore, gsurdes am moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba;
es ki imas niSnavs, rom realurad mTeli
sazogadoebis interesebiT xelmZRvanelobde
da ara romelime klanisa, jgufisa Tu fenisa.
es udavod Zneli amocanaa da saTanado cod-
nas, gabedulebas, unarsa da mondomebas moiTx-
ovs. ramdenadac qarTuli sazogadoeba Tavis
TavSi am resursebs ver poulobs, igi ixreba
iqiT, rom yvelaferi dinebaze miuSvas da
Tanac es umoqmedoba gaamarTlos. am mizni-
saTvis ki liberalizmis moZRvreba namdvilad
miswrebaa.
uunaroba da umoqmedoba rom dRevandeli
qarTuli sazogadoebis suliskveTebis defi-
niciaa, amas seriozulad eWvqveS dRes ver-
avin daayenebs; swored sazogadoebisa
mTlianobaSi da ara misi romelime nawilisa.
es fenomeni axasiaTebs ara marto maT, vinc
uunarobisa da umoqmedobis procesSi xeirobs
mRvrie wyalSi Tevzis daWeris gziT, aramed
maTac, vinc am procesSi iCagreba da maTac,
visac sazogadoebis krizisidan gamoyvana Sei-
Zleba surdes. krizisis moculoba metyvelebs
imaze, rom mas ganapirobebs ara erTi rome-
lime Taoba, an socialuri jgufi, an mTavroba
calke aRebuli, aramed sazogadoeba mTlianoba-
Si. xolo TiToeul maTgans krizisSi saku-
Tari wvlili Seaqvs Tavisi uunarobiTa da
umoqmedobiT, rwmeniT, rom saWiroa procese-
bis ara regulireba, aramed dinebaze miSveba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, es fenomeni universaluria
da axasiaTebs yvela Taobas Tu socialur
jgufs. xanSiSesul ministrsa da masze gac-
ilebiT axalgazrda parlamentars, Jurnal-
istsa Tu arasamTavrobo organizaciis war-
momadgenels qarTul realobaSi SeiZleba
bevri ram ganasxvavebdes; SeiZleba konkret-
ul SemTxvevebSi maTi urTierTobebi daZabu-
lobiTac gamoirCeodes, magram maT aerTianebT
maTTvis yvelaze "uzenaesi“ – liberalizmi.
SeiZleba erT-erT maTgans (xanadaxan orive-
sac) liberalizmis klasikosebi araTu wak-
iTxuli, aramed gagonilic ar qondes, magram
orive maTgani liberalia: erTi liberaliz-
mis meSveobiT saxelmwifoebriv upasuxismge-
blobas qadagebs, meore ki saxelmwifoebrivi
upasuxismgeblobis gziT praqtikaSi axor-
cielebs liberalizmis ideebs. Turme tyuili
yofila miTi qarTvelebis daqsaqsulobis,
SuRlisa da gaTiSulobis Sesaxeb – maT xom
ase Sewyobilad SeuZliaT saerTo saqmis har-
moniulad keTeba, saerTo saqme Turme mtreb-
sac aerTianebs!
saidan modian
liberalizmis mier saxelmwifos umoqmedobisa
da socialur procesebSi Caurevlobis qad-
ageba Tavidanve ise aSkarad aralogikuri da
dausabuTebeli iyo, rom ferdinand lasalma
liberalur princi pebze agebul saxelmwi-
fos dacinviT "Ramis darajis saxelmwifo“
uwoda. liberalebma ki es dacinva Seiferes
da mas Semdeg bevri maTgani siamayiT imeo-
rebs, rom saxelmwifo "Ramis darajia“. ma-
gram sanam davaskvniT, rom saxelmwifo dara-
jia, unda gavarkvioT, Tu ras darajobs igi
da visgan icavs imas, rasac darajobs an,
saerTod, Rirs Tu ara sadarajod is, rasac,
liberalebis azriT, saxelmwifo unda dara-
jobdes. es ki liberalebisaTvis arasasurve-
li Temaa, radganac im sikeTeebis gansazRvra,
romlebic saxelmwifom unda daicvas, unda
xdebodes saxelmwifos mTeli mosaxleobis
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT da ara marto
imaTi interesebidan gamomdinare, visac Tavi-
si ZaliTa da avtoritetiT politikur gada-
wyvetilebebze gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia.
liberalebs amaze pasuxi ar gaaCniaT an Sei-
Zleba pasuxis gacema ar surT. am yoveliv-
eze pasuxis gacema SeiZleba mxolod maSin,
Tu gavaanalizebT liberalizmis adgils kon-
stituciur saxelmwifoSi, anu iseT saxelm-
wifoSi, romelsac aqvs ara marto konsti-
tucia, rogorc qaRaldze dawerili doku-
menti, aramed sadac konstitucia realurad
moqmedebs da realurad aregulirebs urT-
ierTobebs rogorc individebs, ise individeb-
sa da saxelmwifos Soris.
istoriulad liberalebi TavianT ZiriTad
metoqeebad socialistebs Tvlidnen da am or
moZraobas Soris urTierTobas mniSvneloba
aqvs liberalizmis arsis gasagebad. dapiri-
spireba liberalizmsa da socializms Soris
dRes, praqtikulad, aRar aris aqtualuri,
rogorc es ori saukunis winaT iyo. maSin
liberalizmsa da socializms ganasxvavebda
Zireuli SeuTanxmebloba warmoebis saSuale-
bebze sakuTrebis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxis garkve-
vis Semdeg, maT Soris winaaRmdegobam azri
dakarga da am garemoebam evropaSi liberal-
izmis popularobazec garkveuli gavlena iqo-
nia. socialistebma gamoiyenes politikuri
brZolis is saSualebebi, romlebic maT lib-
eraluri demokratiebis politikurma insti-
tutebma SesTavazes da sakuTari politikis
gatarebac swored am gziT daiwyes. marTlac
rom martivia: Tu esa Tu is politikuri
moZraoba Tavs xalxis farTo masebis inter-
esebis damcvelad acxadebs, amisTvis yvelaze
Sesaferisi gza xalxis nebaze damyarebuli
warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis meSveobiT
moqmedebaa. am droidan moyolebuli, social-
istebi (Tu social-demokratebi) evropaSi erT-
erTi yvelaze didi politikuri Zalaa da
dRes am mimarTulebis partiebi evropul
mTavrobaTa did umravlesobas akontroleben.
ase rom, bolo ori saukunis manZilze bevri
ram Seicvala, ucvleli mxolod liberal-
izmi darCa. liberalebi dResac TavdadebiT
RaRadeben saxelmwifos rolis Sesustebis,
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi misi Caurevlobis,
individis egoisturi interesebis primatis
sasargeblod, iseve, rogorc orasi wlis win.
aseTi sixiste liberalebis politikur war-
31
 matebebzec axdens gavlenas. liberalebi um-
ravlesobas arc erTi evropuli qveynis
mTavrobaSi warmoadgenen da am qveynebis poli-
tikaze gavlenis moxdenis saSualebebs, faq-
tobrivad, ar floben.
socialistebma (Tu social-demokratebma)
ideologiur sixistesa da praqtikul mizanSe-
wonilobas Soris arCevani ukanasknelis
sasargeblod gaakeTes. am moZraobam daadas-
tura, rom mzad aris sakuTari politikuri
koncefcia mosaxleobisa da amomrCevlis moTx-
ovnilebebsa da interesebs saWiro moculo-
biT miusadagos. gadamwyvetia ara ama Tu im
politikuri Tu ekonomikuri ideologiisad-
mi erTguleba, aramed am ideologiaTa mima-
rTeba mosaxleobis interesebTan. swored amg-
vari dilemis winaSe aRmoCndnen 60-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi germaneli social-demokratebi,
radgan marqsizmisadmi erTguleba mosaxleo-
bis undoblobas iwvevda. amis Sedegad, cno-
bil bad-godesbergis yrilobaze social-
demokratebma sakuTari Rirebulebebi gada-
afases im moculobiT, rom amomrCevlis ndo-
ba moepovebinaT. maT gawyvites kavSiri marq-
sizmTan da Seurigdnen kerZo sakuTrebas. amis
Sedegi iyo is, rom or-sam weliwadSi germa-
niis rig arCevnebSi social-demokratiulma
partiam arnaxuli warmatebebi moi pova da
realurad qveynis erT-erT umZlavres poli-
tikur Zalad Camoyalibda, Tanac, es mxolod
dasawyisi iyo, nacionalur arCevnebSi gamar-
jvebebi jer kidev win iyo.
es aris naTeli magaliTi imisa, rom poli-
tikur procesebSi gadamwyvetia ara ideolo-
giebis Widili, aramed amomrCevlis interesi
da rom ideologia amomrCevlis interesebTan
SesabamisobaSi unda iyos. liberalebma es
dRemde ver gaiges, an iqneb gaiges kidec,
magram sxva gza ar aqvT. liberaluri par-
tiebi xom realurad mosaxleobis meocedis
interesebsac ar warmoadgenen da mosaxle-
obas verafers SesTavazeben iseTs, rom xalxma
maTi Tavi an social-demokratebs, an qris-
tian-demokratebs, an ekologistebs amjobin-
os. amitomac evropaSi social-demokratebi-
sa da sxva memarcxeneebis politikuri per-
speqtiva mzardia, qristian-demokratebisa
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor gaarTmeven
Tavs socialur problemebs; liberalebisa ki
Camaval mzes miagavs.
32
rac ufro acnobiereben liberalebi, rom
realuri cxovreba da ganviTarebis mimarTule-
bebi maT ideebs uaryofs, sul ufro da ufro
matulobs maTi ideologiuri sixiste da
agresiuloba. isini, cdiloben ra (maTi azriT)
mkveTrad gamokveTon problemebis arsi, safuZ-
vels udeben ideologiur antagonizmsa da
Seurigeblobas. aba, riT SeiZleba aixsnas,
rom fridrix fon haiekma Tavis mTavar naS-
roms "gza monobisaken“ uwoda (anu, Turme,
vinc haieks ar eTanxmeba, monaa); an is, rom
ludvig fon mizesi Tavis naSromSi - "liber-
alizmis klasikuri tradicia“, dauzarebeli
siuxviT xmarobs "monisa“ da "monobis“
epiTetebs maT mimarT, vinc misi azrebi Sei-
Zleba ar gaiziaros. naTelia liberalebis
taqtika: ixmaron rac SeiZleba mkacri
gamoTqmebi, gamoitanon rac SeiZleba agresi-
uli daskvnebi, rom iqneb amiT msmenelsa Tu
mkiTxvelze gavlena moaxdinon. magram saRi
gonebis adamianebi elian argumentebs da ara
epiTetebs, argumentebis siuxviT ki liberalebi
ar gamoirCevian.
aseTi agresiuloba da kompromisis uunaroba
liberalebs (warsuli drois) komunistebT-
anac anaTesavebs. rogorc ukanasknelni uary-
ofdnen nebismier ideologiur daTmobas pro-
letariatis diqtaturis ideebis garSemo, ise
liberalebi ver eguebian raime kompromiss
"Ramis darajisa“ da saxelmwifos Caurevlo-
bis Taobaze. Tumca komunistebmac (rogorc
evropaSi, ise ruseTSi) bolo dros dainax-
es, rom arsebuli realobebis aRiareba pirda-
pir proporciulad moqmedebs politikur
warmatebebze da es maT politikur reiting-
zec aisaxeba, romelic liberalebis reit-
ings Tu ar aRemateba, arc Camouvardeba.
ra undaT
liberalebis gamudmebuli SeSfoTebis miuxe-
davad, aravin moiTxovs, rom saxelmwifos
Careva ekonomikur da socialur sferoebSi
usazRvro iyos. liberalebi qaris wisqvilebs
ebrZvian, rodesac gvaSineben, rom saxelmwi-
fos mier socialuri da ekonomikuri cx-
ovrebis regulireba SeiZleba wavides imde-
nad Sors, rom adamianis kvebis, Cacmulobisa
da piradi cxovrebis sxva detalebis regu-
lirebamdec migviyvanos. ase rom, liberali-
saTvis, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos mier iar-
aRis tarebis an narkotikebis akrZalva, da,
meore mxriv, saxelmwifos mier xorcis Wa-
mis akrZalva erTsa da imave sibrtyeze ganix-
ileba. aseTi midgoma gamowveulia imiTac,
rom liberalizmis moZRvreba sajaro, anu
sazogadoebrivi interesis cnebaSi srul gauc-
nobiereblobas amJRavnebs. Tanamedrove kon-
stitucionalizmi ki aRiarebs sajaro, anu
sazogadoebrivi interesis jerovan adgils
saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri da social-
uri funqciebis ganxorcielebisas. Tanamed-
rove saxelmwifo socialur da ekonomikur
procesebSi mxolod maSin da mxolod im
moculobiT ereva, roca mas amas sazogadoe-
bis interesi karnaxobs. da Tu raSi mdgomar-
eobs sazogadoebis interesi, amas Tavad mocemu-
li sazogadoeba konkretul SemTxvevebSi
gansazRvravs (Tu, ra Tqma unda, amis unari
aqvs), am sazogadoebaSi arsebuli jgufebisa
da fenebis interesebis, maTi mdgomareobisa
da daculobis xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT. amas
mowmobs Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmi,
romelic aRiarebs, rom adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebebi da ekonomikuri Tavisufleba unda
ganxorcieldes im moculobiT da im saxiT,
rom sazogadoebis interesebi ar daziandes.
Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmi aRiarebs
imasac, rom saxelmwifo uSualod unda mo-
qmedebdes im adamianebis, jgufebisa da feneb-
is interesebis dasacavad, romlebic, misi
Carevis gareSe, daucveli iqnebodnen.
liberalebisaTvis bazris Tavisufleba uzen-
aesi Rirebulebaa, romelic saxelmwifos Care-
viT ar unda iqnes xelyofili. magram lib-
eralebs aviwydebaT, rom bazris Tavisufleb-
is lozungiT xeli ar unda eSlebodes sax-
elmwifos mier bazarze im movlenebTan da-
pirispirebas, romlebic TavianTi SinaarsiT
sakmaod Sors arian Tavisuflebisagan. rode-
sac erT zamTars navTis fasi ormocdaaTi
TeTria da meore zamTars uceb iwevs erT
laramde, am movlenas mxolod gonebasusti
adamiani Tu Seafasebs rogorc Tavisufali
bazris "TviTregulirebad“ moqmedebas. ara-
da, Tu saxelmwifo am movlenas daupirispird-
eba, liberalebi gangaSs atexen "Tavisufa-
li“ sabazro ekonomikis dasacavad. isini arc
dainteresdebian, emyareba Tu ara fasis or-
jer gazrda mowodebis amdenadve Semcirebas an
sxva romelime obieqtur ekonomikur faqtors.
Tavisufali bazari, saxelmwifos Carevis
gareSe, xSirad SeiZleba korufciis niada-
gad iqces. amis naTeli magaliTia Sromis
bazris fenomeni. liberalizmi qadagebs, rom
saxelmwifo ar unda ereodes Sromis bazris
msvlelobaSi, Tumca saqarTvelos konstitu-
cia (muxli 32) moiTxovs, rom saxelmwifo
dasaqmebaSi daexmaros umuSevrad darCenil
moqalaqes. bunebrivia, saxelmwifosTvis lib-
eralizmze mniSvnelovani konstitucia unda
iyos da man Sromis bazari dinebaze ar unda
miuSvas. dRes saxelmwifo konstituciis am
debulebas icavs iseve, rogorc mis sxva
debulebebs da Sromis bazari, faqtobrivad,
dinebazea miSvebuli. saqarTveloSi (romel-
ic arc SvedeTia da arc holandia) swored
es garemoeba iwvevs ara marto masiur
umuSevrobas, aramed korufciasac Sromis
bazarze. qarTul realobaSi, roca dasaqmeb-
is sakiTxi dinebazea miSvebuli, samuSaos
mxolod is iSovis, visac es nacnoboba-ax-
loblobiT SeuZlia. Tavisufali bazrisa da
konkurenciis princi pebi aq ar moqmedebs.
rodesac moqalaqes Tavisi saxelmwifosi ar
sjera, igi mxolod ojaxis, naTesavebis, nac-
nobebisa da megobrebis imedzea da mxolod
ase Tu SeuZlia gadawyvitos dasaqmebis prob-
lema. realobaa, rom ucxoeTSi ganaTlebam-
iRebuli adamianebic, Zalian iSviaTi gamonak-
lisebis garda, ver Souloben samsaxurs, Tu
nacnobobis instituti ar amoqmeddeba.
konstituciis mixedviT, saxelmwifo xels
uwyobs Tavisufali konkurenciis ganviTare-
bas, xolo monopoliuri saqmianoba ikrZale-
ba, garda kanoniT daSvebuli SemTxvevebisa
(muxli 30(2)). naTelia, rom monopoliebis
akrZalvis moxsenieba konstituciis adamianis
uflebaTa TavSi niSnavs im safrTxis gaazre-
bas, rac monopoliam SeiZleba adamianis ufle-
bebs Seuqmnas. haiekic da mizesic Tavs aride-
ben detalur saubars antimonopoliuri kanon-
mdeblobis arsisa da socialuri funqciis
Sesaxeb. metic, mizesi (romelsac haieki Tavisi
drois udides adamians uwodebda) acxadebs,
rom monopoliebi ar uSlian xels liber-
aluri sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebas
da, saerTod, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi
monopolia ar warmoiqmneba bunebrivi resurse-
bisa da kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli SemTx-
vevebis garda. es rom sicruea (praqtikas
33
 rom Tavi gavaneboT), saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciidanac Cans, romelic krZalavs monopo-
liebs, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTx-
vevebisa; anu konstitucia gulisxmobs, rom
monopoliebi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas imisda mi-
uxedavad, dadgenilia Tu ara isini kanoniT
da krZalavs iseT monopoliebs, romlebic
kanoniT dadgenili ar aris. aRniSnuli naTe-
lyofs, rom monopoliebis liberalebiseuli
gageba SeuTavsebelia monopoliebis konsti-
tuciiseul gagebasTan.
saqme isaa, rom antimonopoliuri kanonmde-
blobis miRebiT saxelmwifo bazris msvlelo-
baSi ereva da "TviTregulirebis“ princi pis
sazianod moqmedebs. liberalebi amaze albaT
upasuxeben, rom antimonopoliuri kanonmde-
blobis mizani isev bazarze konkurenciis
dacvaa. magram aq aravin davobs, rom bazarze
konkurenciis dacva sazogadoebis intereseb-
Sia. liberalebi ubralod "ver“ iTvaliswineben,
rom bazars saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe ar
SeuZlia iseTi "TviTregulireba“, rom Tavis-
ufali konkurencia uzrunvelyos. Tu sax-
elmwifo ar Caeria, nebismieri Tavisufali
bazari sabolood monopoliis an ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi oligopoliis xelSi moeqceva.
es praqtikuli aspeqti iyo. axla RirebulebiT
aspeqtsac unda SevexoT: ra Rirebulebebs
emyareba antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis
SemoRebis politikuri gadawyvetilebebi?
liberalizmi verc am Rirebulebebs axsnis,
radgan isini swored liberalizmis sapir-
ispiroa, emyareba sajaro, anu sazogadoebriv
da ara kerZo pirebis individualur inter-
ess. liberalebisaTvis kerZo interesi uzen-
aesia da saxelmwifo mas ar unda zRudavdes.
roca esa Tu is mewarme Tavisi Sromis, unar-
isa da Zalisxmevis Sedegad amzadebs ukeTes
produqcias, vidre misi konkurenti, momx-
marebelic amiT kmayofilia da amis Sedegad
es mewarme bazarze gabatonebul mdgomare-
obas ikavebs. individualizmis poziciebidan
ver aixsneba, Tu ratom unda Caerios sax-
elmwifo am procesSi; igi xom amiT indivi-
dis Tavisuflebas zRudavs da mewarmes Tavisi
Sromis potenciuri nayofiT sargeblobis
uflebas ar aZlevs. liberalizmi amas ver
axsnis. amis axsna sazogadoebis, rogorc
1
„liberalizmis klasikuri tradicia“ Tavi pirveli, qveTavi 11.
34
aseTis, interesebis dacvaSi mdgomareobs:
rogorac ar unda daakmayofilos mewarmem
momxmareblis interesebi, mas ar unda mieces
imis saSualeba, rom sazogadoebas Tavisi
pirobebi ukarnaxos. antimonopoliuri kanon-
mdeblobis mizania, rom sazogadoeba gamoS-
vebuli produqciis Sefasebis gziT iyos me-
warmis bedis msajuli da ara mewarme _ sa-
zogadoebis bedisa.
liberalebi miuReblad Tvlian informaciis
Tavisuflebis raime formiT SezRudvas, rac
mizesis omaxian SeZaxilebSi hpovebs gamoxat-
ulebas.1 am logikiT ar SeiZleba nebismieri
rasistuli mowodebebis, an zneobis sawinaaRm-
dego literaturis gamocemis akrZalva Tu
SezRudva, radgan, Turme, adamianebs SeuZli-
aT ilaparakon da gamoaqveynon yvelaferi,
rac surT. saqarTvelos konstitucia (mux-
li 24) ki aSkarad uSvebs informaciis Tavisu-
flebis SezRudvas, roca amiT safrTxe eqm-
neba morals an sazogadoebriv usafrTxoe-
bas. saqarTvelos konstitucia aq marto ar
aris da informaciis Tavisuflebas imave princ-
i pebiT zRudavs italiis (muxli 21), germa-
niis (muxli 5), espaneTis (muxli 20) kon-
stituciebi, aseve evropis adamianis ufleba-
Ta konvencia (muxli 10).
visac rogor ar unda moeCvenos, gadaWarbe-
buli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom liberaleb-
isaTvis cxovreba bazaria. isini bazris kanon-
ebiT azrovneben nebismieri sazogadoebrivi
institutis Tu sferos analizisas. pirvel
rigSi, liberalizmi, rogorc moZRvreba, mi-
marTulia mxolod mewarmeTa interesebisa da
uflebebis dacvaze. mewarmed gaxdoma ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi mxolod eqvsidan erT adamians
SeuZlia. es niSnavs, rom misi idealuri re-
alizaciis SemTxvevaSic ki liberalizmi qveynis
mosaxleobis maqsimum erTi meeqvsedis inter-
esebis damcveli iqneba. danarCen xuTi me-
eqvseds Seadgens daqiravebuli muSaxeli,
studentebi, pensionerebi, invalidebi, mec-
nierebi, xelovanebi, maswavleblebi, saxelm-
wifo moxeleebi da a.S. liberalizmi maTTvis
ver iclis.
amas garda, liberalizmi cdilobs, rom neb-
ismieri saxis urTierTobas bazris moTxovna-
miwodebis kanonebi moargos; maT Soris im
sferoebsac, romlebic Tavisi arsiTa da daniS-
nulebiT arasabazro sferoebia: ganaTleba,
janmrTelobis dacva, mecniereba. amitom lib-
eralizmi uaryofs am sferoebis saxelmwifo
dafinansebas da moiTxovs, rom isini kerZo
iniciativis safuZvelze da am iniciativis
moculobiT unda arsebobdes, anu isini ufaso
ar unda iyos. aseTi mtkicebebiT liberal-
izms mivyavarT iqamde, rom ganaTlebis miReba
da mkurnaloba mxolod imas SeeZlos, visac
es finansurad xelewifeba. liberalebisaTvis
xom Rirebuleba TavisTavad sabazro princi-
pebis moqmedebaa da ara mosaxleobis mier
ganaTlebisa da mkurnalobis miReba. es niS-
navs, rom liberalizmis ideebis realizeba
qveynis progresis SeCerebis tolfasia.
normalur adamians unda gauCndes SekiTxva:
ra saWiroa sabazro urTierTobebi iseT sf-
eroebSi, sadac isini adamianTa udides naw-
ils elementaruli SesaZleblobebis gareSe
tovebs? magram saqme isaa, rom liberalebs
ar gaaCniaT raime iseTi kriteriumi, romel-
ic maT wignis gamocemisa da kaloSebis war-
moebis erTmaneTisagan garCevaSi daexmarebo-
da. maTTvis orive saqonelia, romelzedac
moTxovna bazarze unda arsebobdes. am Sexed-
ulebebis gamagreba liberalebs mxolod adam
smitis an haiekis citatebiT Tu SeuZliaT
(romlebic umetes SemTxvevebSi arafer kav-
SirSia aRniSnul arasabazro urTierTobebT-
an), radgan kacobriobas sxva gezi aqvs aRebu-
li da praqtika liberalebisagan dasaxuli
gzidan gadaxveviT miemarTeba. ganaTlebis,
janmrTelobis dacvisa da mecnierebis dafin-
anseba dasavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT amerika-
Si didi xania sabazro sferoSi SeWrad aRar
iTvleba. civilizebul qveynebSi miiCneva, rom
saxelmwifo unda icavdes ara marto imas,
visac bevri fuli aqvs, aramed exmarebodes
imasac, visac es fuli ara aqvs, rom Zireu-
li moTxovnilebebi daikmayofilos dasaqmeb-
is, ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis sf-
eroSi.
aseTi midgoma ganapirobebs or did sazoga-
doebriv sargebels (romlebic liberalebs
ar ainteresebT). pirvel rigSi, sazogadoeba-
Si mcirdeba socialuri gaTiSuloba da sx-
vadasxva fenebs Soris dapirispirebis Sansi
klebulobs. meorec, saxelmwifo Tavisi aq-
tiurobiT xels uwyobs, rom qveynis adamia-
nuri resursebis mTeli potenciali gamoy-
enebul iqnes racionalurad, rom sazoga-
doebis progresi ar Seferxdes. Tu am yve-
lafris fasi Tavisufal bazarze saxelmwi-
fos Carevaa, es unda gakeTdes da keTdeba
kidec im qveynebSi, romlebic sakuTar pri-
oritetebs acnobiereben.
liberalizmis azrovneba mxolod or fers
xedavs: Savs da TeTrs; am moZRvrebas iseTi
bedi aqvs, rom misi mimdevrebi Tavs xSirad
erTi wyobidan meoreze gadasvlis epoqaSi
wamoyofen Tavs da Semdeg maTi memkvidreebi
TavianTi ideuri mamebis erTxel naTqvams
samaradiso WeSmaritebebad miiCneven. ase ma-
galiTad, adam smitma kapitalizmis formire-
bis epoqaSi daadastura, rom sabazro ekonomi-
ka ukeTesia, vidre feodalizmi. haiekma da
mizesma dainaxes nacisturi germaniisa da
bolSevikuri ruseTis ekonomikuri procesebi
da sqeltaniani gamokvlevebi miuZRvnes im
martivi WeSmaritebis dasabuTebas, rom saba-
zro ekonomikas ekonomikis faSistur da
bolSevikur modelebTan mimarTebaSi upirate-
sobebi aqvs.
azrovnebis aseTi tradicia liberalizms
dResac daRad aCnia. liberalebis fiqri imaze
ki ar aris mimarTuli, rom mocemul sazoga-
doebaSi, rogorc aseTSi, damyardes realuri
ekonomikuri keTildReoba da socialuri sa-
marTlianoba, aramed mxolod imis mtkicebas
xmardeba, rom "TviTregulirebadi“ sabazro
ekonomikis alternativa mxolod bolSevizmi
an faSizmi SeiZleba iyos. liberalizmi,
rogorc aseTi, umweoa ama Tu im wyobis ab-
soluturi Rirebulebis gaanalizebis saqme-
Si; mas mxolod is SeuZlia, rom esa Tu is
wyoba SefardebiT perspeqtivaSi warmoidgi-
nos da yovelive amas mkiTxvelisa Tu msmene-
lis daSinebis efeqti misces (Tanac, mxolod
Sav-TeTr ferebSi). amisda miuxedavad, adami-
anebisa da ganviTarebuli, gacnobierebuli
sazogadoebebisaTvis ama Tu im wyobis mis-
aReboba ganisazRvreba ara imiT, Tu ramdenad
sjobia es wyoba sxva, masze uares da ukve
uaryofil wyobebs, aramed imiT, Tu ramdenad
aZlevs maT es mocemuli wyoba Rirseuli
cxovrebisa da ganviTarebis saSualebas.
ideologiis ZiriTadi amocanaa is, rom "Tan-
amedroveobis konstituciurma saxelmwifom
socialuri samarTlianobis politikuri ga-
35
 rantia unda ikisros“.2 amitom adamianebisa
da sazogadoebebis mxedveloba liberalebi-
saze ukeTesi aRmoCnda da maT, Savisa da
TeTris garda, sxva ferebis danaxvac SeZles.
ganviTarebis realurma procesebma ipova "Ramis
darajis“ saxelmwifos efeqturi alterna-
tiva socialuri saxelmwifos saxiT. dRes
ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi socialuri
saxelmwifoebia, xolo iq arsebuli ekonomi-
ka ara ubralod sabazro ekonomikad, aramed
socialur sabazro ekonomikad iwodeba.
saqarTvelos konstituciis preambula acxa-
debs, rom saqarTvelo socialuri saxelm-
wifo unda iyos. sakuTari konstituciebis
mixedviT, socialuri saxelmwifoebia germa-
nia, safrangeTi, italia, espaneTi da yvela
sxva ganviTarebuli qveyana.3
rogorc konrad hese acxadebs, socialuri
saxelmwifo aris "damgegmavi, mmarTavi, mom-
saxurebis gamwevi, ganmanawilebeli, individ-
ualuri da socialuri cxovrebis realobad
mqceveli saxelmwifo“.4 Tanamedrove demokra-
tiul sazogadoebaSi SeuZlebelia social-
uri winaaRmdegobebis gamawonasworebeli sa-
zogadoebrivi wesrigis damyareba, Tu sax-
elmwifos roli mxolod piradi Tavisufleb-
isa da sakuTrebis dacviT Semoifargleba.
aqedan gamomdinare, konstituciaSi social-
uri saxelmwifos princi pis moxsenieba niS-
navs kanonmdeblisa da administraciisaTvis
socialuri samarTlianobis uzrunvelsayofad
konkretuli RonisZiebebis gatarebis konsti-
tuciuri davalebis micemas.5 mocemuli fun-
qciebidan liberalebi SeiZleba yvelaze metad
ganawilebisa da gadanawilebis cnebebma daa-
Sinos. ra Tqma unda, socialuri saxelmwi-
fos princi pebis moSveliebiT aravin saubrobs
sazogadoebaSi dovlaTis Tanabar ganawile-
baze, magram socialuri saxelmwifos real-
obebi dovlaTis samarTlian ganawilebas em-
yareba. Tavad resursebisa da dovlaTis gada-
nawilebis cneba liberalebs surT, rom sa-
frTxobelad warmoadginon da sabWoTa kav-
Siris adreul wlebSi momxdar eqspropri-
2
Badura, Staatsrecht (1986), 195.
3
germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis (1949) me-20 muxli, safrangeTis konstituciis (1958) pirveli muxli,
espaneTis konstituciis (1975) pirveli muxli, italiis konstituciis (1949) pirveli muxli.
4
Hesse, Grundzüge des Verfassungsrechts der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (19. Auflage, 1993), 86.
5
Badura, Staatsrecht (1986), 195.
36
aciisa da gankulakebis cnebebTan gagvaigive-
binon. magram sinamdvileSi gadanawilebis cneba
gacilebiT ufro farToa da moicavs nebismi-
er process, romelsac saqme aqvs dovlaTisa
da resursebis raime nawilis erTi xelidan
meoreSi gadacemasTan. magaliTad, gadasaxa-
dis gadamxdelTa fuliT moxuci adamianebi-
saTvis pensiis gacema gadanawilebaa, radga-
nac saxelmwifos biujeti fuls erTisagan
iRebs da meores aZlevs. maswavleblebisaTvis
xelfasis micemac, janmrTelobis dacvis pro-
gramebis saxelmwifo dafinansebac, mravalS-
viliani ojaxebisaTvis daxmarebac sxva arafe-
ria, Tu ara gadanawileba. TavisTavad resurse-
bisa da dovlaTis gadanawileba, rodesac igi
kanons emyareba da ara Zaladobas, aris
saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis aucilebeli
atributi da dasavleTis qveynebSi social-
uri programebis dafinanseba swored gadan-
awilebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba.
socialuri saxelmwifos realobebi liber-
alizmis iseTi Zireuli princi pis SezRud-
vasac moiTxovs, rogoricaa, kerZo sakuTre-
bis xelSeuxebloba. socialur saxelmwifoebSi
aRiarebulia sakuTrebis socialuri SezRudvis
instituti. es niSnavs, rom adamianebis xel-
Si arsebuli kerZo sakuTreba saxelmwifom
SeiZleba gaakontrolos socialuri intere-
sebis dacvis mizniT. ase magaliTad, germani-
is ZiriTadi kanonis me-14 muxlis mixedviT,
"sakuTreba avaldebulebs: misiT sargebloba
sazogado interesebs unda Seesabamebodes“.
espaneTis konstituciis 33-e da italiis
konstituciis 42-e muxlebis Sesabamisad, kerZo
sakuTrebis sargeblobisa da gasxvisebis ufle-
bebi SeiZleba SeizRudos sakuTrebis social-
uri funqciis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. metic,
aRniSnuli konstituciebi iTvaliswineben, rom
miwa, wiaRi da sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelo-
vani sxva sikeTeebi unda daeqvemdebaros sax-
elmwifo sakuTrebis uflebas. am tradiciis-
agan arc saqarTvelos konstituciaa Sors:
konstituciis 21-e muxlis me-2 punqti uS-
vebs, rom sakuTrebis ufleba SeizRudos
aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebidan
gamomdinare. ase rom, mTeli praqtikuli
gamocdileba mowmobs imas, rom liberalebis
miTi sakuTrebis uflebis SeuzRudaobis Sesax-
eb Tanamedrove civilizaciis mier uaryo-
filia. mesakuTris pasuxismgeblobaa sakuTrebis
imgvari gamoyeneba, rogorc mas kanoni
daavaldebulebs sazogado interesebidan ga-
momdinare.
is sazogadoebebic ki, romelTa konstituciebi
socialuri saxelmwifos cnebis gaCenamde iqna
miRebuli, mividnen im daskvnamde, rom so-
cialuri saxelmwifo stabiluri politikuri
arsebobis erTaderTi formaa. SeerTebuli
Statebis konstitucia Seicavs mxolod nega-
tiur uflebaTa CamonaTvals (1791 wlis
uflebaTa bili). miuxedavad amisa, axali
kursis pirobebSi franklin ruzveltma gamo-
acxada "meore uflebaTa bili“, anu social-
ur-ekonomikuri uflebebi, romlebic moicaven
uflebebs ganaTlebaze, Sromaze, janmrTelobis
dacvaze, dasvenebis pirobebze, sakmaris kve-
baze da sxva. ruzveltma am uflebebis auci-
lebloba daasabuTa imiT, rom individualuri
Tavisufleba ar arsebobs ekonomikuri usa-
frTxoebis gareSe da "gaWirvebuli adamiani
ar aris Tavisufali“.6 amis Semdgom, amerikis
konstituciis liberaluri profilis miuxe-
davad, qveyanam gezi aiRo socialuri keTil-
dReobis saxelmwifoze, razec metyvelebs am
qveyanaSi arsebuli socialuri daxmarebebis
farTo sistema. rogorc kolumbiis univer-
sitetis profesori da gaero-s adamianis
uflebaTa komitetis wevri, lui henkini, acx-
adebs, SeerTebuli Statebi dRes socialuri
keTildReobis saxelmwifoa. sanam aseTad Camoy-
alibdeboda, mas individualur da ekonomikur
Tavisuflebaze damyarebuli winaaRmdegobeb-
is gadalaxva mouwia da dRes saxelmwifo
pirdapir iRebs pasuxismgeblobas Raribi da
gaWirvebuli adamianebis problemebis mosag-
vareblad. marTalia, socialuri garantiebi
konstituciaSi dafiqsirebuli ar aris da
kongresis mier miRebul kanonmdeblobas em-
yareba da SeiZleba formalurad kongress am
garantiebis gauqmebis uflebac hqondes, ma-
gram es mxolod Teoriaa. socialuri garan-
6
Steiner & Alston (ed.), International Human Rights. Law, Politics, Morals (1997), 258-259.
7
Henkin, International Human Rights and Rights in the United States, Meron (ed.), Human Rights in International
Law (1984), 34.
tiebi politikuri sistemis integraluri
nawilia da maT TiTqmis konstituciuri sim-
yare aqvs. amerikelebi socialur garantiebs
sakuTar uflebebad miiCneven.7 am tendenciiT
amerikam fexi auwyo ganviTarebis evropul
gzas, romelic socialur-ekonomikuri uflebe-
bis konstituciur realizaciaSi mdgomareobs.
es yovelive adasturebs, rom liberalizmi,
rogorc ideologia, Teoria Tu moZRvreba,
ar pasuxobs konstitucionalizmis ganviTare-
bis Tanamedrove tendenciebs. Tumca orasi
wlis win konstitucionalizmi liberalu-
rad gaigeboda, dRes es kavSiri darRveulia
Seuqcevadi saxiT, radganac Tanamedrove sax-
elmwifo didi xania gacda liberalizmis mier
dadgenil SezRudvebs. liberalizmis princi-
pebis moSvelieba mxolod xels uSlis re-
aluri keTildReobisa da socialuri stabi-
lurobis miRwevas. keTildReoba mxolod iq
arsebobs, sadac liberalizmis dogmebi uaryves.
saiT midian
Tavidan saubari adamianTa azrovnebis wesiT
daviwyeT. saqarTvelos realobaSi aSkaraa,
rom ama Tu im ideologiisadmi erTguleba,
ideologiur rwmenasa da interesebTan er-
Tad, pirovnuli mentalitetis nayoficaa.
arCevani liberalizmsa da socialur sax-
elmwifos Soris damokidebulia imaze, surT
Tu ara adamianebsa da adamianTa jgufebs
gaiTavison sxva adamianebisa da adamianTa
jgufebis problemebi. rodesac sazogadoeba-
Si individualuri egoizmi da gautanloba
dominirebs, liberalizmi popularulia ad-
amianTa Soris. erTxel da samudamod Tavi
unda davaneboT im miTs, rom qarTvelebi,
"civi“ dasavlelebisagan gansxvavebiT, urT-
ierTgamtanebi da urTierTmoyvareebi arian.
aravisze naklebi egoisti da gautaneli qarTve-
li araa. visac dasavleT evropelebTan xan-
grZlivi da Sinaarsiani urTierToba hqonia,
advilad darwmundeba, rom maT qarTvelebze
aranakleb da SeiZleba ufro metadac ician
mxarSi amodgoma da urTierTxelSewyoba,
riTac qarTvelebi Tavs ase viwonebT. swored
es uunaroba adamianebisa gaiTavison erTmane-
37
 Tis problemebi, qmnis niadags maTi rwmeni-
saTvis, rom gaWirvebuli adamianis proble-
mebi saxelmwifomac ar unda gaiTavisos da
gaiTvaliswinos. am rwmenas ki ganviTarebis
procesebma yovelgvari safuZveli gamoaca-
la, misi uaryofa ganviTarebis aucilebeli
winapirobaa.
liberalebi Tavs asaReben erovnuli da re-
ligiuri Semwynareblobis damcvelebad da
gvmoZRvraven, rom saxelmwifoSi eTnikuri da
religiuri jgufebis uflebebis dacva samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobis winapirobaa;
rom aseTi jgufebis uflebebisa da intere-
sebis ignorireba socialur gaTiSulobas
iwvevs da safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebis
stabilurobas. magram imave liberalebs "avi-
wydebaT“ (ufro swored ar ainteresebT), rom
socialur stabilurobas sazogadoebis sus-
ti da daucveli jgufebisa Tu fenebis ufle-
bebisa da interesebis ignorireba aranakleb
safrTxes uqmnis. Tu saxelmwifo ar funq-
cionirebs sazogadoebis yvela nawilis in-
teresebidan gamomdinare da daudevrobiT epy-
roba mosaxleobis sust da daucvel nawils
(aseTi ki saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTeli mosax-
leobaa), igi safrTxes qmnis socialuri
stabilurobisaTvis, iseve, rogorc eTnikuri an
religiuri uTanxmoebis gaCaRebis SemTxvevaSi.
socialuri problemebis ignorireba lib-
eralebma SeiZleba axsnan imiTac, rom Turme
saqarTvelo gardamaval etapze imyofeba, sa-
bazro ekonomika formirebis procesSia da
mxolod amis Semdgom stadiebze SeeZleba
saxelmwifos ikisros Tavisi socialuri
funqciebi. SeiZleba isic moiSvelion, rom
mecxramete saukuneSi dasavleTis qveynebSic
ki ar axorcielebdnen saxelmwifoebi social-
ur funqcias. es yovelive liberalebma im
mSoblebs unda auxsnan, romlebsac Svilebi-
saTvis saskolo saxelmZRvanelos sayidlad
fuli ar yofniT an im mSoblebs, romlebic
wlidan wlamde erT litr naturalur rZes
ver asmeven sakuTar Svilebs. aseTi Teori-
ul-evoluciuri midgoma arsebuli proble-
mebis mxolod ignorirebaa da ara maTi gadawyve-
tis mcdeloba. ukve gamocdili gvaqvs, Tu
38
ras niSnavs dapirebebi, rom momavalSi cx-
ovreba ukeTesi iqneba.
nebismieri sicocxlisunariani ideologia,
iqneba es qristian-demokratizmi, ekologizmi
Tu socializmi mimarTulia sazogadoebriv
konsensusis miRwevaze, sazogadoebaSi arse-
buli gansxvavebuli interesebis dabalanse-
basa da urTierTmorigebaze. liberalizmis
Sedegi ki swored amis sapirispiroa. arc
erTi moZRvreba Tu ideologia (Tu ar CavTv-
liT faSizmsa da komunizms) ar aris ise
indiferentuli zogadadamianuri moralis
mimarT, rogorc liberalizmi. arc erTi
moZRvreba Tu ideologia ar axdens adamianis
bedis iseT ignorirebas, rogorc liberal-
izmi. arc erTi moZRvreba Tu ideologia ar
axdens socialuri gaTiSulobis (da, Sesa-
bamisad, socialuri daZabulobis) iseT le-
gitimacias, rogorc liberalizmi. dabolos,
arc erTi moZRvreba Tu ideologia ar ay-
enebs konstitucionalizmis princi pebis efeq-
turobas iseT dartymas, rogorc liberal-
izmi. konstituciuri princi pebis efeqturi
moqmedeba ki, rogorc gamocdileba aCvenebs,
liberalizmis principebis uaryofis tolfasia.
liberalebs SeuZliaT Tavi daimSvidon: maTi
moZRvreba faSizmsa da komunizmze cotaTi
ukeTesi yofila. magram es damSvideba mx-
olod droebiTi iqneba, ramdenadac kacobri-
oba gamudmebiT iswrafvis ukeTesis Ziebisak-
en. faSizmisa da komunizmis Semdeg istoriis
sanagve axla liberalizmisTvisaa gamzadebuli.
arCevani ganviTarebasa da stagnacias, keTil-
dReobasa da siRatakes, socialur saxelmwi-
fosa da "Ramis darajis“ liberalur sax-
elmwifos Soris unda gakeTdes. unda davi-
naxoT, rom aRarc erTi ganviTarebuli sax-
elmwifo imarTeba liberalizmis dogmebiT,
rom am dogmebs warmatebis Sansi mxolod
CamorCenil qveynebSi aqvT. pirvel rigSi,
axalgazrda Taoba unda gaTavisufldes lib-
eralizmis dogmebisagan. mxolod am SemTx-
vevaSi SeiZleba is saqmis gamkeTebel Taobad
Camoyalibdes. Tu ara da igi pasuxismgebeli
iqneba ara mxolod sakuTari, aramed momava-
li Taobebis bedzec.
ÓÉÔÚÅÉÓ ÈÀÅÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÀ ÃÀ
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“ÀÆÒÉÓ ÂÀÌÏáÀÔÅÉÓ ÈÀÅÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀ ... ÅÒÝÄËÃÄÁÀ ÀÒÀ ÌáÏËÏà ÉÌ “ÉÍ×ÏÒÌÀÝÉÀÓÀ ÃÀ

“ÉÃÄÄÁÆĔ, ÒÏÌËÄÁÉÝ ÌÉÉÙÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÀÙÉØÌÄÁÀ ÀÒÀÛÄÖÒÀÝáÌÚÏ×ÄËÀà ÀÍ ÖÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÃ,
ÀÒÀÌÄà ÉÌÀÈÆÄÝ, ÒÏÌËÄÁÉÝ ÛÄÖÒÀÝáÌÚÏ×ÄËÉÀ, ÌÀÛÏÊÉÒÄÁÄËÉ ÀÍ ÀÙÌÀÛ×ÏÈÄÁÄËÉ
ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÀÍ ÌÏÓÀáËÄÏÁÉÓ ÍÄÁÉÓÌÉÄÒÉ ÓáÅÀ ÍÀßÉËÉÓÀÈÅÉӔ

ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀÈÀ ÄÅÒÏÐÉÓ ÓÀÓÀÌÀÒÈËÏ

Ö isdavoadidimasobrivi informaciis saSualebeb-

roli sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa
da adamianTa progresuli ganviTarebis pro-
cesSi. magram ratomRac iseTi STabeWdileba
iqmneba, rom rac ufro zemoT miviwevT Tanam-
debobriv kibeze, miT ufro metad gvawuxebs
is Tavisufleba (sityvis, presis, informaci-
is), romelic masmediisaTvis unda uzrun-
velvyoT. TiTqos “Cveulebrivi mokvdavisaTvis”
masmediis Tavisufleba da misi saSualebiT
rac SeiZleba meti da rac SeiZleba gasaid-
umloebuli informaciis miReba yvelaze sa-
survelia, Tumca rogorc ki zemoxsenebuli
“Cveulebrivi mokvdavi” Tanamdebobrivi kibis
pirvel safexurze adis da Semdegi safex-
uris dauflebis survilic uCndeba, yovel
aseT safexurze asvla TandaTan akargvinebs
simpatiebs masmediisadmi. ratom xdeba es?
darwmunebuli var Zalian bevr adamians awux-
ebs es SekiTxva da, ra Tqma unda, mec. am
sakiTxebze saubrisas yvelaze mniSvnelovani,
albaT, mainc is garemoeba gaxlavT, rom Cveu-
lebrivi mokvdavis cxovrebis detalebi gac-
ilebiT uinteresoa Tanamdebobis pirebis cx-
ovrebis msgavs detalebTan SedarebiT da,
Sesabamisad, TiToeuli is adamiani, romelic
Tanamdebobas ikavebs, im garemoebasac unda
usworebdes Tvals, rom, dawinaurebasTan
erTad, misi piradi cxovrebis didi nawili
saaSkaraoze iqneba gamotanili, amas ki, ra
Tqma unda, ZiriTadad, Jurnalistebi uzrun-
velyofen. sityvisa da presis Tavisufleba
saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovamzeuroT ama Tu
im Tanamdebobis piris mier sakuTari Zalau-
flebis borotad gamoyenebis faqtebi; Sesa-
bamisad, maT meti pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT
da sazogadoebis winaSe met angariSvalde-
bulebasac unda grZnobdnen. 1971 wlis aSS-
s uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlem, hugo
bleqma, saqmis - “New York Times Co. v. United
States”, ganxilvisas ganacxada: “xelisuflebis
ufleba - gaakontrolos presa, gauqmda da
presas mieca samudamo ufleba gaakritikos
mTavroba. presa daculia imdenad, rom mas
SeuZlia gaaSiSvlos xelisuflebis saidum-
loebani da miawvdinos isini xalxs. mxolod
Tavisufal da SeuzRudav presas SeuZlia
efeqturad amxilos xelisuflebis nakli.
Tavisufali presis movaleobaa xeli SeuSa-
los xelisuflebis TiToeul ganStoebas
xelyos xalxis uflebebi”.
Cven, sazogadoebis wevrebi, gacilebiT mkacr
moTxovnebs vuyenebT Tanamdebobis pirebs, vi-

39
 dre sakuTar Tavs. is faqti, Tu ramdenad
marTebulia maTdami aseTi midgoma, calke
davis sagania, magram axla saintereso iqneba
saubari im saerTaSoriso Tu adgilobrivi
garantiebis Sesaxeb, romlebiTac TiToeuli
Jurnalisti sargeblobs ama Tu im infor-
maciis mopovebisas da misi gamoqveynebisas.
sainteresoa is wesebi, romelTa dacva auci-
lebelia yoveli JurnalistisaTvis zemoaRniS-
nuli dacvis misaRebad, raTa masze gavr-
celebuli “sityvis Tavisuflebis” garantia
STanTqmul ar iqnes raime seriozuli samar-
TaldarRveviT. Cven SevexebiT agreTve evro-
pis zogierTi saxelmwifosa da aSS-s praq-
tikas sityvisa da Tavisuflebis dacvis Tval-
sazrisiT da mokled gavecnobiT saqarTve-
los Sesabamis kanonmdeblobas.
Cemi azriT, pirvel rigSi, saintereso iqne-
ba gavixsenoT, Tu riT aris gamowveuli si-
tyvis Tavisuflebis aucilebloba, Tu, ra
Tqma unda, aseTi aucilebloba arsebobs.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Cveni darwmunebu-
loba sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebis auci-
leblobaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba
Seicvalos, imisda mixedviT, Cven is adamiane-
bi varT, visTvisac am movlenas sargebloba
moaqvs (msmenelebi, mayureblebi, Cveulebrivi
moqalaqeebi), Tu – isini, vinc sityvis Tavisu-
flebiT “zaraldeba”.
Tumca, rogorc realoba gviCvenebs, garda
“dazaralebuli” Tanamdebobis pirebisa, si-
tyvis Tavisufleba zogjer “Cveulebriv mokv-
davebsac” ar siamovnebT. Zalian bevrs saubroben
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor icvleba sazogadoe-
bis wevrTa azrovneba masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebis gavleniT, Tu ramdenad uary-
ofiTad moqmedebs axalgazrdobaze (Tumca,
Cemi azriT, es gavlena ufro metad ufrose-
bze SeimCneva) filmebi, romlebSic daufara-
vad aris gadmocemuli seqsi da Zaladoba.
ufrosi Taoba wuxs myari, saukuneebis man-
Zilze damkvidrebuli qarTuli tradiciebis
Seryevis gamo. CemTvis, ra Tqma unda, savse-
biT misaRebia masobrivi informaciis saSu-
alebebis limitireba msgavsi filmebis Cvenebasa
da Tambaqos reklamirebaSi (rac Ramis saaTebSi
unda iyos daSvebuli), magram miuRebelia
ufrosi Taobis wuxili im zogierTi qarTu-
li tradiciis “Seryevis” gamo, romelic,
40
zustad imis gamo, rom saukuneebis manZilze
aris damkvidrebuli, SeiZleba gadasaxedi da
Sesacvleli aRmoCndes. nu dagvaviwydeba, rom
mravali siaxle Tavis droze ugulebelyo-
fili iyo TanamedroveTa mier. es sulac ar
gvaZlevs uflebas yoveli damkvidrebuli
Sexeduleba gadaumowmeblad da gauanalize-
blad miviRoT, rwmenis doneze. WeSmaritebis
misaRwevad swored gadamowmeba da gaanali-
zebaa saWiro da amitom xelisuflebis ze-
gavlenisagan savsebiT Tavisufali unda iyos
nebismieri azrisa da Sexedulebis gamoTqma,
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad sayovelTaod
aRiarebulia is mosazreba, romelsac gamoTqmu-
li azri Tu Sexeduleba eWvqveS ayenebs.
saxelmwifoSi upiratesobis mqone religiis
axlandeli Tu mokveTili mesveurebi da maTi
mimdevrebi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, ukmayofile-
bas ver faraven imis gamo, rom damoukidebe-
li telekompaniebi da gazeTebi “arapopularu-
li seqtebis” warmomadgenlebsa da maTi da
ara marto maTi, aramed zogadad, adamianis
uflebebis damcvelebs sakuTari mosazrebeb-
is gamoTqmis saSualebas aZleven. Cvens qvey-
anaSi mavanTa da mavanTa fizikur ganadgure-
bazec ki aris saubari, radgan maT xelisu-
flebisaTvis arc Tu ise umtkivneulo Teme-
bze pirdapir teleekranebidan amcnes mosax-
leobas. ar unda dagvaviwydes, miT umetes,
“demokratiis Senebis”, axali, CvenTvis uc-
nobi demokratiuli institutebis Camoyali-
bebis procesSi, rom yovel azrs, Tundac
sazogadoebis udidesi nawilisaTvis, Tundac
yvelasaTvis miuRebelsac ki, aqvs arsebobisa
da imis ufleba, rom Tavisuflad, SiSis gareSe
iqnas gamoTqmuli. politologi, jon sti-
uart mili, Tavis wignSi “Tavisuflebaze”
werda: is gansakuTrebuli boroteba, romel-
ic mosazrebis Tavisuflad gamoTqmis CaxSo-
bas moaqvs mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aseTi mo-
qmedeba adamianTa modgmas - rogorc Tanamed-
rove, ise momaval Taobebs Zarcvavs... Tu
mosazreba marTebulia – xalxi moklebulia
SesaZleblobas arsebuli araswori Sexeduleb-
is nacvlad miiRos WeSmariti, xolo, Tu
mosazreba arasworia – xalxi kargavs WeS-
maritebis ufro naTel aRqmas da im Zlier
STabeWdilebas, romelsac SecdomasTan misi
Setakebis Semdeg miiRebda; am ukanasknel Sedegs
ki aseve didi sargebloba moaqvs.
rogorc viciT demokratiulobis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia xalxis monaw-
ileoba saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis gada-
wyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi. imisaTvis, rom
es monawileoba Segnebuli iyos, anu TiToeulma
moqalaqem gaiazros sakuTari moqmedebis Sesa-
Zlo dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebi, auci-
lebelia mas hqondes am sakiTxTan dakavSire-
buli yovelgvari informaciis SeuzRudavad
miRebis saSualeba. ara marto saxelmwifoe-
brivi mniSvnelobis (magaliTad, qveynis prez-
identis arCevnebi), aramed nebismieri gadaw-
yvetilebis miRebisas, TiToeuli adamianma unda
ganixilos sxvadasxva, Tundac urTierTga-
momricxavi mosazreba, gaiazros yvela Sesa-
Zlebeli alternativa da mxolod amis Sem-
deg gaakeTos garkveuli daskvnebi. albaT es
saukeTeso gzaa – WeSmaritebis mignebisa. ma-
sobrivi informaciis saSualebebi ki xels
uwyoben adamianebs gadawyvetilebebis miReb-
is procesSi e.w. “ideaTa bazris” uzrunve-
lyofiT. saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebisa-
gan konkretuli gazeTebisa Tu telekompaniebis
Tavisufleba, ra Tqma unda, jer kidev ar
niSnavs maT obieqturobas. anu damoukide-
bloba avtomaturad ar niSnavs miukerZoe-
blobas, Tumca zemoaRniSnul “ideaTa baz-
ars” SeiZleba masobrivi informaciis ramden-
ime mikerZoebuli saSualebac qmnides.
aRsaniSnavia, rom, miuxedavad im SezRudveb-
isa, romlebic SeiZleba arsebobdes ama Tu
im sityvis warmoTqmis adgilis, droisa da
maneris mimarT, ar SeiZleba moqalaqe SeizRu-
dos mxolod imis gamo, rom misi Sexedule-
bebi arapopularulia an miiCneva arasworad
an saxifaTod. sityvis Tavisufleba arsebobs
ara mxolod maTTvis, vinc xelisuflebis
kurss eTanxmeba, aramed maTTvisac da Sei-
Zleba iTqvas, pirvel rigSi, maTTvis, vinc
mas opoziciaSi udgas. jer arc erTi xelis-
ufali yofila imdenad Tavmdabali, rom esa
Tu is pirovneba sakuTari personisa da poli-
tikis qeba-didebis gamoxatvisaTvis edevna.
mTavrobis mier sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRud-
va, masSi Cadebuli azris gamo, am princi pis
ugulebelyofis yvelaze cxadi magaliTia.
mniSvnelovania is garantiebi, romlebsac si-
tyvis TavisuflebisaTvis saerTaSoriso SeTanxme-
bebi qmnian. 1948 wlis adamianis uflebaTa say-
ovelTao deklaraciis me-19 muxlis mixedviT:
yoveli adamiani sargeblobs azrisa da gamox-
atvis TavisuflebiT; es ufleba moicavs ad-
amianis Tavisuflebas, daubrkoleblad mis-
devdes Tavis mrwamss da moiZios, miiRos da
gaavrcelos informacia da ideebi nebismieri
saSualebiT, saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miuxedavad.
aRniSnuli deklaraciis me-18 muxli ki uzrun-
velyofs azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisu-
flebas. amave Sinaarsisaa 1950 wlis adami-
anis uflebebis Sesaxeb evropis konvenciis
me-9 muxli, xolo me-10 muxlis mixedviT:
1. yoveli adamiani sargeblobs azrisa da
gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT; es ufleba
moicavs adamianis Tavisuflebas,
daubrkoleblad misdevdes Tavis mrwamss
da miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia da
ideebi sajaro xelisuflebis Carevis
gareSe saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miuxeda-
vad. es muxli ar unda warmoadgendes
dabrkolebas saxelmwifoebisaTvis, raTa
maT moiTxovon mauwyeblobis, sateleviz-
io da kinematografiuli kompaniebis li-
cenzireba.
2. zemoaRniSnul TavisuflebaTa ganxor-
cieleba, imdenad ramdenadac mas Tan ax-
lavs valdebulebani da pasuxismgebloba,
SeiZleba gaxdes im formalobebis, pirobe-
bis, SezRudvebisa da sasjelis sagani,
romlebic gansazRvrulia kanoniT da auci-
lebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi
erovnuli usafrTxoebis, teritoriuli
mTlianobisa da sajaro usafrTxoebi-
saTvis, areulobis an danaSaulis Tavidan
asacileblad, janmrTelobis an moralis
dasacavad, sxvebis uflebaTa an reput-
aciis dasacavad, konfidencialurad miRe-
buli informaciis gamoaSkaravebis Tavidan
asacileblad, an sasamarTlo xelisufleb-
is avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis
SesanarCuneblad.
am muxlis meore punqti, Cemi azriT, sakmaod
zRudavs im princi pebis ganxorcielebas,
romlebic pirvel punqtSia CamoTvlili. Tumca
miuxedavad amis, evropis adamianis uflebaTa
sasamarTlo konvenciis mosarCeleTa umrav-
lesobas sarCels me-10 muxlTan mimarTebaSi
ukmayofilebs da saxelmwifoebs damnaSaved
scnobs. amasTanave, saqmesTan dakavSirebiT
41
 gaweuli xarjebis srulad dafarvis movale-
oba saxelmwifoebs ekisrebaT. maTve uxdebaT
procesSi gamarjvebuli mxareebisaTvis mor-
aluri da materialuri zianis anazRaurebac.
evropis qveynebis kanonmdebloba sityvis
TavisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi gacilebiT ufro
mkacria aSS-sTan SedarebiT, Tumca ukanasknel
xanebSi am TvalsazrisiT bevri sasikeTo cv-
lileba ganxorcielda. evropis sabWos Seqm-
niT da adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenci-
is me-10 muxlis gaTvaliswinebiT, evropis
qveynebma TandaTan Secvales TavianTi damok-
idebuleba sityvis Tavisuflebisadmi. Tumca
aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom zogierTi qveynis
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi SenarCunebulia
Seuracxyofisa da ciliswamebis kriminaliza-
cia (magaliTad, safrangeTi, avstria), ma-
gram evropis qveynebSi saerTo evropuli kanon-
mdeblobis integrirebis gamo, sisxlis sa-
marTlis kodeqsebis Sesabamisi muxlebi, faq-
tobrivad, ufunqciod darCa.
mniSvnelovania is RonisZiebebi, romlebic
adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlos
saqmianobis farglebSi xorcieldeba da miznad
isaxavs sityvis TavisuflebisaTvis meti ga-
rantiebis uzrunvelyofas. Seiqmna mediis
samarTalsa da adamianis uflebebze momuSave
specialistTa jgufi, romlis mandati Jur-
nalistTa uflebebis, gamoxatvisa da infor-
maciis Tavisuflebis sakiTxebze muSaobas
iTvaliswinebs. jgufSi damkvirvebelTa Soris
arian masmediis profesiuli organizaciebis
warmomadgenlebi da Jurnalistebi. swored
aRniSnulma jgufma SeimuSava rekomendacia
# R (2000) 7, romelic Seexeba Jurnal-
istTa uflebas ar daasaxelon informaciis
wyaro. 1999 wlis ganmavlobaSi jgufi ikv-
levda politikuri figurebisa da sajaro
mosamsaxureebis Sesaxeb mosazrebis gamox-
atvisa da informaciis gavrcelebis sakiTx-
ebs defamaciis Sesaxeb erovnul kanonmde-
blobasa da adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasa-
marTlos praqtikasTan mimarTebaSi. jgufi
muSaobs agreTve sityvis Tavisuflebisa (muxli
10) da piradi saidumloebis dacvis (muxli
8) garkveulwilad dapirispirebis probleme-
bze. am sakiTxis Seswavlis iniciatori gax-
ldaT saparlamento asamblea (1998 w), romel-
mac 1999 wlis 23 seqtembers q. strasburg-
Si am Temas saerTaSoriso konferencia mi-
42
uZRvna. evropis adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis
me-6 muxlis mixedviT, sasamarTlo mosmena
sajaroa da gadawyvetilebac sajarod cxad-
deba, magram udanaSaulobis prezumfciisa da
gamoZiebis saidumloebis gamo, zogjer masme-
dia garkveulwilad izRudeba sisxlissamarT-
lebrivi procesebis gaSuqebisas. zemoaRniS-
nuli specialuri jgufis muSaobis erT-erTi
mizania agreTve am sferoSi garkveuli stan-
dartebis Camoyalibeba.
1996 wels ministrTa komitetma miiRo kidev
erTi saintereso rekomendacia, romelic miznad
isaxavs konfliqtebisa da daZabulobis kerebSi
momuSave Jurnalistebis dacvas. rogorc
cnobilia, iugoslaviaSi, CeCneTsa da sxva
cxel wertilebSi mravali Jurnalisti daiR-
upa da mravalze Zaladobac ganxorcielda.
zemoxsenebuli saxis rekomendaciebic swored
imisken iyo mimarTuli, rom Jurnalistebs
yvelgan da yovelTvis mieceT TavianTi pro-
fesiuli movaleobis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, me-10 muxlis Sesax-
eb evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo-
Si Sesuli sarCelebis umravlesoba kmay-
ofildeba. mniSvnelovania TurqeTis magali-
Ti, romlis winaaRmdegac bolo wlebis gan-
mavlobaSi 13 saqme iqna aRZruli. mosarCele-
Ta umravlesoba adgilobrivi sasamarTlos
mier damnaSaved iyo cnobili qveynis erTiano-
bisa da ganuyoflobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
kampaniis farglebSi statiebis gamoqveynebi-
saTvis. 13-idan 11 SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom
daadastura konvenciis me-10 muxlis dar-
Rvevis faqti.
adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlo presas
ganixilavs rogorc modarajes, romelic
mudmivad akvirdeba xelisuflebis saqmianobas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebi unda Seecadon ar gascdnen eTikis
normebs, gansakuTrebiT ki sxvaTa reputaci-
isa da uflebebis Selaxvis TvalsazrisiT,
sxvadasxva Temaze informaciisa da ideebis
gavrceleba mainc maTi movaleobaa. sasamarT-
lom Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi xazi gausva im
garemoebas, rom Jurnalistebma Tavad unda
SearCion informaciis gadmocemis meTodebi
da formebi da, Sesabamisad, maTi gancxadebe-
bi SeiZleba provokaciulic iyos. Tumca sasa-
marTlo aRiarebs imasac, rom Jurnalistebs
didi pasuxismgeblobac ekisrebaT, isini unda
darwmundnen im informaciis sisworeSi, romel-
sac gaavrceleben da aucileblad unda da-
icvan Jurnalisturi eTikis normebi.
Zalian mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom,
samwuxarod, evropis sasamarTlos mravali
gadawyvetileba konkretuli qveynebis mTavrobe-
bis mier sisruleSi ar iqna moyvanili. Seqm-
nili mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis meqanizmebi
jer kidev dasaxvewia, magram sabolood al-
baT mainc im daskvnamde mivdivarT, rom si-
tyvis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis Tval-
sazrisiT, qveynebis doneze yvelaze mniSvnelo-
vania TiToeuli qveynis Sida kanonmdeblobis
demokratiuloba da, rac mTavaria, deklar-
irebuli uflebebis realuri ganxorcieleba.
swored amitom am mimarTulebiT samTavrobo
Tu arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier gada-
dgmuli yoveli nabiji, Cemi azriT, misasalme-
belia, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ras fiqroben am
sakiTxze “ganawyenebulni”.
aRsaniSnavia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi roli sityvisa
da azris Tavisuflebis garantiebis ganmtki-
cebis TvalsazrisiT. garantiebs aSS-s kon-
stituciis pirveli Sesworeba uzrunvely-
ofs, romelic icavs religiis, Sekrebis, si-
tyvisa da presis Tavisuflebasa da saxelm-
wifosagan zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis
uflebas. am sakiTxebze evropelTa konserva-
torulma Sexedulebebma amerikaSi dasaxlebis
Semdeg didi transformacia ganicada. magal-
iTad inglisSi, ciliswamebis kanoni Zalian
mkacri iyo. Tu vinme dabeWdavda gancxadebas,
romelic adamianis reputacias ayenebda zians
an eWvqveS ayenebda saxelmwifo moxelis pa-
tiosnebas, mas aucileblad daedeboda brali
ciliswamebaSi, miuxedavad imisa, es gancxa-
deba sinamdviles Seefereboda Tu ara. lon-
doni “ciliswamebis sarCelebis dedaqalaqad”
moixsenieboda, sadac TiTqmis yovelTvis Ju-
rnalistebsa da sainformacio saSualebebs
amtyunebdnen. Tumca aRniSvnis Rirsia ingli-
sis lordTa palatis mier, 1993 wlis der-
biSaiaris regionaluri xelisuflebis mier
gazeT “Taimsis” winaaRmdeg Setanil sarCelze
miRebuli gadawyvetileba, sadac vkiTxulobT:
“pirveli rigis sazogadoebrivi interesebi
moiTxovs demokratiuli gziT arCeuli sa-
jaro xelisufleba da, Sesabamisad, nebis-
mieri sxva samTavrobo organo Ria iyos
SeuzRudavi sajaro kritikisaTvis”. Tumca
am daskvnamde amerikaSi gadasaxlebuli evro-
pelebi gacilebiT ufro adre mividnen. kon-
stituciis pirveli Sesworebis miRebis Sem-
degac, mTavrobis kritika garkveulad
SezRuduli gaxldaT specialuri kanoniT
“antisamTavrobo agitaciis Sesaxeb”, magram
1919 wlidan, rodesac uzenaesma sasamarT-
lom ganixila saqme - “Abrams v. United States”,
sasamarTlo xelisuflebam ukve namdvilad
daiwyo sityvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb brit-
anuli warmodgenebis ugulebelyofa. iakob
abraamssa da mis Tanamoazreebs brali dae-
doT pamfletebis gavrcelebaSi, romelSic
gakritikebuli iyo uilsonis xelisufleba
1918w. ruseTSi jarebis gagzavnis gamo. mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom mTavrobam ver daamtkica
am pamfletebis gavrcelebiT samxedro Zalebis
saqmianobisaTvis raime zianis miyeneba, erT-
erTi SedarebiT dabali instanciis sasamarT-
los mosamarTlem gadawyvita, rom es “Sei-
Zleboda momxdariyo” da braldebulebi dam-
naSaved scno. uzenaesi sasamarTlos 7 mosa-
marTle daeTanxma am gadawyvetilebas, ma-
gram holmsma dawera gansxvavebuli azri,
romelsac daeTanxma kidev erTi mosamarTle.
es gansxvavebuli azri SeiZleba CaiTvalos
im momentad, romlis Semdegac sasamarTlo
xelisuflebam realurad daiwyo “azris gamox-
atvis Tavisuflebis” princi pis dacva.
Tumca aSS-s konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba
mraval SemTxvevaSi mainc sadavo xdeba, anu
ufro zustad, davis sagania misi mniSvnelo-
ba da, rac mTavaria, - gavrcelebis sazRvre-
bi. masSi dasawyisidanve Cadebulia SeuTavse-
bloba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis
warmomadgenlebs, romlebic miznad isaxaven
rac SeiZleba didi raodenobiT informacia
moi povon, da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs
Soris, romlebsac piriqiT, surT, rom rac
SeiZleba naklebi informacia iqnas saaSkaraoze
gamotanili. miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-s kon-
stituciis pirveli Sesworebis mixedviT,
“kongress ar aqvs ufleba gamosces kanoni..”,
aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqmis - “Near
v. Minnesota (1931)”, ganxilvisas, Sesworeba
Statebis sakanonmdeblo organoebzec gaavr-
cela. minesotaSi gamoica specialuri kano-
43
 ni, romliTac aikrZala boroti ganzraxviT
skandaluri, defamaciuri publikaciis gamo-
qveyneba. es kanoni, faqtobrivad, mineapoli-
sis erT-erTi gazeTis winaaRmdeg iyo mima-
rTuli, romelmac adgilobrivi politikose-
bisa da biznesmenebisaTvis sakmaod sasircx-
vilo faqtebi gamoavlina. gazeTma uzenaes
sasamarTlos mimarTa mas Semdeg, rac adgi-
lobrivma sasamarTloebma sixaruliT aukrZa-
les mas garkveuli saxis informaciis gamo-
qveyneba. zemoaRniSnuli saqme Zalian mniS-
vnelovania im TvalsazrisiTac, rom uzenaesi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, xe-
lisufleba moklebulia publikaciebze cen-
zuris dawesebisa da maTi gamocemisaTvis
dabrkolebis Seqmnis uflebas. es, ra Tqma
unda, ar niSnavs, rom gazeTis mesveurebs ar
SeiZleba brali dasdebodaT araswori infor-
maciis gavrcelebasa da defamaciaSi, magram
aucilebeli iyo maTi bralis damtkiceba sasa-
marTloSi. anu am gadawyvetilebiT aSS-s
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier saxelisuflo
cenzurisaTvis sakonstitucio akrZalva iqna
SemoRebuli. akrZalulia, ama Tu im infor-
maciis gamoqveynebis SezRudva mTavrobisagan
winaswari nebarTvis miRebis moTxovniT. dadg-
inda, rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebe-
bis SezRudva SeiZleba mxolod im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu xelisufleba daamtkicebs, rom
esa Tu is publikacia an gadacema aucile-
blad miayenebs arsebiT zians sazogadoebas.
mTavari mosamarTlis, hugis azriT, aravin
iqneboda iseTi informaciis gasaidumloebis
winaaRmdegi, rogoric aris jarebis raode-
noba da adgilsamyofeli da ase Semdeg. am
Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, saqmis - “New York
Times Co. v. United States (1971)”, ganxilvisas,
iusticiis departamentis mcdelobis Sede-
gad, gazeTebs “New York Times”-s, “Washing-
ton Post”-sa da sxvebs aekrZalaT “pentagonis
dokumentebis” gamoqveyneba, romlebSic de-
talurad iyo aRwerili vietnamis omSi aSS-
s monawileoba. xelisuflebis warmomadgen-
lebi amtkicebdnen, rom es safrTxes Seuqmni-
da erovnul uSiSroebas. sinamdvileSi ki,
rogorc gairkva, aq ufro did rols Tama-
Sobda sircxvilis faqtori. yvelaferi daiw-
yo imiT, rom Tavdacvis departamentis yo-
filma ekonomistma, daniel elsbergma, moi-
pova Tavdacvis mdivnis miTiTebiT Seqmnili
44
vietnamis omis Sefasebis masalebi da isini
presas gadasca. dokumentebis garkveuli naw-
ilis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebi panikam moicva, Tumca sasa-
marTlos mier mokle vadaSi miRebul gadaw-
yvetilebaSi kidev erTxel ganmtkicda sax-
elmwifos mxridan cenzuris dauSvebloba:
“saxelmwifos gasaidumloebuloba mTlianad
anti-demokratiulia.. sazogadoebrivi mniS-
vnelobis sakiTxebze Ria debatebi da disku-
sia sasicocxlod aucilebelia Cveni erovnuli
saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis.” aSS-s konstituciis
pirveli Sesworeba warmoadgens myar kedels,
romelic xels uSlis saxelmwifos mier
ideebze, rwmenasa da gansakuTrebiT ki, sax-
elmwifosa da misi moxeleebis kritikaze
cenzuris dawesebas. gamoyenebul iqna Teor-
ia, romlis mixedviTac, saxelmwifos TiToeul
moqalaqes ufleba aqvs icodes ra gaakeTa
misi qveynis xelisuflebam, Tumca, generali
teiloris (elCi samxreT vietnamSi) azriT,
moqalaqem unda icodes mxolod is, rac
saWiroa misi funqciebis Sesasruleblad da
karg moqalaqed yofnisaTvis da ara is said-
umloebebi, romelTac SeiZleba ziani miay-
enon misi qveynis xelisuflebas da arapirda-
pir - TviTon masac. am saqmis gadawyvetisas,
uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrebs Sorisac azr-
Ta sxvadasxvaoba gamoikveTa; zogierTi maT-
gani sityvis absoluturi Tavisuflebis mo-
mxre gaxldaT, zogisaTvis ki misaRebi iyo
garkveuli SezRudvebi – informaciis garkveu-
li saxis gasaidumloeba, magram yvela erTx-
mad aRiarebda saxelmwifos mxridan cenzur-
is dauSveblobas.
aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
saqmeSi - “New York Times Co v. Sullivan”, Zalian
sayuradReboa masSi warmodgenili arCevanis
gamo: sityvis Tavisufleba gacilebiT ufro
mniSvnelovani Rirebulebaa sazogadoebisaTvis,
vidre konkretuli pirebis reputaciis dac-
va. sajaro sakiTxebis ganxilva da debatebi
SeuzRudavi unda iyos da SeiZleba sajaro
mosamsaxureebze SetevebSic ki gamoixatos.
mosarCele salivani montgomeris (Stati
alabama) erT-erTi arCeuli sajaro mosam-
saxure gaxldaT, romelmac sakuTar da qala-
qis policiis Seuracxyofad miiRo “New York
Times”-is mier gamoqveynebuli gancxadeba,
romelic aRwerda Tanasworobis moTxovniT
Savkaniani studentebisa da maTi mxardamW-
erebis gamosvlebis darbevis faqts, aseve,
martin luTer kingis mimarT ganxorciele-
bul damsjel RonisZiebebs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom es publikacia mraval uzustobas Sei-
cavda, ZiriTadi faqtebi mainc Seefereboda
sinamdviles. mosarCelem adgilobrivi sasa-
marTlosagan miiRo sarCelis dakmayofileba
da zianis asanazRaureblad mowinaaRmdege
mxareebs (radgan mosarCele 4 fizikur da
iuridiul pirs uCioda) 500 000 aSS dola-
ris gadaxdac ki daekisraT. uzenaesi sasa-
marTlo ar daeTanxma am gadawyvetilebas da,
zemoaRniSnuli arCevanis gakeTebis garda,
daadgina, rom sityvis TavisuflebisaTvis ukve
arsebuli garantiebis Sesabamisad, saWiroa
miRebul iqnes federaluri kanoni, romelic
aukrZalavs sajaro mosamsaxures moiTxovos
anazRaureba im zianisaTvis, romelic mas
samsaxurebriv moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli
SeuracxyofiT an ciliswamebiT miadga, gar-
da im SemTxvevisa, rodesac calkeuli gancx-
adeba boroti ganzraxviT iyo gakeTebuli.
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom boroti ganzrax-
vis SemTxvevaSic, romlis damtkiceba sak-
maod rTulia, Jurnalisti profesiuli xe-
lSeuxeblobis uflebiT sargeblobs.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan, Cemi azriT, cxadi
xdeba, Tu ramdenad myaria masobrivi infor-
maciis saSualebebis TavisuflebisaTvis aSS-
Si Seqmnili garantiebi.
axla ki cota ram Cveni sakuTari kanonmde-
blobis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos konstitucia
sityvis Tavisuflebis (da ara marto) uzrun-
velsayofad me-19 muxliT Semdeg garantiebs
awesebs:
1. yovel adamians aqvs sityvis, azris, sin-
disis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisu-
fleba;
2. dauSvebelia adamianis devna sityvis,
azris, aRmsareblobis an rwmenis gamo,
agreTve misi iZuleba gamoTqvas Sexed-
uleba maT Sesaxeb;
3. dauSvebelia am muxlSi CamoTvlil Tavisu-
flebaTa SezRudva, Tu maTi gamovlineba
ar laxavs sxvaTa uflebebs.
konstitucia marTlacda CvenTvis, saqarTve-
los TiToeuli moqalaqisaTvis, Cveni azreb-
is Tavisuflad gamoxatvis garantia, magram
ra vuyoT Cveni Zalovani struqturebis war-
momadgenelTa mxridan Jurnalistebis fiz-
ikuri Seuracxyofis faqtebs? “Zala aRmarTs
xnavs”, magram Cveni gadasawyvetia, es Zala
sityvis Tavisufleba iqneba Tu Zalovani
struqturebis, rbilad rom vTqvaT, “arae-
Tikuri saqcieli”. rogorc Cans is garemoe-
ba, rom ar damtkicda gazeT “rezonansis”
korespondentis, gazeT “kviris palitris”
fotokorespondentisa da sxvaTa cemis faq-
ti, zustad konstituciis zemoT moyvanili
muxlis me-3 punqts SeiZleba mivaweroT. am
Jurnalistebma albaT Selaxes Cveni Zalo-
vani struqturebis warmomadgenelTa ufle-
bebi imiT, rom fotofirze aRbeWdes maT mier
nacemi adamiani, an gazeTSi ase “usindisod”
dabeWdes simarTle maT Sesaxeb.
saintereso iqneba, Tu oriode sityviT Sevex-
ebiT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebsa da maT saqmi-
anobasTan dakavSirebiT. amJamad moqmedi
saqarTvelos kanoni “presisa da masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebis Sesaxeb” miRebu-
lia 1991 wlis 10 agvistos da igi SeiZleba
presis TavisuflebisaTvis iuridiuli safuZ-
vlis Seqmnis mimarTulebiT qarTuli sax-
elmwifos erT-erT pirvel nabijad CaiTva-
los. mas Semdeg kanonSi mravali sagulisx-
mo cvlileba iqna Setanili. 1997w. saqarTve-
los parlamentSi pirveli mosmeniT miiRes
kanonproeqti “informaciis Tavisuflebis
Sesaxeb”, romelic garkveulwilad aerTianebda
im normebs, romlebic mogvianebiT aisaxa 2000
wlis ianvridan ZalaSi Sesul “saqarTvelos
zogad administraciuli kodeqssa” da 1999
wels saqarTvelos parlamentis mier pirve-
li mosmeniT miRebul kanonproeqtSi “maso-
brivi informaciis saSualebaTa Sesaxeb”; am
ukanasknelis II da III mosmeniT miReba dageg-
milia parlamentis 2000 wlis sagazafxulo
sesiaze, anu ama wlis ivnisis bolomde. dRes,
rogorc vxedavT, es ori saxeobis normebi
sxvadasxva moqmed da asamoqmedebel norma-
tiul aqtebSia mocemuli. mokled Sevexebi
moqmed (1991w. miRebul) kanons “presisa da
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis Sesaxeb”
cvlilebebiT. misi pirveli muxlis mixedviT:
“saqarTvelos respublikaSi presa da maso-
brivi informaciis sxva saSualebebi Tavisu-
45
 falia. es Tavisufleba konstituciiT aris
garantirebuli. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs
ufleba aqvT gamoTqvan, gaavrcelon da daic-
van TavianTi Tvalsazrisi informaciis nebis-
mieri saSualebiT, agreTve moi povon infor-
macia sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifo cxovre-
bis sakiTxebze. presisa da masobrivi infor-
maciis saSualebaTa cenzura dauSvebelia”.
Tumca, me-4 muxlis mixedviT, masobrivi in-
formaciis saSualebaTa Tavisufleba SeiZleba
SeizRudos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTx-
vevebSi da wesiT. es wesebi, anu SezRudvis
meTodebi arsebobs kidec, magram darwmunebu-
li var arc erTi kanoni iTvaliswinebs Jur-
nalistis xelketiT cemas mxolod imisaTvis,
rom man Ria cis qveS, yvelas Tvalwin sura-
Ti gadauRo saqarTvelos nacem moqalaqes.
Cven gvaxsovs telekompania “rusTavi 2”-is
daxurvis faqtebi, igive SeiZleba iTqvas ram-
denime gazeTis Sesaxeb. Cvens mier ganxilu-
li kanonis me-12 muxlis mixedviT: “maso-
brivi informaciis saSualebebis saqmianoba
SeiZleba SeCerdes an Sewydes, Tu dairRva
kanoni, riTac xeli ewyoba danaSauls, sa-
frTxe eqmneba saxelmwifo uSiSroebis, ter-
itoriuli mTlianobis an sazogadoebrivi
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas”. aq xazi unda
gavusvaT im garemoebas, rom telekompaniisa
Tu gazeTis akrZalvis safuZvlad versad
i poviT “Tanamdebobis piris Seuracxyofas”
an “zedmetad bevri simarTlis gadmocemas
teleekranidan an sagazeTo furclebidan”.
kanoni aseve adgens maregistrirebeli orga-
nos mier masobrivi informaciis saSualebis
saqmianobis droebiT SeCerebis Sesaxeb miRe-
buli gadawyvetilebis sasamarTloSi gasa-
Civrebis SesaZleblobas. sabednierod, “rusTavi
2”-ma iseve, rogorc gazeTebma samarTlianobas
swored sasamarTloSi miaRwies.
me-20 muxlis mixedviT, moqalaqes an orga-
nizacias ufleba aqvs masobrivi informaciis
saSualebiT mosTxovos redaqcias pirovnebis
Seuracxmyofeli masalis uaryofa an mimar-
Tos sasamarTlos. sakuTari Tavis gamarTleb-
isa da “ciliswamebis Camorecxvis” am gzas
Cvens qveyanaSi Zalian cotani mimarTaven da
iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom sasamarT-
losaTvis Tavis aridebis mizezi maT winaaRm-
deg arsebuli mtkicebulebebis gamoaSkarave-
bis SiSia.
46
kanonis 22-e muxli Jurnalists mraval ufle-
bas aniWebs, maT Soris uflebas moiZios, mi-
iRos da gaavrcelos informacia, Sevides
dawesebulebebSi da Sexvdes Tanamdebobis
pirebs, gaaSuqos masobrivi RonisZiebebi, moiTx-
ovos avtorobis saidumlos Senaxva, isarge-
blos nebismieri saarqivo masaliT, garda im
SemTxvevebisa, rodesac saqme exeba saxelm-
wifo saidumloebas an pirovnebis pirad cx-
ovrebas (am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi aucile-
belia am pirovnebis an misi axlobeli naTe-
savebis nebarTva). Jurnalists aucileblad
unda mieces werilobiTi axsna-ganmarteba ama
Tu im informaciis gadacemaze misTvis uaris
Tqmis SemTxvevaSi (muxli 23).
24-e muxlSi CamoTvlili Jurnalistis mov-
aleobebidan mniSvnelovania: mopovebuli in-
formaciis utyuarobis Semowmebis, avtoro-
bis argamxelis an miTiTebis (avtori Txov-
nis SemTxvevaSi) da moqalaqeTa da organiza-
ciaTa konstituciuri uflebebis pativisce-
mis movaleoba.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom, “Tu sax-
elmwifo an saxelmwifo organoebi arRveven
presisa da informaciis sxva saSualebebis
Tavisuflebis kanons, maT winaaRmdeg SeiZle-
ba aRiZras sisxlis samarTlis saqme” (muxli 26).
Jurnalists ar ekisreba pasuxismgebloba
araswori cnobebis gavrcelebisaTvis:
· Tu am cnobebs Seicavda oficialuri sain-
formacio wyaroebi;
· Tu isini miRebulia sainformacio saagen-
toebisa an saxelmwifo da sazogadoe-
brivi organoebis pressamsaxurebisagan;
· Tu isini sityva-sityviT imeoreben sxva-
dasxva oficialur Tavyrilobaze pasux-
ismgebel pirTa gamosvlebs;
· Tu aseTi cnobebi iyo gamosvlebSi, rom-
lebic eTerSi gavida winaswari Caweris
gareSe, an teqstebSi, romlebic ar eqvem-
debareba redaqtirebas am kanonis Sesabam-
isad.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Cvens mier ganxiluli
kanoni sakmaod bevr sakiTxs dauregulire-
blad tovebs da sxva mraval xarvezsac Se-
icavs, romelTa gamosworebas, Tavis mxriv,
cdilobs kanonproeqti “masobrivi informaciis
saSualebaTa Sesaxeb”, romelic, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSne, saqarTvelos parlamentma ukve
miiRo pirveli mosmeniT. kanonproeqti awesebs
masobrivi informaciis sistemaze pasuxismgebel
organos - “informaciis erovnul sabWos”,
romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian prezidentis,
parlamentis, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis war-
momadgenlebi da Jurnalistebi. sabWo ayali-
bebs sainformacio politikis prioritetebs,
Seiswavlis sainformacio sivrces, amuSavebs
rekomendaciebs kanonproeqtebisaTvis, Sei-
muSavebs winadadebebs sagadasaxado politika-
ze, mediatoris funqciis farglebSi monawi-
leobs davaSi, awarmoebs licenzirebas, Sekrebs
da icavs qarTuli publicistikis Zeglebs,
afuZnebs da marTavs masobrivi informaciis
sazogadoebriv saSualebebs da sxva. gansax-
ilveli kanonproeqti akanonebs masobrivi in-
formaciis sazogadoebriv saSualebebs, ay-
alibebs informaciis erovnuli sabWos fonds,
romelSic akumulirdeba masobrivi informaci-
is saSualebebTan dakavSirebuli gadasaxa-
debiTa da jarimebiT amoRebuli da yvela
sxva Tanxebi, romlebic iqneba erovnuli sa-
bWos gankargulebaSi da moxmardeba maso-
brivi informaciis sazogadoebriv saSuale-
bebsa da kerZo masmediis mxardaWeras. am gziT,
faqtobrivad, iqmneba sazogadoebrivi masme-
diis dotaciuridan saabonento dafinanseba-
ze gadasvlis meqanizmi.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom kanonproeqti cvlis
masmediis uSualod dafinansebis wess spe-
cialurad gamoyofili grantebiT kerZo
proeqtebis dafinansebis wesiT. saxelmwifo
politikis gaSuqebisaTvis gansazRvrulia
prezidentisa da parlamentis specialuri
grantebis arseboba. sayuradReboa is gare-
moebac, rom konkursSi gamarjvebuli proeqte-
bis avtorebi iqnebian isini, vinc daikavebs
radioebSi, televiziebsa da sazogadoebrivi
Jurnal-gazeTebis redaqciebSi administraci-
ul, SemoqmedebiT da sxva Tanamdebobebs. mniS-
vnelovania politikuri propagandiT dainter-
esebuli subieqtebis, maT Soris saxelmwi-
fos, politikuri organizaciebisa Tu
politikosebis uflebis SezRudva radio-
televiziis dafuZnebis TvalsazrisiT, raTa
ar moxdes monopolizacia. kanonproeqti iTval-
iswinebs agreTve mraval siaxles dafuZnebis
wesis TvalsazrisiT. axleburad regulirde-
ba enis, sajarimo sanqciebis dadgenisa da
sxva sakiTxebi.
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi sityvis Tavisufleb-
is garantiebis arseboba-ararsebobis dasad-
genad Zalian mniSvnelovania Cvens qveyanaSi
amJamad mimdinare movlenebi, romlebsac, Cemi
azriT, miukerZoeblad da obieqturad asax-
avs telekompania “rusTavi 2”, akaki gogiC-
aiSvilis sayovelTaod cnobil yovelkvireul
gadacemaSi “60 wuTi”. gadacemaSi moyvanili
saqmis detalebSi CaRrmaveba ar iqneba saWiro
imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT Cven saxelmwi-
foSi arsebuli globaluri tendenciebi. ze-
moaRniSnuli gadacemis avtori ukve karga
xania awarmoebs Jurnalistur gamoZiebas. Cemi
azriT, fraza “Jurnalisturi gamoZieba” Zalian
sayuradReboa, radgan Zalian xSirad vsaubrobT
qveynis siduxWireze, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad gamoyofili
Tanxebis aramiznobriv xarjvaze, magram TiTq-
mis arasodes migvyavs bolomde Cveulebrivi,
Sesabamisi uwyebebis kompetenciaSi Semavali
gamoZiebis warmoeba. albaT, Zalian samwux-
aroa is garemoeba, rom “mondomebuli” Jur-
nalisti mis xelT arsebuli SezRuduli
saSualebebiT axerxebs ufro meti dafaru-
li da saintereso informaciis mopovebas,
vidre aseTive “mondomebuli” prokuraturis
TanamSromlebi. ra Tqma unda, aqcenti keTde-
ba imaze, rom es informacia ar Seefereba
sinamdviles da ar mgonia, rom es vinmes,
Tundac akaki gogiCaiSvils, ewyinos (Tu Sesa-
Zlo sisxlissamarTlebriv sasjels ar CavTv-
liT, romelic mas ciliswamebisaTvis Sei-
Zleba Seefardos). bolos da bolos saqarTve-
los TiToeul moqalaqes met-naklebad surs
samSoblo ukeTes mdgomareobaSi ixilos. ma-
gram Zalian saeWvoa gadacemebSi naxseneb
adamianTa reaqcia maTze garkveuli infor-
maciis (maTi TqmiT, - sinamdvilesTan Seufer-
ebeli) gavrcelebaze. zogierTi maTgani, sasa-
marTlos nacvlad, saqarTvelos prezidents
mimarTavs. gasagebia, ra Tqma unda, rom sasa-
marTloSi sarCelis Setanis tradicia (da,
rac mTavaria, obieqturi Sedegis miRwevis
rwmena) CvenTan axla aris Camoyalibebis pro-
cesSi, magram es gza, albaT, mainc ufro
marTebuli iqneboda, miT umetes, Zalian Zne-
li warmosadgenia, rom “rusTavi 2-is” Jur-
nalists gacnobierebuli ar hqondes is Sesa-
Zlo Sedegebi, romlebic misi mxridan cil-
iswamebas SeiZleba mohyves. Sesabamisad, Sei-
47
 Zleba vifiqroT Tu ara, rom mis mier war-
modgenili masalebi sinamdviles Seefereba?
Cven ki gagviCnda es SekiTxva, magram, albaT,
imitom, rom gvinda gamovaaSkaravoT fulis
gaflangvaSi, gadamalvasa da sxva danaSaulebSi
Careuli adamianebi; yvelaze saintereso ki
is aris, rom saqarTvelos prokuraturis
maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs es SekiTxva igive
mizeziT ki ar warmoeSvaT, aramed maTTvis
upirveles interess warmoadgenda akaki gog-
iCaiSvilis mier warmodgenili faqtebis gad-
amowmeba maTi mcdarobis dadasturebis imed-
iT. albaT, mainc SeiZleba, rom am movlenas
anomaliuri vuwodoT, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac gadacemebis ciklis avtors, misi
gancxadebiT, fizikuri ganadgurebiTac ki
emuqrebian. sainformacio saSualebebis war-
momadgenlebi mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT
maSinve gamovidnen sityvis Tavisuflebis dasa-
cavad. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebmac kidev
erTxel gamoxates TavianTi uryevi neba ar
dauSvan sityvis Tavisuflebis raime saxiT
SezRudva, rac, ra Tqma unda, imedis momcemia.
Zalian sainteresoa ciliswamebis regulire-
bis sakiTxi Cvens qveyanaSi. rogorc yoveli
saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxis gada-
wyvetisas, zemoaRniSnul Temaze msjelobis
drosac, dapirispirebuli mosazrebebis mqone
mxareebi gamoikveTa, aq, albaT, kidev erTxel
SeiZleba movaxdinoT dayofa “mosargeblee-
bad” da “dazaralebulebad”. diskusia gaima-
rTa saqarTvelos axali sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsiT ciliswamebisa da SeuracxyofisaTvis
sisxlissamarTlebrivi sanqciebis dawesebis
Sesaxeb. erT mxares surda axal kodeqss,
Zvelis msgavsad, SeenarCunebina sasjeli
rogorc ciliswamebis, ise SeuracxyofisaTvis.
137-e muxlis mixedviT, Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT
an gamasworebeli samuSaoebiT dasjadia “cil-
iswameba, ese igi Segnebulad monaWoris gavr-
celeba, romelic saxels utexs sxva pirs”;
ufro mkacrad dasjadia “ciliswameba nabeWd
an sxvagvari xerxiT gavrcelebul nawarmoe-
bebSi, anonimur werilSi da agreTve im piris
mier, romelic adre iyo msjavrdebuli cil-
iswamebisaTvis”. “ciliswameba, romelsac Tan
erTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiS saxelmwifo an
sxva mZime danaSaulSi braldeba” xuT wlam-
de Tavisuflebis aRkveTiTac ki isjeba. moq-
medi kodeqsis 138-e muxlis mixedviT, “Seu-
48
racxyofa, ese igi pirovnebis pativisa da
Rirsebis ganzrax damcireba, gamoxatuli
uweso formiT, - isjeba..”, “Seuracxyofa,
miyenebuli beWdviTi sityvis saSualebiT,
agreTve iseTi piris mier, romelic winaT
gasamarTlebuli iyo SeuracxyofisaTvis –
isjeba..”. meore mxare cdilobda saerTod
gaeuqmebina sisxlissamarTlebrivi dasjado-
ba ciliswamebisa da SeuracxyofisaTvis. am
mosazrebis damcvelebs mohyavdaT sazRvarga-
reTis qveyanaTa umravlesobis magaliTi, sa-
dac aseTi dasjadoba ar arsebobs. Tumca,
sabolood, axali sisxlis samarTlis kode-
qsis 148-e muxli Semdegnairad Camoyalibda:
“ciliswameba danaSaulis braldebiT isjeba
jarimiT an sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo
SromiT vadiT asidan oras saaTamde anda
gamasworebeli samuSaoTi vadiT erT wlam-
de”. Seuracxyofis muxli ki amoRebulia.
aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania axali kodeqsis
153-e da 154-e muxlebi, romelTa mixedviT,
isjeba “sityvis Tavisuflebis anda infor-
maciis miRebis an gavrcelebis uflebis ganx-
orcielebisaTvis ukanonod xelis SeSla, ramac
mniSvnelovani ziani gamoiwvia, anda Cadenil-
ia samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT”;
aseve dasjadia “JurnalistebisaTvis profe-
siul saqmianobaSi ukanonod xelis SeSla,
ese igi misi iZuleba gaavrcelos informacia
an Tavi Seikavos misi gavrcelebisagan”; “igive
qmedeba, Cadenili Zaladobis muqariT an sam-
saxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT” ufro
mkacrad isjeba. 156-e muxlis mixedviT, das-
jadia “adamianis devna sityvis, azris, sindi-
sis, aRmsareblobis, rwmenis am mrwamsis gamo,
anda mis politikur, sazogadoebriv, profe-
siul, religiur an mecnierul moRvaweobasTan
dakavSirebiT”, rac aseve sityvis Tavisuflebis
uzrunvelyofis mniSvnelovani garanti unda
gaxdes mas Semdeg, rac axali sisxlis sa-
marTlis kodeqsi Seva ZalaSi.
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, ma-
Sin, rodesac msoflio dRiTi dRe ufro met
yuradRebas uTmobs sityvis Tavisuflebis
uzrunvelyofas yvelgan da yovelTvis; ma-
Sin, rodesac sityvis Tavisuflebis armqone
qveynebi aseTi arapopularulia da msoflio
Tanamegobrobis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva,
ara mgonia, rom sakmarisi iyos mxolod Cveni
ZiriTadi Tu Cveulebrivi kanonebis demokra-
tiuloba. am mxriv, Cveni qveyana sakmaod karg
mdgomareobaSia, magram sul sxva sakiTxia
Cvens mierve miRebuli kanonebis cxovrebaSi
gatareba, rac yoveli CvenTaganis upirvele-
si movaleobaa – xelisuflebis warmomadgen-
lebidan dawyebuli, nebismieri adamianiT
damTavrebuli. isev da isev aSS-s uzenaesi
sasamarTlos erT-erT zemoT moyvanili gada-
wyvetilebas gavixsenebdi: “sityvis Tavisu-
fleba gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani Rire-
bulebaa sazogadoebisaTvis, vidre konkretu-
li pirebis reputaciis dacva”.

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Concept Paper on Media Law, The American Bar Association/Central and East European Law Ini-
tiative (Nov. 20. 1996).
2. Basic readings in U.S Democracy; edited by Melvin I. Urofsky; published by the United States Infor-
mation Agency; Division for the Study of the United States; Washington D.C 20547; published in
1994.
3. “masmediis Tavisuflebis dacva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi”, barbara svani, saqarTve-
los axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis aWaris filialis samecniero Jurnali “kodikoi”
1998w. #3.
4. “New York Times Co. v. United States”, 403 U.S. 713 (1971).
5. “Abrams v. United States” 250 U.S. 616 (1919).
6. “Near v. Minnesota” (1931).
7. “ciliswamebisa da Seuracxyofis sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo praqtika dasavleT
evropasa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi”, TinaTin xidaSeli, saqarTvelos axalgazr-
da iuristTa asociaciis “almanaxi” #10, aprili, 1999w.
8. saqarTvelos kanoni "presisa da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis Sesaxeb".
9. ganmartebiTi baraTi kanonproeqtze “masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa Sesaxeb”.
10. 1948 wlis "adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia".
11. 1950 wlis "evropis adamianis uflebaTa konvencia".
12. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia.
13. saqarTvelos moqmedi da axladmiRebuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebi.
14. masalebi internetidan.

49
 ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÄÂÆÉÓÔÄÍÝÉÀËÖÒÉ
×ÉËÏÓÏ×ÉÀ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ
“ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉ ÚÏÅÄËÈÅÉÓ ÀÒÉÓ ÉÌÀÆÄ ÌÄÔÉ, ÅÉÃÒÄ ÌÀÍ ÉÝÉÓ ÓÀÊÖÈÀÒ ÈÀÅÆĔ.
À
ntikuri, “gmiruli” epoqidan moyolebu-
li, adamiani samarTlianobisa da samarTlis,
normatiul wesrigSi sakuTari Tavis Secno-
bis procesSi gadadis ucxo, orTodoqsaluri
Sua saukuneebis periodSi, saidanac iracio-
nalizebuli samarTlis normebSi moqceuli,
yalibdeba axali drois racionalizebul,
“moazrovne” pirovnebad, Tumca “gonebis” Zalam,
rasac emyareba samarTali da adamiani XVII-
XVIII ss-Si, orive aqcia iracionalur mov-
lenad. swored XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze
socialuri arseba – adamiani, gakvirvebiT
amCnevs, rom mas TandaTan devnis mis mierve
Seqmnili “sazogadoeba”, “saxelmwifo” – “su-
perteqnologia”1 . adamianis swored erTgvari
“gadagdebuloba” sazogadoebaSi, misi usamarT-
lo da, amave dros, “gonivrul” normatiul
wesrigSi “usaxo” arseboba, xdeba mizezi
egzistencialuri samarTlis filosofiis
warmoSobisa.
egzistencializmi naklebad nacnobia iuris-
prudenciaSi, vinaidan igi ufro egzisten-
cialur filosofias ukavSirdeba da samarT-
lis, rogorc egzistencialuri movlenis,
gaazrebas ufro warmoadgens. vfiqrobT mkiTx-
velisaTvis saintereso iqneba, oriode si-
tyviT SevexoT im safuZvlebs da ZiriTad
mimarTulebebs, romlebic samarTlis egzis-
tencialuri filosofiis warmoSobis mizezi
gaxdnen.
1
Ýòèêà Ïðàâà. Ì., 1998 ã. ñò. 175.
2
narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi, Tb., 1993 w. gv. 412-413.
50
ÄÊÀ ÂÀÜÄÜÉËÀÞÄ
ÊÀÒË ÂÖÓÔÀÅ ÉÖÍÂÉ
egzistencialuri filosofiis, rogorc sa-
marTlis egzistencialuri Teoriuli safuZ-
vlis, warmoSoba dakavSirebulia me-20 sauku-
nis, “atomisa da SiSis” saukunis, dasawyisTan.
igi warmoiSva swored xsenebuli saukunis
dasawyisSi pirveli msoflio omiT “im-
edgacruebul” germaniaSi2 . man Semdgomi gan-
viTareba ganicada me-20 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi
da kulminacias miaRwia am saukunis 60-70-
ian wlebis evropaSi. sanam egzistencialuri
samarTlis filosofiis ZiriTadi avtorebis,
e. fehneris, g. mainhoferisa da a. kaufmanis
samarTlebriv Sexedulebebs SevexebodeT,
vfiqrobT upriani iqneba egzistencializmis,
rogorc filosofiuri kategoriis zogadi
daxasiaTeba. egzistencializmis ZiriTadi
filosofiuri kategoriaa egzistencia – Ex-
istentia, rac adamianuri arsebobis im wesis
aRmniSvnelia, romelSic adamiani moiazreba
ara rogorc calkeuli empiriuli individi
da arc rogorc “moazrovne goneba”, e. i. ara
rogorc sayovelTao ram, aramed swored
rogorc konkretuli ganumeorebeli pirovne-
ba3 . Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs, rom egzis-
tencializmi aRiarebs mxolod adamians da
samarTals Caketil, izolirebul, individu-
alur realobad an movlenebad miiCnevs, vi-
naidan adamiani da misi yofierebis nawili _
samarTali, masSi gagebulia rogorc gaxsni-
li, Ria realoba, romelic Tavisi arsebiT
dakavSirebulia gare samyarosTan, sazogadoe-
basa da saxelmwifosTan. swored egzisten-
cializmis fuZemdeblebis, haidegeris “Tanay-
ofierebis”, “SiSisa” da “Zrwolis” Tu “zrun-
vis”, iaspersis “komunikaciisa” da marselis
“Sen-Si”, n. berdiaevis “personalizmSi”, gam-
oixata samarTlis egzistencialuri realo-
bis saxe da cneba. samarTlis egzistencial-
izmi adamians ganixilavs ara rogorc winaswar
dadgenil arsebas, aramed rogorc mudmivad
qmnad - TviTproeqtirebad movlenas (Jan pol
sartri). samarTali da adamiani masSi yovel
wams metia an naklebia imaze, rac adre iyo.
isini Tavisuflad qmnian TavianT Tavs da ar
warmoadgenen Tavisufali yofierebis
sazrisidan (sinn von sein) warmoSobil arse-
bebs. swored m. haidegeris yofierebis (Dasein)
cnobili kategoriidan amodian samarTlis
egzistencializmis avtorebi, v. mainhoferi
da e. fehneri. samarTali, rogorc adamianis
egzistencialuri formirebis erT-erTi for-
ma (Exisienzialien), yovelTvis proeqtia, mo-
mavlis gegmaa, winaswar yofnaa, qmnadobaa.
amgvar winaswar yofnas samyaroseul sagnebTan
da maT Soris socialur movlenebTanac (sax-
elmwifo, samarTali) haidegeri ”zrunvas”
(Sorge) uwodebs. “Tumca adamianis arseba
winaswar araa dadgenili da igi, misi sur-
vilisagan damoukideblad, Tavidanve Cayeneb-
ulia ucxo, samyaroseul pirobebSi, e.i. gada-
gdebuli da gaucxoebulia. adamiani am qvey-
nad sakuTar “saxlSi araa” 4 . samarTlis,
rogorc adamianis aranamdvili yofierebis,
forma mkvidrdeba m. haidegeris “Das man”-is
filosofiuri kategoriis damkvidrebiT. egz-
istencialurma samarTlis filosofiam swored
“Man”–is kategoriiT Camoayaliba “Als-sein”
– “yofiereba xarisxSi” (v. mainhoferi). Tum-
ca TviT “Das man”–i niSnavs adamians, romelic
gaCenilia sikvdilisaTvis da misi arseba da-
farulia normatiuli wesrigiT, socialuro-
biT. am sityvaSi “me” ar arsebobs srulad,
“me” daclilia sakuTari Tavisagan. “Das man”
(viRac) fiqrobs Cvens magivrad, imas, Tu ra
unda vikiTxoT, rogor unda moviqceT, rogo-
ria politikuri Canafiqri, “das man”-i daad-
3
filosofiuri leqsikoni.
4
narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi, Tb., 1993w. gv. 417.
5
dominik kola, “politikuri sociologia” Tb., 1999 w. gv. 103.
6
Òèõîíðàâîâ Þ. Â., Îñíîâû Ôèëîñîôèè Ïðàâà, M., 1997 ã. ñò.572.
gens CvenTvis (Cems gemovnebas, Cems poli-
tikur” survilebs). mokled, am sityviT vi-
Racismieri “me” daclilia Cemi “mes”-gan, saku-
Tari Tavisagan, “me” ar arsebobs “das man”-Si5 .
samyarosa da gaucxoebisadmi egzistencial-
ur dapirispirebaSi samarTali rCeba, rogorc
yofnis SesaZlebloba, rogorc adamianur
problemaTa mudmivi arCeva da gadawyveta,
mzadyofna sakuTari Tavis ganxorcielebisa,
rogorc normatiul wesrigSi yofnis
proeqtireba. adamianis, rogorc “sasruli
ganumeorebeli” arsebis, egzistencialuri
filosofia specialurad samarTals arasodes
ikvlevda, Tumca igi TavisTavad gaxda safuZ-
veli samarTlis egzistencialuri filosofiis
warmoSobisa, romlis ZiriTadi mizani gaxda
samarTlis, rogorc “egzistencialuri” mov-
lenis, bunebisa da mniSvnelobis axsna. sa-
marTlis egzistencialuri filosofia, Ziri-
Tadad, xsnis samarTlis damokidebulebas mis
Sida subieqtur realobasTan - egzistencia-
sTan, vinaidan swored es realoba miiCneva
WeSmarit realobad6 . samarTlisadmi egzis-
tencialuri midgoma xasiaTdeba imiT, rom
igi mis socialur bunebas da funqciebs ganix-
ilavs adamianis individualuri bunebidan
gamomdinare, rogorc misi konkretuli ganu-
meorebeli yofierebis specifikur pirobas.
meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT egzistencial-
izmi samarTals ganixilavs fsiqologiuri
(egzistencialuri) analizis, misi subieqturi
Sefasebis safuZvelze. samarTlis egzisten-
cialuri TeoriiT samarTali, misi on-
tologiuri TvalsazrisiT, ara imdenad de-
terminirebs adamianze, rogorc garegani ze-
gavlenis faqtori, aramed ufro xels uwy-
obs mis TviTgamoxatvas. samarTlis egzis-
tencialuri filosofiis mizani, misi warmo-
madgenlebis, a. kaufmanisa da m. miuleris
azriT, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gamonaxos
samarTlis istoriuli cvalebadobisa da misi
istoriul yofierebis erTiani substancia,
romelic iqceva samarTlis realur yofiere-
bad. a. kaufmanis Tanaxmad, “samarTlis isto-
riulobis problema erTjeradi da ganumeo-
rebeli istoriuli miznis wminda on-
51
 tologiuri problemaa”7 . igi Tvlis, rom “Tu
me raimes vwyvet da amasTan Cemi moqmedeba
emTxveva samarTlianobis normebs, maSin es
ukanasknelni Cemi gadawyvetilebiT identi-
ficirdebian Cems subieqturobasTan, iqcevian
“ganpirobebul jerarsobad” 8 . samarTliano-
bis Sinaarss gansazRvravs swored es “gan-
pirobebuli jerarsoba” da ara sayovelTao
normebi (kanoni). magram problema kvlav rCe-
boda subieqtur, “ganpirobebul” gadawyvetile-
basa da sayovelTao samarTlis normebis moTx-
ovnaTa Seusabamobis saxiT, risi gadawyvetac
scada samarTlis egzistencialuri filosofi-
is erT-erTma fuZemdebelma, v. mainhoferma.
igi gamoyofs adamianis yofierebis or Ziri-
Tad formasa da Taviseburebas: adamianuri
yofierebis erTjeradobasa da ganumeoreblobas,
adamianur yofierebaze garesamyaros moqmede-
bas. v. mainhoferis individualuri, adamia-
nuri yofierebisa da socialuri yofierebis
kavSiris saxiT Semoaqvs axali forma egzis-
tencialuri arsebis “Als-sein” – “gansazRvru-
li xarisxiT yofierebis” saxiT. igi Tvlis,
rom individualuri yofiereba icvleba misi
socialuri rolis mixedviT. v. mainhoferis
azriT, adamiani Tavisi individualobisa da
egzistencialuri Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleb-
isas gadadis Tavisi yofierebis sxva sfero-
Si, romelic mas aniWebs sazogadoebrivi ar-
sebis Sinaarss (rogorc qmris, gamyidvelis,
kreditoris da a.S. saxiT). swored is sfe-
ro, sadac adamiani Tavis sazogadoebriv daniS-
nulebas da funqcias asrulebs, warmoadgens
samarTlis sferos. misi azriT, “marTalia,
egzistencialuri filosofia samarTlebriv
urTierTobebs ar ganixilavs “munyofiereb-
is” - “Dasein”-is, gasagebad, “munyofiereba”,
iseve, rogorc yofiereba, aris ara mxolod
TviTyofiereba, aramed gansazRvruli xarisxiT
yofiereba – “Als-sein”9 .
v. mainhoferi miiCnevs, rom adamianTa damok-
idebuleba, rasac qmnis misi dabadebidan sa-
zogadoebaSi mocemuloba, gamowveulia swored
ganpirobebuli, “raRac xarisxSi yofierebis
7
iqve, gv. 573.
8
iqve, gv. 575.
9
iqve, gv. 575.
10
iqve, gv. 576.
11
iqve, gv. 579.
52
“Als-sein”-is saxiT. igi Tvlis, rom “Tu me,
Als-sein, vcxovrob gansazRvrulobis, rogorc
sulieri gonieri arsebis saxiT, amiT vaxor-
cieleb valdebulebis erTgvar wess, valde-
bulebas, romelic Seesabameba Cems arsebas.
magaliTad, roca me, rogorc eqimi, Sevdivar
pacientTan urTierTobaSi, mesmis, rom igi
Cemgan moelis eqimis valdebulebis Sesrulebas”10 .
v. mainhoferi exeba aseve orTodoqsaluri
egzistencializmis mier dasmul iseT prob-
lemasac, rogoricaa adamianis mier Seqmnil
institutebTan da dawesebulebebTan misi
winaaRmdegoba. Tumca aRniSnul problemas
analitikuri egzistencialis saxiT igi Riad
tovebs da ar xsnis.
samarTlis egzistencialuri filosofia Sem-
deg problemebsac svams: a).sad iwyeba SezRud-
va da sad mTavrdeba Tavisufleba? b).rogor
erTiandeba samarTalSi absoluturi da Se-
fardebiTi Rirebulebebi? aRniSnul proble-
mebs igi wyvets sasamarTlosa da mosamarT-
lis samarTliani gadawyvetilebis gziT. egz-
istencialuri samarTlis filosofiis meore
warmomadgeneli, h. koni amtkicebs, rom
“sazRvriT situaciebSi” (k. iaspersi) adami-
ani Tavs acnobierebs yvelasagan gansxvavebu-
li individis saxiT. h. konis azriT, “sinamd-
vile iracionaluria, amitom igi ar eqvemde-
bareba racionalur axsnas. cnebebma ar Sei-
Zleba axsnan egzistencia. Cveni codna arse-
bulis Sesaxeb ar aris pasiuri, araa obieq-
turad arsebuli garesamyaros abstraqtuli
registracia, Cveni codna cxovrebis nawil-
ia, Cveni egzistenciis da interesebis imede-
bis nawili”11 .
bunebiT-samarTlebrivi Teoriis safuZvlebs
emyareba egzistencialuri samarTlis
filosofiis cnobili warmomadgeneli, e. fe-
hneri. igi mkacrad akritikebs iuridiul pozi-
tivizms, romelic, misi azriT, mxolod “em-
piriuli”, “realuri” faqtebis ignorirebas
axdens samarTlis bunebis gamovlenisaTvis.
am mizniT igi emyareba karl iaspersis cno-
bil “sazRvriTi situaciis” filosofiur
konstruqcias. swored “sazRvriT situacia-
Si” miRebuli adamianuri gadawyvetileba xdeba
egzistencialuri samarTlis warmoSobis wyaro
da safuZveli. TavisTavad igi mudam war-
moSobadi Sinaarsisaa. fehneris azriT, sa-
marTlisa da pozitiuri normis urTierToba
unda emyarebodes mxolod “sazRvriT situa-
ciaSi” miRebul egzistencialur gadawyvetile-
bebs. mxolod samarTalSemoqmedTa da sax-
elmwifo organoTa mier miRebuli gadaw-
yvetilebebis egzistencialuri samarTlis
normebze damyareba qmnis misi samarTlebrivi
xasiaTis safuZvels. samarTlis filosofiis
aRniSnuli koncefciiT, “simZimis centri mdgo-
mareobs konkretul situaciaSi. swored mas-
Sia samarTlis azri. swored is aZlevs kan-
ons da samarTlis sxva wyaroebs mniSvnelo-
bas da arsebobas”12 .
samarTlis egzistencialuri filosofia
cdilobda daecva pirovneba usulo samarT-
lebrivi formalizmisagan, aRmasrulebeli
organoebis normatiuli Zaladobisagan, rasac
“cdilobda mieRwia yofierebisa” da “konkre-
tuli egzistencialuri situaciis” kategorie-
bis damkvidrebiT. xSirad igi “uklaso sa-
zogadoebis” bundovan egzistenciadac ki iq-
ceoda 13 .
samarTlis egzistencialur filosofias
sruliad axali da gansakuTrebuli “person-
aluroba” SesZina cnobilma rusma filoso-
fosma nikoloz berdiaevma (1874-1948).
vfiqrobT misi Sexedulebebi samarTalsa da
saxelmwifoze mkiTxvelisaTvis saintereso
iqneba. Tumca Cven SevexebiT misi Teoriis
mxolod calkeul mniSvnelovan momentebs.
berdiaevis egzistencializmi emyareba mxolod
Tavisuflebis fenomens. igi Tavis Tavs “Tavisu-
flebis Svils” uwodebda da Tvlida, rom
“misi saqme mxolod Tavisuflebas emyareba”14 .
12
Íåðñåñÿíö Â. Ñ., Ôèëîñîôèÿ ïðàâà M., 2000 ã. ñò. 628.
13
Ñóðèÿ Ïðàêàø Ñèíõè, Þðèñïðóäåíöèÿ Ôèëîñîôèÿ ïðàâà.
14
Áåðäÿåâ Í. À., Ýêçèñòåíöèàëüíàÿ äèàëåêòèêà áîæåñòâåííîãî è ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî. Ì., 1996 ã. ñò. 235.
15
Íåðñåñÿíö Â. À., dasax. naSromi, gv. 541.
16
iqve, gv. 541.
17
iqve, gv. 542.
18
Áåðäÿåâ Í. À., Öàðñòâî äóõà è öàðñòâà êåñàðèÿ. M., 1995 u. cn. 5.
19
Íåðñåñÿíö Â. Ñ., dasax. naSromi gv. 543.
igi Tavis egzistencializms amyarebs da
aZlierebs e.w. qristianuli personalizmiT15 .
samarTlis egzistencialuri bunebis asaxs-
nelad igi adamianis socialur yofierebaSi
gamoyofs “or elements – pirovnebis aris-
tokratul gagebas, Tavisufali Semoqmedebi-
sa da yvelaze ukanaskneli adamianis Rirseb-
is socialistur damkvidrebas, misi sicocx-
lis uflebis ganxorcielebas”16 . samarTlis
bunebis asaxsnelad berdiaevi erTmaneTisagan
ganasxvavebs pirovnebisa da individis cnebebs.
individi misTvis naturalisturi, bi-
ologiuri, sociologiuri Sinaarsis Semcve-
lia. xolo pirovnebas igi ganixilavs, rogorc
mikrokosmoss. misi azriT, “pirovneba niSnavs
Tavisuflebas adamianis bunebisa da garesam-
yarosagan, sazogadoebisagan, saxelmwifosa-
gan damoukideblobas, Tumca es araa egois-
turi TviTdamkvidreba”17 . pirovnebas berdiae-
vi samarTalTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavs rogorc
universums da ganumeorebel individualo-
bas. pirovnebaSi igulisxmeba ~aqsiologiuri
SefasebiTi kategoria~18 . igi pirovnebas miiC-
nevs pirovnebad da ara obieqtad pirovnebebs
Soris. misi azriT, `subieqtis obieqtad gada-
qceva mis sikvdils niSnavs, obieqti ki
yovelTvis borotia, keTili SeiZleba iyos
mxolod subieqti (pirovneba)~19 .
samarTals berdiaevi miiCnevs pirovnebis `obieq-
tivaciis~, sazogadoebaSi gasvlis, masSi
`gaTqvefis~ saSualebad. igi amkvidrebs erT-
gvar “antiierarqiul personalizms~. berdi-
aevi uaryofs sxvadasxva saxis ierarqiul
struqturebs, dionisizmis, Teosofiis, ko-
munizmis, faSizmis, liberalizmisa da sxva
saxis sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovrebis formeb-
is saxiT. centraluri adgili mis `qristian-
ul socializmsa~ da religiur-egzistencial-
ur TeoriaSi ukavia adamianis absolutur
ganusxvisebel uflebebs, romelTac RvTiuri
da ara adamianuri buneba aqvT. adamianis
53
 uflebebi warmoiSoba ara Zalisagan, aramed
RvTiuri Tavisuflebisagan. berdiaevis egzis-
tencialur filosofiaSi adamiani aqsi-
ologiurad (RirebulebiT aspeqtSi) ufro
maRla dgas, vidre saxelmwifo. adamianis
uflebebis ideis ganviTarebas berdiaevi bunebi-
Ti samarTlis ganviTarebis Sedegad miiCnevs.
misi azriT, TviT “RmerTis uflebebis dek-
laracia da adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia
erTi da igive deklaraciaa”20 .
n. berdiaevis egzistencialur filosofiaSi
samarTlis arsis garkveva xdeba wminda re-
ligiur, personalistur msoflmxedveloba-
ze dayrdnobiT. igi samarTlis ideaSi aer-
Tianebs mxolod “adamianis pirovnebis sub-
ieqtur uflebebs”, sulis Tavisuflebis,
rwmenis, sityvisa da azris Tavisuflebis
ideebs. yvela am uflebas igi “idealur sa-
marTals”21 uwodebs. berdiaevi aRniSnavs, rom
kanonis iZulebiTi Zala SeuTavsebelia Tavisu-
flebis fenomenTan. misTvis pozitiuri sa-
marTali yovelTvis arasamarTlebrivi kanon-
ia. misi azriT, “samarTali, rogorc saxelm-
wifos organo da iaraRi, rogorc misi
SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis faqtobrivi gamoxat-
uleba, xSirad sicrue da siyalbea, igi
sasargebloa mxolod calkeul adamian-
TaTvis”22 .
gansxvavebulia misi warmodgena Tavisufleb-
20
iqve, gv. 548.
21
iqve, gv. 549.
22
iqve, gv. 549.
23
Áåðäÿåâ Í. À., Öàðñòâî äóõà è öàðñòâà êåñàðèÿ. ñò. 322.
54
is Sesaxeb, romelsac igi ufro “aristokrat-
ulad miiCnevs, vidre demokratiulad”. amit-
omacaa, rom mis SexedulebebSi Tavisufleb-
is fenomeni daclilia samarTlebrivi buneb-
isagan da mxolod religiur xasiaTs atarebs.
misi azriT, “Tavisufleba ufro pirveladia,
vidre samarTlianoba. upirveles yovlisa,
samarTlianoba - iusticia aris araqristian-
uli idea”23 .
n. berdiaevis egzistencialuri filosofia
iZleva ara imdenad samarTlisa da saxelmwi-
fos, ramdenadac adamianis obieqtivirebul
samyaroSi gaucxoebisa da religiur-esqa-
tologiur gaazrebas. albaT sakmaod bevri
SeiZleba iTqvas n. berdiaevis personalis-
tur egzistencialur filosofiaSi adami-
anis, samarTlisa da saxelmwifos adgilisa
da arsis Sesaxeb, rac calke kvlevis sagani
ufroa, vidre winamdebare statiisa.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samarT-
lis egzistencialuri filosofia Sedegia
samarTlebrivi cnobierebis krizisuli peri-
odis arsebobisa, romelic me-20 saukunis
dasawyisidan viTardeboda. igi warmoadgens
ara samarTlis arsisa da bunebis gaazrebis
mcdelobas, aramed mimarTulia adamianis,
rogorc sazogadoebrivi arsebis, yofierebis
problemuri momentebis warmoCenisa da ganvi-
Tarebisaken normatiuli wesrigis pirobebSi.
 ÑÀÍ-ÑÀÊ ÒÖÓÏÓ
ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÒÉÅÉ
áÄËÛÄÊÒÖËÄÁÉÓ ÈÄÏÒÉÀ
 amoCenili moazrovne Jan-Jak isaakis Ze
ruso daibada 1712 wlis 28 ivniss Svei-
cariaSi, qalaq JenevaSi, erT-erT mTavar qu-
Caze _ grand riu, Cveulebriv saxlSi, xe-
losnis (mesaaTis) ojaxSi. magram miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom misi samSoblo Sveicaria iyo,
aTeulobiT da, SeiZleba iTqvas, aseulobiT
avtori mas frang mwerlad, ganmanaTleblad,
filosofosad, kompozitorad, humanistad,
literatorad, enciklopedistad, frangi eris
geniad moixseniebs.
am, erTi SexedviT paradoqsuli, faqtis axs-
na imaSi mdgomareobs, rom rusos winaprebi
frangebi iyvnen. dide ruso safrangeTSi cno-
bili wignebiT movaWre iyo. igi protestant-
ul sarwmunoebas aRiarebda da amis gamo
safrangeTis maSindelma samarTaldamcavma
organoebma 1550 wels qveynidan gasaxleba
miusajes. swored maSin dasaxlda Jan-Jak
rusos didi papa SveicariaSi da samudamo-
dac darCa iq. dide rusos erT-erTi Svili
iyo daviTi, romlis Svilic iyo isaak ruso
(Jan-Jakis mama).
Jan-Jak rusos deda, suzana bernari, mis Sobas
gadahyva. TviT ruso, cocxal-mkvdari, metad
susti daibada. miuxedavad mamidis mzrun-
velobisa, Tandayolilma sisustem da avadmy-
ofobam mTels mis sicocxles daaCnia kvali.
gadamwyveti roli mis aRzrdaSi misma mamam,
isaakma Seasrula. man adridanve Seaswavla
Svils wera-kiTxva, SeaCvia wignebis kiTxvas,
Tavmdablobas da a.S., Tumca sxvadasxva mize-
zebis Sedegad, rusos dakaceba ufro metad
Tavisi damoukidebeli cxovrebis pirobebSi
mouxda. aq gamomJRavnda misi, rogorc moxe-
ÂÒÉÂÏË ÄÒÄÌÏÅÉ
tialis, Tvisebebic. uyvarda mogzauroba,
dakvirveba cxovelebsa da bunebaze da araCveu-
lebrivad SeeZlo movlenebis qaRaldze gad-
motana. uyvarda sufTa haerze, Citebis Wik-
WikSi wera da kiTxva.
29 wlis asakSi, 1741 wlis Semodgomaze, igi
safrangeTSi (parizSi) dasaxlda, sadac ga-
icno gamoCenili frangi ganmanaTleblebi, deni
didro, dalamberi da sxva didi moazrovneni,
enciklopedistebi. isini sistematurad xvde-
bodnen erTmaneTs kafeebSi Tu binebSi da
ilesavdnen TavianT gonebas. Jan-Jak rusos
yovelTvis Tan hqonda ubis wignaki, sadac
aseTi Sexvedrebis dros ucabedad gaCenil
ideebs iniSnavda.
Jan-Jak ruso miTebiT ar cxovrobda. yovelTvis
swored bWobda igi Tu ara, es sxva saqmea,
magram bednierebas TviT cxovrebaSi eZebda.
misi azriT, adamiani Tavisufali ibadeba, ma-
gram Semdeg iCagreba. Tu mocemul etapze
adamiani ver aRwevs iseT bunebriv moTxovnas,
rogoric Tavisufleba da bednierebaa, rusos
mixedviT, es misi ki ara, arsebuli sazoga-
doebrivi weswyobilebis bralia. amisaTvis droa
saWiro, Cans idea adre momwifebula. Tu idea
da sinamdvile erTmaneTs ar eTanadeba, maSas-
adame saamiso pirobebi unda momzaddes.
eduard SevardnaZem Tavis naSromSi “Cemi
arCevani” (1992 w.) swored am sakiTxze gaamax-
vila Cveni yuradReba. igi wers: “did moazrovn-
eTa gonebaSi Sobili diadi ideebi didxans
elian TavianT dros”. zogjer es molodini
aswleulebis manZilze grZeldeba, magram adre
Tu gvian maTi Jami dgeba. “proeqti ar vargo-
da evropisaTvis, radgan arc evropa vargoda
55
 proeqtisaTvis” _ Tqva Jan-Jak rusom Zveli
samyaros qveynebis gaerTianebis mravali kon-
cefciidan erT-erTis Sesaxeb” (gv. 93).
rusos es SevardnaZiseuli Sefaseba mis mier
gamoyenebulia axal filosofiur Sexedule-
baTa xorcSesxmisaTvis, rac Tavis “arCevan-
Sia” Caqsovili da rac demokratiisa da Tavisu-
flebis SenarCunebis ideas emsaxureba.
amrigad, mwerlis roli ar SeiZleba zogadad
Sefasdes. misi Sefasebis kriteriumad miC-
neul unda iqnes is, Tu rogor moemsaxureba
misi ideebi (koncefcia) sazogadoebas Tavis
epoqaSi.
rogorc cnobilia, me-18 saukunis bolos
safrangeTis 1789-1794 wlebis didma bur-
Juaziulma revoluciam xerxemali Caumsx-
vria feodalizms. imave saukunem dasawyisidan
am miznis mimRwevi ideologebi da maT Soris
Jan-Jak rusoc Soba, romlis ideebic moem-
saxura safrangeTis revolucias feodaliz-
mis mospobisa da burJuaziuli wyobilebis
Seqmnis saqmeSi.
ruso safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluci-
is sulieri mama iyo. kerZod, misi naSromi _
“sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba”, revolu-
cionerTa saxarebas warmoadgenda.
rogorc profesori s. danelia wers, “rusos
sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba saxarebad iqca
safrangeTis didi revoluciis moRvaweTaTvis,
romlebic robespieris saxiT ara uSedegod
eZebdnen am wignSi Tavis revoluciuri praq-
tikis sabuTebs...”
Jan-Jak ruso Tavisi SexedulebebiT, feodal-
izmis winaaRmdeg brZolisas, plebeebis mx-
ares idga. swored amitom moiTxovdnen ia-
kobinelebi rusoseuli respublikis Seqmnas.
maTi beladi, robespieri, sityva-sityviT acx-
adebda, rom “umaRlesi xelisufleba miekuTvne-
ba xalxs. xelisufleba ganuyofeli da ga-
nusxvisebelia.” es ki, faqtia, rusos Sexed-
ulebaTa aslia ara marto ideuri gagebiT,
aramed rusoseuli terminologiiTac.
Jan-Jak rusos Sexedulebani safuZvlad dae-
do ara marto safrangeTis 1789 wlis 26
agvistos cnobil “adamianisa da moqalaqis
uflebaTa deklaracias”, aramed safrangeTis
1791 wlis konstituciasac, romlis pirve-
live muxlSi weria, rom “suvereniteti
mTliania, ganuyofeli, ganusxvisebeli; is
ekuTvnis xalxs”. daaxloebiT imaves imeo-
rebs sxva sityvebSi safrangeTis 1793 wlis
konstituciac.
aRsaniSnavia, rom, grei grexemis azriT, ru-
sos Sexedulebebma ara marto safrangeTze
moaxdina gavlena misi istoriuli, iuridiu-
li dokumentebis Sedgenisas, aramed amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis 1776 wlis 4 ivlisis
“damoukideblobis deklaraciazec”, romlis
Semqmnelebmac, gansakuTrebiT ki jefersonma,
masSi Seitanes rusos politikuri doqtri-
nis igive princi pebi.
Jan-Jak rusos moRvaweobis dros axali poli-
tikuri ideebis gamoTqma safrangeTSi saSiSi
iyo. xSirad aseTi avtors bastiliaSi dapa-
timreba emuqreboda. amitom im epoqis moRva-
weni xSirad TavianT naSroms an gvars ar
awerdnen, an holandiaSi beWdavdnen da qvey-
anaSi saidumlod SemohqondaT.
rogorc grei grexemi wers, “safrangeTSi
ludoviko XIV-is dros adamianebi krints
ver Zravdnen, ludoviko XV-is dros CurCu-
li daiwyes, xolo Tqveni aRmatebulebis (e.i.
ludoviko XVI-is _ g.e.) dros daiwyes xmama-
Rali laparaki, yvirili _ uTxra marSalma
de riSeliem ludoviko XVI-es”.
Jan-Jak rusos moRvaweoba safrangeTSi lu-
doviko XV-is mefobis periods daemTxva,
magram, grexemis TqmiT, maSinac saSiSi iyo
“xmamaRali laparaki”. miuxedavad amisa, ruso
mainc gabedulad da dabejiTebiT laparakob-
da sazogadoebaze da samTavrobo xelisu-
flebaze, rogorc aravin manamde.
Jan-Jak ruso Sefasebuli iyo Tavisi niWiere-
biT, misi naSromebi mravalmxrivi xasiaTisa
iyo. pirveli aseTi mniSvnelovani naSromi
rusom dawera parizSi diJonis akademiis mier
sakonkursod gamocxadebul Temaze “Seuwyo
Tu ara xeli mecnierebisa da xelovnebis
aRorZinebam zneobis siwmindes?” (1750w.),
risTvisac igi diJonis universitetis pirv-
el prizs iRebs. mis Semdgom naSromTagan
cnobilia: “risgan warmoiSoba uTanasworoba
adamianTa Soris da amarTlebs Tu ara mas
bunebrivi kanonebi?” (1753w.); “axali eloi-
za” (1761w.); “sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleb-
is Sesaxeb, anu politikuri samarTlis princ-
i pebi” (1762w.); “emili” (1762w.) da sxva

56
mravali. ramdenime naSromi mxolod misi gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg gamoqveynda (1781 w. da
1788w.).
didia Jan-Jak rusos Rvawli, gansakuTrebiT
pedagogiur-aRmzrdelobiT sferoSi. igi
moicavs fizikuri, gonebrivi da zneobrivi
aRzrdis principebs. aRniSnuli sakiTxi qarTve-
li mkiTxvelisaTvis xelmisawvdomia iseT
naSromebis saxiT, rogoric aris: s. danelia
“Jan-Jak rusos cxovreba da pedagogikuri
sistema”, Tb., 1948w.; uSangi obolaZe “Jan-
Jak ruso”, Tb., 1976w.; giorgi jiblaZe “ru-
sizmis arsi”, Tb. 1983w. (rusul enaze) da sxv.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mxolod erT
gakvirvebas gamovxatav. TviT Jan-Jak ruso
sxvisi bavSvebis aRzrdaze fiqrobs. misi naS-
romebi “axali eloiza” da “emili” aRzrdis
ideebs ganaviTarebs da Tavisi xuTi Svili ki
Jan-Jakma da misma meuRlem _ tereza levaser-
ma, upatrono bavSvTa TavSesafarSi moaTavs-
es ise, rom arc gvari da arc saxelebi maT
ar misces, arc raime niSani daades Tundac
tansacmelze, rom ecnoT isini. Jan-Jak ruso
amiT moiqca ise, rogorc platonis e.w. “ide-
aluri saxelmwifos” wevri. rasakvirvelia,
bolos man ijavra da didad dagmo es saqcie-
li, razec Tavisive “emilSi” aRniSna: “visac
ar SeuZlia Seasrulos mamis movaleoba, imas
ara aqvs ufleba iqces mamad”.
winamdebare statiis Temis Sesabamisad, ufleba
ara maqvs gverdi avuaro rusos iseT naS-
roms, rogoric aris “sazogadoebrivi xelSek-
ruleba”. es naSromi aRiarebulia rusos mTeli
Semoqmedebis Sedevrad. igi Sedgeba 4 wignis-
agan. swored aq aris ganxiluli saxelmwi-
foebriv-politikuri wyobilebis iseTi prob-
lemebi, rogoricaa suvereniteti (saxelmwifo
suvereniteti, saxalxo suvereniteti), sax-
elmwifoebriobis Seqmna, kanonis miRebis wesi,
saerTo nebis Seqmna da a.S.
saxelmwifo suvereniteti gulisxmobs xelisu-
flebis damoukideblobas, SeuzRudvelobas,
ganusxviseblobas, uzenaesobas, rogorc qveynis
SigniT, ise sagareo urTierTobebSi.
aseT uflebaTa matarebeli, rusos mixedviT,
mxolod xalxia, rac garantirebulia sax-
elmwifoSi adamianTa Soris dadebuli xe-
lSekrulebiT, xalxis didi umravlesobis
TanxmobiT.
me-18 saukuneSi, safrangeTSi Jan-Jak rusos
gavleniT mesame wodebisaTvis, ZiriTadad
burJuaziisaTvis, erT-erT popularul loz-
ungad iTvleboda cneba “saxalxo suvereni-
teti”. swored es problema iyo dakavSirebu-
li rusos mier saxalxo nebis ideasTan, rac
mas asaxuli hqonda Tavis naSromSi “sazoga-
doebrivi xelSekruleba”.
suverenitetis sakiTxi Jan-Jak rusomde Jan
bodenma wamoswia win, magram man es ufleba
monarqs mianiWa. mis mixedviT suverenul
uflebaTa matareblad qveyanaSi RmerTis uSua-
lo warmomadgeneli monarqi iyo.
profesori l. aleqsiZe Jan-Jak rusos ixse-
niebs gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo suverenite-
tis cnebis axsnisas. misi azriT, “niSan-Tvise-
bas, romelic gviCvenebs saxelmwifo xelisu-
flebis uzenaesobas qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi
da damoukideblobas romelime ucxo saxelm-
wifosagan... saxelmwifo suvereniteti ewodeba”.
feodaluri daqucmacebis winaaRmdeg brZo-
lis procesSi saxelmwifo suverenitetis idea
gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda didi frangi mec-
nieris, Jan bodenis naSromebSi. bodenis azriT,
“suvereniteti usazRvro da absoluturi,
umaRlesi da mudmivi xelisuflebaa sazoga-
doebis wevrTa mimarT, xolo am xelisuflebis
matarebeli monarqia, romlis brZaneba qvey-
nis SigniT usityvod unda xorcieldebodes”.
burJuaziam feodalizmis winaaRmdeg brZoli-
sas, monarqis suverenitets ufro revolu-
ciuri _ saxalxo suverenitetis - Teoria
daupirispira. am Teoriis TvalsaCino warmo-
madgeneli, Jan-Jak ruso naSromSi “sazoga-
doebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb anu poli-
tikuri samarTlis princi pebi” (1762w.) as-
abuTebs xalxis uflebas TviT ganagos sa-
zogadoebis socialur-politikuri bedi”.
marTlac, Jan-Jak rusos azriT, suverenite-
ti xalxis saerTo nebis ganxorcielebaa,
romelic uzenaesi da ganusxvisebelia. rogorc
vxedavT, bodenisagan gansxvavebiT, rusom
aRiara ara monarqis, aramed xalxis neba,
saxalxo suvereniteti.
rusos ar swamda arc saxalxo warmomadgen-
lobiTi organos arseboba. amitom kanonmde-
beli arc parlamenti SeiZleba yofiliyo.
rusos gagebiT, kanoni is iuridiuli aqtia,
57
 romelsac mxolod xalxi amtkicebs.
amrigad, rusos saxalxo suvereniteti
gulisxmobs pirdapir saxalxo uflebas da
ara warmomadgenlobiTi sistemis arsebobas.
amitom, rusos mixedviT, parlamentis mier
miRebuli kanoni ZalaSi Sedis mxolod ref-
erendumis wesiT misi damtkicebis Sedegad.
es imas niSnavs, rom ruso mxolod uSualo
demokratiis princi ps icavs.
rusos mixedviT, saxelmwifo da samarTali
adamianTa nebis erTianobis, anu sazogadoe-
brivi xelSekrulebis nayofia. mas miaCnia,
rom moqmedi samarTali ar aris bunebiTi
xasiaTisa, rom ara marto saxelmwifo, aramed
samarTalic emyareba adamianTa Soris xelSek-
rulebas. ruso sityva-sityviT wers: “es sa-
marTali ar aris bunebrivi. igi emyareba xe-
lSekrulebebs”.
rusos ganmartebiT, “uzenaesi xelisufle-
ba”, anu suvereniteti, “ar SeiZleba warmod-
genil iqnes vismes mier imave mizeziT, ra
mizeziTac ar SeiZleba misi gansxviseba. misi
arseba Camarxulia saerTo nebaSi, neba ki
uaryofs warmomadgenlobas: igi an isev is
aris, an sxva, Sua xazi ar arsebobs. amitom
xalxis deputatebi ar arian misi warmomad-
genlebi da arc SeiZleba iyvnen. isini mx-
olod am xalxis noqrebi arian: isini sab-
olood verafers gadawyveten. arc erT kan-
ons, Tu igi xalxma ar daadastura, mniS-
vneloba ara aqvs, is kanonic ar aris”.
rusosTvis neba arsebobs individualuri da
sazogadoebrivi. bunebrivad yvelas neba Tavis-
ufali da Tanasworia, magram saWiro aris
misi, am Tavisufali nebis, dacva sxvaTa neb-
is meSveobiT.
swored imitom, rom sxvaTa nebam misi inter-
esi daicvas, amisaTvis saWiroa, man Tavisi
nebac gaasxvisos, gadasces sazogadoebas.
Jan-Jak ruso Tavis “sazogadoebrivi xelSek-
rulebis” pirveli wignis VI TavSi special-
urad Cerdeba sakiTxze “sazogadoebrivi xe-
lSekrulebis Sesaxeb” (rusuli gamocemis gv.
28-32).
misi azriT, imisaTvis, rom adamianebma Tavi
daaRwion TavianT pirvelyofil bunebriv mdgo-
mareobas da siZneleebs, mas erTiani Zala
unda daupirispiron, unda i povon asociaci-
58
is, anu sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis, iseTi
forma, romelic saerTo ZalebiT, erTiani
impulsiT da SeTanxmebulad daicaven da
gaufrTxildebian TiToeuli wevris pirad da
qonebriv mdgomareobas.
rusos mixedviT, TiToeulis gaerTianeba yve-
lasTan ar gamoiwvevs sxvisadmi daqvemdebarebas
da inarCunebs imave Tavisuflebas, rac mas
manamde hqonda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es,
pirvelyofili mdgomareobis, adamianebi moispo-
bodnen da ar eqnebodaT TviTdacvis unari.
xelSekrulebis Sedegad qveyanaSi iqmneba sa-
zogadoebrivi gaerTianeba, asociaciis esa Tu
is forma.
asociaciis wevri uxmod eqvemdebareba saer-
To nebas, sanam ar dairRveva sazogadoebrivi
xelSekruleba. xelSekrulebis darRvevis
Sedegad TiToeuli pirovneba ibrunebs Tavis
sawyis uflebamosilebas, bunebriv Tavisuflebas.
saerTo nebis Seqmnisas asociaciis wevrebi
sargebloben erTi da imave pirobebiT, amitom
aravisaTvis iqneba sasargeblo, daumZimos
mdgomareoba sxvas (iqve gv. 29).
rusos azriT, asociacia, sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, ti-
ranul xasiaTs miiRebs.
asociaciaSi adamianebi (wevrebi) erTianobas
qmnian, sadac TiToeuli wevri mTelis ganuy-
ofeli nawilia (gv. 30). asociacia qmnis samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebas, romelsac ewodeba
respublika da Tavis wevrTa mier iwodeba
saxelmwifod (gv. 31).
aseTi sazogadoebis wevrebs koleqtiurad
xalxi ewodeba, TiToeul maTgans ki _ mo-
qalaqe, romelic suverenuli xelisuflebis
nawils flobs da TviT ki warmoadgens qveSevr-
doms, radgan igi eqvemdebareba saxelmwifos
mier miRebul kanonebs (iqve gv. 31).
rusos sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis sab-
oloo mizani aris individTa ganusxvisebeli
bunebiTi uflebebis ganmtkiceba. es uflebe-
bia: individis sicocxle, Tavisufleba, sakuTre-
ba da saxalxo uSiSroebis dacva. swored am
mizniTaa, rom adamianebi qmnian asociacias,
romelic warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi pirovneb-
is anu “me-s” zneobriv da koleqtiur orga-
nizms.
rusos azriT, adamianebi bunebrivad ibadebi-
an Tavisufalni da Tanasworni. misi “sazoga-
doebrivi xelSekrulebis” pirveli wignis
pirveli Tavi swored ase iwyeba: “adamiani
dabadebulia Tavisufali, amave dros ki igi
yvelgan borkilebSia” (gv. 14). swored am
“borkilis“ moxsnas moiTxovs ruso, roca
asabuTebs adamianTa Soris xelSekrulebis
dadebis gziT sazogadoebrivi pirovnebis koleq-
tiur “me-s” Seqmnas. rogorc vxedavT, indi-
vidTa nebis krebadoba qmnis sazogadoebriv
nebas, igi iqmneba sazogadoebrivi xelSek-
rulebis safuZvelze, romelsac uxmod eqvem-
debarebian individTa nebani. isini ki, vinc
umciresobaSi rCeba, sazogadoebrivi xelSek-
rulebidan gamomdinare, umravlesobis nebas
unda daeqvemdebaron.
rusos es Sexedulebani dRevandelobis kvalo-
baze fantastikurad JRers, magram safrange-
Tis me-18 saukunis burJuaziisaTvis igi Zlieri
iaraRi iyo feodalizmisa da absoluturi
monarqiuli wyobilebis sawinaaRmdegod, bur-
Juaziuli demokratiuli respublikis Seqm-
nisaTvis.
rusos azriT, saerTo neba-survilis ganmax-
orcielebeli mxolod sazogadoebaa. saxelm-
wifo xelisufleba sazogadoebis mTliani nebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis momsaxure organoa. xalx-
ma sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze
miiRo saxelmwifoebrivi suverenuli ufle-
bebi. imisaTvis, rom es suvereniteti ar dair-
Rves, saWiroa misi mTlianoba, misi ganusx-
visebloba. xalxis xelisufleba daunawile-
belia. amiT rusom uaryo Sarl lui mon-
teskies da sxvaTa xelisuflebis danawileb-
is Teoria. “im mizezebiT, ris gamoc umaRle-
si xelisufleba ganusxvisebelia, igi daunaw-
ilebelicaa,” _ ambobs ruso.
es Sexeduleba rusos sazogadoebrivi xe-
lSekrulebis Teoriis logikur daskvnas war-
moadgens, magram imave safrangeTis burJua-
ziam rusos SexedulebaTa gverdiT, 1789 wlis
26 agvistos “adamianisa da moqalaqis ufle-
baTa deklaraciis” damtkicebisas arc lui
monteskies xelisuflebis danawilebis Teo-
ria daiviwya da mis me-16 muxlSi Cawera,
rom “nebismier sazogadoebas, sadac ufleba-
Ta dacva uzrunvelyofili da xelisufleb-
is danawileba SemoRebuli ar aris, konsti-
tucia srulad ara aqvs”.
rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos 1995 wlis
moqmedi konstituciiT es Sexeduleba gaziare-
bulia da mis mixedviT saqarTveloSi “sax-
elmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisu-
flebis danawilebis princi pze dayrdnobiT”
(muxli 5).
saqarTveloSi oficialur iuridiul saswav-
lo-saxelmZRvanelo literaturaSi profe-
sorebis, g. inwkirvelis, l. aleqsiZis, v. me-
trevelisa da sxvebis mier kargad aris gaSu-
qebuli rusos “sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
Teoriis” epoqaluri mniSvneloba.
profesor g. inwkirvelis ganmartebiT, Jan-
Jak rusos “sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
Sesaxeb” naSromis mixedviT “adamianebma sa-
zogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis meSveobiT Se-
qmnes saxelmwifo, raTa uzrunveleyoT ker-
Zo sakuTrebis dacva da “bunebiTi Tavisu-
flebis” nacvlad moepovebinaT “samoqalaqo
Tavisufleba”.
avtors miaCnia, rom “...im droisaTvis arse-
bul istoriul pirobebSi saxelmwifos war-
moSobis axsna, rogorc xelSekrulebis Sedegi,
progresuli idea iyo, vinaidan amiT laxvari
Caeca Sua saukuneebSi gabatonebul religiur
warmodgenebs saxelmwifos RvTaebrivi war-
moSobis Sesaxeb”.
rac Seexeba Jan-Jak rusos Sexedulebas su-
verenitetis Sesaxeb, aq profesori g. inwk-
irveli sakiTxs SedarebiT farTod gadmoscems.
igi exeba saxalxo suverenitetis, agreTve
saxelmwifo da erovnuli suverenitetis prob-
lemebsac.
aseve sworad miuTiTebs profesori u. obo-
laZe Jan-Jak rusos Teoriis Sesaxeb. misi
azriT: “naSromSi “sazogadoebrivi xelSek-
rulebis Sesaxeb” ruso Semdegi saxiT war-
moadgens axali sazogadoebis sawyisebs: ad-
amianebi harmoniuli sazogadoebis Tanacxovre-
bisaTvis nebayoflobiTi xelSekrulebis gziT
kavSirdebian da qmnian suverenul, erTian
saxelmwifoebriv sxeuls, amiT isini, marTa-
lia, garkveuli zomiT asxviseben TavianT
Tavisuflebas da nebas, magram es anazRaur-
deba imiT, rom saxelmwifos saerTo sxeuli
mSvidobiani cxovrebis saxiT uzrunvelyofs
TiToeuli adamianis pirad uflebebsa da maT
harmoniul Tanacxovrebas.
59
 aseT saxelmwifoSi, romelic tovebs kerZo
sakuTrebas, magram zomieri saxiT, misi azriT,
amgvari saxelmwifos Seneba SeuZlebelia
mSvidobiani gziT, radgan despoturi sax-
elmwifoebi nebiT ar daTmoben ZaladobiT
moxveWil privilegiebs”.
am erTian sxeulSi ki, rusos gagebiT, ar
ikargeba adamianis neba-survili. amitom iyo,
rom safrangeTis burJuaziam zemoT dasax-
elebuli deklaracia swored rusos gaazre-
buli debulebiT daiwyo, rom “adamianebi ibade-
bian da rCebian Tavisufalni da uflebebiT
Tanasworni. socialuri gansxvavebani mxolod
saerTo sargeblobaze SeiZleba iqnes dafuZneb-
uli” (muxli 1).
amis Sedegad ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes
rusos Teoriis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxa-
reebi, roca saqarTvelos moqmed konstitu-
cias vkiTxulobT, romlis mixedviTac: “yve-
la adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kano-
nis winaSe Tanasworia ganurCevlad rasisa,
kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, poli-
tikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli,
eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, war-
moSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomare-
obisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa” (muxli 14);
rom “saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
wyaroa xalxi”; rom “xalxi Tavis Zalau-
flebas axorcielebs referendumis, uSualo
demokratiis sxva formebisa da Tavisi war-
momadgenlobis meSveobiT” (muxli 5) da a.S.
rusos ganmartebiT, kanoni xalxis neba-sur-
vilis gamomxatvelia. erTi da igive kanoni
savaldebulo ar aris yvela saxelmwifos-
aTvis. guSindeli kanoni savaldebulo ar aris
dRes, magram Tu adamianebi mdumared xvdebi-
an arsebul kanonebs, es ukve Tanxmobis niSa-
nia. rusos mixedviT, rac ufro metad erT-
sulovnad uTanxmdebian krebaze damswreni
erTmaneTs, miT ufro saerTo nebas gamoxat-
aven isini.
rusoizmis mixedviT (Tu rusos mimdevarTa
azriT, an rusos moZRvrebis mixedviT – n.d.),
rogorc kargi arqiteqtori gausinjavs niadags
Tavis dasadgmel obieqts, gauZlebs Tu ara
niadagi mis simZimes, aseve kargma kanonmde-
belma winaswar unda Seiswavlos im sazoga-
doebis xasiaTi, romelSic gatarebul unda
iqnes esa Tu is kanoni. rusos TqmiT, “gac-
60
ilebiT advilia dai pyro, daeuflo, vinem
marTo. SeiZleba gamoiyeno iseTi didi berke-
ti, rom erTi TiTiT aamoZrao dedamiwis birTvi,
msoflio, magram unda gqondes herkulesis
mxrebi, rom igi daimagro”.
rogorc cnobilia, Jan-Jak rusomde sazoga-
doebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoriaze msjelo-
ba Zveli berZnebidan daiwyo (epikuri...), Sem-
deg mas ganaviTarebs holandieli mecnieri
iuristi, sociologi grociusi (10.04.1583-
28.08.1645).
grociusi ganasxvavebda “bunebiT” da “adami-
anismier” samarTals. igi miiCnevda, rom sax-
elmwifo warmoiSoba, e.w. sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis Sedegad.
xelSekrulebiTi saxelmwifos Seqmnaze
saubrobs aseve hobsi (1588-1679), ingliseli
filosofosi, aTeisti. mas sazogadoebis sawyis
mdgomareobad miaCnda yvelas brZola yvelas
winaaRmdeg. misi azriT, aseve “...aucilebelia
ganusazRvreli Tavisuflebis SezRudva da
xelSekrulebiTi saxelmwifos Seqmna”.
hobsis azriT, pirovneba unda emorCilebodes
xelisuflebas, magram Tu xelisufleba ver
asrulebs Tavis movaleobas, gamarTlebulia
xelSekrulebis darRveva, e.i. revolucia.
mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad igi monar-
qias miiCnevs. misi moZRvreba ganaviTara jon
lokma.
jon loki (1632-1704) ingliseli filoso-
fosia. igi moZraobisa da cnobierebis wyarod
RmerTs miiCnevs.
loki iyo parlamentur-monarqiuli konsti-
tuciuri wyobilebis momxre. moiTxovda umaR-
lesi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis (parla-
mentis) gamoyofas aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
flebisagan. igi saxelmwifos warmoSobas as-
abuTebda “bunebiTi uflebis” safuZvelze da
miaCnda igi piradi Tavisuflebisa da kerZo
sakuTrebis dacvis organod.
jon morles mixedviT, rusos Teoriis pirve-
li sulis Camdgmeli iyo jon loki. Jan-Jak
rusos princi pebi swored lokis Sexedule-
bebidan gamomdinareobda.
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoria gan-
sakuTrebiT damuSavebulia Jan-Jak rusos mier.
am Teorias Tavisi droisaTvis progresuli
mniSvneloba hqonda, iyo revoluciuri xasi-
aTis mimdinareoba filosofiaSi. igi uaryof-
da Sua saukuneebis Teologiur Sexedule-
bebs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis RvTaebriv
warmoSobasa da mis SeuzRudvelobasTan dakav-
SirebiT. miaCnda, rom radgan saxelmwifo
aRmocenda sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze, xelSekrulebis borotad gamoy-
enebis SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeebs aqvT misi
gauqmebis ufleba. aqedan gamomdinare, rusos
mixedviT, danaSauli niSnavs pirovnebis an
pirTa jgufis mier sazogadoebrivi xelSek-
rulebis darRvevas.
rusos mixedviT, xalxs ufleba aqvs ajanye-
bisa im SemTxvevaSi, Tu umaRlesi xelisu-
fleba daarRvevs sazogadoebriv xelSekrule-
bas da waarTmevs xalxs uflebebs.
rusos sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teo-
ria mimarTuli iyo feodaluri weswyobileb-
is, misi institutebis winaaRmdeg da war-
moadgenda sayrden ideologias axalgazrda
revoluciuri burJuaziuli ZalebisaTvis.
rusos Teoria me-18 saukuneSi safrangeTSi
robespierisa da, saerTod, iakobinelTa diqta-
turis saimedo sayrdeni iyo.
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis koncefcia
gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifo Seiqmna adami-
anTa gonivruli urTierTobis Sedegad im
dainteresebiT, rom es saxelmwifo organizacia
daicavs yvelas interess Tanabrad.
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoria dakav-
Sirebuli iyo bunebiTi samarTlis moZRvre-
basTan, rom Tavisufali da damoukidebeli
individebis neba-surviliT Seqmnili saxelm-
wifo valdebulia uzrunvelyos adamianis
bunebidan gamomdinare uflebaTa dacva.
rodesac saxelmwifoSi mmarTvelni ama Tu im
nebas ganaxorcieleben, maTi es moqmedeba
suverenis davalebiT unda xdebodes. rusos
mixedviT, qveyanaSi gabatonebuli neba unda
iyos mxolod sayovelTao neba anu kanoni,
romelsac masSi koncentrirebuli sazoga-
doebrivi Zala aqvs. Tu mmarTveli moindomebs
raime damoukidebeli, individualuri aqtis
gatarebas, maSinve Sesustdeba misi kavSiri
mTelTan, “sayovelTao nebasTan”. Tu mmarTve-
lis neba ufro aqtiuri gamodga da Tavisi
kerZo neba Tavs moaxvia xalxs, maSin moispo-
ba sazogadoebrivi kavSiri, daingreva poli-
tikuri organizmi da adamianebi kargaven ra
moqalaqeobriv uflebebs, ubrundebian isev
bunebriv uflebebs. xalxis “me”-s gamo-
amJRavnebs mxolod saerTo kreba.
mas Semdeg, rac adamiani Tavis nebas gadas-
cems sazogadoebas, misi, rogorc individis
neba, eqvemdebareba saerTo sazogadoebrivs.
is individualuri neba ki, romelic sazoga-
doebas gauwevs winaaRmdegobas, sastiki sasje-
lis Rirsia. sasjeli rusos mixedviT sa-
zogadoebrivi nebis darRvevis safuZvelze
warmoiSva.
amrigad, rusos mixedviT, iqmneba koleqti-
uri organizmi, romelSic TiToeuli moqalaqe
monawileobs, rogorc mTlianis ganuyofeli
nawili. rogorc ruso wers, “politikuri
mTlianoba anu suvereni” (gv. 33, iqve) es
sazogadoebrivi nebaa, anu igive sazogadoe-
brivi “me”, romelsac yvela uxmod unda
daeqvemdebaros. aseTia sazogadoebrivi xelSek-
rulebis Zala.
gr. grexemis azriT, Jan-Jak rusos es sa-
zogadoebrivi xelSekruleba qveyanaSi for-
malurad arasodes qveyndeba, rogorc iu-
ridiuli dokumenti, magram igi yvelgan aris
miRebuli mdumared. am xelSekrulebiT indi-
vidi yvelas, Tumca, faqtobrivad, aravis neb-
deba da TviT ki sxva pirTagan moi povebs imis
eqvivalents, rac man gasca da axla gac-
ilebiT meti Zala icavs mas, vidre manamde.
rusoizmi, am mimarTulebiT, swored imaSi
gamoixateba, rom calkeul pirTa Senakrebi
qmnis xalxis koleqtiur organizms da TviT
xdeba mTelis ganuyofeli nawili, amitom
umaRlesi xelisufleba SeiZleba mxolod
xalxi iyos, rac rusos mixedviT daunawile-
belia, romlis moqmedebac saxelmwifo orga-
noTa SeTanxmebis Sedegi ki ara, aramed mis
yvela wevrTa Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebaa.
xalxi, rusos mixedviT, TviTmpyrobelia, xolo
mTavroba ki Sualeduri organizmi TiToeul
qveSevrdomsa da am TviTmpyrobel xalxs Soris.
kanonebs xalxi iRebs, mTavroba ki maTi aR-
masrulebelia.
mTavroba ar SeiZleba iyos TviTmpyrobeli
da xalxisgan damoukidebeli. Tu mTavroba
Tavis nebas ufro aqtiurad gamoavlens, vi-
dre umaRlesi xelisufali, anu xalxi, ma-
61
 Sin qveyanaSi iqneba ori umaRlesi Zala: xalxi
- uflebiT, xolo mTavroba - saqmiT (in fac-
to), ris gamoc sazogadoebrivi mTlianoba
dairRveva da politikuri korporacia daiSleba
Semadgenel nawilebad.
mTavrobis forma, rusos mixedviT, SeiZleba
iyos demokratiuli, rodesac xelisufleba
aris mTlianad xalxis an misi udidesi naw-
ilis xelT _ patara saxelmwifoebisaTvis;
aristokratiuli _ saSualo sididis sax-
elmwifoebisaTvis; da monarqiuli _ didi
saxelmwifoebisaTvis.
rusos, “sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis” ideis
SemuSavebisas, ufro metad warmodgenili
hqonda patara, “10000-kaciani saxelmwifo,
es misdagvarad, rogorc platoni Tavis “ide-
alur respublikas” axasiaTebda”.
platonis “idealur saxelmwifoSi” gaTval-
iswinebuli iyo 5040 ojaxis cxovreba, sa-
dac TiToeul pirs saerTo xelisuflebis
mxolod erTi meaTiaTasedi neba eqneboda.
* * *
Jan-Jak rusos ideebi Tavis epoqaSi udaod
progresuli iyo. amboben, rom rusos naS-
romebs ubiT atarebdnen 1789-1794 wlebSi
parizis barikadebze samkvdro-sasicocxlo
brZolebSi.
rogorc cnobilia, Jan-Jak rusom miiRo mx-
olod dawyebiTi ganaTleba, xolo Semdeg,
didi niWisa da gansakuTrebuli Sromismoy-
vareobis Sedegad, Rrmad daeufla filoso-
fias, literaturas, istorias, botanikas,
musikis Teorias. revoluciamdeli xelisu-
falni rusos didad sdevnidnen, kerZod, misi
wignebi “sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesax-
eb”, “emili, anu aRzrdis Sesaxeb”, profesor
uSangi obolaZis gadmocemiT, “saeklesio
xelisufalTa wardginebiT cecxls misces
parizSic da JenevaSic”. amitom rusos ar
ascda devna-gasaxlebani maSindel xelisu-
falTagan. ruso mudmiv siRatakesa da SiSis
qveS cxovrobda. 1778 w. igi parizidan gada-
saxlda misgan 20 miliT daSorebul sofel
ermonvilSi, sadac imave wlis 2 ivliss, 66
wlis asakSi moulodnelad, yovelgvari avad-
myofobis gareSe gardaicvala. aris safuZv-
liani eWvic, rom TiTqos Jan-Jak rusom sic-
ocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula, magram es
62
Tu kanoni individis moTxovnilebis winaaRm-
degaa miRebuli, rusos mixedviT, es niSnavs,
rom individi cdeba da, rogorc sazogadoe-
bis wevri, saerTo nebas upirispirdeba. Tu
individis Semcdar nebas mis mimarT ganvix-
ilavT, igi aucileblad SemzRudveli xdeba,
radgan am erTian organizmSi myofi yoveli
pirisaTvis Tavisuflebis mimcemi mxolod
saerTo nebaa. adamianis survili mxolod
saerTo neba-survils unda eTanxmebodes.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi individi Tavad izRude-
ba. amitom adamianma unda uaryos Tavisi sur-
vili, Tavisi araswori moTxovna da saerTo
neba miiRos.
faqti rad Rirs, rom, napoleonis TqmiT,
safrangeTSi ”rusos gareSe revolucia ver
gaimarjvebda” (g. grexemi, iqve, 155 gv.).
istoriam ruso Seafasa Tavisi epoqis gamoCe-
nil adamianTa pirveli rigis daucxromel
mebrZol mecnierad da Cvenc es faqti swored
ase avsaxeT.
mosazreba dResac sadavoa.
ruso metad upativcemlod dakrZales. monar-
qiulma wyobilebam es metad didi tvirTi
moiSora. mTvarian Rames misi sxeuli, yovel-
gvari Tavyrilobis gareSe, gaitanes sofel
ermonvilis parkSi da daasaflaves alvis xeebs
Soris. es swored iseTi myudro da ganyeneb-
uli adgili iyo, rogoric rusos uyvarda.
Jan-Jak rusos sxeuli am adgilze iyo dakrZa-
luli safrangeTis did burJuaziul rev-
oluciamde, xolo revoluciis gamarjvebis
Semdeg, 1794 w., misi neSti, qvemexebis gri-
aliT, fanfarebisa da dafdafebis xmauriT,
gamarjvebulTa didi zeimiT, mTavrobis gan-
kargulebiT gadaasvenes parizSi da dakrZa-
les panTeonSi.
am ambavs moeswro misi meuRle tereza
levaseri, romelmac rusosTan erTad 34 weli
icxovra da misi gardacvalebis Semdeg kidev
23 weli icocxla 1801 wlis 17 ivlisamde,
magram ideurad dabal doneze yofnis gamo,
man mainc ver gaigo, Tu ratom sdevnida Jan-
Jak rusos ase Zalian revoluciamdeli mTavro-
ba, xolo ratom aiyvana igi revoluciis
Semdgomma mTavrobam camde. Tundac marto is
 ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÄÁÒÉÅÉ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÓ
ÉÃÄÖÒÉ ÌÄÔÀÌÏÒ×ÏÆÄÁÉ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ
“ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÀÖÝÉËÄÁÄËÉ ÁÏÒÏÔÄÁÀÀ. ÌÉÓÉ ÞÀËÀÖ×ËÄÁÀ
1. cneba
aucilebeli boroteba – saxelmwifo, adami-
anis bedisweraa, vinaidan igi Tan sdevs mis
yofier da cnobier istorias, dabadebidan
sikvdilamde. swored misi yofieri sunTqviT
arsebobs politikuri cxoveli, HOMO POLI-
TIKUS (aristotele) - adamiani. ar arsebobs
arc erTi qveyana kacobriobis istoriaSi,
sadac adamians ar efiqros aucilebeli
borotebis - saxelmwifos farglebsa da xa-
siaTze, idealur sazogadoebriv wyobaze,
samarTlianobasa da samarTlebriv saxelmwifoze.
winamdebare statiaSi SevecdebiT ganvixiloT
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideuri ganviTare-
bis istoria, misi cneba da misTvis damaxas-
iaTebeli klasikuri da Tanamedrove gageba,
iseve, rogorc sxva paradoqsebi, romlebic
mas axasiaTebs. vfiqrobT, mkiTxvelisaTvis
pirvel rigSi saintereso iqneba samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos ideisa da Teoriuli da ideuri
ucnauri metamorfozis procesis gacnoba.
samarTlebriv saxelmwifos, rogorc gan-
sazRvrul Teoriul koncefcias, sakmaod didi
preistoriuli ganviTarebis periodi aqvs.
Tumca pirvel rigSi sakiTxavia is, Tu ra
aris saerTod samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo?
ras moicavs misi cneba?
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cnebis qveS ig-
ulisxmeba “saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba
ÏÈÀÒ ÌÀàÀÒÀÛÅÉËÉ
ÀÒ ÖÍÃÀ ÂÀÉÆÀÒÃÏÓ ÓÀàÉÒÏÆÄ ÌÄÔÀÃ.”
ÊÀÒË ÐÏÐÄÒÉ (1)
adamianis Tandayolili bunebrivi da funda-
menturi uflebebis winaSe, kanonis (konsti-
tuciis) uzenaesoba yvela sxva normatiuli
aqtis winaSe, saxelmwifo organoebis fun-
qciebis zusti gamijvna, damyarebuli urT-
ierTSezRudvisa da konstituciuri kontro-
lis princi pze” (2).
Tumca ruseTis Tanamedrove iurisprudencia
samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi gulisxmobs sax-
elmwifos daqvemdebarebas Semdegi aucilebe-
li princi pebisadmi, rogorebicaa: saxalxo
suvereniteti, saxelmwifos mxridan adami-
anis uflebebis ganuxreli dacva, saxelmwi-
fos SeboWva konstituciuri wyobiT, kon-
stituciis yvela sxva Sida kanonebTan uze-
naesoba, xelisuflebis danawileba, sasamarT-
lo organoebis damoukidebloba da saerTa-
Soriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul
normaTa Sida nacionaluri samarTlis normebT-
an upiratesoba” (3).
sruliad sxvagvari materialuri elemente-
biT xasiaTdeba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
cneba Tanamedrove germanul iurisprudenciaSi,
sadac mis aucilebel elementebad miiCneva:
1. saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo moqmedebaTa
erTianoba - Gesetzgebundenheitsstaatliche
Handels;
2. sasamarTlo wesiT dacvis ufleba – Ver-
waltungsgerichtsbarkeit;
63
 3. federaciuli sakonstitucio kontroli
(sakonstitucio sarCelis wardgenis ufle-
ba) - Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit;
4. xelisuflebis danawileba - Gewaltentei-
lung;
5. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi – Grundrechte;
6. xelisuflebis mier konstituciisa da
kanonis uzenaesobis upirobo dacva (4).
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Tanamedrove cnebam
ganviTarebis sakmaod didi gza gaiara, risi ganx-
ilvac, imedia, mkiTxvelisaTvis saintereso iqneba.
2. samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos ideis
istoriuli metamorfoza
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea kacobrio-
bis istoriaSi Caisaxa da viTardeboda rogorc
“politikuri brZolis princi pi”(4). igi
Tavidanve aerTianebda Tavis TavSi sa-
marTlianobis, Tanasworobisa da sayovelTao
keTildReobis princi pebs. jer kidev Zvel
berZnul miTologiaSi Caisaxa samarTliano-
bis qalRmerTis - “Dike”-s, rogorc usamarT-
lobasa da ZalauflebasTan mebrZoli simbo-
los, saxe. cnobili Svidi berZeni brZenidan
erT-erTi, bianti ki Tvlida, rom “saukeTeso
forma wyobisa esaa wyoba, sadac moqalaqeebs
eSiniaT kanonebis iseve, rogorc tiranisa”(6).
xolo cnobili filosofiur formulis -
“Seican Tavi Seni”, interpretatori, hiloni
mouwodebda polisis moqalaqeebs: “damor-
CildiT kanonebs”. saukeTeso formad sazoga-
doebrivi Tanacxovrebisa mas miaCnda iseTi
sazogadoeba, sadac moqalaqeebi damjeri arian
kanonebisa da yurs ar ugdeben politikosebs
(demagogebs) da oratorebs.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos gafarToebuli
Teoriuli da praqtikuli xorcSesxmisadmi
swrafva iwyeba klasikuri berZnuli filosofi-
is ganviTarebasTan erTad. ukve heraklite
efeseli aRiarebda, rom “yvela adamianuri
kanoni cocxlobs erTiani RvTiuri ZaliT,
romelic, TavisTavad, yvelaze avrcelebs Tavis
Zalauflebas”(6). heraklite iyo pirveli, vinc
filosofiur cnebebs - logosi, goni, simar-
Tle, buneba, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
metaiuridiuli elementebis Sinaarsi mianiWa.
gacilebiT srulyofil saxes iRebs samarT-
lebrivi saxelmwifos idea sofistebis
64
filosofiur-samarTlebriv SexedulebebSi. ase
magaliTad, bunebiT-samarTlebrivi sa-
marTlianobis aristokratiul Teorias vx-
vdebiT sofist kalikles mosazrebebSi. xolo
adamianTa sazogadoebis-saxelmwifos, rogorc
maT Soris saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebis,
Teoriis pirvel Canasaxs vxvdebiT sofist
likofronosTan(7). adamianTa bunebiT-samarT-
lebrivi Tanasworobis ideas aviTarebda
sofisti alkidamosi, romlis azriTac, “Rv-
Taebam Seqmna yvela adamiani Tavisufali, xolo
bunebas ki aravin ar uqcevia monad”(8). swored
es idea iqca SemdgomSi grociusisa da Jan
Jak rusos politikur-samarTlebrivi Sexed-
ulebebisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
Teoriis materialuri elementebis recefci-
is safuZvlad.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideis Rrma Teo-
riul da logikur ganzogadebas vxvdebiT
sokrates praqtikul filosofiur da samarT-
lebriv SexedulebebSi samarTlianobis Sesaxeb
da diskusiaSi, rogorc meTodSi. samarTliano-
bisa da samarTlebrivi sazogadoebis ideam
saboloo logikur da “TiTqmis utopiur,
totalitarul” (k. poperi) ganzogadebas mi-
aRwia sayovelTaod cnobil berZeni filoso-
fosis, platonis SromebSi. swored platon-
ma daamkvidra samarTlebrivi (totalitarul-
Teologiuri) saxelmwifos da samarTliano-
bisa (dikaiosyne) da samarTlis (dikaion) ter-
minebi, sadac TavisTavad aisaxa misi bunebiT-
samarTlebrivi Teoria. platonis azriT “sa-
marTali (dikaion) da samarTlianoba (dikaio-
syne) mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yoveli akeTebs
Tavis saqmes da aqvs Tavisufleba ise, rom
sxvisi Tavisufleba aravis hqondes da arc
Tavisi dakargos.”
platonis Teoriuli filosofiur-idealis-
turi samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi, sruliad
realistur CarCoebSi moaqcia aristotelem.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos pirvel ideur
metamorfozas vxvdebiT aristoteles “poli-
tikaSi”, romlis Tanaxmad “is, vinc amtki-
cebs, rom saxelmwifos unda marTavdes goneba,
mouwodebs, rom saxelmwifos marTavdes kanon-
ebi da RmerTi, xolo vinc mouwodebs, rom
saxelmwifos marTavdes adamiani, is moTxovs
mmarTvelobaSi agreTve cxovelis Seyvanas.
vneba da mrisxaneba cxoveluri Tvisebebia,
isini amaxinjeben mmarTvel pirebs, Tundac
isini saukeTeso adamianebi iyvnen” (9). swored
samarTliani kanonis ar arseboba iwvevs ad-
amianis (mmarTvelis) gacxovelebas da misi
cxoveluri nawilis gaaqtiurebas. amodis ra
im poziciidan, rom adamiani aris politikuri
arseba (10), aristotele samarTals Tvlis
politikur cnebad, romelic iyofa bunebiTi
da pozitiuri (nebiT dadgenili) samarTlis
normebad (11). samarTlis politikuri buneb-
is damaxasiaTebel elementad igi TviT sa-
marTlianobas da mis saxelmwifoebriv bunebas
miiCnevs: “samarTlianoba saxelmwifoebrivi
movlenaa, radgan samarTali aris saxelmwi-
foebriv urTierTobaTa momwesrigebeli sa-
Sualeba da samarTlianobis sazomi” (12).
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideuri konstru-
qciaa mocemuli aristoteles Semdeg msjelo-
baSic: “saxelmwifoebi, romlebic miznad isax-
aven sazogado sargeblobas, absoluturi
samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiT, swori sax-
elmwifoebrivi formebi arian, xolo is sax-
elmwifoebi, romlebic mxolod xelmZRvane-
li pirebis sargeblobas emsaxurebian, aras-
wor saxelmwifoebriv formebsa da swori
saxelmwifoebrivi wyobidan gadaxras warmoad-
genen” (13). aseT saxelmwifoebad Zveli berZeni
filosofosi arasamarTlebriv saxelmwifo-
ebs - despotur saxelmwifoebs, miiCnevs, vi-
naidan saxelmwifo unda iyos mxolod Tavis-
ufali adamianebis kavSiri. despotur sax-
elmwifoSi igi TavisTavad gulisxmobs “ti-
ranul, SeuzRudav, pozitiuri da bunebiTi
samarTlebrivi normebiT SeuboWav totali-
tarul saxelmwifos” (14).
aristoteles mniSvnelovan damsaxurebad unda
miviCnioT isic, rom adamiani politikuri
arsebidan samarTlebriv arsebad aqcia, vi-
naidan “adamians axasiaTebs miswrafeba sax-
elmwifoebrivi urTierTobisaken. xolo vinc
pirvelad SemoiRo saxelmwifoebrivi kavSi-
ri, man adamianebs didi sikeTe moutana. ad-
amiani, mocilebuli kanonsa da samarTals,
yvelaze mdabali arsebaa, radgan yvelaze didi
saSiSroeba SeiaraRebuli usamarTlobaa” (15).
zemoaRniSnulidan cxadia, rom aristoteles
politikuri Teoria samarTlebrivia, damyare-
buli bunebiT-samarTlebriv princi pebze. sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideuri srulyofisa
da Teoriuli logikurobis kuTxiT saukeTe-
soa aristoteles mosazrebebi saxelmwifoTa
formebis samarTlebrivi daxasiaTebis Sesax-
eb. samarTlebriv saxelmwifosTan miaxloe-
bul formad igi “politeias” miiCnevs (16),
sadac udides rols saSualo klass aniWebs.
aristoteles ekuTvnis aseve xelisuflebis
danawilebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi saxelm-
wifos erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSnis, Sesaxeb
mosazreba (17). misi azriT, mxolod is sax-
elmwifo asrulebs moqalaqeTa winaSe nakisr
valdebulebebs, romelic pasuxs sam kiTx-
vaze scems: 1. romeli organo unda axor-
cielebdes kanonmdeblobas? 2. romeli unda
axorcielebdes administraciul saqmianobas?
da 3. romel organos SeiZleba miendos mar-
Tlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba?”. (18).
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos aristoteleseuli
Teoria ganavrco Zvelma romaelma istoriko-
sma, polibiosma. gansakuTrebuli Rvawli mas
swored xelisuflebis danawilebis Teori-
ul ganviTarebaSi miuZRvis.
polibiosi aRniSnavs, rom saxelmwifoTmcod-
neebis umravlesoba aRiarebs saxelmwifo
wyobilebis sam formas: monarqias, aristokra-
tiasa da demokratias (19). “marTlac, Tu
Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT konsulebis
Zalauflebaze, saxelmwifo aRmoCndeba sruli-
ad monarqiuli da TviTmpyrobeluri, Tu sen-
atze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas – aristokrat-
uli, xolo Tu vinme miiRebs mxedvelobaSi
xalxis nebas, maSin romis saxelmwifos aRi-
arebs demokratiad” (20). misi azriT, romis
saxelmwifoSi xelisuflebis danawilebam xeli
Seuwyo mis gaZlierebas, swored konsulebs,
senatsa da saxalxo krebebs Soris saxelm-
wifo xelisuflebis danawilebiT miaRwia romis
imperiam swraf ganviTarebas (21).
samarTlebrivi midgoma saxelmwifosadmi ga-
naviTares romaelma iuristebma, romlebmac
Seqmnes iurisprudencia, rogorc “RvTaebrivi
da adamianuri saqmeebis Secnoba, samarTliano-
bisa da usamarTlobis codnis” Sesaxeb mec-
niereba (22). TviT samarTlis cnebis qveS
romaeli iuristebi “samarTlian samarTals”
gulisxmobdnen. jer kidev ulpiane aRniSnav-
da, rom “samarTlis Seswavlisas saWiroa
upirveles yovlisa gairkves, Tu saidan mov-
ida samarTlis dasaxeleba (ius)”. igi safuZ-
vels iRebs “samarTlianobidan” (iustitia),
rogorc celsi aRniSnavs lakonurad: “ius est
65
 ars boni et equi” (samarTali aris sikeTisa da
ekvivalentobis xelovneba) (22). romis iuris-
prudenciis didi wvlili samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifos ideis transformaciaSi aisaxa
romaelTa mier TviT samarTlis sajaro da
kerZo nawilebad dayofaSi da aseve mis klas-
ifikaciasa da sistematizaciaSi. xelmZRv-
anelobdnen ra samarTlis, rogorc samarT-
lebrivis, ideiT, e.i. samarTlis Sesabamiso-
biT realur cxovrebasTan, romaelma iuristeb-
ma Seqmnes “iuristebis samarTali” (23). sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos safuZvlad romael-
ma iuristebma miiCnies swored arsebul sa-
marTlebriv normebSi samarTlianobis aqsi-
ologiuri elementis - equitas–is, damkvidre-
ba (24). gacilebiT kompleqsuri da sistem-
atizebuli, viwro, bunebiT-samarTlebrivi
kuTxiT xdeba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
ideis Teoriuli damuSaveba cnobili ekviv-
alenturobis princi piT. romaeli iuristebi
samarTals, samarTlianobisagan (iustitia) gan-
sxvavebiT, aniWeben misTvis damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebas, rogoricaa Tanasworoba kanonis
winaSe (ius aequum).
kidev ufro srul da sistemur saxes iRebs
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideis ideuri
metamorfoza, bunebiT-samarTlebrivi Tval-
sazrisiT, cnobili romaeli politikuri
moRvawisa da filosofosis, ciceronis Sexed-
ulebebSi “samarTlebrivis” Sesaxeb. igi sa-
marTliani saxelmwifos ideas ukavSirebs TviT
samarTlianobas, romelic “yvelas miuzRavs
sakadriss da amyarebs da inarCunebs adami-
anebs Soris samarTlianobas”(26). cicerons
mxedvelobaSi aqvs swored TiToeuli moqalaqis
samarTlebrivi Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe.
misi azriT, “samarTlianobis pirveli moTx-
ovna isaa, rom aravin avnebdes erTmaneTs da
yvela sargeblobdes saerTo TanasakuTrebiT
ise, rogorc sakuTariT”(27). saxelmwifom,
rogorc “saerTo marTlwesrigma”, unda uzrun-
velyos aseve uflebamosili Tanamdebobis
pirebis Tavnebobisagan moqalaqeTa dacva. ami-
saTvis ki “kanonis moqmedebis qveS unda eqce-
odes yvela”. mis saxels ukavSirdeba, aseve,
moqalaqeTa politikuri da samoqalaqo ufle-
bebis terminisa da cnebis pirveladi damkvi-
dreba iurisprudenciaSi. ciceronis mier
dasaxuli saxelmwifo, rogorc adamianTa
Soris SeTanxmebuli erTianoba, Zlier Te-
66
ologizacias ganicdis Sua saukuneebis iuris-
prudenciaSi (Toma aqvineli, mixeil padueli
da sxv).
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideur WrilSi,
rogorc aucilebeli elementi, Semodis samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis cneba. mis erT-erT av-
torad unda miviCnioT cnobili ingliseli
filosofosi, jon loki (1632-1704). Tumca
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos materialuri
elementis-saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi-
sa da saxelmwifos xelSekrulebiTi Teori-
is Canasaxs vxvdebiT cnobil holandiel mec-
nierTan, grociusTan (1583-1645).
grociusis mier Sua saukuneebis iurispru-
denciiT “gaRmerTebuli suverenuli xelisu-
falisa” da TviT “xelisuflebis” usamarT-
lobis winaaRmdeg xalxis “bunebrivi winaaRm-
degobis gawevis uflebis” Teoriuli das-
abuTeba iqca erT-erT winapirobad samarT-
lebrivi saxelmwifos ideis gamyarebisaTvis.
swored grociuss ekuTvnis samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos Taviseburad axali cnebac -
saxelmwifo, rogorc ‘’Tavisufal adamianTa
srulyofili kavSiri, Seqmnili saerTo keTil-
dReobisa da kanonis dacvis mizniT”(27).
davubrundeT isev jon loks. garda imisa,
rom aris klasikuri politikuri da samarT-
lebrivi liberalizmis mamamTavari, igi sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos fundamenturi
elementebis Tanamedrove formebis safuZv-
lis Camyrelicaa. samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-
fos aucilebel materialur normatiul
elementebad igi miiCnevda: saxalxo suveren-
itets, xelisuflebis danawilebas da adami-
anis ganuyofeli bunebrivi uflebebis dac-
vas. Tumca loki imeorebs grociusis mier
wamoyenebul usamarTlo xelisuflebis
winaaRmdeg xalxis winaaRmdegobis Tandayolil
uflebasac, ramac Tavisi recefcireba aSS-is
konstituciasa da safrangeTis adamianis
uflebaTa pirvel deklaraciaSi hpova. igi
Tvlis, rom yovel adamians aqvs bunebis mier
boZebuli pozitiuri da RvTiuri ufleba
daicvas “Tavisi sakuTreba, e.i. Tavisi sic-
ocxle, Tavisufleba da qoneba”(28). sain-
teresoa mis mier Tavisuflebis, rogorc ukve
samarTlebrivi kategoriisa da saxelmwifos
aucilebeli elementis, ganmartebac. jon
lokis Tanaxmad “mTavrobis Zalauflebis qveS
myofi adamianebis Tavisufleba mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom am saxelmwifoSi yvelasTvis ar-
sebobs saerTo da masSi Seqmnili sakanonmde-
blo xelisuflebiT dadgenili cxovrebis
mudmivi wesi, anu Tavisufleba imoqmedo sak-
uTari survilis mixedviT yovelTvis, roca
amas kanoni ar gikrZalavs da ar iyo damok-
idebuli sxva adamianis mudmiv, ganusazRvrel,
ucnob, TviTmpyrobelur nebaze”(29). ze-
moaRniSnulis ganmarteba, albaT, samarT-
lebrivi saxelmwifos cnebis klasikuri for-
mad unda miviCnioT. jon lokis mier Se-
muSavebul “liberalur samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifos” ideaSi ZiriTadi mainc xelisu-
flebis danawilebisa da misi urTierTgawo-
nasworebis, urTierTkontrolis princi pebia.
misi azriT, sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifoebri-
obis ganxorcieleba gulisxmobs mxolod erTi
xelisuflebis, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleb-
is, arsebobas. Tumca kanonTa Sesrulebis
uzrunvelyofa ar SeuZlia arc erT idealu-
rad moqnil da srulyofil xelisuflebas.
amitom amisaTvis saWiroa Camoyalibdes sa-
kanonmdeblo xelisuflebisagan (pozitiuri
samarTlis normebiT) gamijnuli xelisuflebis
axali Sto aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
saxiT. Tumca orive - sakanonmdeblo da aR-
masrulebeli, xelisuflebis srulyofili
funqcionireba mainc SeuZlebelia mesame,
federaciuli, xelisuflebis gareSe. jon
lokis azriT, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba
unda ganaxorcielos uSualod xalxma, maT
mier arCeuli warmomadgenlobiTi organos –
parlamentis, mier. xolo danarCeni ori xe-
lisufleba ki mxolod erTgvar “ministeri-
alur” xasiaTs unda atarebdes (30). lokis
mier Camoyalibebuli liberalur-samarTlebrivi
Teoriis gamarjvebad unda miviCnioT cnobili
princi pis - “yvelaferi daSvebulia, rac ar
aris akrZaluli kanoniT”, samoqalaqo sa-
zogadoebis istoriaSi damkvidreba.
jon lokis liberalur-samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifos ideur metamorfozas vxvdebiT yve-
laze srulyofilad cnobili frangi iuris-
tis da mecnieris, Sarl lui monteskies (1680-
1755) sociologiur-enciklopediur samarT-
lebriv TeoriaSi. monteskies “kanonTa goni”
dRemde rCeba saxelmwifosa da samarTlis
Sesaxeb aqsiologiur-gnoseologiur da on-
tologiur enciklopediad. misi amosavali
wertilia politikuri Tavisuflebis fenome-
ni da kanonTa aqsiologia da ontologia. igi
ufro aristoteles praqtikul racionalis-
tur meTodologias emyareba, vidre deistur
filosofias an bunebiT-samarTlebriv Teor-
ias. monteskie mkacri racionaluri Tval-
TaxedviT ganixilavs politikur Tavisufle-
bas, rogorc samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos myar
materialur elements. misi azriT, “poli-
tikuri Tavisufleba mdgomareobs ara mxolod
imaSi, akeTo is, rac gsurs, aramed “saxelm-
wifoSi, e.i. sazogadoebaSi, sadac kanonebi
arseboben, Tavisufleba SeiZleba mdgomare-
obdes imaSi, iqonio SesaZlebloba akeTo is,
risi survilic miRebulia da ar iyo iZule-
buli akeTo is, risi gakeTebac araa miRebu-
li. Tavisufleba aris ufleba akeTo yve-
laferi, rac araa akrZaluli kanoniT”(31).
am sityvebiT monteskie TiTqos imeorebs lokis
sityvebs da mis mosazrebas, Tumca igi “sax-
elmwifo xelisuflebis danawilebis Teor-
ias dasrulebuli klasikur formas aZlevs
da amdenad es moZRvreba TavisTavad warsuli
abstraqciidan Tavisi droisaTvis idealad da
momavlisaTvis ki programad iqceva (32). mon-
teskies azriT, TiToeul saxelmwifoSi ar-
sebobs samgvari xelisufleba: sakanonmdeb-
lo, romelic ganagebs saerTaSoriso samarT-
lis sakiTxebs, aRmasrulebeli, romelic ga-
nagebs samoqalaqo samarTlis sakiTxebs da
sasamarTlo, romelic sasjelsa da kanonTa
gamoyenebis pirobebs uzrunvelyofs.
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba, misi azriT,
xalxs unda ekuTvnodes, aRmasrulebeli -
monarqs, xolo sasamarTlo xelisufleba
realizebuli unda iyos da ara ganxorciele-
buli, specialuri sasamarTlo xelisufleb-
is mier. sasamarTlos ganxorcieleba unda
uzrunvelyos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
organoebma. igi dasaSvebad Tvlida aseve mo-
samarTleTa arCeviTobas. monteskie gamoyofs
ramdenime aqsiomatur princips, rac aucilebe-
lia samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis, kerZod:
1. dauSvebelia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan gaerTiane-
ba, radgan mosamarTleTaTvis sakanonmde-
blo funqciis miniWeba iwvevs moqalaqeTa
uflebebis SezRudvas;
2. sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
67
 flebebis gaerTianeba aris tirania;
3. Tu sasamarTlo xelisufleba gaerTianeb-
ulia aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan,
maSin mosamarTle xdeba mCagvreli da ara
marTlmsajulebis iaraRi;
4. samive xelisuflebis gaerTianeba niSnavs
absolutur sikvdils saxelmwifosa da
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, pirovnebisa da
Tavisuflebis (33).
S.l. monteskies samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
Sesaxeb Teoriuli princi pebis srulyofilad
CamoTvla did dros moiTxovs, rac, TavisTa-
vad, arc warmoadgens Cveni statiis ZiriTad
mizans. mkiTxvels SeuZlia gaecnos maT mon-
teskies “kanonTa gonis” qarTul TargmanSic (34).
monteskies ideebi, Tavis usazRvro liberal-
izebas ganicdis Jan Jak rusos “sazogadoe-
briv xelSekrulebaSi”. ruso albaT yvelaze
originaluri moazrovnea samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifos ideuri metamorfozis Tval-
sazrisiT. mis mier Camoyalibebuli princi pe-
bi mimarTulebis gareSe, arasworad aisaxa
iakobinelebis diqtaturaSi. rusos amosava-
li wertili da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
ideuri metamorfozis safuZveli saxalxo
suverenitetia. igi gamoyofs samoqalaqo sa-
zogadoebis pirvelad samarTlebriv materi-
alur elementebsac - bunebrivi mdgomareo-
bis, xelSekrulebis Teorias, saerTo sax-
alxo nebas, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufle-
bebsa da pirovnebis ganuyofel fundamentur
uflebebs. Tumca misi idea samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb ufro idealuria, utopi-
uri elementebiT, vidre racionaluri da
konstruqciuli. misi azriT, ”xalxi kargad
iqceva, rodesac iZulebulia morCilebdes da
kidec morCilebs, magram gacilebiT ukeT iqce-
va, rodesac SesaZlebloba eZleva es uReli
gadaigdos da amas kidec iqms. vinaidan xalxi,
romelic Tavisuflebas imave uflebiT
ibrunebs, romliTac igi mas CamoerTva, yve-
lanairad uflebamosilia daibrunos igi. sa-
zogadoebrivi wyoba wmidaTa wminda nebaa,
yvela sxva danarCenTa safuZveli” (35).
rusos politikur da samarTlebriv idealad
respublikuri wyoba miaCnia: ”me respublikas
vuwodeb kanonebiT marTul nebismier saxelm-
wifos, vinaidan mxolod am SemTxvevaSi ga-
68
nagebs sazogadoebrivi interesi saxelmwifos
da warmoadgens raRacas. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
kanonieri mmarTveloba respublikuri
mmarTvelobaa” (36).
sakmaod orazrovani da zogadia, monteski-
esTan SedarebiT, rusos azri samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos formasa da Sinaarsze. misi
azriT, imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifo kargad
iyos gawonasworebuli, saWiroa nebismier
pirobebSi arsebobdes Tanafardoba or qm-
nilebas Soris, erTia mmarTvelobis Zalau-
fleba, rogorc aseTi da meore – Zalaufle-
ba, moqalaqeebi, romlebic, erTis mxriv, su-
verenebi arian da meores mxriv ki - qveSevr-
domebi” (37).
moqalaqeTa mier saxelmwifo Zalauflebis
gawonasworebis ideam, samarTlebrivi saxelm-
wifos TvalsazrisiT, ganviTareba hpova samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis germanul klasikur
filosofiur da samarTlebriv formaSi, rom-
lis avtorebad unda miviCnioT imanuel kan-
ti da fridrix hegeli. didi keningsbergeli
filosofosisa da humanistis, kantis (1724-
1804) saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli ara marto
klasikuri germanuli filosofiis, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
ideis ganviTareba, aramed TviT kacobriobis
ganmanaTlebluri, TviTrefleqsiuri meTod-
ologiiT saerTo-sakacobrio samarTlebrivi
cnobierebis sakiTxis pirveladi daxasiaTe-
bac. misma Rrma da saocrad saintereso nawar-
moebebma gamoiyvana samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-
fos idea arasrulwlovnebis asakidan, swored
ganmanaTleblebis saSualebiT, romelic ”ad-
amianis ganviTarebaa Tavisi arasrulwlovneb-
isagan, romelSic Tavisive gamoisobiT imyo-
feba. arasrulwlovaneba, Tavisi gamoisobiT
iseTi ramaa, romlis mizezi Wkuis ukmariso-
baSi ki ar aris, aramed gambedaobisa da si-
mamacis ukmarisobaSia, raTa gamoiyeno Wkua
lideris daxmarebis gareSe. Sapere aude! gabe-
de Seni Wkua Tavadve moixmaro! - aseTia
ganmanaTleblobis mowodeba!” (37). kantis
Sexedulebebi samarTlebriv saxelmwifoze
wminda aqsiologiuri RirebulebiTi da racio-
nalurobiT Tanabrad Sezavebuli azriTaa savse.
imanuel kantis Sexedulebebi samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb umeteswilad mocemulia
mis cnobil nawarmoebSi ”samarTlis mecniere-
bis metafizikuri sawyisebi”. swored samarT-
lis mecnierebas Tvlida igi SesaZleblobad,
ganemarta adamianis adgili samyaroSi da
saxelmwifoSi. misi azriT, ”Tuki arsebobs
mecniereba saWiro adamianisaTvis, maSin esaa
is, rasac me vaswavli - kerZod ki, Rirseuli
adgili mivuCino adamians samyaroSi - rom-
lisganac SeiZleba TavisTavad iswavlo, Tu
rogori unda iyo, raTa iyo adamiani” (38).
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos winapirobebi iw-
yeba misi metafizikuri swavlebidan samar-
Talsa da moralze, rogorc socialur reg-
ulatorebze, arsebulsa da jerarsze, rogorc
erTgvari socionormativistikidan gamomdinare
cnebebze (39). adamianis, rogorc fenomenisa
da noumenis, erTianoba qmnis adamianTa erTo-
bis aucileblobas, rasac sazogadoeba war-
moadgens. adamianTa Soris winaswar SeTanxme-
buli, ”gamanawilebeli” Tavisufleba uzrun-
velyofs bunebrivi mdgomareobidan civiluri
garemos Seqmnas. Tavisufali neba arRvevs am
mdgomareobas, romelic TavisTavad ”arasa-
marTlebrivi mdgomareobaa, romelSic ar
arsebobs gamanawilebeli Tavisufleba, romel-
sac ewodeba bunebrivi mdgomareoba (Status
naturalis). kantis moralur kanons, kategori-
ul imperativs, Sehyavs yoveli adamiani ”for-
malur-samarTlebriv” TanasworobaSi, rac
samarTlebriv mdgomareobas gulisxmobs. es
igive ”adamianTa urTierTobaa, romelic Sei-
cavs im pirobebs, romelTa gamo yovels (in-
divids) SeuZlia isargeblos (teilhafig wer-
den) Tavisi samarTliT. aseT mdgomareobaSi
SesaZleblobaTa formaluri princi pi ganix-
ileba nebis Tavisuflebis saxiT, rasac ewodeba
sazogadoebrivi samarTlianoba” (40).
imanuel kanti erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs
samarTlianobis ramdenime saxes, kerZod:
· dacvis samarTlianobas _ iustitia tutatrix;
· urTierTSemZen samarTlianobas – iustitia
commutatika;
· gamanawilebeli samarTlianobas - iustitia
distributiva.
kantis TeoriaSi absolutur eTikurobasa da
Rirebulebas iZens TviT samarTlis norma,
rogorc samarTlebrivi samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis ZiriTadi safuZveli. igi amodis ru-
sos mier ganvrcobili sazogadoebrivi xe-
lSekrulebis Teoriidan, romlis Sedegadac
mas saxelmwifo miaCnia. kanti saxelmwifos
uwodebs ”mravali adamianis gaerTianebas,
romlebic emorCilebian samarTlian kanonebs,
radgan es kanonebi aucilebelia, rogorc
aprioruli kanonebi, e.i. rogorc kanonebi,
romlebic TavisTavad gamomdinareoben samarT-
lis, rogorc garegnuli movlenis, gagebidan
(da ara rogorc statutoruli kanonebi)”
(41). TviT saxelmwifosac kanti ar ganix-
ilavs dasrulebuli, mocemuli normatiu-
lobis saxiT, aramed miiCnevs TavisTavad, Tavis
TavSi arsebul idead - “saxelmwifo, ideaSi,
iseTia, rogoric unda iyos samarTlebrivi
kanonebis princi pebiT, amasTan, es idea em-
saxureba mas, rogorc gzamkvlevi Zafi mima-
rTuli nebismieri faqtobrivi gaerTianebisken
uSualo erTobaSi” (42). kantis udidesi
damsaxurebaa xelisuflebis danawilebis prin-
ci pis, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos saboloo
logikurobamde dayvana da misi detaluri
aqsiologiuri konkretizacia. igi gamoyofs
xelisuflebis sam Stos, sakanonmdeblo, aR-
masrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebas.
misi azriT, “yovel saxelmwifoSi arsebobs
sami xelisufleba, e.i. sayovelTao wesiT
gaerTianebuli neba sam pirovnebaSi (trias po-
litica): umaRlesi xelisufleba (suverenite-
ti) kanonmdeblis saxiT, aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisufleba mmarTvelis saxiT (romelic mar-
Tavs kanonis Tanaxmad) da sasamarTlo xe-
lisufleba (romelic yovels miuzRavs
sakadriss kanonis Tanaxmad mosamarTlis sa-
SualebiT (Potestas legislatoria, rectoria et iudi-
ciaria), rogorc sami mosazreba praqtikul
silogizmSi.” (43). kantis Tanaxmad, sakanon-
mdeblo xelisufleba unda ekuTvnodes mx-
olod xalxis gaerTianebul nebas, vinaidan
“mxolod sayovelTao wesiT gaerTianebuli
saxalxo neba SeiZleba iyos sakanonmdeblo”
(44). kanti sakmaod Riad ganmartavs samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis fenomensac, rogorc
“samoqalaqo Tanasworobas, aRiaro mxolod
is, vinc Senze maRla dgas xalxis Semadgen-
lobaSi, romelzec mas aqvs moraluri ufleba
daakisros vinmes samarTlebrivi valdebule-
ba, rogorc mas akisreben sxvebi” (45). sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos winapirobad kanti
miiCnevs arsebuli xelisuflebis sami Stos
urTierTkoordinacias - potestates coordinate,
roca erTi avsebs meores da imavdroulad
69
 TiToeuli eqvemdebareba erTmaneTs - subordi-
natae. es ki saukeTeso saSualebaa, raTa
romelime maTganma ar SeZlos meoris fun-
qciebis uzurpacia. igi aseve dauSveblad
miiCnevs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier
sakanonmdeblo funqciebis SeTavsebas, rac
yovelTvis despotizmis warmoSobis mizezi
xdeba. kanti iZleva samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-
fos cnebas, romlis mixedviTac “saxelmwi-
fos keTildReobad igulisxmeba samarTlis
princi pebsa da saxelmwifo mowyobis umaR-
lesi SeTanxmebuloba, romliskenac swrafvas
gvavaldebulebs goneba raRac kategoriuli
imperativis saxiT” (46). kanti pirveli iyo
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos TeoretikosTa
Soris, romelmac wamoayena politikis SemzRu-
davi saSualebis - samarTlis gaZlierebis,
idea (47).
mcire daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom sa-
marTlebriv saxelmwifoze imanuel kantis
Sexedulebebis warmoaCina erT, mcire mocu-
lobis statiaSi SeuZlebelia da es momava-
li Teoriul-samarTlebrivi kvlevis saqme
ufroa. Tumca kanti idealur samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos formasTan miaxloebas xedavda
ufro “samarTlebriv princi pebsa da miswrafe-
bebSi, vidre mmarTvelobis formaSi, an sxva
institutebSi” (48). mis TeoriaSi ZiriTad
sisusted miiCneven moqalaqisaTvis saxelmwi-
fos winaaRmdeg gamosvlis akrZalvas (49).
imanuel kantis ideam samarTlebriv saxelm-
wifoze metamorfoza ganicada klasikuri
germanuli filosofiis meore geniosTan georg
vilhelm fridrix hegelTan (1770-1831 ww).
sakmaod rTuli amocanaa hegelis sistemis
srulyofili analizi samarTlebrivi saxelm-
wifos ideuri ganviTarebis WrilSic, rac
albaT specialuri statiis Tema ufroa vi-
dre Cveni msjelobis sagani.
3. samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos idea XIX-XX
saukuneebSi
germaniis klasikuri samarTlis filosofia-
Si samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cneba pirve-
lad karl velkerma daamkvidra Tavis cno-
bil naSromSi ”saxelmwifo da sasjeli”. (Die
Letzen Grunde von Recht. staat und Strafe),
romelic gamoqveynda 1813 wels gisenSi.
70
k.velkeris azriT, istoriuli ganviTarebis
samarTlebrivi analizis saSualebiT gamoiy-
ofa saxelmwifoTa sxvadasxva formebi,
romelTaganac aRsaniSnavia: despotia, Teokra-
tia da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo. Tavda-
pirvelad samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cneba
moiazreboda misi formis saxiT. swored sax-
elmwifos garkveul formas asaxavs misi sa-
zogadoebriv-politikuri ganviTarebis done.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Teoriuli das-
abuTebis pirveli cda germaniaSi moxda jer
kidev 1848 wlis revoluciamde, rodesac
k.rotekma da k.velkerma (1834-1848) gamoaqvey-
nes, frangi ganmanaTleblebis cnobili encik-
lopediis msgavsad, e.w. “Staatslexikon”, anu
“enciklopedia saxelmwifoTmcodneobaSi”.
swored masSi aisaxa liberaluri, politikuri
da samarTlebrivi ideebi, rac TavisTavad gaxda
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos zogad sawyisis
Teoriuli damuSavebis safuZveli. swored am
enciklopediaSi, pirvelad germanul iuris-
prudenciis istoriaSi, damuSavda iseTi Te-
mebi, rogorebicaa: Tavisufleba, konstitu-
cia, mefeTa pasuxismgebloba da ZiriTadi
uflebebi. enciklopediis gamoqveyneba iqca
liberalurad ganwyobili burJuaziis poli-
tikuri iaraRad germanul absolutizmTan
brZolis procesSi. kurt fon rotekisa da
velkeris naSromebSi pirvelad gaiJRera kon-
stituciuri saxelmwifos ideam, romelsac
unda uzrunveleyo pirovnebis uflebebis, misi
xelSeuxeblobisa da sakuTrebis dacva, kanonis
winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworuflebianobis
princi pebis ganxorcieleba. aseT saxelmwi-
fos k.roteki ukavSirebda respublikas. igi
samarTlebriv saxelmwifos aigivebda e.w.
“Tavisufal saxelmwifosTan” (Freiheitsstaat).
k.velkeri iyo pirveli, vinc wamoayena idea
saerTo-germanuli parlamentis Camoyalibebi-
sa aucileblobis Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebiT mkacri
kritikiT iqna ganxiluli germaniis iuris-
prudenciaSi konservatiuli legitimizmis
skolis warmomadgenlebi (Stali). enciklo-
pediaSi pirvelad daisva aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisuflebis (ministrebis) pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxic specialurad Seqmnili sasamarTlo
organos winaSe. velkeris azriT, aRmasrule-
beli xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis gardau-
valobis princi pis gareSe samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifo warmoadgens iuridiul da poli-
tikur fiqcias. misi azriT, Tu samarTlebriv
saxelmwifoSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleb-
is pasuxismgeblobis da misi parlamentis mier
kontrolirebis, miRebuli kanonebis sasamarT-
los wesiT zedamxedvelobis princi pebis dacva
xdeba, igi SesaZlebelia iyos rogorc monar-
qiuli, aseve respublikuri formis. Semdgom
aTwleulebSi germanul klasikur iurispru-
denciaSi xdeba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
ideis daviwyeba da damaxinjeba (u. seineri,
gneisti da sxva).
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cnebas ubrunde-
ba robert fon moli. misi moRvaweoba atarebda
ara imdenad politikur, ramdenadac wminda
mecnierul xasiaTs. samarTlebrivi saxelm-
wifos Teoriul modelSi konservatiuli
politikuri elementi Seitana fridrix iu-
lius Stalma. samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi
sakonstitucio wesiT kontrolis meqanizmi,
rogorc axali elementi, samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifos cnebaSi SemoaqvT iseT mecnierebs,
rogorebic arian rudolf fon gneisti, otto
beri da lorenc fon Steini. Steini 1879
wlis naSromSi samarTlebriv saxelmwifos
uwodebs ”saxelmwifos, romelic emyareba
konstitucias, kontrolirebads sasamarTlos
mier (Lorenz von Stein, Rechtsstaat und Ver-
waltungs rechtspflege, 1879. S. S-55). german-
uli klasikuri samarTlis filosofiaSi, ukve
XX saukunis dasawyisidan, samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos liberalur-individualisturi
Sinaarsi Seicvala “nacionaluri” da "Zalau-
flebis” axleburi totaluri cnebebiT.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideis ucnaur
metamorfozas adgili hqonda k.gerberis, a.
daisis, g. elinekis, r. ieringis, n. korkuno-
vis, i. ilinis, p. novgorodcevis, kistiak-
ovskis, kelzenis, p. labandis, i. Stalis,
SerSeneviCis, r. radbruxis da sxvaTa nawar-
moebebSi. Cveni statiis moculobis gaTval-
iswinebiT, SevecdebiT im avtorebis mxolod
ZiriTadi mosazrebebis daxasiaTebas, rom-
lebmac gadamwyveti roli Seasrules samarT-
lebrivi saxelmwifos ideis samarTlebriv
recefciaSi. absoluturad yvela cnobili
Teoretikosi, upirveles yovlisa, cdilobda
TviT samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cnebis da-
zustebas da misi Sefasebas, romelic TavisTa-
vad ufro “metaiuridiulia, radgan masSi
Sedis elementebi, romlebic umetesad cvale-
badia da cnebis ZiriTadi problemaa misi mizneb-
isa da saSualebebis urTierTwinaaRmdegobri-
obis da saboloo miuRwevlobis gamo” (50).
TavisTavad samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea
Zalauflebisa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
SezRudvis istoriacaa. xolo “Zalauflebis
istoria dedamiwaze aris adamianuri egoiz-
mis istoria. Tumca swored es egoizmi as-
wavlis adamianebs alagmon TavianTi bunebrivi
impulsebi” (51).
TviT samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea sa-
marTlebrivi cnobierebis ori ZiriTadi for-
miT - personaluri da transpersonaluri
formebiT - ganisazRvreba (52).
samarTlebrivi cnobierebis personaluri forma
amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifo warmoadgens mx-
olod erTgvar momsaxure sistemas im saSu-
alebebisa, rac uzrunvelyofs pirovnebis-
adamianis drosa da sivrceSi zneobriv da
faqtobriv srulyofas (i.lini, p. novgorod-
cevi, g. radbruxi). transpersonaluri sa-
marTlebrivi cnobierebis forma, TviTmyofa-
di mniSvnelobiT, mxolod saxelmwifosa da
samarTalSi ganxorcielebul samarTliano-
bis ideas aqvs, mxolod masSi poulobs ad-
amiani arsebobis gamarTlebasa da mizans
(SerSeneviCi, kistiakovski, kelzeni da sxva).
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea swored am
or cnobierebas Soris moZraobis istorias
warmoadgens, romelic samarTlis maiZulebe-
li Zalidan totalur pozitivizmamde ganvi-
Tarda. Tumca “iZuleba sulac ar aris sa-
marTlis niSani. iZuleba, zogadad, ufro
gamoxatavs samarTlis avadmyofur mdgomare-
obas. igi arsebobs an iq, sadac samarTali
ukve dairRva, an iq, sadac arsebobs amis
tendencia, miswrafeba samarTaldarRvevisak-
en” (53).
isic cxadia, rom iZulebisgan ganTavisufle-
ba TviT adamianis bunebrivi miswrafebaa. vi-
naidan “adamianis cnobiereba yovelTvis mi-
iswrafvis dauqvemdebaros iuridiul normebs
xelisuflebis maiZulebeli aqtebi” (54).
rusul, germanul da dRevandel qarTul
iurisprudenciaSi vxvdebiT erTmaneTisagan
sruliad gansxvavebul midgomas samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos ideisadmi. Taviseburi originalo-
biT gamoirCeoda revoluciamdeli da Semdgomi
periodis rusi avtorebis Sexedulebebi sa-
71
 marTlebriv saxelmwifoze. samarTlis cno-
bili Teoretikosi, m. kovalevski samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos ramdenime niSans gamoyofda. erT-
erT ZiriTad niSnad igi miiCnevda adamianis
uflebebis dacvis garantirebasa da misi
Tavisuflebis farglebis gazrdas swored
saxelmwifo politikuri Zalauflebis Sem-
cirebis xarjze. xolo ganmasxvavebel niS-
nad adreul da Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi
formisadmi mimarTul saxelmwifoebs Soris
mas pirovnebis avtonomiurobis xarisxi mi-
aCnda (55). TviT samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
aucilebel fundamentur elementebad ki igi
miiCnevda: saxalxo suverenitets saxalxo
warmomadgenlobiTi organos arCevis safuZ-
velze da aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo Tu
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis organoebis
kanonisadmi upirobo daqvemdebarebas (56).
meore rusi mecnieri, SerSeneviCi samarT-
lebrivi saxelmwifos sxva aucilebel niS-
nad miiCnevda mxolod saxelmwifo xelisu-
flebas, romelic qmnis “urTierTgamiznul
samarTlian normebs”(57).
zogadi, zomieri SexedulebebiT gamoirCeva
sociologiuri samarTlis skolis erT-erTi
cnobili warmomadgeneli, b. kistiakovski,
romelic samarTlebriv saxelmwifos miiCnevs
“saxelmwifoebrivi yofierebis umaRles for-
mad”. Tumca, misi azriT, “samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifo araa raRac mkacrad gamoWrili ti pi,
rogorc, magaliTad, monarqiuli, respub-
likuri an konstituciuri saxelmwifoebi. igi
ufro gamoxatavs cnobil miswrafebebs mima-
rTulebebs, romlebic asaxvas hpoveben sax-
elmwifos agebulebasa da saqmianobaSi” (58).
swored aseTi saxelmwifo qmnis pirobebs,
romlis drosac “SesaZlebelia harmonia sa-
zogadoebriv mTliansa da pirovnebas Soris.
aq saxelmwifoebrivi individualoba ar Ca-
gravs kerZo pirebis interesebs. piriqiT, aq
yovel adamianSi warmodgenilia da xorcS-
esxmulia gansazRvruli kulturuli mizani,
rogorc cxovrebiseuli da piradi miswrafe-
ba” (59). rac Seexeba Tanamedrove rusul
iurisprudenciaSi recefcirebuli samarT-
lebrivi saxelmwifos ideas, igi sakmaod
sistematizebul xasiaTs atarebs iseT cno-
bil avtorebTan, rogorebic arian; v. nerse-
sianci, d. kerimovi da s. aleqseevi. v. ners-
esiancis azriT, samarTlebriv saxelmwifod
72
miiCneva ‘sajaro politikuri xelisuflebis
organizaciisa da saqmianobis da misi indi-
videbTan, rogorc samarTlis subieqtebTan
urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebriv forma” (66).
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ZiriTad niSne-
bad igi Tvlis:
1. samarTlebrivi kanonis uzenaesobas;
2. moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebeb-
is realurobas (ganxorcielebadobas);
3. xelisuflebis ganawilebas da am prin-
ci pze saxelmwifo suverenitetis funq-
cionirebas.
igi aseve gamoyofs samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-
fos iuridiul-normatiul, institucionalur-
samarTlebriv da individualur-samarTlebriv
elementebsac. marqsistul-deterministuli
meTodologiiT dasabuTebul elementebs vx-
vdebiT meore cnobil mecnierTan, d. keri-
movTan, romelic didi originalobiT ar gam-
oirCeva da masze SeCereba, albaT, zedmeti-
caa (61).
gacilebiT mdidari da sainteresoa germanul
iurisprudenciaSi bunebiT-samarTlebrivi da
pozivitivisturi meTodologiis WrilSi ganx-
iluli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea
legisturi da racionalisturi samarTlebrivi
cnobierebis formebis saxiT, kelzenisa da g.
radbruxis SexedulebebSi.
gansakuTrebuli TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva
gustav radbruxis (1878-1949) Sexedulebe-
bi samarTlebriv saxelmwifoze. germanul
iurisprudenciaSi mis Teoriaze arsebobs
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. Cveulebriv mas samarT-
lis filosofiis relativisturi Teoriis
avtorad miiCneven (62). samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifos ZiriTadi elementebi mocemulia
radbruxis ramdenime ZiriTad nawarmoebSi,
rogorebicaa "samarTlis filosofia“ (1914),
"kanonieri umarTlebloba da zekanonieri sa-
marTali“ (1946), "adamiani samarTalSi“
(1926).
radbruxi samarTlis aqsiologiuri
filosofiuri Teoriis "klasikos reinkarna-
torad“ iTvleba (63). igi samarTlisa da
saxelmwifos metaiuridiuli bunebis gamo-
savlenad emyareba neokantianur "Tavisufali
samarTlis moZraobas“ (64). swored misi
dualizmisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli arsisa da
jerarsis urTierTgamijvna. misTvis sinamd-
vile arsis sferoa, xolo Rirebuleba –
jerarsis, TviT samarTals igi miiCnevs "re-
alobad, romelic mowodebulia emsaxuros
samarTlebriv Rirebulebebs, samarTlis ideas.
amdenad samarTlis cneba damokidebulia sa-
marTlebriv idealebze“ (64). radbruxi TviT
samarTlis cnebas akavSirebs masSi arsebul
iZulebiT normatiul wesrigTan, riTac r.
ieringis Teoriis erTgvar ideur gamgrZele-
bladac gvevlineba. misi azriT, "samarTali
da Zalaufleba erT sibrtyeze, Tanabrad aris
warmodgenili. sadac Zalauflebaa, mxolod
iq aris samarTali“ (66). Tumca saxelmwi-
fos aucilebel elementad igi, Zalaufle-
basTan erTad, samarTalSi samarTlianobis
ideas miiCnevs. igi Tvlis, rom "samarTliano-
ba, TavisTavad, niSnavs Tanasworobas, gam-
awonasworebeli samarTlianoba kerZo samarT-
lebrivi kategoriaa, xolo gamanawilebeli
samarTlianoba - sajaroa“ (67).
radbruxi pirveli iyo, vinc moaxdina nacio-
nal-socialisturi saxelmwifos aqsi-
ologiuri da samarTlebrivi Sefaseba. igi
aucilebel realobad miiCnevda iseTi samarT-
lebrivi institutebis Seqmnas, romlebic
winaaRmdegobas gauwevdnen "ZlierTa ama qvey-
nisa“ – mier sakuTari sargeblis sayovelTao
sargeblad gamocxadebas. misi azriT "sa-
marTlisa da moCvenebiTi an yalbi sargeblis
gaerTianeba samarTlebriv saxelmwifos usa-
marTlo saxelmwifod gadaaqcevs (68). sa-
marTlebriv saxelmwifos normatiul wesrigSi
misi arsebobis aucilebel elementad igi
miiCnevs kanonSi arsebul Rirebulebebs,
romelTaganac igi gamoyofs: sayovelTao
sargebels, pirovnebis samarTlebriv dacvas
da samarTlianobas. misi azriT, samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos yofierebis safuZvlad mxolod
samarTliani kanoni unda miviCnioT. g. rad-
bruxi Tvlis, rom "Tu kanonebi Segnebulad
gamoricxaven samarTlianobisaken swrafvas,
magaliTad: TviTneburad uars amboben adami-
anis uflebebisa da garantiebisagan, maSin
aseTi kanonebi ar moqmedeben (ZalaSi ar ari-
an) da xalxi araa valdebuli daicvas isini“
(iqve, 69). ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is erT-
gvari mcire samarTlebrivi voluntarizmi,
romelsac Cven vxvdebiT mis calkeul de-
bulebebSi, igi Tvlis, rom "arsebobs samarT-
lebrivi princi pebi, romlebic ufro aRmate-
bulni arian, vidre romelime samarTlebrivi
debuleba an kanoni da romlebTan winaaRmde-
gobac am ukanasknelT Zalas ukargavs. am
princi pebs bunebiT samarTals an goniT sa-
marTals uwodeben“ (70). sakmaod bundovania
gasarkvevad Tu ra igulisxma radbruxma "goniT
samarTalSi“. albaT ufro is ucvleli Rire-
bulebebi, romlebic Tansdeven kacobriobis
da pirovnebis, saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebis
istorias. igi ucvlel, istoriulad mzard
Rirebulebebad miiCnevs: pirovnebis Tavisu-
flebas, Tanasworobasa da samarTlianobas,
rac aucilebelia samarTlebrivi kanonisa da
saxelmwifosaTvis. sqematurad ki radbruxis
Teoria Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT:
samarTlis idea (samarTlianobis azri):
1. Tanasworoba (samarTlianobis azri). forma:
rogor unda mowesrigdes adamianis cx-
ovrebiseuli garemoebebi? – Zaladobis
akrZalvis, samarTlisa da kanonebis sa-
zogadoebrivi xasiaTis daxmarebiT - Sun
cuique;
2. mizanSewoniloba – (miznis idea, saerTo
keTildReobisaken swrafva da samarTliano-
ba, socialuri samarTlianoba). Sinaarsi:
ra unda iyos mowesrigebuli? interese-
bi, molodinebi, eTikuroba, zneobrioba;
3. samarTlebrivi dacva - (samarTlianoba da
samarTlebrivi Tanxmoba), saSualeba:
rogor unda mowesrigdes moTxovnebi,
valdebulebebi, raTa gamoiricxos Zala-
dobis batonoba sazogadoebaSi? (71).
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideis logikuro-
bam da normatiulobam srulyofili saxe
SeiZina hans kelzenis (1881-1973) cnobil
"samarTlis wminda TeoriaSi“. kelzenTan sax-
elmwifo iqca iuridiuli politikis nawilad.
swored man gawminda igi metaiuridiuli, aq-
siologiuri elementebisagan da miiRo nor-
maTa "ariTmetikuli totaloba“. mis norma-
tiul totalur wesrigSi saxelmwifosa da
samarTlisagan gamoiricxa samarTlianoba,
rogorc kacobriobis "lamazi sizmari“. misi
azriT, "Cven ar viciT, ra aris igi da verc
verasdros gavigebT, ra iqneba igi“ (72). kelze-
nis Teoriam daamkvidra iZulebiTi normatiu-
li wesrigi, rogorc saxelmwifo. igi ar
73
 ganasxvavebda saxelmwifosa da samarTlis
cnebebs, rogorc iuridiulad RirebulebiT
kategoriebs. misTvis "saxelmwifo warmoad-
gens samarTlis normaTa sistemas, sadac iu-
ridiuli normebi gamoxataven saxelmwifos
nebisyofas, Tumca saxelmwifo ar qmnis sa-
marTals“ (73). kelzenis azriT, "yoveli sax-
elmwifo aris samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo.
xolo es termini warmoadgens pleonazms“
(74). kelzenma sabolood daangria bunebiT-
samarTlebrivi Teoriis mier damkvidrebuli
ucvleli Rirebulebebis cnebebi da igi wmin-
da pozitiur normatiul logikaSi gadaitana.
man goneba gamoacxada samarTlis erTaderT
wyarod, xolo "civma gonebam xelT igdo
samarTlis fabrikaciis monopoliuri ufle-
ba“(75). albaT kelzenis Teoriulma, poziti-
ur-normatiulma totalobamac Seuwyo xeli
evropis kontinentze totalitaruli saxelm-
wifoebis samarTlebrivi gamarTlebis process.
mizezi ki imaSic unda veZeboT, rom samarT-
lebrivi saxelmwifo araa mxolod normaTa
ierarqia da maTi mkacri yofierebaa, aramed
ufro zogad-aqsiologiuri kategoriaa. nor-
mativizmisa da Teoriul sisusteebze werda
jer kidev 20-e saukunis dasawyisSi cnobili
qarTveli mecnieri da samarTlis filosofi-
is avtori, g. naneiSvili. igi SeniSnavda, rom
"raki samarTals vaTavisuflebT yovelgvari
bunebiTi momentisagan da mis kanonSezomile-
bas davupirispirebT bunebaSi mocemul kan-
onSezomilebas, Cven SegviZlia imedi davam-
yaroT mxolod aqtze, romelSic yovelTvis
Camarxulia aRiareba imis uaryofis SesaZle-
blobisa, rac iZulebiT mtkicdeba“ (76).
swored iZulebiTi mtkicebis aqtebad unda
ganvixiloT totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis
arseboba istoriaSi.
zemoT aRniSnulidan cxadia, rom hans kelze-
nis normativizmma samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-
fos ideaze ufro uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdi-
na da normatiul nihilizmamde daiyvana igi.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos axlebur da praq-
tikul gaazrebas vxvdebiT Tanamedrove ger-
manul iurisprudenciaSic. samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos ideis kvlevis sakiTxSi cno-
bilia rudolf huberi. igi samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos ideas samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis Sedegad miiCnevda. misi azriT,
me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli dRemde samo-
74
qalaqo sazogadoeba Semdegi princi pebis er-
Tobliobad moiazreba:
1. pirovnebis Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis
ufleba;
2. ekonomikuri da kulturuli procesebis
xelisuflebis politikuri TamaSis pro-
cesSi TviTregulireba;
3. maqsimaluri politikuri Tavisufleba da
keTilsindisieri samoqalaqo konkurencia. (77).
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideis materi-
alur-normatiul elementebs vxvdebiT ger-
maniis 1949 wlis 23 maisis konstituciaSi,
kerZod: ZiriTad uflebebs (muxlebi 1-19);
xelisuflebis danawilebis princi psa da sax-
elmwifosaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis ufle-
bas (muxli 20); saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
sasamarTlo organoTa mier kontrols (mux-
li 93). sakmaod rTulia germanulenovan farTo
literaturaSi gamoarCio is ZiriTadi, rac
axasiaTebs samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideas,
mis normatiul bunebas. Cven ubralod Sevec-
adeT mokrZalebuli formiT gangvexila zo-
gierTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, rac samarT-
lebriv saxelmwifos exeba.
rac Seexeba qarTul iurisprudencias, sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea mocemulia
mxolod ramdenime avtorTan (b.savaneli,
v.abaSmaZe, g.naneiSvili, i.surgulaZe,
g.inwkirveli da T.gamyreliZe). aRsaniSnavia,
rom kompleqsuri sistematuri saxis naSromi
mocemul sakiTxze, samwuxarod, jer ar ar-
sebobs.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos pozitivisturi
da marqsistuli determinizmiT gajerebuli
cneba gvxvdeba calkeul avtorebTan. ase ma-
galiTad: g.inwkirvelis azriT, samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifo aris saxelmwifo, "sadac zei-
mobs kanoni, sadac uzrunvelyofilia kano-
nis uzenaesoba“ (78). Tumca TviT samarTliani
kanonisa da masSi Tanasworobis Sesaxeb arafe-
ria naTqvami. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo sak-
maod srulyofili sistemuri saxiT gaazre-
bulia b.savanelis "samarTlis TeoriaSi“. av-
tori sworad miiCnevs, rom "samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifo da samarTlebrivi kanoni, rogorc
saerTod saxelmwifo da samarTali, araa
TviTmizani, aramed sazogadoebriv urTier-
TobebSi adamianTa Tavisuflebis gamoxatvis,
organizaciis, mowesrigebisa da dacvis so-
cial-istoriulad ganpirobebuli sayovelTao
formebia“ (79).
zemoaRniSnuli sruliad ar niSnavs imas, rom
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea TavisTavad
panaceaa, vinaidan naturalisturi msoflmxed-
velobiT gajerebul dRevandel saqarTvelo-
Si, sadac "adamiani, gansagnebuli saxiT, fiz-
ikuri sxeulis analogias warmoadgens, xde-
ba misi gaucxoeba. anu iqmneba mdgomareoba,
romelSic adamianis sakuTari moqmedeba mis
winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. adamiani akeTebs da
awarmoebs raRac iseTs, rac upirispirdeba da
aferxebs misi sicocxlis ganxorcielebas“ (80).
amdenad iseve, rogorc TviT adamianis arse-
boba, misi yofierebis formac ganicdis egz-
istencialur, politikur, ekonomikur, so-
cialur, kulturul da sxva saxis kriz-
isebs. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideac,
TavisTavad, erTgvar kriziss ganicdis. amis
dasturia Tanamedrove samyaroSi "erTganzom-
ilebiani adamianis“ (h. markuze) da "masis
adamianis“ (x. ortega, i. gaseti) "erTganzom-
ilebian liberalizmSi gaTqvefa, rac TavisTa-
vad niSnavs "totalur saxelmwifoSi mTeli
adamianuri arsebobis totalur politiza-
cias“ (81).
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideis krizisze
werdnen p. novgorodcevi, kistiakovski, karl
Smidti da sxva cnobili avtorebi. Tumca es
sakiTxi qarTul iurisprudenciaSi special-
uri kvlevis sagani arasdros gamxdara.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos "ekliani gzis“
gasavlelad sakmaod bevri winaaRmdegobebi
iarsebebs yovelTvis, yovel drosa da sivrceSi.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, TavisTavad, "ufro
idealia, romlis absoluturi sizustiT
realizacia ararealuria. SesaZlebelia mas-
Tan mxolod miaxloeba an daSoreba. igi ar
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. poperi k., “varaudebi da darRvevebi”, mecnieru-
li codnis zrda. Tb., 2000 w. gv. 396;
2. savaneli b., “samarTlis Teoria”, iurispruden-
cia. Tb., 1993 w. gv. 117-118;
3. Áîëüøîé Þðèäè÷åñêèé Ñëîâàðü, Ì., 1997 ã., ñò. 524;
4. Zippelius R., “Kleine deutsche Verfassungsgeschich-
te, München, Beck 1999, ss. 172-173;
· Grimm D. (Hrg) “Einfuhrung in das Recht”, Aufga-
ben, Methoden, Wirkungen, Heidelberg, 1991, ss.308;
aris arc warsulSi, da arc mimdinare peri-
odSi arsebuli saxelmwifos asli. igi is kri-
teriumia, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba gan-
vasxvavoT kargi da cudi saxelmwifoebi“ (82).
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
tradiciis ararsebobis gamo, romelic ubral-
od istoriam wagvarTva, SeuZlebelia mxolod
institucionaluri cvlilebebiTa da norma-
tiuli wesrigiT samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
ideasTan miaxloeba. am ideis materialuri
elementebi (uflebebi) yovelTvis darCeba
konstituciis ferad furclebze mxolod
utyvi da realurad fiqciuri saxiT. avtoris
mosazrebiT, saqarTveloSi, sxva qveynebisgan
gansxvavebiT, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
ideasTan miaxloebas xels uSlis Semdegi
garemoebebi: 1. myari samarTlebrivi cnobiere-
bisa da samarTlebrivi kulturis ararsebo-
ba, wminda samarTlebrivi RirebulebiTi da
TviTmiznuri - sazogado miswrafebaTa ararse-
boba; 2. saxelmwifo biurokratizmis Sede-
gad damkvidrebuli samarTlebrivi nihilizmi;
3. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa nor-
matiuli wesrigidan gasvlis tradicia da
ase Semdeg.
samwuxarod, albaT SesaZlebelia aseTi usia-
movno niSnebis CamonaTvalis gagrZeleba, ami-
tom winamdebare statia avtors surs daas-
rulos cnobili germaneli iuristis da poli-
tikosis, maqs veberis sityvebiT: "Cveni STa-
momavlebi istoriul pasuxismgeblobas dag-
vakisreben, pirvel rigSi, ara sazogado-sax-
alxo-sameurneo organizaciuli formisaTvis,
romelsac Cven maT davutovebT, aramed Tavis-
ufali moqmedebis zomisaTvis (farglebi-
saTvis), romelsac Cven maTTvis movi povebT
samyaroSi da davutovebT mas memkvidreobis
saxiT“ (83).
· Jesse E. “Die Demokratie in der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland, Ein Einfuhrung in das Politische
System, Berlin 1986, ss. 38-40;
5. Informationen zur Politischen Bildung, 2000,b., 6897F.
Der Rechtsstaat, ss. 2;
6. Àðèñòîòåëü, Àôèíñêàÿ Ïîëèòèÿ. M., 1996 ã. ñò. 41;
7. aristotele, politika, nawili pirveli, Tb.,
1995 w., gv. 79;
8. Íåðñåñÿíö Â.Ñ., «Ñîêðàò» Ì., 1977 ã., ñò. 20;
75
 9. Reiner H., Die Hauptgrundlagen der fundamental- 50. Êîòëÿðîâñêèé Ñ.À., «Âëàñòü è Ïðàâî» (Ïðîáëåìà
sten Normen des Naturrechts. Basel. 1976. s. 2; ïðàâîâîãî Ãîñóäàðñòâî» Ì., 1915 ã. ñò. 22.
10. aristotele, politika, nawili pirveli, Tb., 51. iqve, gv.34,
1995 w., gv. 96; 52. Ïîêðîâñêèé È.À., «.Îñíîâíûå Ïðîáëåìû
11. iqve, gv. 12; Ãðàæäàíñêîãî Ïðàâà» ì 1998 ã.
12. Siegfried W., Der Rechtsgedanke bei Aristoteles. 53. Òðóáåöêîé Å.Í., «Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ Ïðàâà» ñàíêò-
Zurich, 1947 s-64-65; ïåòåðáóðã 1998 ã. ñò. 26.
13. aristotele, politika, nawili pirveli, Tb. 54. Êîðêóíîâ. Í.À., Èñòîðèÿ ðóññêîé Ïðàâîâîé
1995 w, gv. 13; ìûñëè. Ì., 1998 ã. ñò. 142.
14. iqve, gv. 75; 55. Î ñâîáîäå, «Àíòîëîãèÿ ìèðîâèé ëèáåðàëüíîè
15. Siegfried W., dasax. naSromi, gv. 47; ìûñëé» Ì., 2000 ã. ñò. 494.
16. aristotele, dasax. naSromi, gv. 117; 56. iqve, gv.495.
17. aristotele, dasax. naSromi, gv. 117; 57. Øåðøåíåâè÷ Ã.Ô., «Îáùàÿ Òåîðèÿ Ïðàâà» Ì.,
18. abaSmaZe v., “qarTuli inteleqtualuri fenom- 1910 ã. ñò. 281.
enebi” Tb., 1992 w., gv. 450-451; 58. Êèñòÿêîâñêèé Á.À., «Ôèëîñîôèÿ è Ñîöèîëîãèÿ
19. iqve, gv. 453; Ïðàâà» Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã 1998 ã. ñò. 325.
20. Íåðñåñÿíö Â.Ñ., «Ôèëîñîôèÿ ïðàâà» Ì., 2000 ã. ñò. 97. 59. iqve, gv.347,
21. abaSmaZe v., dasax. naSromi gv. 452; 60. Íåðñåñÿíö Â.Ñ.á «Ôèëîñîôèÿ ïðàâà» Ì., 2000 ã.
22. «Ïðîáëåìû îáùåé òåîðèè ïðàâà è ãîñóäàðñòâî» ñò. 19.
Ì., 1999 ã. ñò. 659. 61. Ä.À. Êåðèìîâ «Ìåòîäîëîãèÿ Ïðàâà» Ì., 2000 ã.
23. Ñèíÿâñêèé Â.È., «Èñòîðèÿ Èñòî÷íèêîâ ðèìñêîãî ñò. 482-483.
ïðàâà» Âàðøàâà. 1911 ã. ñò. 59. 62. Kaufman A., Hassemer W., Einfurung in Re-
24. Íåðñåñÿíö Â.Ñ., «Ôèëîñîôèÿ ïðàâà» Ì., 2000 ã. ñò. 434. chtsphilosophie und Rechtstheorie der Gegenwart
25. iqve, ñò. 427. (Hr). Heidelberg 1990 j ss-108.
26. iqve, ñò. 428. 63. iqve, gv.108-109,
27. «Ïðîáëåìû îáùåé òåîðèè ïðàâà è ãîñóäàðñòâî» 64. Jurnali “almanaxi” 1999, w. #12, gv. 113.
Ì., 1999 ã. ñò. 667. 65. Radbruch G., “Rechtsphilosophie” Heidelberg 1983
28. Ëîêê Ä. Èçáðàííîå ôèëîñîôñêèå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ. . ss. 123-128.
Ì., 1960.ã. Ò-2. ñò. 50. 66. Jurnali “almanaxi” 1999 w. #12, gv. 113.
29. nersesianci v., “samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo: 67. Radbruch G., “Rechtsphilosophie” Heidelberg 1983
istoria da Tanamedroveoba” Jurnali “saxelm- . ss. 123-128.
wifo da samarTali” #4 1996 w. gv. 14-15. 68. Jurnali “almanaxi” 1999 w. #12, gv. 114.
30. abaSmaZe v., dasax. naSromi gv. 465; 69. Radbruch G., “Rechtsphilosophie” Heidelberg 1983
31. nersesianci v., dasax. naSromi gv. 17; . ss. 336.
32. abaSmaZe v., dasax. naSromi gv. 467; 70. Jurnali “almanaxi” 1999 w. #12, gv. 114.
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Ì., 1999 ã. ñò. 669. 72. iqve, gv.151.
34. monteskie S.l., «kanonTa goni» Tb. 1997 w; 73. abaSmaZe v., dasax. naSromi. gv. 421.
35. ruso J.J., «sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba» Tb., 74. abaSmaZe v., dasax. naSromi. gv. 421.
1997 w. gv. 11; 75. naneiSvili g., “samarTlis filosofiis sak-
36. iqve, gv.41; iTxebi” Tb. 1992 w. gv. 68.
37. iqve, gv.59; 76. iqve, gv.88.
38. Êàíò È., Ñî÷èíåíèÿ â 6 òîìàõ. M., 1965 ã. ò-2. ñò. 206. 77. Huber E.R., Rechtsstaat und Sizialstaat in der mod-
39. Íåðñåñÿíö Â.Ñ. «Ôèëîñîôèÿ ïðàâà» Ì., 2000 ã. ñò. 487. ernen Industrigesellschaft. Darmstadt 1968, ss-590-
40. Íåìåöêàÿ êëàñè÷åñêàÿ Ôèëîñîôèÿ «Ïðàâî è 592;
Ñâîáîäà» ò-1. M., 2000 ã. ñò. 114. 78. inwkirveli g., “saxelmwifosa da samarTlis
41. iqve, gv.119, Teoria” Tb. 1999. w. gv. 44.
42. iqve, gv.119, 79. savaneli b., “samarTlis Teoria” Tb. 1992 w.
43. iqve, gv.120, gv. 24.
44. iqve, gv.120, 80. C C saukunis qarTuli filosofiis anTolo-
45. iqve, gv.120, gia t.2 nakveTi 1. Tb. 1999 w. kakabaZe z.,
46. iqve, gv.125, “egzistencialuri krizisis problema” gv. 214.
47. Íåðñåñÿíö Â.Ñ., «Ôèëîñîôèÿ ïðàâà» Ì., 2000 ã. ñò. 497. 81. Schmitt C., Legalität und Legimität. Verfassungsre-
48. Íîâãîðîäöåâ Ï. È., «Êàíò è Ãåãåëü â èõ ó÷åíèÿõ î chtliche Aufsätze. Berlin . 1958, ss. 263.
ïðàâå è Ãîñóäàðñòâå» Càíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã 2000 ã. ñò. 210. 82. rogor iqmneba kanoni, Tb. 2000 w. gv. 42.
49. Ñóðèÿ Ïðàêàø Ñèíõàá «Þðèñïðóäåíöèÿ – 83. Weber M., “ Gesamelte politische Schriften”
Ôèëîñîôèÿ Ïðàâà» Ì., 1996 ã. ñò. 130. München 1921, ss. 20.

76
 ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÃÀ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÄÁÒÉÅÉ
ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÓ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÄÁÉ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÀÛÉ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ
Ó aqarTvelos konstituciis preambuliT gac-
xadebulia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa uryevi
neba _ daamkvidron demokratiuli sazoga-
doebrivi weswyobileba da samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifo. konstituciis saerTo koncef-
cia efuZneba Tanamedrove demokratiuli da
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ZiriTad princi-
pebs, romlebic calkeul muxlebSia asaxu-
li. vfiqrob, saintereso iqneba gavaanalizoT
saqarTvelos konstituciiT ganmtkicebuli ze-
moaRniSnuli princi pebi da warmovaCinoT maTi
mniSvneloba. am naSromis I nawilSi ganvix-
ilavT saqarTvelos, rogorc demokratiuli
respublikis, xolo II nawilSi – saqarTve-
los, rogorc samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
ZiriTad konstituciur princi pebs.
nawili I.
saqarTvelo – demokratiuli
respublika
saqarTvelos konstituciis pirveli muxli
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikuri wyo-
bilebis formad acxadebs demokratiul res-
publikas.
saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebis formad respub-
likis arCeviT faqtiurad miRebul iqna gada-
wyvetileba monarqiis winaaRmdeg. Tumca am
debulebis ucvlelobisa da e.w. “mudmivobis”
meqanizmi konstituciiT ar aris gaTvaliswineb-
uli (gansxvavebiT germaniis federaciuli
respublikis ZiriTadi kanonisagan, romlis
79-e muxliT akrZalulia ZiriTadi kanoniT
ganmtkicebuli saxelmwifo wyobilebis for-
mis Secvla), magram realurad, warmoudgenelia
ÊÏÍÓÔÀÍÔÉÍÄ ÊÖÁËÀÛÅÉËÉ
am mxriv uaxloes momavalSi raime Seicva-
los. es norma saqarTvelos civilizebuli
ganviTarebis myari da erT-erTi ZiriTadi
safuZvelia. vfiqrob, am gadawyvetilebas
safuZvlad udevs makiavelis e.w. “saxelmwi-
fos orgvari formis” Teoria da ara anti-
kuri filosofiis mier ganviTarebuli “sami
saxis saxelmwifo wyobilebis formis”
moZRvreba (ix. qvemoT). saxelmwifos wes-wy-
obilebis formad respublikis arCeva niSnavs
dinastiuri mmarTvelis uaryofas (mefe) da
gansazRvruli vadiT arCeuli saxelmwifos
meTauris – prezidentis, institutis SemoRe-
bas (konstituciis 69-e muxli). saqarTve-
los konstituciis mier gamoyenebul “res-
publikis” cnebaSi upirvelesad moiazreba
“aramonarqia” da garda am ZiriTadi mniS-
vnelobisa sruliadac ar aris aucilebeli
masSi igulisxmebodes demokratiuli da Tavis-
ufali sazogadoebis elementebi; es ubral-
od ar aris saWiro, vinaidan konstituciam
am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-
vani gadawyvetilebebi miiRo (ix. qvemoT).
saqarTvelos konstituciis arCevani
demokratiis sasargeblod imavdroulad niS-
navs monokratiisa (erTpirovnuli mmarTvelo-
bis) da aristokratiuli mbrZaneblobis yovel-
gvari formis uaryofas.
dRes Znelad Tu moiZebneba cneba, romelic
politikur diskusiebSi ise xSirad da amave
dros, imdenad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebiT
iyos gamoyenebuli, rogorc demokratiis cneba.
amitom aucilebelia zustad ganisazRvros,
Tu ra igulisxmeba demokratiaSi, ra moTx-
ovnebisa Tu winapirobebis Sesrulebaa saWiro,
77
 raTa saxelmwifo demokratiulad iwodebodes.
maSin, roca me-19 saukuneSi demokratia jer
kidev radikaluri brZolis niSani iyo, dRes
yvela (ramdenime samxedro diqtaturis, gvi-
ani faSisturi da gviani feodaluri reJimis
gamoklebiT) cdilobs demokratiiT aRiWur-
vos. Tavad sityva "demokratia" arc meti
arc naklebi “xalxis mmarTvelobas” niSnavs.
magram rogor unda ganaxorcielos xalxma
mmarTveloba?
demokratia istoriulad saTaves iRebs anti-
kur politikur filosofiaSi. saxelmwifos
formebis antikuri Teoriebis mixedviT, ra-
mac gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba aristote-
lesTan hpova, saxelmwifoebi iyofoda imis
mixedviT, Tu vin axorcielebda xelisufle-
bas: erTi pirovneba, ramdenime Tu yvela er-
Tad. Sesabamisad, gamoiyo sami ZiriTadi ti pi:
monarqia (erTi pirovnebis xelisufleba),
aristokratia (umciresobis, elitaruli wris
xelisufleba) da demokratia (xalxis xe-
lisufleba). e.w. “dadebiTi” saxelmwifos
formebis es sami ZiriTadi ti pi upirispird-
eba e.w. “uaryofiTi” saxelmwifos formebis
aseve sam ti ps: tiranias, oligarqiasa da
degenerirebul demokratias. “dadebiT” sax-
elmwifoebSi xelisufali marTavs yvelas
sasikeTod, xolo “uaryofiTi” formis sax-
elmwifoebSi xelisufalTa mmarTveloba mx-
olod pirad keTildReobas emsaxureba da,
amdenad, TviTneburi xasiaTi aqvs. aqedan,
aristoteles mier mocemul saxelmwifos
formebis dayofas imavdroulad eTikur Rire-
bulebebTan aqvs kavSiri.
nikolo makiaveli Tavis naSromSi _ “mTa-
vari” (1532) saxelmwifoTa formebis anti-
kur ti pologias cvlis sxvagvari dayofiT:
monarqia da respublika. droTa ganmavlobaSi
respublika iqca Tavisufali saxelmwifos
arsebobis aRmniSvnel cnebad. XVIII saukunis
bolodan, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobebisa da revoluciebis epoqaSi, mTels
evropaSi dRis wesrigSi dadga monarqiis
gauqmebis sakiTxi. amave periodidan, ganmanaTle-
belTa filosofiasa da safrangeTis revolu-
ciasTan erTad iwyeba Tanamedrove demokratiis
uaxlesi istoria. feodalizmisa da absolu-
tizmis winaaRmdeg moqalaqeTa politikuri
da ekonomikuri emansi pacia aviTarebda
moZraobas, romelmac gamoiwvia “saxalxo
78
suverenitetis” Teoriis gaZliereba, ramac
sayovelTao gavrceleba hpova. liberalizmi
da mogvianebiT, socializmi iyvnen ZiriTadi
politikuri mimarTulebebi, romlebic XIX
saukuneSi aqtiurad moiTxovdnen demokrati-
is ganviTarebas da xels uwyobdnen evropis
saxelmwifoebSi demokratiuli princi pebis
danergvas. isini erTxmad aRiarebdnen axal
universalur adamianur Rirebulebas – Ta-
nasworobas, aseve, demokratiis arsebobisaTvis
aucilebel minimums – sayovelTao saarCevno
uflebas. magram, socializmisagan gansxvave-
biT, liberalizmi gacilebiT mniSvnelovnad
Tvlida samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosa da kano-
nis winaSe yvelas Tanasworobis ideas, vidre
xelisuflebis danawilebis uaryofas, tota-
lur gaTanabrebasa da umravlesobis diqtat-
uras (tirania). socialistebi Tanasworobas
ganuyoflad ukavSirebdnen ekonomikur, so-
cialur da materialur uflebebs, magram
gansxvavebuli warmodgenebi hqondaT saxelm-
wifos formasTan dakavSirebiT, romlis sax-
eebic e.w. “xalxis saxelmwifodan” (saxalxo
demokratia) mmarTvelobisagan absolutur-
ad Tavisufal “utopiebamde” vrceldeboda.
rogorc vxedavT, Tanamedrove demokratiis
cnebas istoriuli fesvebi aqvs, gansakuTre-
biT, liberaluri da socialisturi. abraam
linkolnis saqveynod cnobili da xSirad
arasworad gagebuli formulidan SesaZlebe-
lia gamovyoT demokratiis sami ZiriTadi
princi pi: government of the people – sax-
alxo suvereniteti; government by the peo-
ple – mosaxelobis farTo politikuri monaw-
ileoba; government for the people – politikis
socialuri boWva. msgavsi princi pebi Sei-
Zleba aRmovaCinoT kidev erT genialur is-
toriul formulaSi: safrangeTis revoluciis
devizi aerTianebs Tavisuflebas, rogorc
pirovnebis Tavisuflebas, Tanasworobas,
rogorc samarTlianobis universalur prin-
ci ps da Zmobas, rogorc adamianobis soli-
darul-socialur princi ps.
demokratiis cnebis ganviTarebis gzaze
gamokveTilia ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba:
a) demokratiis formaluri cnebis Tanaxmad,
demokratiis ZiriTadi elementebia:
1. saxelmwifo Zalauflebis kontroli xe-
lisuflebis danawilebis saSualebiT,
2. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisu-
flebebi, rogorc uSualod moqmedi sa-
marTali da
3. saxelmwifoSi xelisuflebaSi mosvlis
miznisa da samarTlebrivi SesaZleblobis
mqone opoziciis arseboba. saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis SeboWva da kavSiri suver-
enTan – xalxTan, uzrunvelyofilia pe-
rioduli arCevnebiT, romliTac mocemul
xelisuflebas mmarTvelobis SesaZlebloba
aqvs mxolod garkveuli drois manZilze
(momaval arCevnebamde).
b) aRniSnulis sapirispirod, Sinaarsze ori-
entirebuli cneba demokratias ganixilavs
rogorc cxovrebis wess, romelic gamomdinar-
eobs Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da adami-
anis uflebebisagan da cdilobs ganaxorcie-
los Tavisi ZiriTadi idea, xalxis mier Za-
lauflebis floba, ara mxolod saxelmwi-
foebrivi, aramed sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
yvela sferoSi.
Tanamedrove demokratias aqvs mudmivi da
ganuyofeli safuZveli _ xalxi saxelm-
wifo xelisuflebis erTaderTi mflo-
belia. yoveli demokratiuli saxelmwifos
konstitucia miuTiTebs, rom yvela saxis
saxelmwifo xelisufleba gamomdinareobs
xalxisagan. saqarTvelos konstituciaSi
demokratiuli saxelmwifos es ZiriTadi prin-
ci pi asaxulia me-5 muxlis pirvel punqtSi:
“saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo xelisufleb-
is wyaroa xalxi”. amiT naTlad da garkveviT
aris aRiarebuli demokratiis ZiriTadi idea,
rom saxelmwifos yovelgvari saxis saqmiano-
ba unda eyrdnobodes xalxis nebas da mis
mier unda iyos legitimirebuli. saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis xalxis neba-
ze damokidebuleba aris saqarTvelos kon-
stituciiT Seqmnili Tavisufali demokrati-
uli wyobilebis erT-erTi niSani.
saxalxo suvereniteti niSnavs, rom poli-
tikuri nebis Camoyalibebis princi pi xor-
cieldeba “qvevidan zeviT”. politikur gada-
wyvetilebebSi saxalxo suverenitetis praq-
tikuli ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia org-
varad: uSualod, anu xalxis pirdapiri
mmarTvelobiT, da arapirdapir, anu xalxis
warmomadgenlebisaTvis Zalauflebis gadace-
miT. pirdapiri demokratiis ganxorcielebi-
sas xalxi TviTon, uSualod marTavs sax-
elmwifos, magram istoriulad es forma drois
did monakveTSi arsad ganxorcielebula,
dResac igi iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgens.
istoriuli gamocdilebis Sedegad cxadi
gaxda, rom pirdapiri demokratia Tanamed-
rove industriul sazogadoebaSi, sadac mo-
saxleobis raodenoba Zalian didia, praqtiku-
lad ver xorcieldeba, vinaidan aq adgili
aqvs rTul samarTlebriv da organizaciul
problemebs. amitom Tanamedrove saxelmwi-
foebi saxalxo suverenitetis gansaxorciele-
blad irCeven arapirdapir demokratias. Tum-
ca ar unda daviviwyoT, rom xalxis pirdapi-
ri mmarTvelobis forma kvlav arsebobs sax-
alxo gamokiTxvis saxiT, romelsac bevri
Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifo
iziarebs. saqarTvelos konstituciiT aRiare-
bulia pirdapiri, anu uSualo demokratiis
aRniSnuli forma, kerZod, me-5 muxli acxa-
debs: “xalxi Tavis Zalauflebas axorcielebs
referendumis, uSualo demokratiis sxva
formebisa da Tavisi warmomadgenlebis meSve-
obiT”; 74-e muxli adgens referendumis Ca-
satareblad aucilebel ZiriTad moTxovnebs,
67-e muxlis pirveli punqtiT ki gaTval-
iswinebulia xalxis pirdapiri sakanonmdeb-
lo iniciativa: “sakanonmdeblo iniciativis
ufleba aqvs …. aranakleb 30000 amomrCevels”.
xalxis Zalauflebis delegireba xalxis
warmomadgenlebze, rogorc saxalxo suve-
renitetis ZiriTad Suamavlebze, amcirebs
mosaxleobis pirdapir zegavlenas politikur
gadawyvetilebebze. bevri mecnieris azriT,
xalxis warmomadgenloba Tavisufali da say-
ovelTao arCevnebiT arCeuli deputatebis
saxiT demokratiis ZiriTadi kriteriumia. am
ukanasknelTaTvis xalxis Zalauflebis del-
egireba SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad ganxor-
cieldes: erT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia dep-
utatebi aRiWurvon gansazRvruli uflebam-
osilebebiT. am dros dasaSvebia am uflebam-
osilebaTa ukan gamoTxova, garda amisa, Sesa-
Zlebelia maTi ganxorcieleba damokidebuli
iyos amomrCevelTa jgufis konkretul mi-
TiTebebze. am niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba im-
peratiuli mandati; meore SemTxvevaSi, jer
kidev adreuli liberalizmidan moyolebu-
li, xalxis warmomadgenelTa aRWurva xor-
cieldeba “warmomadgenlobis viwro mniSvnelo-
79
 biT”, anu deputatTa Tavisufali mandatiT,
romelic mxolod saarCevno periodiT aris
SezRuduli. swored es princi pia asaxuli
saqarTvelos konstituciis 52-e muxlSi:
“saqarTvelos parlamentis wevri aris sruliad
saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli, sargeblobs
Tavisufali mandatiT da misi gawveva dauS-
vebelia”. amiT saxalxo suvereniteti gada-
ecema xalxis warmomadgenlobas, rogorc
erTian organizms – parlamentsa da mis
wevrebs - deputatebs.
saxalxo suverenitetis xalxis warmomad-
genlebis saSualebiT ganxorcielebis Ziri-
Tadi gza, upirveles yovlisa, arCevnebia,
romlebic safuZvlad udevs saxelmwifos
nebismieri saxis saqmianobas. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom xalxis yovelgvar politikur gadaw-
yvetilebaTa safuZvelia arCevnebi, romlis
meSveobiTac xalxis umravlesobis mier ar-
Ceul xalxis warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT mi-
iRon da ganaxorcielon konkretuli poli-
tikuri gadawyvetilebebi. amasTan, demokra-
tia TiToeul moqalaqes aZlevs saSualebas
hqondes saxelmwifos marTvaSi Tanamonawi-
leobis pretenzia (e.w. “aqtiuri moqalaqeo-
ba”), magaliTad, uflebas arCeul iqnas sax-
alxo warmomadgenlobiT organoSi an TviTm-
marTvelobis gaerTianebebSi. bunebrivia, aq
dasaSvebia garkveuli minimaluri pirobebis
dadgena (saqarTvelos konstituciis 29-e
muxliT gansazRvrulia, rom saqarTvelos
yovel moqalaqes aqvs ufleba daikavos nebi-
smieri saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba, “Tu igi ak-
mayofilebs kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil moTx-
ovnebs”). aqedan gamomdinare, zemoaRniSnuli
uflebis ganxorcielebisaTvis SesaZlebelia
moTxovnil iqnas garkveuli asakis miRweva an
nasamarTleobis ar qona.
amdenad, sayovelTao, pirdapiri, Tavisufa-
li, Tanaswori da faruli arCevnebi yoveli
demokratiis ZiriTadi niSania. saqarTvelos
konstitucia sxvadasxva muxlebSi asaxavs am
moTxovnebs rogorc saparlamento, ise saprez-
idento arCevnebisaTvis. es arCevnebi, konsti-
tuciis 49-e da 70-e muxlebis mixedviT,
aris: sayovelTao – gansazRvruli pirobeb-
is Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi yvela moqalaqes
(kanoniT dadgenili gamonaklisebi: qmeduuna-
ro an meurveobis qveS myofi pirebi da a.S.)
aqvs aqtiuri (airCios) da pasiuri (iyos
80
arCeuli) saarCevno ufleba; pirdapiri –
uzrunvelyofilia, rom asarCevi pirebi (xalx-
is warmomadgenlebi) airCevian amomrCevelTa
mier pirdapiri xmis micemiT (kenWisyriT) da
ara amomrCevelTa mier arCeuli e.w. amom-
rCevi pirebis saSualebiT; Tanaswori – yov-
el xmas aqvs Tanabari raodenobrivi da war-
matebiTi (Sedegobrivi) mniSvneloba; faru-
li – arCevnebi ar unda Catardes sajarod,
anu yovelma amomrCevelma ise unda misces
xma, rom veravin SeZlos gageba Tu gadamow-
meba, vis sasargeblod miiRo man gadawyvetile-
ba; konstituciis 28-e muxlis pirveli pun-
qtiT aRiarebulia arCevnebis Tavisuflebis
princi pic: “uzrunvelyofilia amomrCevelTa
nebis Tavisufali gamovlineba”. Tavisufali
arCevnebi niSnavs, rom akrZalulia yovelg-
vari iZuleba Tu Zaldataneba amomrCevelze,
rac mas ubiZgebs xma misces romelime konkre-
tul partias Tu kandidats.
demokratia SedarebiTia im TvalsazrisiT, rom
igi mzad aris gadasces saxelmwifos
mmarTveloba nebismier politikur Sexedule-
bas, romelsac mocemuli umravlesoba iziarebs.
swored amitom unda arsebobdes efeqturi
da qmediTi opoziciis Seqmnisa da ganxor-
cielebis SesaZlebloba. bunebrivia aq gamonak-
liss warmoadgenen is dajgufebebi, romlebic
aSkarad ibrZvian demokratiis winaaRmdeg da
miznad isaxaven saxelmwifos demokratiuli
wyobilebis gauqmebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom mravali
eqsperti demokratiis (kidev erT) ganuyofel
niSnad umravlesobis mmarTvelobas Tv-
lis. amave dros, umciresobas (anu opozi-
cias) yovelTvis unda darCes Sansi, anu unda
hqondes samarTlebrivi saSualeba momdevno
arCevnebSi daamarcxos mmarTveli Zala da
TviTon gaxdes umravlesoba. aseTi demokra-
tiuli cvlilebebis uzrunvelsayofad udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvs konkurirebadi politikuri
Zalebis arsebobas. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia
sxvadasxva partiis Tavisufali Sejibrebi-
Toba da politikuri procesis gaxsniloba.
am TvalsazrisiT aRniSnuli demokratiuli
princi pis ganxorcielebisaTvis gansakuTre-
buli mniSvneloba eniWeba konstituciis 26-
e muxliT dadgenil ZiriTad moTxovnebs poli-
tikuri partiebis Seqmnis, funqcionirebisa
da struqturis Sesaxeb, agreTve, informaci-
is, azrisa da presis Tavisuflebebs (m. 24),
Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisuflebas
(m. 25) da sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis
Seqmnis uflebas (m. 26). swored masmediis
(presa, radio, televizia) saSualebiT miiR-
weva sajarooba mocemuli politikuri Za-
lis mier saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ganx-
orcielebisas, maTi kritika xels uwyobs
mosaxleobis (amomrCevelTa) azrisa da Se-
fasebis Camoyalibebas, isini uzrunvelyofen
politikuri xelisuflebis mudmiv kontrols.
demokratiuli saxelmwifos politikuri
struqtura didad aris damokidebuli
saarCevno sistemaze, rac yovelTvis da yve-
la saxelmwifoSi gansakuTrebuli kamaTis
sagans warmoadgens. arCevnebis proporciul
sistemas axasiaTebs politikur partiaTa
Sansebis gacilebiT meti Tanasworoba amom-
rCevlis yoveli xmis mixedviT, radgan
saarCevno siis warmdgeni yoveli politikuri
partia monawileobs mandatebze amomrCevel-
Ta xmebis proporciul ganawilebaSi (ra Tqma
unda, Sesabamisi minimaluri saarCevno zR-
varis gaTvaliswinebiT). arCevnebis maJori-
taruli sistema ki koncentrirdeba did da
regionebSi aqtiurad moqmed partiebze; am
dros mandatebi nawildeba yovel mocemul
saarCevno erTeulSi yvelaze meti raodeno-
bis xmebis mqone kandidatze. konstituciis
Sesabamisad saqarTveloSi moqmedebs orive
sistema (rasac bevri e.w. “Sereul sistemas”
eZaxis, rac, vfiqrob, arasworia), anu par-
lamentis wevrebi airCevian rogorc propor-
ciuli, ise maJoritaruli saarCevno siste-
mis mixedviT. amasTan, e.w. “patara partiebi-
sa” da parlamentis metismeti partiuli
daqucmacebulobis Tavidan asacileblad,
konstituciiT dawesebulia 7-procentiani
minimaluri saarCevno zRvari. 50-e muxlis
me-2 punqtis mixedviT: “parlamentis wevrTa
mandatebi ganawildeba mxolod im politikur
gaerTianebebsa da saarCevno blokebs Soris,
romlebic proporciuli sistemiT Catarebul
arCevnebSi miiReben monawile amomrCevelTa
xmebis 7 procents mainc”.
demokratiisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvT
politikur partiebs. demokratiul sazoga-
doebaSi partiebi monawileoben xalxis poli-
tikuri nebis Camoyalibebis procesSi. saqarTve-
los konstituciis 26-e muxlis me-2 punq-
tis Tanaxmad politikuri partiis Seqmna
Tavisufalia; saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs aqvT
ufleba Seqmnan politikuri partia da monaw-
ileoba miiRon mis saqmianobaSi. amdenad, par-
tiebi ar arian saxelmwifo organoebi da
arc sajaro xelisuflebis mflobelebi, isi-
ni warmoiSvebian moqalaqeTa politikuri aq-
tiurobis Sedegad sazogadoebriv-politikuri
sferodan da am sferoSive saqmianoben. say-
ovelTao Tanasworobis (m. 14), saqarTvelos
moqalaqeTa politikuri Tanasworobisa (m. 38)
da gansakuTrebiT arCevnebis Tanasworobis
princi pidan (m. 49) gamomdinareobs partieb-
is ufleba politikuri xelisuflebisaTvis
brZolaSi Sansebis Tanasworobaze. aRniSnu-
li uflebis mixedviT, magaliTad, yvela
organo da dawesebuleba, romlebic Tavis
Senobebsa Tu darbazebs uTmobs partiebs
saarCevno RonisZiebebisaTvis, valdebulia
Tanasworad moepyras maT. dauSvebelia rome-
lime partiis, romlis saqmianoba SeCerebuli
ar aris an romelic ar aris akrZaluli
kanonis Sesabamisad, ganacxadis uaryofa Se-
nobisa Tu darbazis daqiravebaze im safuZv-
liT, rom mas konstituciis sawinaaRmdego
miznebi aqvs. saqarTveloSi politikur par-
tiaTa Seqmnisa da saqmianobis safuZvlebs
konstituciis 26-e muxlTan erTad adgens 1997
wlis 31 oqtombris organuli kanoni “moqalaqeTa
politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb”.
dabolos, demokratia SedarebiTia im Tval-
sazrisiTac, rom igi uars ambobs sakuTar
identifikaciaze sxvadasxva fenebTan, inter-
esebTan an RirebulebiT warmodgenebTan. ami-
tomac igi aris safuZvelSive Ria, gaxsnili
da pluralisturi sazogadoebrivi wyoba.
nawili II.
saqarTvelo - samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifo
saxelmwifos demokratiuli wyobileba av-
tomaturad sulac ar niSnavs, rom es sax-
elmwifo pasuxobs samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-
fos moTxovnebs. sxvadasxva qveynebis
gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, umravlesoba
yovelTvis rodi iRebs samarTlian gadaw-
yvetilebebs. demokratiulad arCeuli umrav-
lesobis gadawyvetilebebic SeiZleba ewinaaRm-
degebodes samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos princ-
i pebs. swored amitom saqarTvelos konsti-
81
 tucia, demokratiasTan erTad, aRiarebs sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos princi ps.
saqarTvelos konstitucia arc erT muxlSi
ar Seicavs uSualo miTiTebas samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos princi pze, magram sakonstitu-
cio samarTali Sedgeba ara mxolod konsti-
tuciaSi uSualod mocemuli debulebebisa-
gan, aramed agreTve am debulebebis Semkvre-
li, Sinaarsobrivad maTi gamaerTianebeli say-
ovelTao princi pebisa da ideebisagan, rac
konstituciis kanonmdebelma ar daakonkreta
arcerT winadadebaSi. saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciis mier aRiarebul erT-erT aseT Ziri-
Tad princi ps ganekuTvneba samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos princi pi.
yvelaze mokle da martivi ganmartebiT, sa-
marTlebrivia saxelmwifo, romelSic saxelm-
wifo xelisufleba SezRudulia samarTliT.
ufro konkretulad, samarTlebrivi saxelm-
wifos cneba gadmoscems konstituciis Sesa-
bamisad miRebuli kanonebiT saxelmwifos
(aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis) SezRudvis,
xolo konstituciiT – mTeli saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis SezRudvis ideas. saqarTvelos
konstitucia preambulaSi garkveviT miuTiTebs,
rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa uryevi nebaa
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos damkvidreba, Zir-
iTad nawilSi ki upirobod iziarebs samarT-
lebrivi saxelmwifos zemoaRniSnul funda-
mentur debulebas da acxadebs, rom “sax-
elmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba konsti-
tuciiT dadgenil farglebSi” (m. 5 p. 1).
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli debuleba
sul ramdenime sityvisagan Sedgeba, swored
igi Seicavs samarTalze orientirebuli sax-
elmwifos ideas. am debulebis ganmartebis
Sedegad, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos prin-
ci pi gamoxatulebas hpovebs Semdegi saxiT:
kanonmdebloba SeboWilia konstituciiT, ufro
konkretulad _ konstituciiT Seqmnili da
ganmtkicebuli samarTlebrivi wesrigiT; aR-
masrulebeli xelisufleba da marTlmsaju-
leba ki – konstituciis Sesabamisad miRebu-
li kanonebiT, anu samarTliT (me-6 muxlis
pirveli punqtiT dadasturebulia konsti-
tuciis uzenaesoba da misi upiratesi Zala
yvela sxva aqtis mimarT: “saqarTvelos kon-
stitucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi kanonia. yvela
sxva samarTlebrivi aqti unda Seesabamebodes
82
konstitucias”). aRmasrulebel xelisufle-
bas ekrZaleba Tavisufali, mxolod sakuTari
Sexedulebebis Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebis
miReba, igi aucileblad unda iyos orien-
tirebuli moqmedi samarTlis normebze, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki, konstituciasa da kanonebze,
es ki, anu kanonis upiratesoba, kanonis
normis upiratesi Zala samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi
umTavresi niSania. konstituciiT ganmtkice-
buli aRniSnuli norma niSnavs, rom kanonis
saxiT gadmocemul saxelmwifos nebas upira-
tesi Zala aqvs nebismieri sxva formiT gamoxat-
ul saxelmwifos nebaze (ra Tqma unda kon-
stituciis garda). konstituciis Sesabamis
muxlebSi miTiTebulia, rom adamianis Ziri-
Tadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudva
dasaSvebia mxolod kanonis safuZvelze (mag.:
m. 19 – sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsare-
blobisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebebi; m. 20 –
piradi cxovrebisa da saqmianobis Tavisufleba;
m. 21 – sakuTrebisa da memkvidreobis ufle-
ba; m. 22 – Tavisufali mimosvlisa da sacx-
ovrebeli adgilis Tavisufali arCevis ufleba;
m. 24 – informaciis Tavisufleba; m. 25 –
Sekrebisa da manifestaciis ufleba da a.S.),
anu saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mxridan
pirovnebis mimarT yovelgvari moqmede-
bis ganxorcielebis, mis cxovrebaSi
Carevis aucilebeli winapirobaa kano-
nis arseboba, rac, aseve, samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos ganuyofeli niSania. aRniSnuli
debulebis mixedviT, saxelmwifos (am SemTx-
vevaSi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas) Seu-
Zlia Caerios moqalaqeTa TavisuflebaSi an
maTi saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi mxolod
maSin, Tu igi amisaTvis kanoniT iqneba ufle-
bamosili.
me-5 muxlSi mocemuli umniSvnelovanesi de-
bulebis garda, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
princi pi gamoxatuli da dakonkretebulia
konstituciis sxva muxlebSic:
a) upirveles yovlisa am mxriv gansakuTre-
biT mniSvnelovania konstituciis debule-
bebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifo organos
Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis, agreTve maTi
uflebamosilebebis Sesaxeb, romelTa mixed-
viTac, saxelmwifo xelisufleba safuZv-
elSive samarTliT aris SezRuduli;
b) samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo warmoudgene-
lia saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoniT –
konstituciiT aRiarebuli da ganmtkice-
buli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis gareSe. saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis me-2 TavSi mocemulia adami-
anis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebe-
bi, romlebic uSualod moqmed samar-
Tals warmoadgens da romlebiTac
SezRudulia xalxi da saxelmwifo xe-
lisuflebis ganxorcielebisas (m. 7).
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvT kon-
stituciis me-18 da 42-e muxlebis de-
bulebebs, romelTa mixedviTac garantire-
bulia yoveli adamianis ufleba Tavis
uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad
mimarTos sasamarTlos (m. 42 p. 1 – am
debulebiT ganmtkicebulia samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev
erTi, e.w. “samarTlebrivi gzis” arsebo-
bis niSani), agreTve mocemulia e.w. pro-
cesualuri ZiriTadi uflebebi;
g) xelisuflebis danawilebis princi pi (m.5
p.4) (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT);
d) 82-91-e muxlebis debulebebi, romlebic
damoukidebeli sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis safuZvlebsa
da uflebamosilebebs gansazRvraven,
agreTve, afuZnebs sakonstitucio kon-
trolis sasamarTlo organos _ saqarTve-
los sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, Sesa-
bamisi uflebamosilebebiT.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cneba Seicavs
samarTlianobis ideas. es idea yoveli sax-
elmwifoebrivi moqmedebis miznad isaxavs ma-
terialuri samarTlianobis miRwevasa da Se-
narCunebas.
samarTlebrivi uSiSroeba, samarTlianobis
msgavsad, warmoadgens samarTlebrivi saxelm-
wifos princi pis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel
nawils. misi mizania uzrunvelyos samarT-
lebrivi mSvidoba sazogadoebaSi. moqalaqeeb-
ma unda icodnen, Tu ras SeiZleba daeyrdnon
isini da risi ndoba unda hqondeT. samarT-
lebrivi uSiSroeba niSnavs, rom ar SeiZleba
mudmivad ganaxldes yoveli samarTlebrivi
dava da rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT
myardeba samarTlebrivi mSvidoba. sasamarT-
los gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba gasaCivrdes
da gadaisinjos mxolod maSin, roca igi
arasamarTliania; amisaTvis aucilebelia kano-
niT gansazRvruli pirobebis Sesruleba. kanon-
mdebelma am sferoSi samarTlianobis idea
gamoxata imiT, rom dauSva sasamarTlos mier
ganxiluli davis xelaxali ganxilva da saq-
mis gadasinjva mxolod ramdenime zustad
gansazRvruli garemoebis arsebobisas. amas
adasturebs saqarTvelos konstituciis 84-e
muxlis me-5 punqtic: “sasamarTlos gadaw-
yvetilebis gauqmeba, Secvla an SeCereba Seu-
Zlia mxolod sasamarTlos kanoniT gan-
sazRvruli wesiT”.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos princi pidan ga-
momdinareobs agreTve Tanabarzomierebis, igive
Sesabamisobis princi pi. aRniSnuli princi pi
moiTxovs, rom fizikuri piri dacul iqnas
sajaro xelisuflebis zedmeti, arasaWiro
Carevebisagan. Tuki aseTi Careva gadaudebeli
da aucilebelia, mas unda hqondes kanoniT
gansazRvruli safuZveli da amasTan, es safuZ-
veli Tavisi Sinaarsis, formis, miznisa da
gavrcelebis mixedviT unda iyos sakmarisad
gansazRvruli da naTeli, raTa moqalaqem
advilad Seicnos. mocemuli princi pidan ga-
momdinare, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
valdebulia mis mier kanonis safuZvelze
ganxorcielebuli Carevebis dros gamoiyenos
mxolod iseTi saSualebebi, romlebic dasax-
uli miznis misaRwevad saWiro da sakmarisia.
saqarTvelos konstituciiT aRiarebuli sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos princi pi scilde-
ba mis zemoxsenebul formalur maxasiaTe-
blebs. igi gacilebiT metia, vidre pirovneb-
is Tavisuflebis gasamtkiceblad Seqmnili
samarTlebrivi teqnikis elementebis sistema.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo moicavs ara mx-
olod formalur, aramed, imavdroulad, ma-
terialur wesrigsac, romelic, upirveles
yovlisa, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis uSua-
lod mboWavi adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebiTa
da TavisuflebebiT aris gansazRvruli. am
TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs saqarTvelos konstituciis me-7 muxls.
masSi mocemuli debuleba, vfiqrob, saqarTve-
los konstituciis udidesi monapovaria. aRniS-
nuli debulebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos “sax-
elmwifo cnobs da icavs adamianis say-
ovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisu-
flebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes ad-
83
 amianur Rirebulebebs. xelisuflebis ganx-
orcielebisas xalxi da saxelmwifo SezRudu-
li arian am uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT,
rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTliT”. cxa-
dia, rom am debulebis safuZveli, iseve
rogorc adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da
TavisuflebaTa amRiarebeli sxva istoriuli
dokumentebisa, bunebiTi samarTalia. saqarTve-
lo aRiarebs adamianis uflebebs, rogorc
adamianis bunebriv (bunebiT) uflebebs, rom-
lebic adamianis dabadebasTan erTad warmoiSo-
bian. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia
waarTvas an mianiWos isini adamians, saxelm-
wifo valdebulia pativi sces am uflebebs
da imavdroulad, uzrunvelyos isini. adami-
anis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi,
aRniSnuli debulebidan gamomdinare, moqmedi
samarTlis Semadgeneli nawilia, Tavis mxriv,
uSualod moqmedebs da, Sesabamisad, obieq-
tur samarTals warmoadgens, gansxvavebiT
zogierTi sxva (magaliTad, germaniis fed-
eraciuli respublikis ramdenime mxaris)
konstituciisagan, romlebSic adamianis ufle-
bebs mxolod programuli xasiaTi aqvT.
saqarTvelos konstituciis aRniSnuli de-
bulebis Sesabamisad ki, am uflebebiT
SezRudulia ara mxolod saxelmwifo, aramed
xalxic, romelic Tavisi nebis gamoxatvisas
valdebulia gaiTvaliswinos es uflebebi da
gadawyvitos yoveli mocemuli sakiTxi maT
Sesabamisad. adamianis uflebebsa da saxelm-
wifos nebismier aqts Soris winaaRmdegobis
warmoqmnisas, es ukanaskneli ewinaaRmdegeba
konstitucias, Zalas kargavs da ar SeiZleba
CaiTvalos kanonier aqtad.
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisu-
flebebis uSualo da pirdapiri moqmedeba
gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans iq, sadac yve-
laze xSiria saxelmwifos mxridan moqalaqe-
Ta piradi Tavisuflebis sferoebSi Carevis
SemTxvevebi: sisxlis samarTalsa da sisxlis
samarTlis procesSi. saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciis me-18 da 42-e muxlebis debulebebiT
aRiarebulia adamianis ufleba samarTlian
procesze. dauSvebelia sagamomZieblo orga-
noebi da sasamarTlo moepyran adamians,
rogorc SiSvel obieqts. samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifos princi pi sisxlis samarTlis sf-
eroSi gamoixateba Semdegi saxiT:
84
a. yoveli danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebu-
li sasjeli danaSaulis simZimesa da
damnaSavis bralTan samarTlian Sesabami-
sobaSi unda iyos. aq gansakuTrebiT
mkveTrad vlindeba zemoxsenebuli Tana-
barzomierebis, anu Sesabamisobis princi-
pis mniSvneloba. igi krZalavs Seusabamo,
gadaWarbebuli da sastiki sasjelis gamoy-
enebas. igive aris ganmtkicebuli konsti-
tuciis me-17 muxlis me-2 punqtiT: “dauS-
vebelia adamianis wameba, arahumanuri,
sastiki an pativisa da Rirsebis Semlax-
veli mopyroba da sasjelis gamoyeneba”;
b. yoveli sasjelis ucilobeli winapirobaa
bralis arseboba (“nulla poena sine culpa”).
yoveli adamiani unda daisajos mxolod
im danaSaulisaTvis, romelic man braleu-
lad Caidina. Tuki pirs brali ar mi-
uZRvis, dauSvebelia misi dasja;
g. “adamiani udanaSaulod iTvleba, vidre
misi damnaSaveoba ar damtkicdeba kanoniT
dadgenili wesiT da kanonier ZalaSi Se-
suli sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ga-
naCeniT” (udanaSaulobis prezumfcia,
m.40 p.1);
d. "aravis ar SeiZleba ganmeorebiT daedos
msjavri erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis"
("ne bis in idem" - m. 42 p. 4);
e. "aravin ar agebs pasuxs im qmedobisaTvis,
romelic misi Cadenis dros samarTal-
darRvevad ar iTvleboda" (nulla poene sine
lege" - m. 42 p. 5 win. 1);
saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tavisi saerTo
koncefciis Sesabamisad, calsaxad da garkveviT
aRiarebs xelisuflebis danawilebis prin-
ci ps. yoveli demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos arsebobis safuZvlad miCneuli
es princi pi aRiarebulia konstituciis me-5
muxlis me-4 punqtiT: “saxelmwifo xelisu-
fleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawileb-
is princi pze dayrdnobiT”. konstituciis
debulebebiT gansazRvrulia sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisufleba-
Ta Seqmnisa da saqmianobis wesi da maTi ufle-
bamosilebebi, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelm-
wifo xelisuflebebisa. sasamarTlo xelisu-
flebis Sesaxeb konstituciis 82-e muxlis
me-3 punqti pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom “sasa-
marTlo xelisufleba damoukidebelia da mas
axorcieleben mxolod sasamarTloebi”.
Tu xelisuflebis danawilebis princi pis
istoriul ganviTarebas gadavxedavT, mis fes-
vebs isev aristotelesTan vnaxavT. aristo-
tele ganasxvavebda e.w. “rCevebis” (sadac
rCevebs aZleven, bWoben sxvadasxva sakiTxe-
bze) xelisuflebas (sakanonmdeblo xelisu-
fleba), magistrats (aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
fleba) da marTlmsajulebas, xolo jon loki
xelisuflebas anawilebs xalxze, parlamentze,
monarqebsa da adgilobriv TviTmmarTveloba-
ze (Two treatises of government, 1690). mon-
teskies mier Tavis saqveynod cnobil naS-
romSi _ “kanonTa goni” (1748) mocemuli
debulebebis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo xelisu-
flebis samwverovani dayofa sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebe-
bad pirvelad gvxvdeba pensilvaniis Statis
konstituciaSi (1776), Semdeg amerikis SeerTe-
buli Statebis konstituciaSi (1787) da XVIII
saukunis bolos mas kidev erTxel imeorebs
kanti (“samarTlis Teoriis metafizikuri
safuZvlebi”, 1798).
xelisuflebis danawileba miznad ar isaxavs
mxolod xelisuflebis organizaciul “ga-
nawilebas” sxvadasxva saxelmwifo organoe-
bze. is ZiriTadad mimarTulia Zalmomreobi-
Ti, erTpirovnuli, diqtatoruli mmarTvelobis
safrTxis Tavidan acilebisken an, sul mcire,
Semcirebisken mainc. xelisuflebis uzurpaci-
isa da usamarTlo mmarTvelobis safrTxe
minimumamdea dasuli, rodesac saxelmwifo
xelisuflebas axorcielebs ara erTi piri
an erTi saxelmwifo organo, aramed, rode-
sac saxelmwifos amocanebi ganawilebulia
sxvadasxva saxelmwifo organoebs Soris.
xelisuflebis organizaciuli danawilebisas
saxelmwifos ZiriTadi funqciebi ganawile-
bulia sxvadasxva organoebze imgvarad, rom
arc erT maTgans ar SeuZlia legalurad,
kanonieri gziT moi povos mTel saxelmwifo
xelisuflebaze kontroli. amasTan, erTi
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi ar SeiZleba
flobdnen sxva xelisuflebis Tanamdebobebs
(xelisuflebis personaluri danawileba).
magaliTad, dauSvebelia moqmedi mosamarTle
imavdroulad iyos parlamentis wevri an min-
istri, iseve rogorc dauSvebelia moqmedi
saxelmwifo moxele iyos mosamarTle an par-
lamentis wevri.
xelisuflebis danawilebis princi pis miza-
nia erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli xelisu-
flebis sam sxvadasxva ganStoebas Soris
urTierTkontrolisa da urTierTgawo-
nasworebis meqanizmis Seqmna (checks and bal-
ances). saqarTvelos konstitucia iziarebs
xelisuflebis danawilebis princi pis am Zir-
iTad ideas da axdens xelisuflebaTa ara
absolutur gayofas, aramed qmnis urTierT-
kontrolisa da –gawonasworebis sistemas.
konstituciis mixedviT, xelisuflebis dan-
awilebis azri mdgomareobs ara saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis funqciebis mkacr gayofaSi,
aramed imaSi, rom sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrule-
beli da sasamarTlo organoebi erTmaneTs
akontroleben da zRudaven, raTa gawonas-
worebul iqnas saxelmwifos Zalaufleba da
dacul iqnas pirovnebis Tavisufleba. aRniS-
nuli sistema gamoxatulebas hpovebs kon-
stituciis sxvadasxva muxlebSi, magaliTad:
parlamenti akontrolebs mTavrobis saqmianobas
(m.m. 48, 56, 59, 60.2, 64), sasamarTloebi
(saerTo sasamarTloebi da saqarTvelos sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlo) axorcieleben
aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisu-
flebis aqtebis kontrols maTi kanonebsa da
konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis TvalsazrisiT;
Tavis mxriv, prezidenti monawileobs sakanon-
mdeblo procesSi e.w. vetos uflebiT, amave
dros, kanonis ZalaSi Sesasvlelad mas xels
awers da aqveynebs saqarTvelos prezidenti
(m. 68).
urTierTkontrolisa da urTierTgawonaswore-
bis sistemaSi ZiriTadad erTi xelisuflebis
organo niSnavs an irCevs sxva xelisuflebis
Tanamdebobis pirebs da piriqiT. saqarTvelos
konstituciis 77-e muxlis Sesabamisad, mTavro-
bis Semadgenlobas amtkicebs parlamenti, 90-
e muxlis mixedviT uzenaesi sasamarTlos
mosamarTleebs prezidentis wardginebiT irCevs
parlamenti.
garkveul SemTxvevebSi, xelisuflebis spe-
cialuri amocanebi SeiZleba aRsasruleblad
gadaeces samarTlebrivad TviTmyofad da
damoukidebel organos, romelic uflebamo-
silia moawesrigos Sesabamisi urTierTobebi
sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiTa da Sexedulebis
85
 Sesabamisad. aseT organoebad saqarTvelos
konstitucia aRiarebs saqarTvelos erovnul
banksa da kontrolis palatas, romelTa
damoukideblobis garantiebi da uflebamosile-
bebi aRwerilia 95-e da 97-e muxlebSi. 95-e
muxlis me-3 da 97-e muxlis me-2 punqtebiT
gansazRvrulia, rom, Sesabamisad, erovnuli
banki da kontrolis palata TavianT saqmi-
anobaSi damoukidebelni arian. maTTvis gada-
cemuli saxelmwifoebrivi amocanebis mniS-
vnelobidan gamomdinare da xelisuflebis
danawilebis princi pis zemoaRniSnuli niSnis
gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis
sabWosa da saqarTvelos kontrolis pala-
tis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobebze pirTa gam-
86
wesebaSi monawileoben sakanonmdeblo da aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebebi. zemoT mocemu-
li analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT,
rom saqarTvelos konstituciiT safuZveli
Caeyara saqarTvelos, rogorc samarTlebriv
da demokratiul saxelmwifos. am mcire gamokv-
levis mizani iyo saqarTvelos konstituci-
iT ganmtkicebuli samarTlebrivi da demokra-
tiuli saxelmwifos safuZvlebisa da mniS-
vnelobis warmoCena. rac Seexeba adamianis
ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arsebobis
umTavres safuZvels, gansakuTrebuli mniS-
vnelobis gamo, isini calke da dawvrilebiT
unda iqnen ganxiluli.
 ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÀ -
ÊÏÌÐÒÏÌÉÓÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÉ?
(ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÉÓ ÛÄØÌÍÉÓ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÀ)

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².....ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ÊËÀÓÉ, ÓÏÝÉÀËÖÒÉ ×ÄÍÀ, ÔÄÒÉÔÏÒÉÖËÉ, ÓÏÝÉÀËÖÒÉ ÀÍ ÓáÅÀ ÄÒÈÏÁÀ

ÉÝÀÅÓ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ ÁÒÞÏËÀÛÉ ÓÀÊÖÈÀÒ ÓÏÝÉÀËÖÒ ÉÍÔÄÒÄÓÄÁÓ ÃÀ áÀÒÉÓáÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÛÉÝ ÌÀÈ
ÛÄÓßÄÅÈ ÛÄÈÀÍáÌÄÁÀ, ÀÓÀáÅÀÓ äÐÏÅÄÁÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÀÛÉ. ÀÌÂÅÀÒÉ ÛÄÈÀÍáÌÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÒÄÛÄ, ÛÄÖÞËÄÁÄËÉÀ
ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÀÛÉ ÌÀÒÈËßÄÓÒÉÂÉ ÀÒÓÄÁÏÁÃÄÓ....² 1

Sesavali rTuli ar iqneba mivxvdeT, Tu ra mizans

²saqarTvelos moqalaqeni, romelTa uryevi
nebaa....², - ase iwyeba saqarTvelos uzenaesi
kanonis preambula. konstituciis preambulis
mniSvnelobas mxolod WeSmariti konstitu-
cionalisti gaiazrebs. marTalia, preambula,
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, ar
Seicavs normatiuli xasiaTis Sinaarss, igi,
erTgvarad, winaTqmaa imisa, Tu risTvis iqmneba
esa Tu is aqti da ra miznebs emsaxureba igi.
msoflio dawerili konstituciebis istori-
is pirveli furclebi Seiqmna 1787 wels
filadelfiaSi, aSS miRebuli konstituciiT.
xals surda Seeqmna iseTi saxelmwifo, romel-
sac msoflio istoriaSi analogi ar eqnebo-
da. aSS-is konstituciis preambulis pirve-
li sityvebic daaxloebiT ase JRers _ ²We
The People of United States...² (Cven SeerTe-
buli Statebis xalxi...)2 . Tu gavixsenebT
Sarl lui monteskiesa da Jan-Jak rusos,
romlebic saxelmwifos warmoSobis Taobaze
e.w. saxelSekrulebo Teorias aviTarebdnen,
emsaxureboda ²konstituciis mamebis ² mier
preambulaSi gadmocemuli azri. marTlac,
konstitucia, rogorc damfuZnebeli aqti
xelisuflebis umaRlesi wyaros – xalxis,
Seqmnili unda iyos. swored xalxma unda
gansazRvros, Tu ra formis saxelmwifoSi
unda mas cxovreba da ganviTareba, Tu ra
saxis ²sajaro mmarTvelebs² ukeTebs dele-
girebas sakuTar xelisuflebas da aRiaros,
rom TviT misi ²Zalaufleba² SezRudulia
iseTi uzenaesi RirebulebiT, rogoricaa ad-
amianis uflebebi.
aSS-is konstitucia ukve 200 welia, rac
moqmedebs da, miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi
27-mde cvlileba (bolo 1992 w.) Sevida, igi
TviT saerTo samarTlis sistemaSi yvelaze
pativcemuli da marTlac, uzenaesi dawer-
ili aqtia. amis mizezi aris is, rom konsti-
tuciis preambulaSi mocemuli azri mis mTel
teqstSi (normatiul nawilSi) ase Tu ise
gatarebulia da, rac mTavaria, misi Sesruleba

1
²Rjycnbnewbjyyjt (ujcelfhcndtyyjt)ghfdj pfhe,t;ys[ cnhfy= j,ifz xfcnm² htl.= ,.F. Cnhfiey.
2
ix. ²msoflio qveynebis konstituciebi² avTandil demetraSvili gamocema I

87
 garantirebulia ara marto sasamarTlo pa-
suxismgeblobiT, aramed, upirveles yovlisa,
imiT, rom igi TviT qveynis mTelma ²xalxma²
aRiara uzenaesad, rogorc aseTad.
es yvelaferi, rac Seexeba aSS-is konstitu-
cias, axla davubrundeT saqarTvelos kon-
stitucias. Tumca, cota rom gasagebi iyos,
Tu raze gvaqvs saubari, mivyveT mas Tanamim-
devrulad. mas Semdeg, rac 1992 wels mox-
da jer kidev Seufasebeli ²saxelmwifo ga-
datrialeba², droebiTma samxedro sabWom 21
Tebervals (zustad 71 weli Sesrulda mas
Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos ²pirvelma respub-
likam² miiRo ²saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis konstitucia² ) gadawyvita kv-
lav aemoqmedebina saqarTvelos pirveli kon-
stitucia. miuxedavad imisa, rom am konsti-
tuciis samoqmedod SemoReba dakavSirebuli
iyo sxvadasxva saxis sakanonmdeblo xarve-
zebTan (magaliTad, prokuraturis sistema
kanongareSed gamocxadda, Zalze mcire iyo
mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris uflebamosilebis vada
- 1 weli da sxv.), igi mainc moqmedebda man-
amde, sanam 1992 wlis oqtomberSi axlad
arCeulma saqarTvelos respublikis parla-
mentma ar miiRo konstituciuri xasiaTis
kanoni ²saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesaxeb².
amis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dadga saqarTve-
los axali konstituciis miReba. aqve gv-
surs aRvniSnoT, rom axali konstituciis
miReba Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtia, zogadad,
qveynis istoriaSi da igi kargad gaazrebu-
lad da marTlac sazogadoebaSi moqmed Zalebs
(am sityvis kargi gagebiT) Soris arsebuli
konsensusis gziT unda moxdes. konstituci-
is miRebis istorias Cven kvlav SevexebiT,
axla preambulas davubrundeT da vnaxoT,
Tu visi “dafuZnebulia² saqarTvelos sax-
elmwifo. ²saqarTvelos moqalaqeni..² da ara
²saqarTvelos xalxi...”, es sityvebi Segvi-
Zlia wavikiTxoT ise, rom sajaro xelisu-
flebasTan e.w. xelSekrulebas debs saqarTve-
los ara mTeli mosaxleoba, aramed mxolod
misi moqalaqeebi.3 aqve, mkiTxvels Sevaxseneb,
rom sakonstitucio komisiis mier mowonebu-
li preambula iwyeboda sityvebiT - ²saqarTve-
3
Tumca aq termin ²moqalaqeebSi² SeiZleba ufro farTod mTeli mosaxleoba vigulisxmoT.
4
²saubrebi konstituciaze, sazogadoebis samsjavroze², avTandil demetraSvili, rubrikas uZRveboda prof.
givi inwkirveli (gazeTi ²saqarTvelos konstitucia², 1995 w.).
88
los xalxi². CavTvaloT, rom ukve miRebuli
preambulis am normas pozitiuri mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs. mocemul statiaSi ki ufro
dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT is kanonSemoqmedeb-
iTi saqmianoba, romelic konstituciis av-
torebma ganaxorcieles da realurad miRe-
buli Sedegi.
Tavi I
konstituciis
SeqmnisaTvis mzadeba
winamdebare naSromSi ar ganvixilavT kon-
stituciuri samarTlisaTvis nacnob konsti-
tuciis SemuSavebisa da miRebis yvela for-
mas. aRniSnuli Temis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare,
ufro sasargeblo iqneba SeviswavloT dRes
moqmedi konstituciis SemuSavebis meTodi da
is alternatiuli winadadebebi, romlebic
SeTavazebul iqna qveynisaTvis.
upirveles yovlisa, interess ar aris mok-
lebuli is, Tu ra samarTlebriv memkvidre-
obas emyareba dRes moqmedi konstitucia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom 1921 wlis konstitu-
cia garkveul xarvezebs Seicavda, igi mainc
aerTianebda im droisaTvis (da dReisaTvisac)
konstitucionalizmis progresul princi pebs,
rogorebicaa: saxalxo suvereniteti, umaR-
lesi sakanonmdeblo organo - parlamenti,
Zlieri da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo xe-
lisufleba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis
aRiareba da maTi realizaciisaTvis Sesabami-
si konstituciuri garantiebis Seqmna, xe-
lisuflebis vertikaluri da horizontaluri
danawileba, farTo da efeqtiani adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTveloba, erovnul umciresobaTa
uflebebis dacva da sxva.4 mocemul princi-
pebs Tavisi aqtualuroba ar daukargavT arc
me-20 saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, ris gamoc
saqarTvelos saxelmwifom mizanSewonilad
CaTvala 1921 wlis konstituciis miReba axali
redaqciiT. ase da amgvarad, sabWoTa perio-
dis konstituciebi am SemTxvevaSi ar iqnebo-
da gaTvaliswinebuli, ris safuZvelzec
saqarTvelos axali saxelmwifo iqneboda ara
sabWoTa saqarTvelos, aramed saqarTvelos
pirveli respublikis samarTalmemkvidre. CvenTvis, rogorc im reJimSi dabadebuli
swored amas mowmobda saqarTvelos parla- adamianebisaTvis, am faqtis uaryofa, magram
mentis mier 1993 wlis 25 marts miRebuli vaRiarebT ra, imas, rom faqtobrivi ²monoba²
dadgenileba, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo: ²sa- qarTveli xalxis azrovnebaze damRupvel
konstitucio komisiis amocanaa, saqarTvelos gavlenas axdenda, Cveni cxovrebis mizani
istoriuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, axali Taobis sruliad gansxvavebuli men-
SeimuSaos saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konsti- talitetiT aRzrdaSi unda gamoixatebodes.
tuciis axali redaqcia da gadasces igi progresuli kanoni sazogadoebas ufro pro-
saqarTvelos parlaments gansaxilvelad da gresulad ver aqcevs, mas mxolod garkveu-
sayovelTao-saxalxo kenWisyraze – referen- li biZgis micemis roli aqvs, rac pirvel
dumze, gasatanad². yovlisa, konstituciam unda ikisros. am sa-
sakonstitucio komisiaSi SemdgomSi Setani- kiTxze Zalze saintereso iqneba moviyvanoT
li proeqtebis umravlesoba iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos konstituciis erT-erTi ²dam-
1921 wlis samarTalmemkvidreobiTobas. gamonak- fuZnebeli mamis² - vaxtang xmalaZis, sityve-
lisis saxiT gamodgeba saqarTvelos mSromel- bi: ²idealuri konstitucia ar arsebobs.
Ta partiis proeqti, romlis preambulaSi konstitucia unda asaxavdes qveyanaSi arse-
naTqvamia _ ²icavs ra saqarTvelos ssr 1937 bul viTarebas, unda Seesabamebodes am qvey-
wlisa da 1978 wlis konstituciebis ideebis nis, xalxis, eris mentalitets, mis Sexed-
da princi pebis memkvidreobiTobas, ... saqarTve- ulebebs. konstitucia unda iyos iseTi, rom
los respublika, mTeli xalxi iRebs da sazogadoebis umetes nawils ar hqondes Si-
saqveynod acxadebs am konstitucias.²5 amg- nagani winaaRmdegoba masTan, rom naklebad
vari formulireba sruliad gasagebia, rad- Cndebodes survili imisa, rom daarRvios is
gan komunisturi moZraoba saukunis dasawyisSi debulebebi da moTxovnebi, romlebic kon-
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos faqtobriv aneq- stituciaSia asaxuli. konstitucia da masSi
sias, rogorc aseTs, ar aRiarebda. miuxeda- dafiqsirebuli debulebebi cotaTi mainc win
vad imisa, rom sakonstitucio komisia mTeli unda uswrebdes sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
Tavisi muSaobis manZilze miznad isaxavda arsebul dones, raTa stimuli misces sa-
1921 wlis konstituciis axal redaqciis zogadoebis winsvlas, da rodesac sazoga-
Seqmnas, mis mier parlamentisaTvis gadacemu- doeba im doneze miva, roca misTvis es arse-
li proeqtis saboloo varianti iTvaliswinebda buli konstitucia ukve sakmarisi ar iqneba,
axali konstituciis miRebas (amis mizezebs maSin igi mas Secvlis da aiyvans ufro ma-
qvemoT SevexebiT )6 . Tumca, ukve miRebuli Ral safexurze.²8
konstituciis preambulaSi Caiwera ²saqarTve- konstituciis mier sabWoTa memkvidreobaze
los moqalaqeni.... eyrdnobian ra qarTveli uaris Tqma SeiZleba imiTac iyo gamowveuli,
eris mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebriobis rom saqarTvelos Tavis Tavze ar aeRo is
tradiciebsa da saqarTvelos 1921 wlis kon- sagareo valebi, romlebic sabWoTa xelisu-
stituciis ZiriTad princi pebs, saqveynod flebam qarTveli xalxis nebisa Tu survi-
acxadeben am konstitucias.²7 lis gareSe ikisra.9
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 70 weli cxovrob- rac Seexeba samarTalmemkvidreobas, TiTqos
da sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi da Zalze rTulia da yvelaferi gasagebia, magram gadis dro da
5
²mSromelTa partiis saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciis proeqti², saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa
asociaciis biblioTeka, saarqivo #8-33-16
6
²saqarTvelos konstituciis proeqtis sakonstitucio komisiis saboloo varianti, (30.06.95)², saqarTvelos
axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis biblioTeka, saarqivo #8-33-26
7
xazi Cvenia (avtori)
8
²konstitucia prezidentsac da parlamentsac TanamSromlobisaken unda ubiZgebdes² vaxtang xmalaZe,
esaubra xaTuna gelovani (gazeTi ²qarTuli qronika², Tebervali, 1995 w.)
9
Tu ganvixilavT saqarTvelos kanons ²saxelmwifo valis Sesaxeb² mis 1-l muxlsa da gardamaval debulebebs,
davaskvniT, rom saxelmwifo xelisuflebam yofili ssrk-s valebidan mxolod is aiRo sakuTar Tavze,
romlebic saqarTvelos mosaxleobidan iyo aRebuli. (ix. dasaxelebuli kanoni, Jurnali ²parlamentis
uwyebani², #13-14, 8-04-98, gv. 9-20)

89
 es sul sxvanairad ganimarteba. saqarTvelos
axali konstituciiT qveyanaSi Camoyalibda
sakonstitucio kontrolis uzenaesi orga-
no, romelsac Tumca konstituciur ufle-
bamosilebebSi konstituciis debulebebis
ganmarteba ar Caewera (aqve msurs aRvniSno,
rom konstituciis rig proeqtebSi es sak-
iTxi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo), magram misi saqmi-
anobis universalurobisa da Seucvlelobis
gamo, SemdgomSi miRebul gadawyvetilebebSi,
faqtobrivad, xorcieldeba konstituciis
precedenturi xasiaTis ganmartebebi. yove-
live amis gaTvaliswinebiT sakonstitucio
sasamarTlom Tavisi 4 wliani istoriis man-
Zilze yvelaze gaxmaurebuli gadawyvetilebiT
saqmeze - ²avTandil WaWua saqarTvelos par-
lamentis winaaRmdeg², Semdegnairad ganmarta
saqarTvelos konstitucia misi samarTalmemkvi-
dreobis TvalsazrisiT _ sasamarTlo kole-
giam, gaiTvaliswina ra, rom 1991 wels moq-
medi konstitucia (igulisxmeba 1978 wlis
ssrk-s konstitucia, romelSic cvlilebebi
Sevida 1989-1991 wlebSi ) warmoadgenda e.w.
demokratiul princi pebze dafuZnebul Ziri-
Tad aqts da mis safuZvelze iqna ganxor-
cielebuli referendumi saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis Taobaze, daadgina Semdegi,
²yovelive zemoT naTqvami SesaZleblobas
aZlevs sasamarTlo kolegias gaakeTos Sem-
degi daskvna: marTalia, saqarTvelos 1995
wlis konstituciis pirvel muxlSi ar wer-
ia, rom igi aRiarebs 1991 wels moqmedi
konstituciis kanonierebas, magram es ar ni-
Snavs, imas, rom saqarTvelos 1995 wlis
konstitucia ar icavs 1991 wels moqmedi
konstituciis debulebebsa da princi pebis
memkvidreobiTobas; am dros arc saxelmwifo
da arc sazogadoebrivi wyobileba ukve aRar
iyo socialisturi.²10 TiTqosda simarTlis
marcvali aris yvelafer amaSi, magram mod-
iT, sxva kuTxiT SevxedoT mocemul proble-
mas. Tu daveyrdnobiT amave kolegiis Tavmj-
domaris gansxvavebul azrs xsenebul saqmeze,
1991 wels moqmedi konstitucia, miuxedavad
mravali cvlileba-damatebebisa, srulad mainc
ar Seicavda xelisuflebis danawilebis prin-
10
ix. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, #2/80-9, 03.01. 98, krebuli ²sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoeba
da praqtika² gamocema II, Tbilisi 2000 w. (gv. 176-177).
11
iqve, gv. 196
90
ci ps da amitomac ver CaiTvleba demokrati-
uli princi pebis matareblad (amis dastur-
ad mas moyvanili aqvs sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
faqtobrivi damoukideblobis ararseboba).11
rac Seexeba referendums, igi, rogorc xe-
lisuflebis ganxorcielebis uSualo for-
ma, xorcieldeba xalxis mier da xalxisaTvis
da arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu rogori
samarTlebrivi baza arsebobs qveyanaSi, rad-
gan xalxs SeuZlia Tavisi neba gamoavlinos
uSualod (saxelmwifo organoebis kontro-
lis gareSe) da referendumis safuZvelze
miRebul gadawyvetilebas, konstituciis ms-
gavsad (ufro metic, masze upiratesad ),
uSualod moqmedebis xasiaTi aqvs.
bolos da bolos konstituciis, ase vTqvaT,
²gasaRebi² misi preambulaa, xolo es uka-
naskneli saqarTvelos II demokratiul res-
publikas saqarTvelos I demokratiuli res-
publikis samarTalmemkvidred aRiarebs.
axla ganvixiloT sxvadasxva problematuri
sakiTxebi, romlebic wamoweul iqna konsti-
tuciis miRebisas sxvadasxva politikur
Zalebs Soris, gavarkvioT, Tu ram gamoiwvia
yvelasaTvis winaswarve gacxadebuli da mos-
alodneli konstituciuri referendumis uary-
ofa da safuZvlad axali konstituciis miReba,
konstituciis saxelmwifosi, romlis saxe-
li gardaiqmna ²saqarTvelos respublikidan²
²saqarTvelod².
Tavi II
sakonstitucio komisia
poziciaTa WidilSi
rogorc SesavalSi aRvniSneT, 1992 wels
axlad arCeulma parlamentma miiRo konsti-
tuciuri kanoni ²saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
Sesaxeb², mis SesavalSi naTqvamia: ²es kanoni
gansazRvravs qveynis sagangebo saSinao da
sagareo mdgomareobiT ganpirobebuli saqarTve-
los saxelmwifos umaRlesi organoebis ufle-
bamosilebis, maTi mowyobisa da saqmianobis
wess axali konstituciis miRebamde, rac
ganxorcieldeba 1921 wlis saqarTvelos
konstituciis memkvidreobis safuZvelze².12
am kanonis mimarT ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
miuxedavad xarvezebisa misi mniSvneloba sa-
kanonmdeblo vakuumis amovsebis saqmeSi mar-
Tlac didia.13 erTi wlis Semdeg sakonsti-
tucio komisiam muSaoba daiwyo 1921 wlis
konstituciaze. 1921 wlis konstituciis 147-
e muxlis Tanaxmad, ²konstituciis zogadi
an nawilobrivi gadasinjvis proeqti miRe-
bul unda iqnes parlamentis yvela wevrTa
ori mesamedis umravlesobiT. igi ZalaSi Se-
dis mxolod xalxis umravlesobis mier da-
dasturebis Semdeg²14 komisiam gaiTvaliswina
es debuleba da parlamentis mier damtkice-
buli gegmis Tanaxmad, konstitucia parla-
mentSi ganxiluli, damtkicebuli da refer-
endumze gatanili unda yofiliyo 1994 wlis
Semodgomaze, Semdeg es TariRi gadaweul iqna
1995 wlis gazafxulze, magram rac ufro
meti dro gadioda, miT ufro aSkara xdebo-
da, rom politikur Zalebs Soris dapiri-
spireba ar iZleoda konstituciis miRebis
saSualebas. garkveuli mosazrebebi gaCnda
konstituciuri referendumis winaaRmdegac
(am sakiTxs SemdgomSi SevexebiT). erT-erT
gamosavlad SemoTavazebul iqna e.w. ²mcire
konstitucia², xolo yovelive amis fonze
safrTxis qveS dadga konstituciis miReba
da arCevnebis Catareba.
komisiam konstituciis dasayrden proeqtad
safuZvlad airCia saxelmwifo meTauris mier
warmodgenili varianti. amasTan sainteresoa
komisiis mdivnis, avTandil demetraSvilis
sityvebi: ²komisiis 65 wevrma mxari dauWira
imas, rom saxelmwifo meTauris, sakonsti-
tucio komisiis Tavmjdomaris, eduard Se-
vardnaZis mier Semotanili proeqti agveRo
safuZvlad Semdgomi ganxilvisaTvis. ... am
proeqtis avtori unda iyos saqarTvelos
mosaxleoba...²15
amis Semdeg komisiaSi gansaxilvelad Sevida
konstituciis Semdegi proeqtebi (respub-
likuri partiis; saxalxo frontTan arsebu-
li axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis; Tsu-s
saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis fakultetis axalgazrda kon-
stitucionalistTa jgufis; banki ²aisi²-s; a.
SuSanaSvilis (sainiciativo proeqti); sax-
alxo partiis; erovnul demokratiuli parti-
is; samarTlianobis aRdgenis kavSiri - ²xma
erisa²-s; mSromelTa interesebis dacvis sa-
zogadoebis; saqarTvelos komunisturi parti-
is; moqalaqeTa kavSiris da SemdgomSi Se-
jerebuli e.w. ²Cikagos² proeqtebi, romlebic
ase Tu ise gansxvavebulad aregulirebdnen
sxvadasxva sakiTxs. sabolood miRebuli kon-
stitucia ki ar warmoadgenda zemoT moyvani-
li proeqtebis faqtobrivad Seucvlel rome-
lime variants.
sakonstitucio komisiaSi ZiriTadi SeuTanxme-
bloba gamoiwvia saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis
formam. warmodgenili proeqtebidan umete-
soba iTvaliswinebda Sereuli mmarTvelobis
sistemas, mxolod erovnul-demokratiuli
partiisa da sazogadoeba ²samarTlianobis
xmis² proeqtebiT mocemuli iyo e.w. ameriku-
li ti pis saprezidento respublikebi, res-
publikur partias ki saparlamento respub-
likis Seqmnis idea hqonda. komisiaSi ganxil-
vis Semdeg sabolood SeCerdnen respublikuri
partiis proeqtze da komisiis samdivnoSi
momzadebuli proeqtis Tanaxmad (romlis
safuZveli iyo saxelmwifos meTauris ini-
ciativa) ki Sereuli respublikis formaze.16
mokled ganvixiloT, Tu ras warmoadgenda
mmarTvelobis es ori modeli.
rogorc vTqviT, sakonstitucio komisiis sam-
divnos saboloo proeqti iTvaliswinebda
mmarTvelobis Sereul formas, e.i. arc par-
laments da arc prezidents ar hqonda moni-
Webuli gansakuTrebuli prioritetebi xelisu-
flebis ganxorcielebisas.17 aRniSnuli proeq-
tis Tanaxmad, prezidenti warmoadgens sax-

12
ix. ²saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali² zaza ruxaZe, baTumi 2000w. gv. 34
13
iqve, gv. 35
14
²saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstitucia², msoflio qveynebis konstituciebi, 1992 w. av.
demetraSvili gv. 51, (xazgasma Cvenia, avtori).
15
²yvelaferi wesrigSia².. anu separatizmisagan prezidenti dagvicavs², saqarTvelos parlamentis sakonstitucio
komisiis mdivani avTandil demetraSvili (gazeTi saqarTvelos respublika 1995w.).
16
giorgi papuaSvili, ²saprezidento sistema post-sabWoTa qveynebSi: saqarTvelos magaliTi² Jurnali ²qarTuli
samarTlis mimoxilva², gv. 22
17
²saqarTvelos konstituciis proeqtis sakonstitucio komisiis saboloo varianti, (30.06.95)², saqarTvelos
axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis biblioTeka, saarqivo #8-33-26

91
 elmwifos meTaurs, romelic ²..warmarTavs
saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo politikas.
igi uzrunvelyofs qveynis erTianobasa da
mTlianobas, saxelmwifo organoTa saqmianobas
konstituciis Sesabamisad ² (muxli 66.2 ).
rogorc vxedavT, prezidents aRmasrulebe-
li xelisuflebis saqmianobaSi pirdapiri Careva
ar SeeZlo. mas, am proeqtis 70-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, sakmaod farTo uflebamosileba
hqonda, magram, faqtobrivad, aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebas axorcielebda da, maSasadame,
pasuxismgeblobasac sruliad Tavis Tavze
iRebda premier-ministri da ministrTa kabine-
ti. parlamenti Sedgeboda ori palatisagan
(respublikis sabWo da senati) da mas mniS-
vnelovani adgili ekava aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisuflebis formirebaSi. parlamentis qveda
palatis _ respublikis sabWos arCevidan 14
dRis ganmavlobaSi respublikis prezidenti
niSnavda premier-ministrsa da ministrTa sa-
bWos sxva wevrebs, xolo premier-ministri,
Tavis mxriv, daniSvnidan 5 dRis ganmavloba-
Si valdebuli iyo ministrTa kabinetis sru-
li Semadgenloba waredgina dasamtkiceblad
respublikis sabWosaTvis (mux. 77.1,2). amis
safuZvelze, ²aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
xelmZRvaneli da saSinao da sagareo poli-
tikis ganmaxorcielebeli² ministrTa kabine-
ti angariSvaldebuli iyo rogorc preziden-
tis, ise parlamentis winaSe. es, faqtobri-
vad, gamoixateboda imaSi, rom parlaments
SeeZlo gamoecxadebina ministrTa kabineti-
saTvis undoblobis votumi (romelic, rogorc
Semdgom vnaxavT, konstruqciuli iyo). aseve,
prezidents miniWebuli hqonda uflebamosileba
gaeTavisuflebina ministrTa kabinetis mTeli
Semadgenloba. Tu respublikis sabWo axali
ministrTa kabinetis Semadgenlobas ar daamt-
kicebda, respublikis prezidenti TviTon ni-
Snavda ministrTa kabinets erTi wliT, xolo
Semdeg, Tu respublikis sabWo ministrTa
kabinets undoblobas ar gamoucxadebda, am
ukanasknels savsebiT legitimurad SeeZlo
emoqmeda (mux. 77.4). Zalze sainteresod iyo
gadawyvetili respublikis sabWos ²pasuxismge-
bloba² ministrTa kabinetisadmi undoblobis
18
²Tsu-s saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis fakultetis axalgazrda konstituciona-
listTa jgufis saqarTvelos konstituciis proeqti² (mux. 42, 2. g.) saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa
asociaciis biblioTeka saarqivo #8-33-23
92
gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, igi ufle-
bamosili iyo Tavad daeniSna premier-minis-
tri da misi wardginebiT, - ministrTa kabine-
ti, xolo Tu am uflebamosilebas erTi Tvis
vadaSi ver ganaxorcielebda, respublikis
prezidenti qmnida ministrTa kabinets da
niSnavda respublikis sabWos vadamdel
arCevnebs, e.i. es moqmedeba respublikis tol-
fasi iyo sabWos daTxovnisa (mux. 77.6). prez-
identis kontrolis saSualebad ki parla-
ments mxolod impiCmentis (aq: ²konstituci-
isa da kanonis uxeSi an sistematuri dar-
Rvevis an saxelmwifo Ralatis² SemTxvevaSi
vadaze adre gadayenebis procedura) gamoy-
eneba SeeZlo.
xelisuflebis danawilebis princi ps saqarTve-
los konstitucionalizmis istoriaSi
yovelTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda. sakon-
stitucio komisia, faqtobrivad, yvela proeq-
tis ganxilvis dros cdilobda epovna is
²oqros Sualedi², mmarTvelobis iseTi for-
ma, romlis drosac xelisuflebis Stoebi
ara marto mkveTrad gamijnuli iqnebodnen
erTmaneTisagan, aramed, amerikuli
gamocdilebiT, aRWurvili iqnebodnen urT-
ierTkontrolis mtkice meqanizmebiT. mocemul
proeqtSi asaxuli aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
flebis formirebis wesi, albaT, swored amg-
vari ²oqros Sualedis² povnis survils adas-
turebs. aqve interess moklebuli ar iqneba
moviyvanoT Tsu-s saerTaSoriso samarTlisa
da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis fakulte-
tis axalgazrda konstitucionalistTa
jgufis proeqti, romelSic, faqtobrivad,
igive procedurebi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli,
magram damatebiT saparlamento xelisufle-
ba Zlierdeboda imiT, rom prezidentis
arCevnebis meore turis SemTxvevaSi saxelm-
wifos meTaurs irCevda ara xalxi, aramed
parlamenti.18
axla ganvixiloT mtkice saparlamento res-
publikis modelis Semcveli respublikuri
partiis konstituciis proeqti. mocemuli
proeqtis Tanaxmad ²saqarTvelos respublikis
prezidenti aris saxelmwifos meTauri, sax-
elmwifo institutTa stabiluri saqmiano-
bisa da saxelmwifo politikis memkvidreob-
iTobis garanti.²19 rogorc vxedavT, aq moy-
vanili definicia Zalze zogadia da Tavidanve
xazs usvams prezidentis institutis nakleb
mniSvnelobas saxelmwifo organoTa sistema-
Si. rogorc Semdegi muxlebidan vityobT,
respublikis prezidenti airCeva parlamentis
mier ²ukamaTod, faruli kenWisyriT xuTi
wlis vadiT². prezidentis uflebamosileba
Zalze mcire, Tumca am proeqtiTac aris
gaTvaliswinebuli erovnuli sabWos daTxov-
na. sabWos daTxovnisa safuZveli SeiZleba
iyos mTavrobis daumtkicebloba (faqtobri-
vad, igive procedura, rac zemoT ganxilul
proeqtSi iyo, magram Zalze SemWidrovebul
vadebSi)20 . aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mocemu-
li proeqtis 66-e muxlSi mocemulia sabWos
daTxovnis imperatiuli SezRudvebi: ²dauS-
vebelia erovnuli sabWos daTxovna respub-
likis prezidentis uflebamosilebis vadis
bolo eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi, erovnuli
sabWos daTxovnis Semdeg arCeuli erovnuli
sabWo uflebamosilebis pirveli erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi, garda konstituciis 103-e mux-
liT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa, res-
publikis prezidentisaTvis braldebis wi-
nadadebis wardgenidan sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlos mier gadawyvetilebis miRebamde,
agreTve, sagangebo an omis mdgomareobis mo-
qmedebis periodSi.² aRniSnuli proeqtis Tanax-
mad, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sistemaSi didi
roli uWiravs mTavrobas: ²saqarTvelos res-
publikaSi umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
fleba ekuTvnis mTavrobas, romelic konsti-
tuciiTa da kanonebiT dadgenil farglebSi
warmarTavs saSinao da sagareo politikas,
xelmZRvanelobs samoqalaqo da samxedro
uwyebebs² (mux. 118). aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom mTavrobis siZliere ganpirobebulia par-
lamentis siZlieriT, radgan mTavrobis wevri
SeiZleba iyos parlamentis wevric, mTavro-
bis Tavmjdomare ki aucilebelia, rom sa-
kanonmdeblo organos wevri iyos (mux. 119.2),
aseve, mTavrobis Tavmjdomare angariSvalde-
bulia erovnuli sabWos winaSe ²mTavrobis
saerTo politikisaTvis² da unda gadadges,
19
iqve, ²respublikuri partiis saqarTvelos konstituciis proeqti² saarqivo #8-33-5
20
iqve, muxli 120-e.
21
giorgi papuaSvili, ²saprezidento sistema post-sabWoTa qveynebSi: saqarTvelos magaliTi², ²qarTuli
samarTlis mimoxilva², 1999 w., III kvartali.
Tu sabWos ndobas dakargavs. amrigad, xseneb-
uli proeqtis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi unda
Camoyalibebuliyo saparlamento respublika
prezidentis institutiT, romelic iqneboda
politikuri arbitri xelisuflebis Stoebs
Soris paeqrobisas. opoziciis amgvari mtkice
winaaRmdegoba saxelmwifos meTauris proeqt-
Tan, konkretulad ki, Zlier, magram mcire
pasuxismgeblobis mqone (ministrTa kabinetis
gamo) prezidentis fenomenTan, SeiZleba ase
dasabuTdes _ ²is, rac aerTianebda opozi-
cias komisiis variantis winaaRmdeg, iyo SiSi,
rom is prezidents miscemda mTavrobis sru-
li kontrolis SesaZleblobas da, amave dros,
SesaZleblobas pasuximgebeli ar yofiliyo
gatarebuli politikisaTvis da misi waru-
mateblad ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, gada-
ebralebina es mTavrobisaTvis. opoziciur
partiebs aseve ar moswondaT prezidentis
ufleba Tundac gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi
daeTxova parlamenti.²21
aRsaniSnavia, rom arc mmarTvel Zalas da
arc opozicias parlamentSi ar gaaCnda 2/3
xma, raTa meore mxaresTan kompromisis gareSe
mieRo konstitucia da gaetana referendumze.
magram Tundac Semdgariyo amgvari kompromi-
si ukve miRebuli konstituciis referendumze
gatana politikurad da iuridiulad
gaumarTlebeli iqneboda. es problema gamoi-
wvia afxazeTisa da samaCablos konfliqteb-
ma. Tu davesesxebiT sakonstitucio komisiis
Tavmjdomaris moadgiles, vaxtang xmalaZes,
xelisufleba komisias aRuTqvamda, rom kon-
stituciis miRebisaTvis qveyanaSi teritori-
uli konfliqtebi daregulirebuli iqneboda.
magram es ase ar moxda da 1995 wels kon-
stituciuri referendumis Catareba im qvey-
nis teritoriaze, romlis nawilSi ar vr-
celdeboda saxelmwifo organoTa iurisdiq-
cia, iqneboda politikurad gaumarTlebeli
nabiji, romelic daakanonebda ²separatistul
respublikebs².
mocemul rTul situaciaSi respublikelebma,
gaiTvaliswines ra, rom konstitucia Sei-
Zleba ver miRebuliyo, wamoayenes winadadeba
93
 e.w. ²mcire konstituciis² miRebis Taobaze.
urigo ar iqneba ganimartos, Tu ras war-
moadgens ²mcire konstitucia². konstituci-
uri samarTlis TeoriaSi konstituciebi,
klasifikaciis sxva formebTan erTad, iyofa
erTian da danawilebul aqtebad. swored
konstituciuri mniSvnelobisa da Zalis mqone
aqtebis erTianobas ewodeba ²mcire konsti-
tucia² (mag.: SveciaSi - 4 normatiuli aq-
tia, israelSi - 11 ZiriTadi kanoni, yofil
CexoslovakiaSi arsebobda ramdenime Tanabari
iuridiuli Zalis mqone ZiriTadi kanoni,
romelTaganac erT-erTis dasaxeleba iyo
konstitucia )22 . yovelive amis gaTval-
iswinebiT, respublikuri partia inicirebas
axdenda ²mcire konstituciis² saxiT Semde-
gi konstituciuri kanonebis miRebas: adami-
anis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa
Sesaxeb, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesax-
eb, saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb, adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da TviTmmarTvelo-
bis organoTa arCevnebis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis Sesaxeb, parlamentis arCevnebis
Sesaxeb. 23 ²mcire konstituciis ² miRebiT
opoziciis azriT, Tavidan acilebuli iqne-
boda arasasurveli konstituciuri referen-
dumi da misi, vidre erTiani aqtis, miReba
TviT parlamentSi ufro advili iqneboda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom respublikelebi mt-
kiced iTxovdnen sakuTari, saparlamento
respublikis modelis konstituciis an ²mcire
konstituciis² miRebas, isini mainc mzad iyvnen
konsensusis misaRwevad, radgan icodnen, rom
TviT kanonis darRveviT saxelmwifos meTaurs
SeeZlo gaetana konstituciis proeqti ref-
erendumze da, Tundac amas sazogadoebis
polarizacia mohyoloda, mieRwia mizans –
konstituciad misi proeqti damtkicebuliyo.
mmarTveli Zalis princi puloba am sakiTxSi
kargad Canda, kerZod, im droisaTvis moqalaqe-
Ta kavSiris generaluri mdivnis, zurab Jva-
nias sityvebSi: ²wels oqtomberSi saparla-
mento arCevnebi, manamde, ivlisSi saprezi-
dento, pirvel rigSi ki, maisSi _ sakonsti-
tucio referendumi²24 .
sazogadoebisaTvis jer kidev ucnobia, konkre-
tulad vin urCia saxelmwifos meTaurs kom-
promisuli SeTanxmebis _ Zlieri saprezi-
dento respublikis, idea, magram misi parla-
mentSi gaxmovaneba moxda bakur guluas mier.
warmodgenili proeqtiT, saxelmwifosa da
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurad gvev-
lineboda qveynis prezidenti, sakmaod farTo
uflebamosilebebiTa da, agreTve, aranaklebi
pasuxismgeblobiT, mTavrobis, rogorc saTaT-
biro organos fonze. prezidents ar eniWebo-
da ufleba parlamentis daTxovnisa. amasTanave,
Taviseburad gadawyda prezidentis e.w. ²sa-
kanonmdeblo saqmianobis² sakiTxi. rogorc
viciT, 1992 wlidan saxelmwifos meTaurs
parlamentma (wevrTa 2/3-is gadawyvetilebiT)
kanonis Zalis aqtebis _ dekretebis, gamoce-
mis ufleba mianiWa, magram konstituciur
samarTalSi aRiarebuli princi pebis sawinaaRm-
degod aRniSnuli uflebamosileba ar Semoi-
fargla droiT. konstituciis miRebamde sax-
elmwifos meTauri aRniSnul aqtebs sakmao
raodenobiT gamoscemda, xolo konstituciam
garkveulwilad SezRuduli formiT aRWur-
va prezidenti am uflebamosilebiT (special-
urad gankuTvnil dros da mxolod parla-
mentis TanxmobiT - Tu es aqti zRudavs
konstituciiT aRiarebul uflebebs an Tavisu-
flebebs ). konstituciis es modeli e.w.
amerikul models miesadageba, magaliTad
gamodgeba aSS-is konstituciis me-2.1 mux-
lis debuleba ²aRmasrulebel xelisufle-
bas axorcielebs amerikis SeerTebuli State-
bis prezidenti².25
konstituciis ²kompromisuli² proeqti iTval-
iswinebda saxelmwifo ministris institut-
sac: ²mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSia saxelmwifo
ministri, romelic xelmZRvanelobs kancelar-

22
°Rjycnbnecbjyyjt (ujcelfhcndtyyjt) ghfdj pfhe,tòysè cnhfy= j,ifz xfcnm² htl.= ,.F. Cnhfiey= cnh _ 62-63
23
zaza wulaZe, ²respublikelebi mxars uWeren ²mcire konstitucias²², gazeTi ²7 dRe², 1995 w. 18-24 marti.
24
xaTuna rexviaSvili, diana gabroSvili, ²aucilebeli piroba konsensusi da kompromisi², gazeTi ²kavkasioni²
samSabaTi, 14 marti, 1995 w.
25
ix. avTandil demetraSvili, ²msoflio qveynebis konstituciebi², gamocema I, gv. 82. aqve saintereso iqneba
erTi istoriis moyvana, rodesac aSS-is prezidenti, abraam linkolni mTavrobis wevrebTan (6 wevri) erTad
ixilavda samoqalaqo omis dros samxedro Zalebis gamoyenebis mizanSewonilebas, kenWisyris Sedegi iyo 6
xma 1 - is, prezidentis winaaRmdeg. amis Semdeg linkolnma, konstituciis princi pebisa da suliskveTebis
dacviT ganacxada - ²6 winaaRmdeg, 1 momxre, momxre gadis.²

94
ias da prezidentis rwmunebiT asrulebs mis
calkeul davalebebs.² (mux. 81.3). rogorc
vxedavT saxelmwifo ministri, Tavisi Sinaar-
siT, ar aris premier-ministri (yovel SemTx-
vevaSi, ase iyo 1995 wels, konstituciis
miRebisas) da am ministris uflebamosileba
Zalze mcire areals moicavs. 1999 wels
SeimCneva saerTo swrafva mTavrobis pasux-
ismgeblobis gazrdisa, rac udavod iwvevs
saxelmwifo ministris, rogorc mTavrobis
saqmianobaze pasuxismgebeli Tanamdebobis piris,
ideis ganxilvas. konstituciis mixedviT,
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis struqturisa
da saqmianobis wess gansazRvravs parlamen-
ti, rasac axorcielebs kanonis miRebiT (mux.
78.1). 1999 wlis 24 dekembers swored aRniS-
nul kanonSi Sevida cvlileba, riTac gafar-
Tovda saxelmwifo ministris uflebamosile-
bani. es moqmedeba gacxadebul iqna konsti-
tuciis princi pebis Sesabamisad, kerZod, sax-
elmwifo ministrs gadamwyveti roli mieniWa
mTavrobis muSaobis organizebaSi, sabiujeto
procesSi, sauwyebo kontrolSi, aRmasrule-
beli xelisuflebis organoTa xelisufleb-
is sxva StoebTan urTierTobis koordina-
ciasa da sxva. am yvelafris uzrunvelsay-
ofad ki saxelmwifo ministrs mieniWa ufle-
ba normatiuli aqtis _ brZanebis (romelic,
sxvaTa Soris, normatiul aqtTa ierarqiaSi
sxva ministris brZanebaze maRla dgas), gamo-
cemisa. unda iTqvas, rom am sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebiT ar ganxorcielebula preziden-
tis uflebamosilebaTa Semcireba, ministri-
saTvis ki misi gazrda, rameTu es mxolod
uflebaTa delegirebaa, madelegireblis mi-
TiTebiT, TanxmobiTa Tu mowonebiT. miuxeda-
vad amisa, zogierTi iuristis mosazrebiT,
es SeiZleba CavTvaloT aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisuflebaSi xelisuflebis dualizmis
dasawyisad.
konstituciis saboloo variantSi, am sain-
tereso detalebTan erTad sxva sakiTxebic
imsaxurebs yuradRebas, magram aq maTze ar
SevCerdebiT. sabolood, adamianis uflebaTa
da TavisuflebaTa Tavisa da sasamarTlo
xelisuflebis TavTan dakavSirebiT opozi-
cia da xelisufleba advilad mivida SeT-
26
giorgi CxeiZe, ²sakonstitucio kontrolis problemebi saqarTveloSi², saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa
asociaciis almanaxi #10, 1999w. gv.28.
anxmebamde ris Sedegadac 1995 wlis 24 agvis-
tos, 17 saaTsa da 53 wuTze saqarTvelos
axali konstitucia daibada.
Tavi III
cvlilebebi saqarTvelos
konstituciaSi
saqarTvelos konstituciuri wyobilebis Se-
qmnis istoria amiT ar dasrulebula. gavida
4 weliwadi da konstituciaSi pirveli cv-
lileba Sevida, konkretulad ki, misi 50-e
muxlis me-2 punqtSi, rac iTvaliswinebda
saparlamento arCevnebSi proporciuli wes-
iT partiebisaTvis amomrCevelTa 5%-iani
zRvris 7%-ad Secvla. sanam am cvlilebis
preistorias Sevexebode, msurs aRvniSno, rom
saqarTvelos konstitucia miekuTvneba kon-
stituciaTa im rigs, romlebSic cvlilebis
Setana Zalze rTulia (konstituciis 102-e
muxli). isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom,
vinaidan saqarTvelos konstitucia axal-
gazrdaa, misi erTianoba da Seucvleloba
sazogadoebis mxridan misdami pativiscemisa
da ndobis ganmtkicebis erTgvari garantiaa.26
magram nebismier sakiTxs sxvadasxva kuTxiT
unda SevxedoT. aSS-is konstituciis univer-
salurobasa da aRiarebas ganapirobebs ara
ZiriTadi teqsti, romelic 1787 wels Seiqm-
na, aramed masSi SemdgomSi Sesuli cvlile-
ba-damatebebi (mag.: uflebaTa bils konsti-
tuciis swored is cvlilebebi Seadgenen,
romlebic pirvel or aTeul weliwadSi iqna
miRebuli). miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-is kon-
stituciaSi 27 cvlileba Sevida, am proce-
duris uaRresad sirTulis gamo, ori amdeni
cvlileba ar iqna moqmedebaSi moyvanili. e.i.
konstituciis ucvleloba ar unda iyos dogma,
masSi cvlilebebi gamowveuli unda iyos
drouli da sazogadoebriv-politikuri Tu
samarTlebrivi aucileblobiT. magram konsti-
tuciaSi cvlilebaTa Setanis dadgenili pro-
cedura zustad unda iqnas daculi, radgan
es TviT konstituciis (da ara marto konkre-
tuli cvlilebis) legitimurobas ganapirobebs
(am sakiTxs kvlav davubrundebiT, rodesac
konstituciis III cvlilebaze visaubrebT).
95
 rogorc istoriisaTvis Senaxuli konsti-
tuciebis proeqtebidan vxedavT, aRniSnuli
novacia (igulisxmeba 5%-iani zRvari) gan-
pirobebuli iyo imiT, rom im drois parla-
mentisaTvis warmodgenili iyo Zalze farTo
politikuri speqtri, ramdenime politikuri
gaerTianeba, rac arTulebda erTi politikuri
kursis matarebeli politikuri gadawyvetile-
bebis miRebas, mxareebs konsensusis Ziebisaken
ubiZgebda. konstituciis miRebis Semdeg, 1995
wels Catarda saparlamento arCevnebi da
parlamentSi sul samiode partia gavida (ma-
gram Semdgom did fraqciaTa daSlisa Tu
maJoritarTa gaerTianebis Sedegad Camoyali-
bda ramdenime fraqcia), xolo danarCenebma
ver gadalaxes 5%-iani zRvari. aman, Sesabam-
isad, saparlamento cxovrebis 4 wliani is-
toriis bolos ramdenime didi politikuri
gaerTianebis Seqmna ganapiroba (igulisxmeba
e.w. ²baTumuri aliansi² - saqarTvelos demokra-
tiuli aRorZinebis kavSiri, romelSic Sev-
idnen: aRorZinebis partia, socialisturi
partia, tradicionalisturi partia, XXI
saukune Tavisufali saqarTvelo da sxva;
erovnul demokratiuli aliansi - mesame gza:
edp, respublikelebi, mrewvelebi; da sxva).
1999 wlis zafxulSi, arCevnebamde 4 TviT
adre, edp-m wamoayena saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciis aRniSnul muxlSi cvlilebis winadade-
ba (200 000 amomrCevlis iniciativiT) 5%-
ianis 7%-ian barierad gadakeTebis Taobaze.
edp-s, ra Tqma unda, parlamentSi ar hyavda
wevrTa 2/3-i da amitom es politikuri Zala
mmarTvel ZalasTan ²garigebaze², politikur
konsensusze unda wasuliyo. konstituciaSi
cvlilebis Sesabamisi proeqti gamoqveynda
²sayovelTao saxalxo ganxilvisaTvis², ma-
gram, amasTan erTad, cvlilebebis meore proeq-
ti - prezidentis arCevnebSi kandidatad dauS-
veblobis Taobaze pirobebis konstituciis
mier dadgenis kanonisaTvis delegirebis Taoba-
ze. es ukanaskneli cvlileba ki gaTvlili
iyo momaval saprezidento arCevnebSi ²arasa-
survel² kandidatTa monawileobis gamoricx-
27
ix. ²5 - procentiani minimaluri saarCevno zRvris samarTlebrivi da politikuri mniSvneloba² saqarTvelos
axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis almanaxi #10, 1999w., gv.18
28
ix. iqve, gv.19
29
aqve sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom 1999 wlis 30 oqtombers arCevnebSi 7%-iani zRvari ver gadalaxa erovnul
demokratiulma aliansma, am cvlilebis iniciatorma, xolo parlamentSi ki gavida sami partia (erT-erTi ki
TiTqmis konstituciuri umravlesobiT).
96
visaTvis. rasac SemdgomSi Sesabamis kanonSi
cvlileba moyva da kandidatisaTvis ukanaskne-
li 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi cxovreba
an ucxo saxelmwifoSi sakonsulo aRricx-
vis aucilebloba dawesda.
safuZvelSive 5%-ian Tu 7%-ian zRvars, saer-
Tod, rogorc aseTs, bevri momxre Tu mowi-
naaRmdege hyavda. mowinaaRmdegeTa ZiriTad
arguments arCevnebis dros partiaTa araTanabar
mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba warmoadgenda, magram
arCevnebSi politikur partiebs eZlevaT Tana-
bari SesaZlebloba miaRwion sawadels, mi-
iRon amomrCevelTa xmebis saWiro raodenoba.
am SezRudvis ZiriTadi ganmapirobebeli faq-
tori - sazogadoebrivi interesi - qmediTi
sakanonmdeblo organos Seqmnis ideaa. ufro
konkretulad ki misi miznebi SeiZleba war-
movidginoT Semdegnairad: ²1. arCevnebis,
rogorc xalxis politikuri nebis Camoyal-
ibebis integraciuli safuZveli; 2. saarCevno
sistemis erTianobis interesebi; 3. saparla-
mento arCevnebiT gaTvaliswinebuli saxelm-
wifo-politikuri miznebis ganmtkiceba.²27 5%-
idan 7%-mde saarCevno zRvris gazrda
gaumarTlebeli nabiji iyo im TvalsazrisiT,
rom aRniSnuli moqmedeba scildeboda zemoT
mocemul miznebs, kerZod is, rom parlamen-
tSi gasuliyo erTi an ori partia da, Tu
davuSvebT, rom isini erT politikis gamtare-
blebi iqnebodnen da, faqtobrivad, gaerTian-
debodnen, am SemTxvevaSi qveynisaTvis dam-
Rupveli iqneboda parlamentSi opoziciuri
interesebis damcveli Zalis ararseboba.28
rogorc vxedavT, konstituciaSi 1999 wels
aRniSnuli cvlilebis Setana ar iqneboda
mTlad gamarTlebuli, magram 1999 wlis 20
ivliss saqarTvelos konstituciaSi Sevida
pirveli ori cvlileba, rac sulac ar yofi-
la konstituciuri cvlilebebis istoriis
dasasruli.29
saqarTvelos konstituciis miRebisas, zemoT
ganxiluli princi puli sakiTxebis Soris
yuradRebis Rirsia saxelmwifos teritori-
uli mowyobis problema, romelic dResac ar
aris gadawyvetili.
1921 wlis konstitucia, rogorc saqarTve-
los amJamindeli konstituciis safuZveli,
iTvaliswinebda ²avtonomiur mmarTvelobas²
- ²saqarTvelos respublikis ganuyofel naw-
ilebs: afxazeTs (soxumis olqi), samusli-
mano saqarTvelos (baTumis mxare) da zaqaTa-
las (zaqaTalas olqi) eniWebaT adgilobriv
saqmeebSi avtonomiuri mmarTveloba... wina
muxlSi moxseniebul avtonomiur mmarTvelo-
baTa debulebani SemuSavebul iqneba calke
kanoniT² (mux. 107-108). rogorc vxedavT,
1921 wlis konstitucia qveynis federaciul
sawyisebze mowyobas iTvaliswinebda sami av-
tonomiiT. 70-wliani sabWoTa wyobilebis dros,
saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebobda ori
avtonomiuri respublika (romlebsac hqon-
daT TavianTi konstituciebi) da erTi av-
tonomiuri olqi. sabWoTa sistemis rRvevis
Semdeg or aRniSnul avtonomiur erTeuleb-
Si konfliqtebi warmoiSva, ramac axali kon-
stituciis SemuSavebis procesSi saxelmwi-
fos teritoriul-saxelmwifoebrivi mowyo-
bis problemis arseboba ganapiroba.
sakonstitucio komisiaSi Sesuli proeqtebi
am problemas sxvadasxvagvarad aregulirebdnen.
warmodgenili variantebi SeiZleba pirobiTad
or nawilad davyoT _ pirveli, federaciul
sawyisebze dafuZnebuli da meore, samxareo
mowyobis modeli.
marTalia, sakonstitucio komisiis samdivnos
proeqtis sxvadasxva variantebi arsebobda,
maT umetesobas aerTianebda saxelmwifos
mowyoba federaciul sawyisebze. magaliTad
gamodgeba Semdegi debuleba: ²saqarTvelos,
rogorc federaciuli saxelmwifos, subieqte-
bia: afxazeTi da aWara, mxareebi, cxinvalis
TviTmarTvadi olqi... afxazeTi da aWara ter-
itoriul-saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebia.²30
garda amisa, aWarisa da afxazeTis samarT-
lebrivi mdgomareoba ganisazRvreboda maTi
konstituciebiT, xolo subieqtebisa da fed-
eraciis urTierToba, uflebamosilebaTa ga-
nawileba da sxva sakiTxebi regulirdeboda
aRniSnuli proeqtis mecxre TaviT.
rogorc iTqva, komisiisaTvis qveynis teri-
30
ix. Sesabamisi konstituciis proeqtebi, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis biblioTeka,
saarqivo #8-33-11 da #8-33-26
31
ix. iqve, #8-33-19
32
ix. iqve, #8-33-4
toriul-saxelmwifoebrivi dayofis meore
modelad samxareo mowyoba iqna SeTavazebu-
li. swored am models efuZneboda sakonsti-
tucio komisiis 1994 wlis noembris proeq-
ti. konstitucia iTvaliswinebda mxareTa
Seqmnis wessa da uflebamosilebebs, xolo
mxareebidan gansakuTrebiT gamoyofili da
gansxvavebulad daregulirebuli iyo afx-
azeTis, aWarisa da cxinvalis mxareebi.
samxareo mowyobas iTvaliswinebda agreTve
politikuri gaerTianebis -moqalaqeTa kavSiris,
proeqtic, romelic, zemoT moyvanili magal-
iTidan gansxvavebiT, mxareTa zust
CamonaTvals axdenda - ²saqarTvelos mxaree-
bia: afxazeTi, aWara, guria, imereTi, kaxeTi,
mesxeTi, mTianeTi, raWa-leCxumi, samegrelo,
svaneTi, qarTli. qalaqi Tbilisi sargeblobs
mxaris statusiT.² amave proeqtSi saintereso
debuleba aisaxa saxelmwifo enasTan dakav-
SirebiT, rac arc Tu ise Sors dgas teri-
toriuli mowyobis problemasTan _ ²afxa-
zuri ena afxazeTis mxareSi da osuri ena
cxinvalis regionSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
enis Tanabrad sargeblobs saxelmwifo enis
statusiT.²31
samxareo mowyobas iTvaliswinebda agreTve
tradicionalistebis (irakli wereTlis) kon-
stituciis proeqtic, romlis Tanaxmad,
²saqarTvelo administraciul-teritoriuli
TvalsazrisiT iyofa mxareebad, mxareebi raion-
ebad. saqarTvelo Sedgeba Semdeg mxareebad
_ Tbilisi, Sida qarTli, qvemo qarTli, kax-
eT-hereTi, imereTi, mesxeT-javaxeTi, guria-
aWara, samegrelo, afxazeTi. afxazeTis mx-
ares adgilobriv saqmeebSi miniWebuli aqvs
avtonomiuri mmarTveloba.²32
respublikelebis mier warmodgenili proeqtic
samxareo mowyobas iTvaliswinebda.
rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos parlamenti
sakmaod farTo arCevanis winaSe idga. Tu
mxedvelobaSi afxazeTisa da samaCablos prob-
lemebic iqneboda miRebuli, SesaZlebeli
gaxdeboda konstituciiT am erTeulebis sta-
tusis gaTvaliswineba, an teritoriuli mow-
97
 yobis sakiTxis droebiT Riad datoveba. sab-
oloo arCevani am ukanasknelze SeCerda,
saqarTvelos konstituciaSi Caiwera -
²saqarTvelos teritoriuli saxelmwifoebrivi
mowyoba ganisazRvreba konstituciuri kano-
niT uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis princi pebis
safuZvelze qveynis mTel teritoriaze
saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis sruliad aRdge-
nis Semdeg² (mux. 2.3). garda amisa, konsti-
tuciis me-3 muxlSi asaxul iqna saqarTve-
los umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa gan-
sakuTrebul gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sak-
iTxebi. dasasruls, saintereso debuleba Caido
amave muxlis me-2 punqtSi - ²erTobliv gamge-
blobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebi calke gan-
isazRvreba². yovelive am debulebebis gaana-
lizebiTa da interpretaciiT SeiZleba
davaskvnaT: miuxedavad imisa, rom es sakiTxi
mougvarebeli darCa, arsebuli formulirebebi
gvaZlevs saSualebas vivaraudoT, rom samo-
mavlod es sakiTxi unda gadawyvetiliyo
federaluri mowyobis an didi uflebamosileb-
is mqone samxareo mowyobis da ara mtkice
unitaruli saxelmwifos sasargeblod. amis
gaazrebis saSualebas gvaZlevs debulebebi -
à ²uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis princi pebis
safuZvelze ² da ²erTobliv gamgeblobas
mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebi². agreTve, aRniSnuli
modelis Sesabamisad, parlamenti erTpala-
tian organod Camoyalibda, Tumca me-4 mux-
lis safuZvelze, Sesabamisi pirobebis dadgo-
mis Semdeg gaTvaliswinebul iqna misi orpa-
latian organod gardaqmna. sadac senatis
arseboba, romlis wevrebic airCevian afxaze-
Tisa da aWaris agreTve saqarTvelos sxva
teritoriuli erTeulebidan, kidev ufro
amyarebs zemo gamoTqmul mosazrebas.
mas Semdeg rac konstituciaSi darCa es ²TeTri
laqa², warmoiSva erTi dilema - ra samarT-
lebrivi statusiT arsebobs aWaris erTeu-
li, romelic De facto avtonomiur respubli-
kaa, mas Semdegac, rac miRebul iqna konsti-
tucia. konstitucia gardamaval debulebeb-
Si ar iTvaliswinebda mocemuli sakiTxis
daregulirebamde ukve arsebuli avtonomieb-
is SenarCunebas, arc mis teqstSi yofila
naxsenebi termini - ²avtonomiuri respubli-
ka². aman ki, Tavis mxriv, garkveuli winaaRm-
degobebi warmoSva, radgan aWaris moqmed
98
konstituciaSi (miRebuli 1978 wels) Sevida
cvlilebebi, romlebmac aRiares miRebuli
konstituciis uzenaesoba, Tumca saeWvo safuZ-
velze gadawyvites avtonomiis darCenili
uflebamosilebebis sakiTxi avtonomiis ter-
itoriaze xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas.
yovelive aman ganapiroba aWaris avtonomiaSi
sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna, romlis konsti-
tuciasa da kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamisoba,
faqtobrivad, kiTxvis qveS dadga. sakiTxi
saswrafo gadawyvetas moiTxovda, magram nu
daviviwyebT konstituciis im debulebas,
romlis Tanaxmad am sakiTxis daregulireba
unda momxdariyo ²qveynis mTel teritoriaze
saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis sruliad aRdge-
nis Semdeg².
2000 wlis dasawyisisaTvis afxazeTis prob-
lema kvlavac mougvarebelia, magram wina-
saarCevno bataliebis fonze saqarTvelos
prezidenti midis politikur konsensusze
aWaris xelisuflebasTan da mzaddeba kon-
stituciaSi cvlilebebis proeqti. 29 Teber-
vals ²sayovelTao saxalxo ganxilvaze² gamo-
qveynebuli proeqti iTvaliswinebda oTxiode
punqts, romlis Tanaxmad, konstituciis te-
qstSi moxseniebuli sityva ²aWara² Seicvle-
boda sityvebiT ²aWaris avtonomiuri respub-
lika². es cvlileba gamiznuli iyo iqiTken,
rom, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, De facto aWaris
avtonomiuri respublika konstituciis don-
eze dakanonebuliyo.
aqve msurs aRvniSno, rom konstituciuri
kanonis proeqts darTuli daskvnebidan er-
TaderTi uaryofiTi daskvna gakeTebuli iyo
saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asoci-
aciis mier. efuZneboda ra konstitucias, igi
miuTiTebda, rom am sakiTxis aRiareba teri-
toriuli mowyobis daregulirebis dasawy-
isad arakonstituciuri iyo, radgan jer ar
iyo damdgari konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebu-
li pirobebi.
aRniSnul sakiTxs parlamenti prezidentis
arCevnebis Semdeg daubrunda. saparlamento
ganxilvis dros sruliad moulodnelad
proeqtSi, winaswar erTi TviT gamoqveynebis
gareSe, gaCnda damatebiTi punqti - ²me-3 muxls
daematos Semdegi Sinaarsis me-3 punqti:
²aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusi
ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos konstituciuri
kanoniT ²aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis
statusis Sesaxeb²33 . saqarTvelos parlamen-
tis iuridiulma komitetma proeqtSi es cv-
lileba daasabuTa, rogorc Sinaarsobrivi
aucilebloba. sabolood, proeqts kenWi eyara
da saqarTvelos konstituciaSi rigiT me-3
cvlileba miRebul iqna 2000 w. 20 aprils.
am cvlilebasTan erTad, parlamentma miiRo
dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmad, Seiqmna spe-
cialuri komisia, romelmac Sesabamisi kon-
stituciuri kanoni unda warmoadginos 2000
wlis Semodgomaze. am cvlilebis Semdeg naTeli
gaxda faqti, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
administraciul-teritoriuli mowyobis prob-
lema ara Tu gadawyvita, aramed ufro meti
kiTxvebi warmoSva, vidre es aqamde iyo.
daskvna
²uflebisaTvis TiToeuli adamianis brZolis
warmatebis gvirgvins qveynis konstitucia
warmoadgens, romelic sazogadoebaSi arse-
bul politikur ZalTa urTierTSeTanxmebeb-
isa da kompromisis Sedegia, TiToeuli poli-
tikuri Zalis ukan ki adamianTa garkveuli
wre moiazreba.²34
saqarTvelos konstitucia yvela moqalaqi-
saTvis marTlac gamorCeuli siwmindis do-
kumenti unda iyos. swored saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis miRebam ganapiroba qveyanaSi arse-
33
ix. saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanoni ²saqarTvelos konstituciaSi damatebebisa da cvlilebebis Setanis
Sesaxeb², 2000w. 20 aprili (gamoqveynebulia gazeT ²saqarTvelos respublikaSi², 2000 w. 26 aprili #112).
34
ekaterine gasitaSvili, ²konstitucia gamorCeuli kanonieri siwmindis dokumentia², (saqarTvelos axalgazrda
iuristTa asociaciis almanaxi, #1, 1998 w.
buli sakanonmdeblo anarqiis dasasrulis
dasawyisi. rogorc vnaxeT, konstituciis miRe-
bis procesi Zalze rTuli da winaaRmdego-
brivi aRmoCnda da aman garkveuli kvalic
datova Cvens istoriaSi, ramac Cveni saxelm-
wifos samarTlebrivi ganviTarebis erTgvari
Semaferxeblis roli iTamaSa. saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebi miiswrafvian samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifos Seqmnisaken da, aRiarebulia ra
uzenaesi princi pi ²xelisufleba xorcield-
eba xalxisaTvis da xalxis mier², uzenaesi
kanoni unda viTardebodes qveynisa da xalx-
is ganviTarebis harmoniulad.
saqarTvelos konstituciaSi am 5 wlis man-
Zilze sami cvlileba Sevida. mocemul cv-
lilebebs sxvadasxva politikuri Tu samarT-
lebrivi safuZvlebi hqonda. am TveebSi
saqarTvelos parlamentSi Sevida kidev axa-
li proeqti konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Set-
anis Taobaze da es ukanaskneli konstituci-
is ara e.w. ²TeTri laqebis² amovsebas, aramed
mmarTvelobis sistemis Secvlasa da, faqto-
brivad, axali konstituciuri wyobilebis
Camoyalibebas iTvaliswinebs.
saqarTvelos konstituciuri sistema jer
kidev axalia da didi gza ²filadelfiidan²
²msoflio aRiarebamde², saqarTvelos ²kon-
stitucionalizmis mamebs² jer kidev gasav-
leli aqvT.à
99
 ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÌÌÀÒÈÅÄËÏÁÉÓ
ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÉ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÄÁÉ ÃÀ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ 1995 ßËÉÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÀ
XXI saukunis mijnaze Tavisuflad Segvi-
Zlia ganvacxadoT, rom ideologiuri reJime-
bis damarcxebis Semdeg, msoflios sxvadasx-
va qveyanaSi, sazogadoeba politikuri Zalau-
flebis erTaderT kanonier sistemad
mmarTvelobis demokratiul princi pebs aRi-
arebs. aSkara antidemokratiul mmarTvelo-
baTa ricxvi sul ufro mcirdeba.
saerTod, yovel mmarTvelobas Tavisi buneba
da princi pi aqvs; amdenad, swored Zalau-
flebis princi pTan mimarTebaSi ganisazRvre-
ba politikuri sistemis legitimuroba. aseve,
Zalauflebis sistema legitimuria imdenad,
ramdenadac is misaRebia ama Tu im saxelmwi-
fos moqalaqeebisaTvis.
Tanamedrove demokratia, farTo gagebiT,
gulisxmobs arsebiTad sami, erTmaneTisagan
metnaklebad damoukidebeli princi pis
Tanaarsebobas: xalxis nebis uzenaesoba /xe-
lisuflebis arCeviToba/, konstitucional-
izmi da pirovnebis uflebebi, liberalizmi.
demokratiuli legitimurobis gasaazreblad
samive am princi ps ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs. ganvixiloT, Tu ra igulisxmeba Ti-
Toeul am princi pSi da rogor aisaxa isini
saqarTvelos 1995 wels miRebul konstituciaSi.
xalxis nebis uzenaesoba
/xelisuflebis arCeviToba/
demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi umaRlesi xe-
lisufleba ekuTvnis xalxs (demos - xalxi,
1
S. l. monteskie - "kanonTa goni" gv. 37.
2
iqve, gv. 39.
100
ÌÀÒÉÀÌ áÏ×ÄÒÉÀ
kratia - Zalaufleba). maSasadame, demokratiis
arsebiTi elementi xalxis nebis uzenaesoba,
am nebis politikur suverenad gamocxadebaa.
"demokratiis dros xalxi erTis mxriv monar-
qia, meores mxriv ki qveSevrdomi. igi monar-
qia imdenad, ramdenadac aqvs saarCevno xmebi,
romlebiTac gamoxatavs Tavis nebas. suvere-
nis neba TviTon suverenulia".1
demokratiaSi suverenuli xelisuflebis mqone
xalxi TviTon unda akeTebdes yvelafers, risi
gakeTebac mas kargad SeuZlia, xolo imas,
risi gakeTebac mis SesaZleblobas aRemateba,
Tavisi ndobiT aRWurvili pirebis meSveobiT
unda axorcielebdes.
"iseve, rogorc moqalaqeTa umravlesobas,
romelTac sakmao ufleba aqvT sxvebis asarCe-
vad, magram ar SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis arCeva,
xalxs, romelsac sxvisi mmarTvelobis gan-
sjis unari Seswevs, ar SeuZlia TavisiT
marTva". 2
radgan sxvisi mmarTvelobis ganmsjel xalxs
ar SeuZlia TavisiT marTva, amitom mas monar-
qze metad senati an sabWo esaWiroeba, romelic
mas warmarTavs. magram imisTvis, rom xalxi
am ukanasknelT endobodes, saWiroa TviTon
asaxelebdes mis wevrebs da TviTonve irCevdes
maT uSualod an raime institutis meSveo-
biT. maSasadame, demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
ZiriTadi maqsima isaa, rom xalxi Tanamdebo-
bis pirebs Tavad unda asaxelebdes. demokra-
tiaSi legitimurad ver CaiTvleba verc erTi
saxelisuflebo instituti, romlis ufle-
bamosilebac, pirdapir an arapirdapir, ar
momdinareobs xalxis nebidan.
Tavisufal saxelmwifoSi yoveli adamiani
TviTon unda ganagebdes sakuTar Tavs, yovel
moqalaqes unda hqondes xmis micemis ufleba
warmomadgenlis asarCevad. demokratiul
mmarTvelobaSi xalxis monawileoba unda
ganisazRvrebodes mxolod Tavis warmomad-
genelTa arCeviT.
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv doneze aRiare-
buli demokratiis es fuZemdebluri princi-
pi - xalxis nebis uzenaesoba, xelisuflebis
arCeviToba - saqarTvelos 1995 wlis kon-
stituciis qvakuTxedia. xalxis nebis uzen-
aesobis gamoxatulebaa konstituciis me-5
muxli; igi miuTiTebs, rom saqarTveloSi
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wyaroa xalxi,
romelic Tavis Zalauflebas axorcielebs
referendumis, demokratiis sxva, uSualo
formebisa da Tavis warmomadgenelTa meSveo-
biT, cxadia, xalxSi saqarTvelos moqalaqee-
bi igulisxmeba. saqarTvelos konstituciis
74-e muxlis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeebs ara mx-
olod referendumSi monawileobis ufleba
aqvT, aramed, aseve, kanoniT dadgenili wes-
iT, SeuZliaT moiTxovon misi Catareba.
saxelmwifos marTvaSi moqalaqeTa monawile-
obis erT-erTi ufleba mocemulia konsti-
tuciis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtSi, sadac
naTqvamia: "saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi adgilo-
brivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebs awesrigeben TviT-
mmarTvelobis meSveobiT saxelmwifos suve-
renitetis Seulaxavad".
saqarTvelos konstituciis 29-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes ufleba
aqvs daikavos nebismieri saxelmwifo Tanam-
deboba, Tu igi akmayofilebs kanonmdeblobiT
d a dge n il m o Txo vnebs. demo kratiuli
mmarTvelobis es norma yovel moqalaqes
utovebs Tavis samSoblosTvis samsaxuris
gawevis gonivrul imeds.
amrigad, saqarTvelos konstituciiT ganmt-
kicebuli saxalxo xelisuflebis princi pebi
xels uwyobs moqalaqeTa erTobliv monawi-
leobas saxelmwifos marTvis saqmeSi. amis
naTeli dadasturebaa iseTi umniSvnelovane-
si politikuri ufleba, rogoricaa, moqala-
qis ufleba - airCios da Tavad iqnes arCeu-
li saxelmwifo xelisuflebis warmomadgen-
lobiT organoebSi. es ukanaskneli, garkveul-
wilad, is tradiciuli, zogaddemokratiuli
institutia, romelic iuridiulad saerTa-
SorisosamarTlebriv doneze karga xania
damkvidrebulia da Cveni qveynis konstituci-
iTac aris aRiarebuli. saxelmwifos marTva-
Si moqalaqeTa monawileobis ufleba, Tavis
mxriv, ukavSirdeba moqalaqis saarCevno ufle-
bebs. arCevnebi aris saarCevno uflebis mqone
pirTa mier xmis micemisa da am pirTa umrav-
lesobis gadawyvetilebiT saxelmwifo da
TviTmmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebis
Camoyalibebis saSualeba.
demokratiisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania dadg-
indes, Tu rogor, vis mier, visTvis da ra
mizniT unda iqnes micemuli xma. arCevnebi
aris saxelmwifos warmomadgenlobiTi or-
ganoebis Camoyalibebis yvelaze demokratiu-
li procedura, romlis meSveobiTac mosax-
leobas saSualeba eZleva SearCios da war-
momadgenlobiT organoSi wargzavnos Rirseuli
adamianebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gamoxata-
ven xalxis nebas saxelmwifos umniSvnelov-
anesi sakiTxebis gadawyvetis procesSi. es
aris demokratiis fuZemdebluri princi pi,
romlis Tanaxmadac, politikuri suvereni-
teti ekuTvnis erTobas - xalxs, xolo sax-
elmwifo struqturebs maTi ufleba-mosile-
ba delegirebuli aqvT am politikuri suve-
renisagan - xalxisagan - pirdapiri an ara-
pirdapiri arCevnebis gziT. maSasadame, le-
gitimurad ver CaiTvleba verc erTi sax-
elisuflebo instituti, romlis uflebam-
osileba pirdapir an arapirdapir ar mom-
dinareobs xalxis nebidan, rac, Tavis mxriv,
arCevnebis an referendumis gziT iyo gacxa-
debuli. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu romeli
organo airCeva, arCevnebi SeiZleba daiyos
saparlamentod da saprezidentod. saqarT-
velosTvis cnobilia orive saxis arCevnebi.
saxelmwifo organoebis CamoyalibebaSi monaw-
ileobis princi pebisa da pirobebis mixedviT,
konstituciuri uflebiT ganasxvaveben aqti-
ur saarCevno uflebas (anu xmis micemis
uflebas saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTvelobis
organoebSi monawileobis misaRebad, romel-
ic eniWeba saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes 18
wlis asakidan) anu piris uflebas Tavad
iqnes arCeuli saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis arCeviT organoebSi. kon-
101
 stituciis 49-e muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanax-
mad, moqalaqe parlamentis wevrad SeiZleba
airCes 25 wlis asakidan.
warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis arCevnebi Sei-
Zleba iyos: sayovelTao, nawilobrivi, mori-
gi, vadamdeli, damatebiTi da Sualeduri,
aseve, ganmeorebiTi. amomrCevels ufleba aqvs
warmomadgenlobiTi organos Semadgenloba
airCios pirdapir an iribad, anu mravalsafex-
uriani arCevnebis meSveobiT, rodesac arCevnebi
tardeba warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis an
saarCevno kolegiebis mier, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, arCeuli arian xalxisagan.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 49-e da 70-e
muxlebSi Camoyalibebulia demokratiuli
arCevnebis iseTi normebi, romelTa Tanaxma-
dac, saqarTveloSi arCevnebi tardeba say-
ovelTao, Tanaswori da pirdapiri saarCevno
uflebis safuZvelze, faruli kenWisyriT.
kenWisyris dros arCevnebis CatarebisaTvis
gankuTvnil SenobebSi dauSvebelia saarCevno
agitacia.
arCevnebis sayovelTaoba umniSvnelovanesi
princi pia. igi uzrunvelyofs moqalaqeTa
maqsimalurad srul, sayovelTao monawile-
obas xelisuflebis arCevnebSi. Tanasworobis
princi pi avsebs da srulyofs arCevnebis say-
ovelTaobas, gamoricxavs raime privilegiebs.
pirdapiri arCevnebis demokratiuli buneba
gamoixateba imiT, rom arCevnebis aseTi wesis
dros amomrCevlebma zustad ician, vis irCeven
da visgan SeuZliaT moiTxovon angariSi. amom-
rCeveli piradad aZlevs xmas; dauSvebelia
sxva piris nacvlad xmis micema. aseve, qarTuli
saarCevno sistemis umniSvnelovanesi princi pia
faruli kenWisyra, romlis drosac amomrCeve-
li xmas aZlevs sxva pirisgan damoukide-
blad; faruli kenWisyra amomrCevelTa Tavis-
ufali nebis gamoxatulebis garantiaa. ken-
Wisyris dros arCevnebisaTvis gankuTvnil
SenobebSi dauSvebelia saarCevno agitacia.
aseTi wesi uzrunvelyofs, rom amomrCevelma
xma misces imas, visi arCevac mas surs, air-
Cios is, visac igi andobs Tavisi interesebis
ganxorcielebas.
zemoT aRniSnuli princi pebi sayovelTaod
aris aRiarebuli konstituciur doneze msof-
lios sxvadasxva mowinave demokratiul sax-
elmwifoebSi. saqarTveloSic swored amgvar-
102
ma princi pebma unda ganapirobos arCevnebSi
mosaxleobis farTo masebis monawileobis
uzrunvelyofa. es aris sakuTriv demokratia
viwro gagebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac, poli-
tikuri suvereniteti ekuTvnis mTlianad
xalxs, xolo saxelisuflebo struqturebs
maTi uflebamosileba delegirebuli aqvT am
politikuri suverenisagan (xalxisagan) pirda-
piri an arapirdapiri arCevnebis gziT.
konstitucionalizmi
demokratiis meore ZiriTadi princi pi aris
konstitucionalizmi. igi cnobilia aseve "sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos" (germ. Rechtstaat)
da "kanonis uzenaesobis" (ingl. Rule of law)
saxeliT. legitimuria ara ubralod iseTi
xelisufleba, romelic "xalxis nebas axor-
cielebs, aramed iseTi, romelic amas iqms
garkveul ZiriTad wesebTan - konstitucia-
sTan - SesabamisobaSi".
sityva "konstitucia" etimologiurad niS-
navs Seqmnas, agebas, dadgenas. swored kon-
stituciis miRebiT iqceva xalxi politikur
subieqtad. xalxi, konstituciis gareSe, ad-
amianTa erTobliobaa, romelsac saerTo aqvs
ena, sarwmunoeba, teritoria da a.S. magram
politikuri TvalsazrisiT, am saerTo niS-
nebs araviTari relevantoba gaaCnia; aristo-
teles terminis Tanaxmad, aseTi xalxi mx-
olod "potenciaa" politikuri erTobisa.
garkveuli wesebis, anu konstituciis miRe-
biT igi mkvidrdeba, anu konstruirdeba poli-
tikur erTobad.
Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifos ar
SeuZlia funqcionireba konstituciis gareSe;
swored es ukanaskneli warmoadgens demokra-
tiuli mmarTvelobis dros Zalauflebis
legitimurobis safuZvels, gansxvavebiT
ideologiuri reJimebisagan, sadac konsti-
tuciasa da kanonTa sistemas meoradi Rire-
buleba eniWeba ideologiur aucileblobasTan
SedarebiT, romelsac gabatonebuli partia
da misi lideri ganasaxiereben.
konstitucionalizmis mTavari praqtikuli
funqcia xelisuflebis SezRudva da reglamen-
taciaa. SezRudvis funqcias konstitucia
ramdenime meTodiT axorcielebs. upirveles
yovlisa, is aSualebs urTierTobas xalxis
nebasa da konkretul saxelisuflebo stru-
qturebs Soris da amiT pirvelis SezRudvas
axorcielebs. nebismieri suverenisaTvis, Tun-
dac xalxisaTvis, moqmedebis sruli Tavisu-
flebis miniWeba despotiasa da ganukiTxaobas
niSnavs.
garda amisa, konstitucia, ase vTqvaT, anaw-
evrebs da erTmaneTiT awonasworebs (amerikul
variantSi "Sekaveba-gawonasworebis" checks and
balances sistema) xelisuflebis struqtureb-
sac, raTa minimumamde Semcirdes Zalaufleb-
is borotad gamoyenebis Sansi. saukuneTa
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom Zalauflebis mqone
nebismieri adamiani midrekilia misi borotad
gamoyenebisaken. imisaTvis, rom veravin SeZ-
los Zalauflebis borotad gamoyeneba,
"saWiroa TviT saganTa iseTi wyoba, rom Za-
lauflebas Zalaufleba aokebdes".3
yovel saxelmwifoSi realurad arsebobs sami
saxis xelisufleba: sakanonmdeblo, aRmas-
rulebeli da sasamarTlo. rodesac erT
pirovnebaSi an erT magistraturaSi gaerTianeb-
ulia sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisufleba, Tavisufleba ukiduresad izRude-
ba, radgan yovelTvis arsebobs imis saSiS-
roeba, rom monarqma an senatorma Seqmnas
tiranuli kanonebi imisTvis, rom isini ti-
ranulad ganaxorcielos.
politikuri Tavisufleba im SemTxvevaSic ar
gvaqvs, roca sasamarTlo xelisufleba gan-
calkevebuli ar aris sakanonmdeblo da aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebisagan. Tu igi gaer-
Tianebuli iqneba sakanonmdeblo xelisufle-
basTan, maSin misi Zalaufleba moqalaqeTa
sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis mimarT TviT-
neburi iqneba, radgan mosamarTle TviTonve
xdeba kanonmdebeli; Tu es xelisufleba gaer-
Tianebuli iqneba aRmasrulebel xelisufle-
basTan, mosamarTles SesaZlebloba eqneba
gaxdes mCagvreli. zogadad, "saxelmwifos
WeSmariti funqcia mosamarTleTa daniSvnaa
da ara mosamarTleoba".4
didi frangi ganmanaTleblis, S. l. monteskies
azriT, "yvelaferi waxdeba, Tu erTi adami-
ani, an mTavarTa da keTilSobilTa erTi ko-
rpusi, an xalxis erTi korpusi ganaxor-
3
S. monteskie, "kanonTa goni” gv. 181.
4
iqve, gv. 183.
5
iqve, gv. 196.
cielebs samive xelisuflebas: kanonebis Se-
qmnas, saxalxo gadawyvetilebaTa ganxor-
cielebas da danaSaulTa da kerZo pirTa
uTanxmoebebis gasamarTlebas".5 '
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ganawilebis auci-
leblobaze jer kidev antikuri drois
moazrovneebi miuTiTebdnen TavianT Txzule-
bebSi. kerZod, eseni iyvnen platoni ("saxelm-
wifo", "kanonebi"), aristotele ("politika"),
polibiosi ("istoria"). xelisuflebis ganaw-
ilebis TvalsazrisiT, Cinebuli institutebi
hqonda romis respublikas. xelisuflebis
ganawilebis princi ps did mniSvnelobas ani-
Webdnen Sua saukuneebis iseTi didi warmo-
madgenlebi, rogorebic iyvnen: marsel padue-
li, Toma aqvineli, mogvianebiT, burJuaziis
ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis periodSi ni-
koloz kuzaneli, samuel pufendorfi, jon
loki. magram klasikuri saxiT saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis ganawilebis princi pi - rogorc
samarTlis uzenaesobisa da adamianis, rogorc
sazogadoebis wevris politikuri Tavisuflebis
winapiroba - Camoayaliba S.l. monteskiem.
avtoris azriT, saxelmwifoSi politikuri
Tavisufleba miiRweva mxolod im SemTxveva-
Si, rodesac sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli
da sasamarTlo xelisufleba ganawilebuli
aris sxvadasxva uwyebas Soris. maSasadame,
Tu saxelmwifo wyobas Tavis uSualo miznad
politikuri Tavisufleba aqvs, misi sawyise-
bi unda emyarebodes xelisuflebis ganaw-
ilebis aRniSnul princi ps.
xelisuflebis ganawilebis princi pi mravali
qveynis konstituciam gaiTavisa. igi met-nak-
lebad srulad da Tanmimdevrulad aisaxa
jer kidev 1787 wlis a.S.S.-is konstitucia-
Si. es princi pi sxva mraval qveyanaSi /sa-
frangeTi, italia da a.S.S./ damkvidrda; Tum-
ca misi realizaciis konkretuli formebi
sakmaod mravalferovania. aRsaniSnavia is
faqtic, rom xelisuflebaTa ganawilebis
princi pi garkveulwilad saqarTvelos 1921
wlis konstituciaSic SeiniSneboda, Tumca
ar iyo pirdapir aRiarebuli.
xelisuflebaTa ganawileba demokratiuli
konstitucionalizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebluri
103
 princi pia, romlis Tanaxmadac erTiani sax-
elmwifo xelisufleba ganawilebulia erT-
maneTisgan damoukidebel sakanonmdeblo, aR-
masrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebas
Soris da samarTlis uzenaesobisa da adami-
anis Tavisufali ganviTarebis winapirobas
warmoadgens. Tavisuflebis uzrunvelsayofad
aseve aucilebelia, rom romelime maTganma
ar miiRos gabatonebuli mdgomareoba meo-
reze; TiToeuli am xelisuflebis damoukide-
bloba unda iyos garantirebuli.
faqtobrivad, uflebamosilebaTa ganawileba
ufro metia, vidre es SeiZleba erTi Sexed-
viT Candes.
xelisuflebaTa ganawilebisas mTavaria ara
is, rom xelisufleba ganawilebulia an is,
rom xelisuflebas axorcielebs sxvadasxva
organo, aramed is, rom TiToeuli am xe-
lisuflebis mflobeli Tanasworia Tavisi
kompetenciis farglebSi, e.i. isini sruliad
damoukidebeli arian da erTmaneTis mimarT
angariSvaldebuli ar arian, Tumca mWidro
urTierTkavSirSi imyofebian. politikuri
korpusis Zalis, anu aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
flebisa da politikuri korpusis nebis, anu
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis daxmarebis
gareSe araferi xdeba an ar unda xdebodes.6
maSasadame, arc erT maTgans SeuZlia meoris
gareSe gaakeTos rame. amitom "xelisuflebe-
bi iZulebulni iqnebian imoqmedon da es auci-
lebloba aiZulebT maT imoqmedon SeTanxme-
bulad".7 amis safuZveli ki maTive urTierT-
kavSirebisa da wonasworobis dacvis meqanizmis
amoqmedeba gaxlavT, romelic uzrunvelyofs
Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifos marTvis e.w.
"pluralisturi" ideis cxovrebaSi gatarebas.
xelisuflebaTa ganawilebis bunebis gaTval-
iswinebiT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom iqmneba
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis iseTi organiza-
cia, romelic gulisxmobs institucionali-
zebuli organoebis sistemis sawyisebs aSkarad
gansazRvruli struqturul-funqciuri niS-
nebiTa da absoluturi avtonomiuri moqmede-
bis sazRvrebiT. aq mTavaria is, rom isini
warmoadgenen sxvadasxva xelisuflebas,
romelTa Soris urTierTkavSiri agebulia
wonasworobis Teoriis sawyisebze.
6
S. monteskie, “kanonTa goni” gv. 196.
7
iqve, gv. 190.
104
konstituciis Tanaxmad, xelisuflebaTa ga-
nawileba niSnavs ara mxolod xelisuflebis
demonopolizacias, aramed, aseve, realur,
namdvil gawonasworebas, romlis drosac am
sami xelisuflebidan arc erTs SeuZlia Se-
laxos an daiqvemdebaros sxva da iZulebu-
lia urTierTgagebisa da urTierTTanamSrom-
lobis CarCoebSi imoqmedos.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi, saqarTveloSi axali
konstituciuri wyobis damkvidrebis proces-
Si, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba xe-
lisuflebaTa ganawilebis princi ps.
demokratiis es fuZemdebluri princi pi axa-
li qarTuli konstituciis mniSvnelovani
monapovaria. misi mizania ar dauSvas erTi
romelime xelisuflebis gandideba, sazoga-
doebaSi avtoritaruli da diqtatoruli
reJimis damkvidreba, aseve, urTierTkavSirisa
da gawonasworebis princi pze dayrdnobiT,
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi SesaZlo Secdome-
bis minimumamde dayvana, gadamwyveti sakiTxe-
bisadmi calmxrivi midgomis dauSvebloba. am
princi pis mizania saxelmwifos yvela stru-
qturis racionaluri da optimaluri qmede-
bis Sedegad saxelmwifos marTvis meqanizmis
efeqtianobis amaRleba.
saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis me-5
muxlis me-4 punqtSi miTiTebulia:
“saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo xelisufleba
xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawilebis
princi pze dayrdnobiT”. es niSnavs, rom sax-
elmwifo xelisufleba iyofa sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebe-
bad, romelTa ganmaxorcielebeli organoebi
TavianT uflebamosilebebs damoukideblad
asruleben. konstituciis 3-5 TavebSi
mocemulia TiToeuli am xelisuflebis war-
momadgeneli organos saqmianobisaTvis damax-
asiaTebeli Taviseburebebi da ZiriTadi princ-
i pebi. Sesabamisad, maT ara aqvT ufleba gas-
cdnen TavianTi uflebamosilebis zRvrebs.
konstituciis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtis normaSi
Cadebulia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis siste-
maSi xelisuflebis ganawilebis princi pis
garantia, magram misi uzrunvelyofis xarisxi
damokidebulia im axal institutze, romel-
ic sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saxiT
damkvidrda da im meqanizmze, romelsac iTval-
iswinebs misi uflebamosileba.
amrigad, xelisuflebaTa ganawileba aris iseTi
moqmedi meqanizmi, romelic aRwevs sxvadasx-
va saxelmwifo struqturis erTianobas, SeT-
anxmebisa da specialuri samarTlebrivi pro-
cedurebis urTulesi procesis safuZvelze,
romelic gaTvaliswinebulia konfliqturi
mdgomareobis SemTxvevebSic.
liberalizmi
zemoaRniSnuli ori princi pis – arCeviToba
da konstitucionalizmi – ganxorcieleba
SeiZleba TavisTavad sakmarisi ar aRmoCndes
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis legitimurobi-
saTvis, Tu ar arsebobs pirovnebis Tavisu-
flebis, Rirsebisa da Tanasworobis dacvis
garantiebic. aRniSnul RirebulebaTa garkveu-
li normebis dacvis gareSe demokratiuli
sistema legitimurad ver CaiTvleba.
safrangeTis 1789 wlis adamianisa da mo-
qalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciis 26-e muxli
aRiarebs, rom nebismier sazogadoebaSi, romel-
Sic ar aris uzrunvelyofili uflebaTa ganx-
orcieleba da ar aris gaazrebuli xelisu-
flebis ganawilebis princi pi, ar gaaCnia kon-
stitucia. cxadia, aq igulisxmeba demokra-
tiuli konstituciuri marTlwesrigi.
amrigad, demokratiis mesame arsebiTi princi-
pi aris liberalizmi, anu pirovnebis Tavisu-
flebis, Rirsebisa da Tanasworobis aRiareba
privilegirebul Rirebulebad. Tavisufleba
adamianis bunebidan momdinareobs, `Tavisu-
flebaze uaris Tqma sakuTar adamianur Rirse-
baze, adamianur uflebebze, TviT movaleobe-
bze uaris Tqmis tolfasia~.8
Tavisufleba is sityvaa, romelic yvelaze
metad axdens STabeWdilebas adamianis gonebaze.
Cveulebriv, Tavisuflebas demokratiul
mmarTvelobasTan aigiveben. saxelmwifo wy-
obasTan mimarTebiT Tavisuflebas sami xe-
lisuflebis (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli
da sasamarTlo) garkveuli ganawileba qmnis;
moqalaqesTan mimarTebaSi ki, monteskies Tanax-
mad, “Tavisufleba mdgomareobs usafrTxoe-
8
J.J. ruso, “sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba” gv. 15.
9
S. monteskie, “kanonTa goni” 213.
10
iqve, gv. 180.
baSi an kidev usafrTxoebis rwmenaSi”.9
Tavisufleba, ZiriTadad, aris is, rom adami-
ani ar aiZulo moimoqmedos iseTi ram, rasac
kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs. es ki SesaZlebelia
mxolod im pirobiT, Tu adamianebs samoqalaqo
kanonebi ganageben. maSasadame, Tavisufleba
imis keTebis uflebaa, rac kanoniT dasaSve-
bia. sadac Zalaufleba kanons ar emorCile-
ba, iq pirovnebis uflebaTa dacvis Sansebi
mcirea. “Tu moqalaqes SeuZlia akeTos is,
rasac kanonebi krZalaven, maSin mas aRar eqneba
Tavisufleba, radgan igive SesaZlebloba
sxvebsac eqnebaT”.10
demokratiaSi formalobaTa raodenoba izrdeba
moqalaqeTa Tavisuflebis, qonebis, sicocx-
lis, Rirsebis zrdis Sesabamisad. demokra-
tiuli mmarTvelobisas saxelmwifo wyobis
buneba moiTxovs, rom mosamarTleebi zustad
icavdnen kanonis teqsts. demokratiul sax-
elmwifoebSi yvela Tanasworia. aqedan gamom-
dinare, nebismieri moqalaqis mimarT ar Sei-
Zleba kanonis borotad gamoyeneba, roca saqme
exeba mis qonebas, mis Rirsebas an mis sic-
ocxles.
1789 wlis uflebaTa deklaraciaSi naTqvamia,
rom adamianebi Tavisufali da Tanaswori arian
TavianT uflebebSi. kanoni yvelasaTvis erTi
unda iyos, icavs igi Tu sjis. kanonis winaSe
yvela moqalaqe Tanasworia. deklaraciiT
gamocxadebuli moqalaqeTa Tanasworuflebi-
anoba Semdgom sxvadasxva formiT aisaxa sx-
vadasxva qveynis konstituciaSi. swored ami-
tom damkvidrda demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis
konstituciebSi mZlavri aqcenti adamianis
upiratesobis Sesaxeb saxelmwifos winaSe.
saxelmwifoSi adamianis mdgomareoba, pirvel
rigSi, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor
zrunavs kanonmdebeli masze, rogor samarT-
lebriv safuZvelze amkvidrebs mas; meore
rigSi, - imaze, Tu rogor zrunavs aRmas-
rulebeli xelisufleba mis keTildReobaze;
mesame rigSi, - imaze, Tu rogor aris dacu-
li konstituciuri garantiebi sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlo organoebisa da saxalxo
damcvelis institutis zedamxedvelobiT.
105
 Cvens droSi, moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisu-
flebis dacvis samarTlebriv saSualebebs
warmoadgenen konstituciuri garantiebi, e.i.
im xerxebisa da meTodebis erToblioba, rom-
lebic gaTvaliswinebulia konstituciuri
normebiT. saxelmwifos suverenuli xelisu-
fleba moqalaqeebze vrceldeba rogorc im
saxelmwifos teritoriaze, romlis moqalaqe-
caa piri, ise mis farglebs gareT. individs
ufleba aqvs moiTxovos Tavisi uflebebisa
da kanonieri interesebis dacva im saxelmwi-
fosagan, romlis moqalaqec is aris.
sazogadoebrivi keTildReoba yovelTvis
moiTxovs, rom TiToeuli adamiani ucvle-
lad inarCunebdes samoqalaqo kanonebiT mini-
Webul sakuTrebas. sakmarisia magistraturam
aiZulos kerZo piri gayidos Tavisi memkvi-
dreoba, rom man amiT kerZo pirs CamoarTvas
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli is didi
privilegia, romlis Tanaxmadac, aravis aqvs
ufleba aiZulos kerZo piri gaasxvisos sak-
uTari qoneba. samoqalaqo kodeqsis meSveobiT
moqalaqes SeuZlia daicvas Tavisi qoneba da
sicocxle nebismieri sxva moqalaqis winaSe.
amrigad, Tanasworuflebianoba, pirovnebis
xelSeuxebloba, politikuri Tavisuflebebi
da socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebi konsti-
tuciuri garantiebis erT mTlian nakrebs
warmoadgenen. Sesabamisad, erTi konkretuli
uflebis an garkveuli Tavisuflebis ganux-
orcieleblobis SemTxvevaSi seriozuli sa-
frTxis qveS dgeba mTlianad uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebis institutebi.
maSasadame, saxelmwifosa da pirovnebas Soris
urTierTkavSiris xasiaTi da buneba mimdinare
procesebis aSkara gamoxatulebaa. rac ufro
demokratiulia saxelmwifo, miT ufro maRa-
lia am urTierTobaTa Sefasebis kriteriumi.
saqarTveloSi sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwi-
foebrivi demokratizaciis procesma dadebi-
Ti gavlena moaxdina moqalaqeTa konstituci-
uri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis gafar-
Toebasa da maTi garantiebis ganmtkicebaze,
rac saTanadod Camoyalibda 1995 wlis
saqarTvelos konstituciaSi.
qarTul konstituciaSi adamianisa da xelisu-
flebis urTierToba ganixileba im WrilSi,
rasac “xelisufleba-adamianisaTvis” eTqmis.
konstitucia akanonebs saxelmwifos valde-
106
bulebas adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebisa
da Tavisuflebebis uzrunvelsayofad; swored
saxelmwifo unda iyos maTi dacvisa da re-
alizaciis umTavresi garanti.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRi-
arebuli princi pebisa da normebis Sesabamis-
ad, saqarTvelos konstitucia calsaxad aRi-
arebs saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa Tanasworobas
socialur, ekonomikur, kulturul da poli-
tikur cxovrebaSi; rac gulisxmobs kanonisa
da qveynis administraciis winaSe Tanasworobas,
gadasaxadebis winaSe Tanasworobas, uflebe-
bisa da Tavisuflebebis gamoyenebis Tanas-
worobas.
adamianis, rogorc umaRlesi Rirebulebis,
uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs exeba saqarTve-
los 1995 wlis konstituciis meore Tavi -
“saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTa-
di uflebani da Tavisuflebani”, romelSic
Camoyalibebulia demokratiuli mmarTvelo-
bis fuZemdebluri debulebebi. aRniSnuli Tavi
moicavs mniSvnelovan normebsa da miTiTe-
bebs, romlebic uzenaesi kanoniT garantire-
buli ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebe-
bis erTobliobas warmoaCenen. es konstituciis
yvelaze vrceli Tavia da masSi gaerTianebu-
lia 36 muxli. saerTod, Cvens konstitucia-
Si, pirovnebis statusTan dakavSirebiT
mocemulia samocamde muxli. aRniSnuli kon-
stituciuri normebis mizania axali mentali-
tetis mqone adamianis formireba.
adamianis uflebaTa sistemis mTlianoba, gan-
pirobebuli aris Tanasworobisa da social-
uri princi pebis erTianobiT. amis Taobaze
me-14 muxlSi sakmaod tevadi normaa Camoy-
alibebuli. me-19 muxli akanonebs sityvis,
azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis
Tavisuflebas; me-20 muxli ki icavs adami-
anis piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobas.
adamianisadmi gansakuTrebuli zrunvis das-
turia me-15, me-17, me-18 muxlebi, romelTa
Tanaxmadac, adamianis sicocxle, misi Tavisu-
fleba, pativi da Rirseba xelSeuvalia. kanoni
garkveul farglebSi icavs yovelive maTgans.
konstituciiT dadgenilia adamianis, dakave-
buli piris sasamarTlosadmi wardgenis, eWvmi-
tanilis dakavebis da braldebulis winaswari
patimrobis zRvruli normebi, romelTa dar-
Rveva isjeba kanoniT, xolo ukanonod dakave-
bul an dapatimrebul pirs kompensaciis miRebis
ufleba aqvs. me-40 muxlis Tanaxmad, adami-
ani udanaSaulod iTvleba, vidre ar damt-
kicdeba misi damnaSaveoba dadgenili wesiTa
da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos
gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT. konstituciiT aseve
gaTvaliswinebulia: sakuTari pirovnebis Tavis-
ufali ganviTarebis ufleba; ufleba daika-
vos nebismieri saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba, Tu
igi akmayofilebs kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil
moTxovnebs; ganaTlebis miRebisa da misi formis
arCevis ufleba; ojaxis, dedaTa da bavSvTa
uflebebis dacva; ufleba Tavisuflad mi-
iRos da gaavrcelos informacia.
ama Tu im qveynis konstituciis demokratiu-
lobis donis Sefasebis kriteriumTa Soris
erT-erTi umTavresi aris is, Tu rogor mzrun-
velobas iCens igi ucxoelebisa da moqalaqeobis
armqone pirTa mimarT. am mxrivac, Cveni qvey-
ana stumarTmoyvareobis saukunovan tradi-
cias sakanonmdeblo doneze amkvidrebs.
saqarTvelos konstitucia (muxli 22, 27,
47, 35) mis teritoriaze mcxovreb ucxoeT-
is qveynis moqalaqeebsa da moqalaqeobis arm-
qone pirebs konstituciur moTxovnaTa Ses-
rulebisTvis, pasuxis moTxovnis Tvalsazrisi-
Tac, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebTan Tanabar
pirobebSi ayenebs. 44-e muxlis I punqtSi
aRniSnulia, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
yoveli piri valdebulia asrulebdes saqarTve-
los konstituciisa da kanonmdeblobis moTx-
ovnebs.
moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis
dacvis mizniT, konstituciis 43-e muxliT
saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda sruliad axali,
ombudsmenis, anu saqarTvelos saxalxo dam-
cvelis instituti.
1996 wlis 16 maiss saqarTvelos parlament-
ma miiRo kanoni “saqarTvelos saxalxo dam-
cvelis Sesaxeb”. misi ZiriTadi funqciaa
pirovnebis dacva xelisuflebis aRmasrule-
beli organoebisa da saxelmwifo moxeleebis
mier administraciuli uflebamosilebis ara-
marTlzomieri da borotad gamoyenebis SemTx-
vevisagan. igi saqmeSi ereva maSin, roca kano-
ni irRveva. misi ganxilvis sagania moqalaqis
urTierToba saxelmwifo organoebTan, sazoga-
doebriv organizaciebTan da ara samoqalaqo
urTierTobis davebi. saxalxo damcveli airCeva
5 wlis vadiT saqarTvelos parlamentis sruli
Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT. saxalxo dam-
cvels evaleba regularuli angariSgeba par-
lamentis winaSe. konstituciis 43-e muxlis
me-2 punqtiT, saxalxo damcvelis saqmiano-
bisaTvis dabrkolebaTa Seqmna isjeba kanoniT.
amrigad, demokratiis ZiriTad elementad mainc
xalxis nebis politikur suverenad gamocx-
adeba, praqtikulad ki xelisuflebis arCevi-
Toba miiCneva. axalgazrda da naklebad gan-
viTarebul demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi
demokratia, ufro xSirad gaigivebulia
arCeviTobasTan, radgan es ukanaskneli
demokratiis yvelaze TvalsaCino niSans war-
moadgens. amitom demokratiuli mmarTvelo-
bis damamkvidrebel qveynebSi saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebriobis mTeli Zalisxmeva, upirve-
lesad, swored arCevnebis Catarebazea mima-
rTuli. politikuri reJimi, romelSic xe-
lisuflebis arCeviToba xorcieldeba – Tun-
dac kanonis uzenaesobisa da liberaluri
Rirebulebebis dacvis gareSe – mainc demokra-
tiad miiCneva.
konstitucionalizmi gaigivebulia wesrigTan,
stabilurobasa da mdgradobasTan. mis gareSe
ar SeiZleba arsebobdes imis garantia, rom
demokratiuli princi pebi damyardeba. konsti-
tucionalizmisa da liberaluri Rirebule-
bebis damkvidreba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Rrma
kulturul cvlilebebs iTxovs, rasac Tao-
baTa cvla sWirdeba, maSin rodesac arCevneb-
is Catareba saerTaSoriso damkvirveblebis
monawileobiT erTjeradi aqtia. kanonis uze-
naesobisa da wesrigisadmi pativiscema Znelad
idgams fesvs im sazogadoebaSi, sadac pativs
ar scemen individs, pirovnebas.
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis damyareba aseve
iTxovs garkveul Zalisxmevas. misi damkvi-
drebisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi mxolod
demokratiis ZiriTadi princi pebis upirate-
sobis aRiareba, mmarTvelobis sxva princi-
pebTan SedarebiT. WeSmariti demokratiis
dasamkvidreblad, xalxs, anu politikur
erTobas esaWiroeba, erTi mxriv, saTanado
unari, romelic yalibdeba garkveuli social-
uri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli, sagareo-poli-
tikuri viTarebis bazaze, xolo, meore mxriv,
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis swavla praqtiku-
li gamocdilebis miRebis procesSi.
107
 ÌÌÀÒÈÅÄËÏÁÉÓ ×ÏÒÌÄÁÉ,
ÒÄÓÐÖÁËÉÊÀ, ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÌÌÀÒÈÅÄËÏÁÉÓ ×ÏÒÌÉÓ
ÍÀÉÒÓÀáÄÏÁÀ, ÈÀÍÀÌÄÃÒÏÅÄ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏ ÃÀ ÌÉÓÉ
ÓÀÌÏÌÀÅËÏ ÐÄÒÓÐÄØÔÉÅÄÁÉ
saxelmwifos forma da
mmarTvelobis formebi
upirveles yovlisa, Sesavlis saxiT unda
aRvniSnoT, rom uSualod publikaciis Ziri-
Tadi Temis ganxilvamde mizanSewonili iqneba
ganvixiloT saxelmwifos formis institut-
isa da am institutSi mmarTvelobis formis
adgilis gansazRvra, radgan ufro sruly-
ofilad iqnes gaazrebuli, Tu ras niSnavs,
zogadad, mmarTvelobis forma da, ra Tqma
unda, misi erT_erTi nairsaxeoba - respub-
lika, rac, saboloo jamSi, garkveuli zog-
adi Teoriuli Sesavlis Semdgom, gagviad-
vilebs Tanamedrove saqarTvelos mdgomareo-
bis garkvevas da misi samomavlo perspeqtive-
bis ganxilvas.
saxelmwifos forma aris saxelmwifo samarT-
lis kompleqsuri zeinstituti, romelic
Tavis TavSi oTx sxvadasxva damoukidebel
qveinstituts moicavs, romlebic erToblioba-
Si Tavs iyrian saxelmwifos formis cnebis
qveS. esenia: mmarTvelobis, saxelmwifos ter-
itoriuli mowyobis, politikuri da saxelm-
wifo reJimis formis institutebi. Ee.i. mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom aq saqme gvaqvs formas-
Tan, igi, saboloo jamSi, uTiTebs saxelmwi-
fos Sinagan, Sinaarsobriv niSnebze, kerZod
imaze, Tu vis mier xorcieldeba saxelmwifo
xelisufleba, rogor xdeba saxelmwifo xe-
lisuflebis umaRlesi organoebis formireba
(mmarTvelobis forma), rogoria saxelmwi-
fos gansazRvrul teritoriaze mosaxleo-
bis gaerTianebis wesi, misi urTierTkavSiri
saxelmwifos sxva teritoriul nawilebsa da
* zogierTi mecnieri, mag. v.e. Cirkini, erTmaneTisagan ar ganasxvavebs politikuri da saxelmwifo reJimis
cnebebs, xolo mecnierTa garkveuli nawili, mag. b.a. straSuni, erTmaneTisagan mijnavs maT da saxelmwifo
reJims ufro didi, politikuri reJimis cnebis Semadgenlad Tvlis.
108
ÉÌÄÃÏ ÀÒãÄÅÀÍÉÞÄ
mTlianad saxelmwifosTan (saxelmwifos ter-
itoriuli mowyobis forma), ra xerxebiTa
da meTodebiT xorcieldeba xelisufleba
saxelmwifoSi (politikuri reJimis forma),
dabolos, rogoria faqtobrivi urTierToba
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRles orga-
noebs Soris, vinaidan zogjer igi gansxvave-
bulia konstituciaSi mocemuli modelisa-
gan (saxelmwifo reJimis forma).*
saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba iyvnen respublikuri
an monarqiuli formis matarebelni (arse-
boben saxelmwifoebi, romelTa mmarTvelobis
formebi Seicaven rogorc respublikuri, ise
monarqiuli mmarTvelobis formis niSnebs,
amaze ufro vrclad mogaxsenebT Semdgom).
teritoriuli mowyobis mixedviT saxelmwifo
SeiZleba iyos unitaruli, federaciuli an
regionaluri, politikuri reJimis mixedviT
ki - demokratiuli, avtoritaruli, total-
itaruli da sxva.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cndeba
logikuri kiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu ratom
aris, rom erTi saxelmwifo respublikuri,
xolo meore - monarqiuli mmarTvelobis
formisaa, erTi saxelmwifo federaciulia,
xolo meore unitaruli da a.S., e.i. ratom
aris, rom saxelmwifoebs sxvadasxva formebi
aqvT. amis mizezi sxvadasxvaa, kerZod: poli-
tikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da sxva saxis
faqtorebi, romelTa farglebSi moiazreba
saxelmwifos aRmocenebisa da Camoyalibebis
pirobebi, istoriuli da erovnuli tradiciebi,
mosaxleobis kulturuli ganviTarebis done,
saerTaSoriso viTareba da sxva. amis dasa-
dastureblad SeiZleba moviyvanoT inglisisa
da safrangeTis Sedarebis magaliTi, im Tval-
sazrisiT, rom burJuaziuli revoluciis
mimdinareobis periodSi inglisis burJuazia
ar iyo iseTi mkacri da radikaluri, rogoric
safrangeTis burJuazia feodalizmTan brZo-
laSi. aman gamoiwvia is, rom inglisSi bur-
Juazia feodalebTan garkveul daTmobebze
wavida, rac gamoixata inglisSi konstituci-
uri monarqiis damyarebaSi, xolo safrangeT-
Si moxda feodalizmis sruli ganadgureba
da safrangeTis burJuaziam Tavisi politikuri
batonoba respublikuri mmarTvelobis for-
maSi gamoxata.
saxelmwifos formaze ar SeiZleba gavlena
ar moaxdinos qveynis mosaxleobis eTnikurma
Semadgenlobam, vinaidan mravalenovan saxelm-
wifoSi sxvadasxva erebis miswrafebam, hqon-
deT TavianTi saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmne-
bi, SeiZleba migviyvanos iqamde, rom terito-
riuli mowyobis mixedviT saxelmwifo fed-
eraciuli gaxdes.
saxelmwifos formaze gavlenas axdens agreTve
qveynis istoriuli ganviTarebis tradiciebi,
ase magaliTad, germania, wesisamebr, unitaruli
unda yofiliyo (erovnuli Semadgenlobis
TvalsazrisiT), magram igi federaciulia, es
SeiZleba aixsnas am qveynis istoriuli gan-
viTarebis tradiciebis gamoZaxiliT, radgan
germania saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi daqucma-
cebuli iyo patar-patara germanul saxelm-
wifoebad.
saxelmwifos formaze did gavlenas axdens
misi aRmocenebisa da Camoyalibebis pirobebi,
magaliTad, belgia, rogorc yvelasaTvis cno-
bilia, vaterloos brZolis Semdeg napoleo-
nis damarcxebis Sedegad Seiqmna holandiuri
da franguli provinciebisagan da amitom
bunebrivia, rom Taviseburia misi erovnuli
Semadgenloba da saxelmwifos formac.
aseve SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva imis Sesaxeb,
SeiZleba Tu ara saxelmwifos erTi rome-
lime formaluri maxasiaTeblis Secvlam gam-
oiwvios saxelmwifos formis romelime sxva
Semadgenlis Sinaarsis cvlileba? SeiZleba
da amis magaliTebi Semdegia: 1967 wels sa-
1
Â.Â. Ìàêëàêîâ. Êîíñòèòóöèè çàðóáåæíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ., Ìîñêâà 1999 ã. Ñòð.283.
2
Â.Å. ×èðêèí. Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ìîñêâà. 1997 ã. Ñòð.136.
berZneTSi moxda samxedro gadatrialeba,
damyarda diqtatura da samxedroebma mefe
konstantine xelisuflebas CamoaSores (es
periodi cnobilia, rogorc `polkovnikebis
diqtatura~), SeiZleba moxdes piriqiTac,
magaliTad, 1975 wels gardaicvala espaneT-
Si diqtatori franko da 1978 wlis konsti-
tuciis safuZvelze aRdgenil iqna monarqia.
Ee.i., rogorc davinaxeT, politikuri reJi-
mis Secvlam erT SemTxvevaSi gamoiwvia monar-
qiis Secvla respublikiT, xolo meore SemTx-
vevaSi ki piriqiT (magram aqve unda aRiniS-
nos, rom espaneTs yovelTvis hqonda miswrafeba
monarqiisaken da espaneTis saxelmwifos is-
toriaSi sul ori respublika arsebobda
mokle droiTi periodebiT, pirveli 1873-1875
wlebSi da meore 1931-1939 wlebSi)1 .
zogierT SemTxvevaSi politikuri reJimis
cvalebadobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios terito-
riuli mowyobis formis Secvlac, magali-
Tad, nigeriaSi, ramdenime samxedro gadatri-
alebis Semdeg, mcdeloba imisa, rom nigeria
gadaeqciaT unitarul saxelmwifod, dasrulda
samoqalaqo omiT 60-iani wlebis dasasruls.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom termini "saxelmwi-
fos forma“, doqtrinaluri (samecniero)
warmoSobisaa. igi ufro samecniero katego-
riaa, vidre sakanonmdeblo, magram axali
tendenciebis safuZvelze igi samarTlebrivi
regulirebis sferoSi moeqca, anu doqtri-
naluri cneba gadaiqca praqtikul sakanonm-
deblo cnebad. amis naTelsayofad unda aRvniS-
noT TurqeTis 1982 wlis konstitucia, sal-
vadoris 1983 wlis konstitucia da eTiopi-
is 1987 wlis konstitucia, sadac arsebobs
Tavebi `saxelmwifos formis~ saxelwodebiT.2
aSkaraa, rom saxelmwifos formis sakiTxs
ara marto Teoriuli, aramed praqtikuli
mniSvnelobac aqvs, radgan imaze, Tu rogor
aris organizebuli da realizebuli saxelm-
wifo xelisufleba, damokidebulia saxelm-
wifos xelmZRvanelobis efeqturoba, mmarTve-
lobis qmedunarianoba, mTavrobis prestiJi
da stabiluroba, kanonierebisa da marTlwe-
srigis mdgomareoba qveyanaSi da a.S. am mok-
le CamonaTvalidanac Cans, Tu ra didi mniS-
vneloba aqvs saxelmwifos formis sakiTxs.
109
 mmarTvelobis forma: ar Sevcdebi Tu vityvi,
rom mmarTvelobis forma wamyvani da mniS-
vnelovani Semadgenelia saxelmwifos form-
isa. mmarTvelobis formis qveS gulisxmoben
umaRlesi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis orga-
nizacias, umaRlesi saxelmwifo organoebis
formirebis wess, struqturas, maT kompeten-
cias, uflebamosilebis vadas, urTierTobis
formebs mosaxleobasTan da am ukanasknelTa
monawileobis mniSvnelobas am organoTa
formirebaSi. erTi sityviT rom vTqvaT,
mmarTvelobis forma gvcems pasuxs kiTxvaze
`vin marTavs~.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom iuridiul literatur-
aSi mmarTvelobis formis cnebas ori sxva-
dasxva, viwro da farTo, gagebiT xmaroben.
viwro gagebiT mmarTvelobis forma axsnilia
erTi piris iuridiuli mdgomareobis Tval-
sazrisiT, es aris saxelmwifos meTauri,
romelic SeiZleba iyos monarqi an preziden-
ti (amaze ufro vrclad qvemoT mogaxsenebT).
rac Seexeba mmarTvelobis formis farTo
gagebas, igulisxmeba urTierTobebi saxelm-
wifo organoebsa da ekonomikur, politikur
centrebs Soris, is politikuri garemo,
romelSic moqmedeben saxelmwifo organoebi.3
rac Seexeba mmarTvelobis formebis klas-
ifikacias (sanam tradiciul klasifikacias
SemogTavazebdeT), mas safuZvlad SeiZleba
daedos saxelmwifo xelisuflebis danawileb-
isa da erTianobis princi pebi. amis safuZ-
velze SeiZleba ganisazRvros polikratiu-
li (mravalxelisuflebiani), monokratiuli
(erTxelisuflebiani) da Sereuli (rodesac
erTad aris mocemuli mmarTvelobis rogorc
polikratiuli, ise monokratiuli elemente-
bi) mmarTvelobis formebi.
polikratiuli mmarTvelobis formisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
organizaciis dafuZneba xelisuflebis dan-
awilebis princi pze, sadac erTiani saxelm-
wifo xelisufleba dayofilia sam damouki-
debel xelisuflebis tradiciul Stod, ker-
Zod, sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasa-
marTlo Stoebad (dRevandel dRes ar mimaC-
nia sagangaSod is garemoeba, rom xelisu-
fleba tradiciuli samis nacvlad daiyos
ufro met, Tundac oTx an xuT, Stod. met-
3
iqve, gv. 139.
110
sac getyviT, es araRiarebuli realobacaa.
saqarTvelos magaliTze Tu ganvmartavT,
romeli tradiciuli xelisuflebis StoSi
unda SeviyvanoT igive kontrolis palata an
centraluri saarCevno komisia? verc erTSi,
radgan isini TviTon calke qmnian xelisu-
flebis Stoebs, pirobiTad sakontrolo–
sazedamxedvelo da saarCevno xelisufle-
bebs. Tavad jon lokic da Sarl lui mon-
teskiec, romlebmac srulyofili da saboloo
saxe misces xelisuflebis danawilebis prin-
ci pis Teorias, Cveni Tanamedroveni rom yo-
filiyvnen, gazrdidnen xelisuflebis StoTa
raodenobas, radgan dResdReobiT ufro rTuli
da mravalferovani funqciebis Sesruleba
uxdeba saxelmwifos, vidre Tundac lokisa
da monteskies dros. es yovelive zemoT aRniS-
nuli, ra Tqma unda, arRvevs lokiseuli da
monteskieseuli Teoriis formas da aramc da
aramc Sinaarss, Tuki Tundac xuT xelisu-
flebas Soris urTierToba dafuZnebuli iqneba
urTierTSekavebisa da Sewonasworebis siste-
maze, romlebic gansazRvrul damoukidebel
saxelisuflebo funqciebs asruleben, am xe-
lisuflebis Stoebs mWidro urTierTkavSiri
aqvT, magram arc erTs ar SeuZlia zemdgomi
mdgomareoba daikavos meoresTan mimarTebaSi,
TiToeul Stos kanoniT miniWebuli aqvs ufle-
bamosileba imisa, rom Tu erT–erTma Stom
gadaaWarba Tavis uflebamosilebas, gaanei-
tralos misi amgvari miswrafebebi da isev
aRadginos balansi da Tanaswori urTierTo-
ba xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris, rac iurid-
iul literaturaSi urTierTSekavebisa da
Sewonasworebis sistemiT aris cnobili. amis
naTel magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT aSS–
is 1787 wlis konstitucia, romelmac pirvelma
warmoadgina srulyofilad urTierTobis es
sistema konstituciur doneze. aqve unda
aRiniSnos: TeoriaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba
imis Taobaze, rom sakanonmdeblo, saparla-
mento xelisuflebas mainc aqvs garkveuli
upiratesoba aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo
xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT, rac gamoixate-
ba imaSi, rom mxolod parlaments SeuZlia
miiRos kanonebi, romlis farglebSic moqmedebs
ara marto TviT sakanonmdeblo, aramed xe-
lisuflebis sxva Stoebic, igive, zemoaRniS-
nuli aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisu-
flebebic, magram Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT
praqtikaSi igrZnoba aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
flebis upiratesoba xelisuflebis sxva Sto-
ebze da amis damadastureblad sakmarisia e.w.
`delegirebuli kanonmdeblobis~ moxseniebac,
romelic ukve sakanonmdeblo kategoriadac
gadaiqca. aseT delegirebul kanonmdeblobas,
magaliTisaTvis, iTvaliswinebs espaneTis 1978
wlis konstituciis meore Tavi).
rac Seexeba monokratiuli mmarTvelobis
formas, igi xasiaTdeba erTxelisuflebiano-
biT, sadac mTlianad uaryofilia xelisu-
flebis organizaciis Tanamedrove, demokra-
tiuli xelisuflebis danawilebisa da sax-
alxoxelisuflebianobis princi pebi da xe-
lisufleba moqceulia erTi organos an Tan-
amdebobis piris xelSi. aseT Tanamdebobis pirs
SeiZleba erqvas fiureri, duCe, kaudilo. Tavis
droze, axlo warsulSi, aseT Tanamdebobis
pirebi iyvnen germaniaSi, italiasa da espan-
eTSi, aseve zogierT islamur qveyanaSi. kon-
stituciurad mTeli xelisufleba momdinar-
eobs monarqisagan. monokratiul mmarTvelo-
baze saubrisas zedmeti ar iqneboda gagvex-
senebina Cveni axlo warsulic, roca yvela
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba miiReboda
mmarTveli komunisturi partiis politbiuros
mier. samwuxarod, aseTi totalitaruli so-
cializmis qveynebi dResac arian SemorCenili.
rac Seexeba Sereuli mmarTvelobis formas,
es iseTi formaa marTva–gamgeobisa, roca
erTmaneTSi Sereulia rogorc monokratiu-
li, ise polikratiuli mmarTvelobis ele-
mentebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi konstituciam Sei-
Zleba aRiaros xelisuflebis danawileba,
magram am princi ps formaluri mniSvneloba
eniWeba, radgan ar arsebobs urTierTSekaveb-
is sistema, riTac arafrismTqmeli da uazro
xdeba konstituciaSi xelisuflebis danaw-
ilebis princi pis aRiareba. saxelmwifo xe-
lisuflebis organizacia sxvadasxva aral-
ogikuri nawilebis erTobliobas emsgavseba,
sadac erTiani naTeli mimarTuleba ar aris
gamoxatuli.
zogadad mmarTvelobis formaze saubrisas,
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxelm-
wifo mmarTvelobis forma aris daxasiaTeba
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
flebis struqturisa da maT Soris urTier-
Tobisa. Ee.i. rodesac mmarTvelobis formaze
vsaubrobT, yovelTvis yuradRebis centrSi
eqceva xelisuflebis is ori Sto, romel-
sac, Tu davesesxebiT frang iurists, m. ori-
us, politikuri xelisufleba hqvia. sasa-
marTlo xelisufleba ki, am SemTxvevaSi,
garkveulwilad gverdze mdgomad gvevlineba,
es bunebrivicaa, radgan mmarTvelobis for-
maze did gavlenas qveyanaSi arsebuli poli-
tikuri procesebi axdenen da am konteqstSi
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
fleba ara marto TviTon arian politikis
mwarmoebelni, aramed xSirad politikuri
procesebis obieqtad da arenad iqcevian xolme.
es ki, ra Tqma unda, moqmedebs saxelmwifos
mmarTvelobis formaze da mis cvalebadoba-
ze. sasamarTlo xelisufleba Tavisi bunebiT
apolitikuria (yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTi unda
iyos) da igi Sors aris mmarTvelobis for-
masTan dakavSirebul da mmarTvelobis form-
is farglebSi politikur urTierTobebSi
uSualo monawileobisagan. Ee.i., mmarTvelo-
bis forma uTiTebs metadre sakanonmdeblo
da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis urTier-
Tobaze, vidre sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
urTierTobaze xelisuflebis sxva (poli-
tikur) StoebTan.
mmarTvelobis formaze zogadad saubris Sem-
deg, mizanSewonilad da logikurad mimaCnia
gadavideT mmarTvelobis formis tradiciu-
li saxeebis ganxilvaze, magram manamde in-
teress moklebuli ar iqneba aRiniSnos, rom
jer kidev antikur xanaSi, cnobili moazrovne
da filosofosi, aristotele ganasxvavebda
mmarTvelobis formebs imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
umaRlesi xelisufleba saxelmwifoSi xor-
cieldeboda erTpirovnulad (monarqia), pir-
Ta SezRuduli raodenobis mier (aristokra-
tia), Tu qveynis mTeli mosaxleobis monawi-
leobiT (demokratia). princi pSi, aristote-
leseuli kriteriumebi, raodenobriv safuZ-
velze damyarebuli, dRevandel dResac gam-
oiyeneba, vinaidan Tanamedrovenic mmarTvelobis
formebs imis mixedviT ganasxvaveben, umaRle-
si xelisufleba xorcieldeba erTi piris
mier, memkvidreobis safuZvelze, Tu garkveu-
li vadiT arCeuli organos mier.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, dResdReobiT
arsebobs mmarTvelobis ori ZiriTadi saxe,
111
 monarqia da respublika. ganvixiloT isini
zogadad da konkretulad, maTi saxesxvaobe-
bis mixedviT.
monarqia: monarqia mmarTvelobis iseTi nair-
saxeobaa, rodesac saxelmwifos saTaveSi dgas
piri (monarqi), romelic Tavis xelisufle-
bas ganaxorcielebs memkvidreobis safuZvelze.
monarqis xelisufleba uvado da samudamoa,
monarqi ganTavisuflebulia rogorc poli-
tikuri, ise iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobisa-
gan misi mmarTvelobis SedegebisaTvis. igi
miCneulia RmerTis wargzavnilad da misgan
kurTxeulad (es ukanaskneli faqtori dRevan-
del dRes aravis aRelvebs da iseTi mniS-
vneloba aRar eniWeba, rogorc adreul peri-
odebSi), magram es rodi niSnavs, rom monar-
qis uflebamosileba yovelTvis mxolod bune-
brivi sikvdiliT wydeboda. istoriisaTvis
cnobilia iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac es
xdeboda sxvadasxva arasamarTlebrivi saSu-
alebebiT da monarqs pasuxs agebinebdnen Tavisi
moqmedebebisaTvis, rogorc wesi revolucie-
bis periodSi, rodesac monarqiul mmarTvelo-
bas cvlida respublika. amis magaliTad Sei-
Zleba moviyvanoT inglisis istoriis erTi
epizodi, rodesac oliver kromvelma rev-
oluciis dros gamoacxada respublika da
monarqi karl I stiuardi sikvdiliT iqna
dasjili.
sagareo urTierTobebSi monarqi sxva sax-
elmwifoebTan warmoadgen Tavis qveyanas. monar-
qi iRebs saxelmwifo biujetidan mniSvnelo-
van finansur saxsrebs da aqvs ufleba Tavisi
pirovnebis gansakuTrebuli dacvisa. sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi monarqi sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT
moixsenieba: Sahi, emiri, imperatori, sul-
Tani, mefe, xelmwife, faraoni da sxva.
TviT sityva "monarqia“ berZnuli warmoSobisaa
(`monos~ - erTi da `arxes~ - xelisufleba)
da niSnavs erTxelisuflebianobas, erTi piris
xelisuflebas, magram cnobilia gamonaklise-
bic, magaliTad spartaSi, rogorc cnobilia,
ori mefe arsebobda.
monarqiis sxvadasxva saxesxvaobebi arsebob-
da sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv–ekonomikur
formaciebSi. am SemTxvevaSi Cven oriode si-
4
Â.Å. ×èðêèí. Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ìîñêâà. 1997 ã. Ñòð.141.
5
Á.À. Ñòðàøóí. Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå) ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ìîñêâà. 1996 ã. Ñòð. 306.
6
Â.Å. ×èðêèí. Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ìîñêâà. 1997 ã. Ñòð. 141.
112
tyviT SevexebiT monarqiis im nairsaxeobebs,
romlebic arseboben dRevandel msoflioSi.
Tanamedrove periodSi monarqia warmodgenilia
absoluturi, dualisturi da saparlamento
(konstituciuri) monarqiis saxiT. ganvixiloT
TiToeuli maTgani (zogierTi mecnieri kon-
stituciuri monarqiis cnebaSi aerTianebs
dualistur da saparlamento monarqiebs, xolo
zogierTi avtori ki konstituciur monar-
qias mxolod saparlamento monarqiis sinon-
imad miiCnevs).
absoluturi monarqia: monarqiis es saxe,
ZiriTadad, gavrcelebuli da damaxasiaTebe-
li iyo gviani feodalizmisaTvis. absolu-
turi monarqia Tanamedrove msoflioSi gvx-
vdeba metad iSviaTad, ZiriTadad aRmosavle-
Tis qveynebSi: saudis arabeTSi, arabeTis gaer-
Tianebul emiratebSi, omanSi, katarSi, ku-
veitSi, bruneiSi da sxva. absoluturi monarqia
niSnavs absolutur xelisuflebas. monarqis
xelSia Tavmoyrili mTeli sisrule saxelm-
wifo xelisuflebisa. aseT qveynebSi ar ar-
sebobs parlamenti, mTavroba formirdeba
monarqis mier da pasuxismgebelia mxolod
mis winaSe, rac Seexeba premier–ministrs,
igi, rogorc wesi, aris monarqis Svili, Zma
an sxva naTesavi 4 . monarqs nebismier dros
SeuZlia mTavrobis wevrebis gadayeneba, es
mTlianad maszea damokidebuli. rogorc
vTqviT, absoluturi monarqiis dros monar-
qis xelisufleba iuridiulad SeuzRudavia,
magram SezRudva SeiZleba arsebobdes poli-
tikur, moralur–eTikur da religiur as-
peqtSi5 .
zogierT qveyanaSi absoluturi monarqi aseve
aris umaRlesi sasuliero piri, rac, ra Tqma
unda, niSnavs monarqis xelisuflebis kidev
ufro gaZlierebas Teokratiuli SinaarsiT.
am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom absolu-
turi monarqia absolutur–Teokratiuli
xasiaTisaa. absoluturi monarqiis qveynebi-
saTvis ucxoa konstituciis arseboba, magram
Tu arsebobs, igi oqtroirebulia da meta-
dre kvazikonstituciaa, vidre qveynis uzen-
aesi kanoni (magaliTad, saudis arabeTi), xolo
omanis sasulTanoSi konstituciis magivrobas
yurani asrulebs6 .
absoluturi monarqia arsebobs iseT qveyneb-
Si, sadac amgvari monarqiuli mmarTveloba
mosaxleobis mier aRqmulia, rogorc Cveu-
lebrivi movlena, vinaidan isini imyofebian
socialur–ekonomikuri da religiur–
fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis iseT doneze, rom
sxva marTvis formebi maTTvis ucxo da mi-
uRebelia.
dualisturi monarqia: monarqiis qvemoT ganx-
ilul nairsaxeobas ewodeba dualisturi
(`gaorebuli~) monarqia. dualisturi xasiaTi
am monarqiisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aq erT-
droulad ori Zlieri xelisuflebaa: xelisu-
fleba memkvidreobiTi monarqisa da xalxis
mier arCeuli parlamenti. saxelmwifo xe-
lisufleba SeiZleba iTqvas gayofilia san-
axevrod da Tanabrad, monarqsa da parla-
ments Soris. monarqi da parlamenti akon-
troleben erTmaneTs. sasamarTlo xelisu-
fleba ekuTvnis monarqs, magram igi SeiZleba
met–naklebad damoukidebelic iyos.
dualisturi monarqiis dros monarqs aqvs
ufleba kanonebze xelis mowerisa, igi sarge-
blobs absoluturi vetos uflebiT (gansx-
vavebiT SeyovnebiTi, e.w. suspenziuri veto-
sgan, romlis daZlevis samarTlebrivi meqanizmi
parlamentis mier, gaTvaliswinebulia kano-
niT). monarqs ufleba aqvs miiRos brZanebis
saxis aqtebi, zogierT SemTxvevaSi kanoneb-
Sic Seitanos cvlilebebi mis mier miRebuli
brZanebebiT. monarqs agreTve ufleba aqvs
daiTxovos parlamenti, ase magaliTad, ior-
daniaSi, 1974 wels daTxovili iqna parla-
menti da Semdgomi saparlamento arCevnebi
TxuTmeti wlis mere, 1989 wels Catarda7 .
monarqi niSnavs ministrebs, ayalibebs mTavrobas
da amaSi igi ar uwevs angariSs parlaments,
mTavroba ki, Tavis mxriv, pasuxismgebelia
mxolod monarqis winaSe.
Cveni azriT, dualisturi monarqia, aris
Sualeduri forma absolutur monarqiasa da
saparlamento monarqias Soris. es iseTi mdgo-
mareobaa, roca monarqs erTpirovnulad ar
SeuZlia marTos qveyana, xolo parlaments
ki ar SeuZlia monarqi CamoaSoros xelisu-
flebas garkveul mizezTa gamo.
dualisturi monarqia aramdgradi formaa
7
Á.À. Ñòðàøóí. Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå) ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ìîñêâà. 1996 ã. Ñòð.307.
8
Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå ïðàâî. Àâòîðñêèé êîëëåêòèâ Àëüõèìåíêî Â.Â. è äð. Ìîñêâà .1996 ã. Ñòð. 185.
monarqiuli mmarTvelobisa, radgan monarqic
da parlamentic yovelTvis cdiloben ufro
meti xelisufleba moi povon, monarqs surs
Tavisi xelisufleba absoluturi gaxados,
xolo parlaments ki - kidev ufro SezRu-
dos monarqis xelisufleba da monarqia sapa-
rlamento formaSi gadaiyvanos, amitomacaa,
rom dualisturi monarqiis Cveneba konkret-
uli qveynis magaliTze arc Tu ise iolia,
vinaidan igi ixreba xan erTi (absoluturi
monarqiis), xan meore (saparlamento monar-
qiis) monarqiuli mmarTvelobis mxares monar-
qisa da parlamentis dapirispirebis dinamikis
kvalobaze, magram iuridiul literaturaSi
dualistur monarqiebad miiCneven marokos,
nepalis samefosa da iordanias (dualisturi
iyo adre prusia, avstria, italia da rumineTi)8 .
saparlamento (konstituciuri) monarqia:
saparlamento monarqiebSi moqmedebs demokra-
tiuli wesiT miRebuli konstitucia. sakanon-
mdeblo xelisufleba ekuTvnis xalxis mier
arCeul parlaments (orpalatiani parlamen-
tis dros irCeva, rogorc wesi, qveda pala-
ta) da unda iTqvas, rom es yvelaze gavr-
celebuli saxea monarqiisa Tanamedrove msof-
lioSi, absolutur da dualistur monar-
qiebTan SedarebiT. konstituciuri monarqia
aris iseT maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi,
rogorebicaa didi britaneTi, iaponia, espan-
eTi, holandia, belgia, dania. ganviTarebadi
qveynebidan aRsaniSnavia tailandi, malaizia.
monarqi iuridiulad iTvleba saxelmwifos
meTaurad, magram realurad igi saxelmwi-
fos mmarTvelobaSi monawileobas ar iRebs
da iqmneba mdgomareoba, roca monarqi `me-
fobs, magram ar marTavs~. mTavroba yalibde-
ba im partiisagan, romelmac umravlesoba
moi pova parlamentSi (mis qveda palataSi,
Tu parlamenti bikamerulia), xolo premier–
ministri am partiis xelmZRvanelia (amasTan
mimarTebaSi unda iTqvas, rom miuxedavad im-
isa, rom saparlamento monarqiebSi monarqs
realuri xelisufleba ar gaaCnia, gamonak-
lisebic arsebobs, aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
didi britaneTi. Tu parlamentis qveda pal-
ataSi mandatTa raodenoba Tanabrad ganaw-
ilda partiebs Soris, am SemTxvevaSi mTavrobis
meTauris, premier–ministris daniSvnis ufleba
113
 aqvs monarqs. am uflebamosilebas SeiZleba
`mZinare uflebamosilebac~ ewodos, radgan
monarqi am uflebas iSviaTad iyenebs, vinaid-
an iSviaTia TviT am uflebamosilebis gamoy-
enebis safuZvelic, roca Tanabrad iyofa qve-
da palataSi mandatTa raodenoba. ase magal-
iTad, es uflebamosileba gamoyenebuli iqna
elisabed II–is mier, roca premier–ministri
gaxda harold makmilani).
ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli saparlamento monar-
qiisa aris is, rom mTavrobis formireba xde-
ba parlamentis mier da mTavroba pasuxismge-
belia parlamentis winaSe, e.i. parlaments
SeuZlia mTavrobis gadayeneba misTvis undob-
lobis gamocxadebiT.
rac Seexeba vetos uflebas, zogierT monar-
qs konstituciur monarqiaSi (mag., iaponia-
Si) amis ufleba saerTod ar aqvs, an aqvs,
magram ar iyenebs (mag., did britaneTSi monarqs
vetos ufleba daaxloebiT samasi welia ar
gamouyenebia).
konstituciuri monarqia iTvaliswinebs par-
lamentis daTxovnis SesaZleblobas, amis
Taobaze gadawyvetilebas, faqtobrivad, pre-
mier–ministri iRebs, magram aformebs Tavisi
aqtiT monarqi.
konstituciur monarqiaze ar iqneba sruly-
ofili saubari, Tu ar SevexebiT mis erT–
erT damaxasiaTebel instituts – kontrasig-
nacias, romlis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
monarqis mier gamocemuli aqtebi iuridiul
Zalas iZens mxolod premier–ministris an
Sesabamisi ministris xelmoweris Semdeg (roca
monarqis xelmoweris gverdze premier–minis-
tris an ministris xelmowera daismeba). kon-
trasignaciis proceduris warmoSobis isto-
ria metad sainteresoa, vinaidan Sua sauku-
neebSi misi mizani iyo is, rom monarqs pa-
suxi ar ego ama Tu im kanonis moqmedebis
Sedegebze da mTavrobis wevri aq, garkveul-
wilad, `gantevebis vacis~ rols asrulebda.
dRes ki mas sul sxva Sinaarsi aqvs da es
cvalebadoba, romelic kontrasignaciis in-
stitutis Sinaarsisa, kidev erTxel miuTiTebs
konstituciuri monarqiis farglebSi monar-
qis xelisuflebis sisusteze.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstituciur monar-
qiaSi, monarqiis sxva, zemoT ganxiluli
formebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tanmimdevrulad
114
aris gatarebuli xelisuflebis organizaci-
is, xelisuflebis danawilebis demokratiu-
li princi pi da, saerTod, konstituciuri
monarqia, demokratiuli monarqiaa, risi Tq-
mac sxva Tanamedrove monarqiul mmarTvelobe-
bze ar SegviZlia. agreTve, konstituciuri
monarqia gamoirCeva saxalxoxelisuflebiano-
bisa da parlamentarizmis realuri arsebobiT.
gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi aqvs konstituciur
monarqias im qveynebSi, romlebic britanuli
Tanamegobrobis wevrebi arian, esenia: avstra-
lia, kanada, axali zelandia da sxva. iTvle-
ba, rom saxelmwifos meTauri aris britane-
Tis monarqi, romelic am qveynebSi warmodge-
nilia mis mier daniSnuli general–guberna-
torebis saxiT, xolo general–gubernator-
Ta kandidaturebis wardgenas am qveynebis
mTavrobebi an parlamentebi axdenen. im qvey-
nebSi, romlebic Sedian britaneTis Tanamego-
brobaSi da mmarTvelobis formiT warmoad-
genen respublikebs, maT yavT arCeuli sax-
elmwifos meTauri prezidentis saxiT, ase-
Tia pakistani da indoeTi.
rac Seexeba monarqis sxva uflebamosilebebs
konstituciur monarqiebSi, eseni Semdegia:
monarqi iRebs rwmunebaTa da gawvevis sigelebs
ucxo qveynebis elCebisagan, ajildoebs mo-
qalaqeebs ordenebiTa da medlebiT, aniWebs
titulebsa da Cinebs. monarqi asaxierebs da
warmoadgens qveyanas oficialuri vizitebis
dros sxva qveynebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mas ar gaaCnia realuri xelisufleba, igi
mainc rCeba erisa da qveynis erTianobis simbolod.
zogadad monarqiasa da mis saxesxvaobebze
saubris Semdeg ver daveTanxmebiT im mec-
nierebs, romlebic konstituciuri monarqiis
qveS, saparlamento monarqiasTan erTad, aer-
Tianeben dualistur monarqias, jer marto
imitomac, sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, rom
dualistur monarqiaTa umravlesobaSi, kon-
stitucia Tu arsebobs, igi faratina qaRal-
dia da sityva "konstituciuris“ gamoyeneba
aq uadgilocaa. savsebiT SesaZlebelia Sem-
degi klasifikacia: erTi mxriv, absoluturi
da meore mxriv, SezRuduli saxelwodebiT,
xolo SezRudul monarqiaSi Cven vigulisxmebT
dualistur da saparlamento (konstituci-
ur) monarqiebs, e.i., am SemTxvevaSi sinonime-
bad aris gagebuli saparlamento da konsti-
tuciuri monarqiebi.
daskvnis saxiT, monarqiebze saubrisas Sei-
Zleba iTqvas, rom mmarTvelobis es forma
jer kidev metad sicocxlisunariania da misi
gadatana istoriis arqivebSi adrea. amis ma-
galiTad SeiZleba espaneTi moviyvanoT, sa-
dac 1978 wlis konstituciiT aRdgenil iqna
monarqia. am konteqstSi interess moklebuli
ar iqneba CamovTvaloT msoflioSi dRes ar-
sebuli monarqiuli mmarTvelobis qveynebi.
evropaSi: andora, romelic formalurad aris
saTavado, magram mravalsaukunovani tradiciis
safuZvelze aRiarebs Tavis suverenad safrange-
Tis prezidents; belgia, amJamad mefea al-
bert II, saqson–koburgebis dinastia (taxtzea
1993 wlidan); didi britaneTi, dedofali
elisabed II, uinZorebis dinastia, (1952
wlidan); vatikani, romelic absolutur
Teokratiul monarqias warmoadgens, saxelm-
wifos meTauria romis kaTolikuri eklesiis
xelmZRvaneli ioane–pavle II (1978 wlidan);
dania, dedofali margaret II (1972 wlidan);
espaneTi, mefe xuan karlosi, burbonebis di-
nastia, (1975 wlidan); lixtenSteini, Tava-
di hans–adami (1984 wlidan); luqsemburgi,
monarqi - didi hercogi Jani (1964 wlidan);
monako, monarqi - Tavadi rene III, grimalde-
bis dinastia (1949 wlidan); niderlandebi,
monarqi - dedofali beatriqsi (1980 wl-
idan); norvegia, monarqi - mefe harold V
(1991 wlidan); SvedeTi, monarqi - karl XVI
gustavi, bernadotebis dinastia (1973 wlidan).
azia: bahreini, monarqi – amir isa ben salman
al–xalifa; brunei, monarqi – sulTan xasa-
nal balkiah muziadin vadaulahi; butani,
monarqi – jimge singai vangCuki; iordania,
monarqi – husein ibn talali; kamboja, monarqi
– mefe sianuki; katari, monarqi – emir xal-
ifa ben xamad al xani; quveiTi, monarqi –
emir Seix jaber al–ahmed al jaber as–
sabah; nepali, monarqi – mefe birendra bir
bikram Sax deva; malaizia, dRevandel dRes
malaiziis umaRlesi mmarTveli aris tuamku
jafar ibn al marhum abdul rahmani; gaer-
Tianebuli arabeTis saemiroebi (federacia
romelic Sedgeba Svidi saemirosagan: abu–
dabi, dubai, Sarja, rasel–xaima, el–fuJaira,
ajmani da ulim–en–kaivani), dRes–dReobiT
arabeTis gaerTianebul saemiroebs xelmZRv-
9
Ì.Ô. ×óäàêîâ. Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå) ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ìèíñê. 1998 ã. Ñòð. 762-766.
10
z.ruxaZe, saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, baTumi. 1999 w. gv. 178.
anelobs Seix zaid ben sulTan al naxaiani;
omani, monarqi – sulTan kabus ben saidi
(1970 wlidan); tailandi, monarqi – mefe
puni pon aduliadeti (tituli – rama IX,
1946 wlidan); saudis arabeTi, monarqi –
mefe faxd ibn abdel aziz al saudi (1982
wlidan); iaponia, monarqi – imperatori aki-
hito (1990 wlidan).
afrika: lesoto, monarqi – letsie III; maro-
ko, monarqi – mefe hasan II (1961 wlidan);
svazilendi, monarqi – mefe msvati III (1986
– 1997, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg taxti
vakanturia).
okeaneTi: dasavleT samoa, samudamo saxelm-
wifos meTauri mametoa tanumafili II, misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg arCeuli iqneba prezi-
denti; tonga, monarqi – mefe taufohau tu-
pou IV (1970 wlidan).
amerika: antigua da barbuda, bahamis kunZulebi,
barbadosi, grenada, belizi, kanada, sent–
vinsenti da sent–kitsi, sent–lusia, iamaika.
avstralia da okeaneTi: avstraliis kavSiri,
axali zelandia, papua axali gvinea, da
solomonis kunZulebi.9
respublika, rogorc
mmarTvelobis forma, da misi
nairsaxeobani
respublika, rogorc mmarTvelobis forma,
sazogadoebis iseTi saxelmwifoebrivi orga-
nizaciaa, romelic mimarTulia iqeTken, rom
maqsimalurad iqnes uzrunvelyofili saxalxo
xelisuflebianobis princi pi. saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebis formire-
bis wesi arCeviTia, e.i, xelisufleba warmo-
madgenlobiT xasiaTs atarebs. am mimarTebaSi
marTali iyo jeims medisoni aSS–is konsti-
tuciis `mama damfuZnebeli ~, roca respub-
likas gansazRvravda, rogorc `qveyanas,
romelSic kanonebs qmnian da asruleben xalxis
mier arCeuli warmomadgenlebi~10 . gadaw-
yvetilebis miReba mmarTvelobis am formis
dros xdeba dadgenili proceduriT, kenWi-
syris gziT, kanoniT dadgenili umravleso-
bis nebis safuZvelze. mmarTvelobis es for-
ma, Tavisi klasikuri gagebiT, niSnavs xe-
115
 lisuflebis danawilebis princi pis realur
da srulyofil ganxorcielebas.
respublika istoriulad monarqiis anti pods
warmoadgens, sadac memkvidreobiTi xelisu-
fleba icvleba warmomadgenlobiTi organoe-
biT, xolo qveSevrdomoba - moqalaqeobiT
(monarqiuli mmarTvelobis dros arsebobs
qveSevrdomobis instituti, xolo moqalaqeoba
damaxasiaTebelia respublikisaTvis, magram
Tanamedrove etapze zRvari TiTqmis waSlil-
ia am or cnebas Soris da SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom isini sinonimebia).
dRes–dReobiT respublikuri mmarTvelobis
qveynebi ufro metia, vidre monarqiuli (jer
kidev me–20 saukunis dasawyisSi evropaSi
sul sam respublika arsebobda). respublikuri
mmarTvelobis formis aseTi gavrceleba me–
20 saukuneSi moxda da kacobriobas mravali
revoluciuri procesis gadatana mouxda mis
dasamkvidreblad.
respublika ufro metad uaxlovdeba
demokratiis cnebas, vidre monarqia, magram
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom monarqiac SeiZleba
iyos demokratiuli (Tanamedrove inglisi,
espaneTi, iaponia da sxva), xolo respub-
likac SesaZlebelia antidemokratiul xasi-
aTs atarebdes, magaliTad, germania hitl-
eris dros, saberZneTi `Savi polkovnikebis~
dros, Cile pinoCetis dros da sxva. Sesa-
Zlebelia isec moxdes, rom demokratiuli
monarqia Seicvalos antidemokratiuli res-
publikiT, ase moxda saberZneTSi, 1967 wlis
gadatrialebis Semdeg, 1973 wels likvidire-
bul iqna monarqia da damyarda diqtatura
respublikuri mmarTvelobis formaSi. WeS-
mariti respublika, Tavisi arsiT, mainc
gulisxmobs realuri demokratiis arsebobas.
interess moklebuli ar iqneba aRiniSnos, rom
Tanamedrove konstituciebi, afuZneben ra
respublikuri mmarTvelobis formas, iyeneben
formulas `demokratiuli respublika~ (mag.,
safrangeTis, italiis konstituciebi), aseT
formulirebas saqarTvelos 1995 wlis kon-
stituciac iyenebs, kerZod misi pirveli mux-
lis meore punqtSi vkiTxulobT Semdegs:
`saqarTvelos saxelmwifos politikuri wyo-
bilebis forma aris demokratiuli respublika~.
respublikuri mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva nair-
saxeobebs gamoyofen, maTi raodenoba xuTi,
an Tundac eqvsi, SeiZleba iyos, magram iu-
ridiul literaturaSi, ZiriTadad, respub-
likis sam saxes asaxeleben: saprezidento,
saparlamento (parlamenturi) da naxevrad
saprezidento (Sereuli). ar SevcdebiT, Tu
vityviT, rom respublikis aseT saxeebad day-
ofa iuridiul mecnierebaSi meore msoflio
omis Semdeg gaCnda, radgan igive saparlamen-
to da naxevrad saprezidento respublikebis
warmoSoba, Tavisi klasikuri gagebiT, am pe-
riods ukavSirdeba, kerZod, Cven vgulisx-
mobT germaniis 1949 wlis konstitucias,
italiis 1946 wlis konstitucias da 1958
wlis (mexuTe respublikis) konstitucias.
rac Seexeba saprezidento respublikas, igi,
Tavisi klasikuri gagebiT, aSS–Si warmoiSva,
jer kidev me–18 saukuneSi, aSS–is 1787 wlis,
dRes moqmedi konstituciis safuZvelze.
garkveuli zogadi Sesavlis Semdeg uprianad
mimaCnia ufro konkretulad ganvixiloT ze-
moaRniSnuli respublikuri mmarTvelobis
nairsaxeobani.
saprezidento respublika: imTaviTve unda
aRiniSnos, rom respublikuri mmarTvelobis
am saxes iuridiul literaturaSi arc Tu
ise iSviaTad dualistur respublikasac
uwodeben. amis mizezi SeiZleba ori ram iyos:
erTi is, rom prezidenti, am SemTxvevaSi,
orsaxovania, radgan igi aris rogorc sax-
elmwifos, ise aRmasrulebeli xelisufleb-
is meTauri, xolo meore mizezad ki SeiZle-
ba davasaxeloT is, rom aseTi saxis respub-
likisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ori Zlieri
xelisuflebis arseboba, erTi aRmasrulebe-
li xelisufleba, romelic prezidentis fig-
uraSi gansaxierdeba da meore, Zlier sa-
kanonmdeblo xelisufleba, parlamentis sax-
iT. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom respublikuri
mmarTvelobis es forma pirvelad dafuZnda
aSS–Si, 1787 wlis konstituciis safuZvelze
(saprezidento respublikebi gavrcelebulia
laTinur amerikaSi, aziasa da afrikaSi).
saprezidento respublikaSi prezidentis arCeva
xdeba pirdapiri sayovelTao arCevnebis gziT,
magaliTad, meqsikaSi, egvi pteSi, kolumbiaSi,
venesuelaSi da sxva (TviT aSS–Si preziden-
tis arCeva xdeba arapirdapiri, ramdenime
safexuriani arCevnebis safuZvelze).

116
saprezidento respublika xasiaTdeba ara mar-
to imiT, rom prezidenti rogorc saxelmwi-
fos, ise aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis me-
Tauria, aramed imiTac, rom arsebobs mTavrobis
formirebis arasaparlamento wesi. es niSnavs
imas, rom mTavrobis wevrebs, ministrebs prez-
identi erTpirovnulad niSnavs, magram zogi-
erT saprezidento respublikaSi preziden-
tis mier wardgenil kandidaturas parlamen-
tisagan damtkiceba sWirdeba, (mag., aSS–Si,
nigeriaSi, saqarTveloSi da sxv.). preziden-
tis mier mTavrobis formirebisas araviTari
mniSvneloba ara aqvs parlamentis partiul
Semadgenlobas, kerZod imas, Tu romelma par-
tiam moi pova umravlesoba parlamentSi. saprez-
idento respublikaSi mTavroba mxolod prez-
identis winaSea politikurad pasuxismgebe-
li. am respublikisaTvis ucnobia iseTi cnebebi,
rogorebicaa: ministrTa kabineti, premier-min-
istri, parlamentis mier mTavrobisaTvis un-
doblobis gamocxadeba, saxelmwifos meTau-
ris mier parlamentis daTxovna da a.S. saprez-
idento respublikaSi mTavroba, rogorc umaR-
lesi aRmasrulebel–ganmkargulebeli orga-
no, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobs, romelsac
SeuZlia samarTlebrivi aqtebi miiRos, mTavro-
ba, am SemTxvevaSi, prezidentisaTvis saTaTbiro
xasiaTs atarebs da igi misi saTaTbiro organoa.
saprezidento respublikisaTvis agreTve
damaxasiaTebelia xelisuflebis danawilebis
princi pis zedmiwevniT mkacri ganxorcieleba
(sxva respublikebTan SedarebiT). erTiani
saxelmwifo xelisufleba iyofa sam
damoukidebel saxelisuflebo Stod: aRmas-
rulebeli xelisufleba gansaxierdeba,
rogorc aRvniSneT, prezidentis pirovnebaSi,
xolo sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parla-
ments ekuTvnis, sasamarTlo xelisufleba ki
damoukidebelia aRmasrulebeli da sakanonm-
deblo xelisuflebisagan. am xelisuflebis
StoTa urTierToba efuZneba urTierTSekave-
bis sistemas, respublikuri mmarTvelobis am
formis dros prezidents ar SeuZlia parla-
mentis daTxovna, xolo, Tavis mxriv, parla-
ments ara aqvs ufleba mTavrobas gamoucxa-
dos undobloba da mTeli misi Semadgenloba
gadaayenos. aqve unda iTqvas, rom parla-
ments impiCmentis wesiT SeuZlia preziden-
tis vadamde gadayeneba Tanamdebobidan, ma-
gram es SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxveva-
Si, Tuki prezidenti samarTaldarRvevas Caid-
ens (daarRvevs konstitucias, an Caidens sxva
saxis danaSauls) da TviT impiCmentis pro-
cedurac metad garTulebulia. prezidents
sakanonmdeblo procesSi SeuZlia gamoiyenos
e.w. SeyovnebiTi anu suspenziuri vetos ufleba,
romlis daZlevac parlaments SeuZlia xmaTa
kvalificiuri umravlesobiT.
saprezidento respublikebSi SesaZlebelia
arsebobdes premier–ministris Tanamdebobac,
magram misi roli umniSvneloa da igi moiaz-
reba, rogorc administraciuli premier–min-
istri. miuxedavad imisa, rom saprezidento
respublikebSi ar arsebobs mTavrobis sapar-
lamento (politikuri) pasuxismgeblobis in-
stituti, saparlamento komitetebs ufleba
aqvT saparlamento sxdomebze daibaron min-
istrebi da moisminon maTi axsna-ganmarteba
ama Tu im sakiTxis Taobaze. ar gamoiricxeba
is garemoebac, rom ministris mier micemuli
ganmartebebi SeiZleba gaxdes mis winaaRmdeg
saimpiCmento procesis dawyebis safuZveli
(parlaments SeuZlia individualurad gada-
ayenos ministrebi impiCmentis wesiT, Tu rome-
lime kanondarRvevaSi iqna mxilebuli).
rac Seexeba prezidentis sxva uflebamosile-
bebs, igi gamoscems kanonqvemdebare normati-
ul aqtebs, xolo sagangebo da saomari mdgo-
mareobis dros - kanonis Zalis mqone aqteb-
sac, igi aris qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
mTavarsardali. igi uflebamosilia qveynis
gareT warmoadginos Tavisi saxelmwifo, da-
dos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, miiRos
rwmunebaTa da gawvevis sigelebi ucxo qvey-
nebis elCebisagan da sxva.
saprezidento respublikisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
belia mTavrobis stabiluroba da yuradsaRebia
is garemoebac, rom mTavrobis axali Semad-
genlobis formireba xdeba ara saparlamen-
to, aramed saprezidento arCevnebis Sede-
gad, e.i. mTavrobis wevri asrulebs Tavis
uflebamosilebas Semdgom saprezidento
arCevnebamde. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom saprezidento
respublikebSi ministris uflebamosilebis vada
emTxveva prezidentis uflebamosilebis vadas.
saprezidento respublika, rogorc TviT sax-
elwodebidanac Cans, prezidentis Zlier xe-
lisuflebas gulisxmobs, igi miCneulia erisa
117
 da qveynis erTianobis simbolod, qveynis saxed
sxva qveynebTan urTierTobebSi (SemTxveviTi
ar aris albaT isic, rom sityva prezidenti
laTinuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs `mas, vinc
win zis~). es mosazreba agreTve im garemoe-
biTac dasturdeba, rom rodesac ama Tu im
saprezidento respublikaze vsaubrobT,
yovelTvis am qveynis prezidenti gvaxsendeba.
saprezidento respublikaze saubrisas, daskv-
nis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es ar aris
mmarTvelobis idealuri da unaklo forma,
mis erT–erT did naklad miCneulia is, rom
ar arsebobs politikuri, saxelisuflebo
krizisis gadawyvetis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi
(aq igulisxmeba, rom prezidents ar SeuZlia
parlamentis daTxovna, xolo parlaments -
mTavrobis gadayeneba). am mmarTvelobis dros
saxelisuflebo krizisi miT ufro gardauva-
lia, Tu prezidenti erTi partiis warmomad-
genelia, xolo parlamentSi sxva politikuri
Zala mZlavrobs da Tu es partiebi opozici-
urad arian ganwyobilni erTmaneTis mimarT.
amgvari arasasiamovno movlenis Tavidan ac-
ilebis erT–erT saSualebad prezidentis
upartiobas asaxeleben, anu mdgomareobas,
roca igi arc erTi partiis wevri ar aris
da nebismier politikur ZalasTan SeuZlia
TanamSromloba. politikuri krizisis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT, agreTve upriani iqneboda,
erTmaneTs emTxveodes prezidentisa da par-
lamentis arCevnebi, im mizniT, raTa ar iyos
mkveTri gansxvavebebi parlamentis arCevnebis
Sedegad mosul politikur Zalasa da prez-
identad arCeuli piris politikur msof-
lmxedvelobas Soris. ra Tqma unda, imasac
viTvaliswinebT, rom parlamentisa da prezi-
dentis arCevnebis Catareba erTdroulad metad
rTuli procesia, magram zemoaRniSnulis
gaTvaliswinebiT es sirTule gamarTlebulad
unda CaiTvalos.
saparlamento (parlamenturi) respublika:
imTaviTve unda aRvniSnoT, rom respublikis
am saxisaTvis, rogorc TviT saxelwodebidanac
Cans, damaxasiaTebelia parlamentarizmis ufro
meti doziT gatareba, vidre respublikuri
mmarTvelobis sxva formebSi. amaSi qvemoT
ufro naTlad davrwmundebiT.
saparlamento respublika, Tavisi arsiT, gavs
saparlamento monarqias da, ZiriTadSi, masze
118
imaves Tqma SeiZleba, rac saparlamento monar-
qiis Taobaze iTqva, im gansxvavebiT, rom sa-
parlamento monarqiebSi saxelmwifos meTau-
ri memkvidreobiTi monarqia, xolo saparla-
mento respublikaSi arCeviTi prezidenti.
saparlamento respublikaSi saxelmwifo
meqanizmis ZiriTad rgols warmoadgens par-
lamenti. parlamenti axdens mTavrobis
formirebas, misi formireba xdeba im parti-
isagan, romelmac umravlesoba moi pova par-
lamentSi (orpalatiani parlamentis dros -
mis qveda palataSi) da mTavrobis Tavmj-
domarec am partiis xelmZRvanelia. mTavroba
ara marto formirdeba parlamentis mier,
aramed agreTve pasuxismgebelia mis winaSe,
e.i., mTavrobis formirebisa da pasuxismge-
blobis saparlamento wesi, saparlamento
respublikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia. Tu
parlamenti mTavrobas undoblobas gamoucx-
adebs, igi unda gadadges. es, ra Tqma unda,
Zlieri iaraRia parlamentis xelSi, magram
amis gasawonasworeblad, saprezidento res-
publikisagan gansxvavebiT, SesaZlebelia par-
lamentis daTxovna. formalurad am uflebiT
prezidenti sargeblobs, magram realurad
prezidenti am uflebas iyenebs mxolod pre-
mier–ministris gadawyvetilebiT (parlamen-
tis daTxovna, erTi SexedviT, antidemokra-
tiulad SeiZleba mogveCvenos, magram, re-
alurad rom vqTvaT, igi savsebiT Seesabameba
saxalxoxelisuflebianobis, saxalxo suve-
renitetis ideas, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi isev
xalxis samsjavroze gamodis mTavrobisa da
parlamentis dapirispireba, im azriT, rom
Tuki parlamentis daTxovnis Semdeg xalxis
nebiT isev is politikuri Zala movida um-
ravlesobiT, romelic politikur dapirispire-
baSia mTavrobasTan, es niSnavs imas, rom xalxis
mxardaWera parlamentis mxarezea da mTavroba
unda gadadges. meorec is, rom es umniS-
vnelovanesi komponentia Sewonasworebis
sistemisa). sazogadod unda iTqvas, rom prez-
identi saparlamento respublikaSi formalu-
rad farTo uflebamosilebebiT sargeblobs,
magram faqtobrivad es xelisufleba premier–
ministris mier xorcieldeba, e.i. saparla-
mento respublika `sust prezidents~ gulisx-
mobs. saparlamento respublikebSi saxelmwi-
fos meTauri gamoscems iuridiuli mniSvnelo-
bis aqtebs, umravles SemTxvevaSi am aqtebma
unda gaiaron kontrasignaciis procedura,
raTa maT mieniWoT iuridiuli Zala. sapar-
lamento respublikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
e.w. solidaruli pasuxismgebloba, es gam-
oixateba imaSi, rom parlamentis mier mTavro-
bis Tavmjdomaris gadayeneba mTeli mTavro-
bis wasvlas niSnavs. zogierT qveyanaSi es
SeiZleba ubralod romelime ministris gada-
yenebamac gamoiwvios, umTavresad es arian
finansTa da Sinagan saqmeTa ministrebi. sapa-
rlamento respublikebSi ufro naklebi simkac-
riT aris gatarebuli xelisuflebis danaw-
ileba, vidre saprezidento respublikebSi.
am SemTxvevaSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis erTgvar gagr-
Zelebadac gvevlineba, amis erT-erT damadas-
turebel magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT is,
rom saparlamento respublikebSi SesaZlebe-
lia erTi da igive piri iyos mTavrobisa da
parlamentis wevri erTdroulad. saparla-
mento respublikebs miekuTvnebian: italia,
gfr, indoeTi, ungreTi, CexeTi, avstria, sa-
berZneTi da sxva.
saparlamento respublikis ZiriTad naklad
mTavrobis aramdgradobas asaxeleben, ase ma-
galiTad, italiaSi bolo naxevari saukunis
ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT ormocdaaTjer Se-
icvala mTavroba. amis Tavidan asacileblad
bevri konstitucia axdens parlamentarizmis
Serbilebas, rac `racionaluri parlamenta-
rizmis~ saxeliT aris cnobili (`raciona-
luri parlamentarizmis~ meqanizmebi, magali-
TisaTvis rom aviRoT, mocemulia germaniis
1949 wlis 23 maisis konstituciaSi).
naxevradsaprezidento (Sereuli) respubli-
ka: respublikuri mmarTvelobis am saxes iu-
ridiul literaturaSi `Sereul respub-
likasac~ uwodeben, radgan masSi Tavmoyril-
ia rogorc saprezidento, ise saparlamento
respublikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi,
saprezidento respublikisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli niSnebis upiratesobiT. respublikuri
mmarTvelobis am formas, zogadad, Semdegi
niSnebi axasiaTebs: prezidenti Tanamdebobas
ikavebs pirdapiri arCevnebis gziT da iRebs
iseTive legitimacias, rogorsac parlamenti.
prezidenti, aris ra saxelmwifos meTauri,
ara marto asrulebs am institutisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel funqciebs, aramed aRWurvilia
farTo uflebamosilebiT saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis sferoSi. igi niSnavs mTavrobas
da xelmZRvanelobs mis muSaobas. mTavroba
pasuxismgebelia prezidentis winaSe da Sei-
Zleba prezidentis mier mTavroba mTlianad
iqnes gadayenebuli. es zemoT CamoTvlili
saprezidento respublikis niSnebia, magram,
gansxvavebiT saprezidento respublikisagan,
mTavroba pasuxismgebelia ara marto prez-
identis, aramed parlamentis winaSec da
parlamentsac, undoblobis gamocxadebis
gziT, SeuZlia misi gadayeneba. amis sapir-
ispirod prezidents aqvs parlamentis daS-
lis ufleba.
rogorc davinaxeT, mmarTvelobis es forma
Seicavs rogorc saprezidento, ise saparla-
mento respublikis niSnebs, magram mas axas-
iaTebs iseTi niSnebic, romlebic mxolod
misTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da individu-
aluri da ar axasiaTebs respublikis arc
erT sxva saxes. aq, upirveles yovlisa, ig-
ulisxmeba ormagi pasuxismgebloba mTavro-
bisa, romelic politikurad pasuxismgebelia
rogorc prezidentis, ise parlamentis winaSe.
naxevradsaprezidento respublikis individ-
ualur niSnad SeiZleba, aseve, CaiTvalos isic,
rom aRmasrulebeli (samTavrobo) xelisu-
fleba dualisturi – orsaxovania, radgan
realuri mmarTvelobiTi funqciebiT ori Tan-
amdebobis piria aRWurvili, prezidenti da
premier–ministri, romelTaganac upirateso-
ba eniWeba prezidents (mag., safrangeTSi
mTavrobis uflebamosileba damokidebulia
imaze, Tu vin Tavmjdomareobs mis sxdomas,
prezidenti Tu premier–ministri. ra Tqma unda,
pirvel SemTxvevaSi mTavrobis uflebamosileba
ufro farToa).
iuridiul literaturaSi xSirad ara marto
naxevradsaprezidento, aramed naxevradsapa-
rlamento respublikebsac moixsenieben Sereu-
li respublikis cnebis qveS, imis mixedviT,
Tu romeli niSnebi mZlavroben, saparlamen-
to Tu saprezidento respublikisa (magram
ufro xSirad termini “naxevradsapreziden-
to” gamoiyeneba). naxevradsaprezidento res-
publika pirvelad dafuZnda safrangeTSi 1958
wlis konstituciiT. agreTve, mmarTvelobis
am formas miekuTvneba fineTi da portuga-
lia. miCneulia, agreTve, rom dsT–is yvela
qveyana, saqarTvelos garda, Sereuli res-
publikebia.
119
 daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom respub-
likis am saxis warmoSobis mizezad SeiZleba
dasaxeldes im uaryofiTi movlenebis Tavidan
acileba, rac damaxasiaTebelia sapreziden-
to da saparlamento respublikisaTvis, romel-
Ta Taobaze zemoT visaubreT. magram praq-
tikam dagvanaxa, rom mmarTvelobis es for-
mac ar yofila srulyofili da misi efeq-
turoba damokidebulia mTavrobis saparla-
mento mxardaWeraze da sasurvelia, rom
prezidentsa da parlamentSi arsebul wamy-
van politikur Zalas Soris didi politikur–
msoflmxedvelobrivi gansxvaveba ar iyos. ase
magaliTad: 1986 wels safrangeTSi, roca
prezidenti socialisti f.miterani iyo, par-
lamentis qveda palataSi arCevnebis Sedegad
umravlesobiT movidnen memarjveneebi, romelTa
wevrebidanac dakompleqtda mTavroba. am par-
lamentma naxevari weli iarseba da daTxov-
nili iqna prezidentis mier. axalma arCevneb-
ma SesaZlebeli gaxada mTavrobis dakompleqte-
ba socialistebisagan. ismis kiTxva: ra moxde-
boda im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki arCevnebSi isev
memarjvene partiebi gaimarjvebdnen? am SemTx-
vevaSi prezidenti an unda wasuliyo Crdil-
Si, an gadamdgariyo, anda daeSala parlamen-
ti, rac, ra Tqma unda, mis sasargeblod ar
imoqmedebda. 1993 wlis arCevnebze isev me-
marjveneebma gaimarjves, magram prezidents
raime qmediTi RonisZiebebi ar ganuxor-
cielebia, radgan misi vada male iwureboda
da igi Seegua arasasurvel mTavrobas11 . aseTma
SemTxvevebma, rodesac prezidenti da mTavroba
sxvadasxva politikur Zlebs miekuTvnebian
da ase agrZeleben saqmianobas, literatura-
Si `Tanacxovrebis~ saxeli miiRo 12 . aseTi
`Tanacxovrebis~ mdgomareoba warmoiSva 1997
wlis arCevnebis Sedegad, magram axla prez-
identi memarjvene Jak Siraki iyo, xolo pre-
mier–ministri (mas Semdeg, rac socialistebma
umravlesoba moi poves parlamentis qveda pal-
ataSi) gaxda socialisti lionel Jospeni.
respublikis sxva saxeebi: respublikis trad-
iciuli saxeebis garda SeiZleba gamoiyos
misi sxva saxeebic, rogorebicaa supersaprez-
idento, socialisturi, religiuri niSniT
ki - Teokratiuli da saero da sxva.
11
Á.À. Ñòðàøóí. Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå) ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ìîñêâà. 1996 ã. Ñòð.314.
12
Ì.Ô. ×óäàêîâ. Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå) ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ìèíñê. 1998 ã. Ñòð.302.
13
iqve, gv. 299-300.
120
supersaprezidentod Tavidan iwodebodnen
laTinuri amerikis qveynebi, sadac preziden-
ti Cveulebrivze ufro farTo uflebam-
osilebiT sargeblobda, magram SemdgomSi
supersaprezidento respublikebad dasaxel-
da, aseve, mravali ganviTarebadi qveyana aziasa
da afrikaSi, sadac, faqtobrivad, preziden-
tis gaukontrolebeli xelisufleba arse-
bobda. mmarTvelobis aseTi forma SeiZleba
damyardes samxedro gadatrialebis an poli-
tikur mowinaaRmdegeTa CaxSobis Sedegad.
supersaprezidento respublikebis preziden-
tebi, rogorc wesi, specifikur ideologias
iyeneben, raTa gamarTldes maTi ganusazRvre-
li xelisufleba. aseTi respublikis samagal-
iTod iuridiul literaturaSi asaxeleben
gvineas, prezident seku tores dros, zairis
respublikas, prezident mobutu sese sekos
dros, romelic 1965–1997 wlebSi, faqto-
brivad, erTpirovnulad marTavda qveyanas13 .
sabWoTa respublika iseTi saxis respublika
iyo, romelic gaigivebulia ufro totali-
tarizmsa da diqtaturasTan, vidre demokra-
tiasTan. respublikuri mmarTvelobis aseTi
forma damaxasiaTebelia `socialisturi~ qvey-
nebisaTvis. aseTi saxis respublikebi adre
ufro meti iyo (sabWoTa kavSirisa da so-
cialisturi banakis gaqrobis Semdgom maTi
ricxvi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda), magram isi-
ni dResac arian SemorCenilni, rogorebicaa
kubis respublika, koreis saxalxo demokra-
tiuli respublika da a.S. respublikuri
mmarTvelobis am saxes Semdegi damaxasiaTe-
beli niSnebi aqvs: srulxelisuflebianoba da
zemdgradoba sabWoebisa (`warmomadgenlobi-
Ti organoebi~). yvela danarCeni saxelmwifo
organo yalibdeba Sesabamisi donis sabWoebis
mier, romlebic daqvemdebarebulni da pasux-
ismgebelni arian maT winaSe. xelisuflebis
danawilebis princi pi Teoriuladac ki ar
aris aRiarebuli, mas upirispirdeba princi-
pi mSromeli xalxis erTiani xelisuflebi-
sa, gamoxatuli sabWoebSi. sabWoebSi gaer-
Tianebulia sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebe-
li funqciebi. sasamarTloebis damoukidebloba
zogierT SemTxvevaSi aRiarebulia, Tumca
wminda deklaraciulad14 .
aseve miRebulia respublikebis dayofa saero li saemiros mmarTveli) xuTi wliT irCevs
da Teokratiul respublikebad. aseT dayofas emirTa sabWos Tavmjdomares, romelic as-
safuZvlad udevs ara mmarTvelobis cnebis rulebs saxelmwifos meTauris funqciebs.
imanenturi niSani, kerZod sakanonmdeblo da unda iTqvas, rom tradiciis mixedviT irCeven
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis urTierTobis yvelaze didi saemiros – abudabis emirs,
Sinaarsi, aramed religiis roli saxelmwi- 1996 wels misi arCeva mexuTe vadiT moxda.
fos cxovrebaSi. saero respublika iseTi
rac Seexeba respublikebs monarqiuli niS-
respublikaa, sadac aRiarebulia religiis,
niT, aq unda davasaxeloT is qveynebi, sadac
sindisis Tavisufleba, saxelmwifo religiad
arseboben `samudamo~ (sicocxlis bolomde)
arc erTi religiuri mimdinareoba aris
prezidentebi. aseTi iyo iugoslavia, prezi-
gamocxadebuli da am qveynis moqalaqeebs
dent ioseb bros titos dros. interess mok-
Tavisuflad SeuZliaT airCion nebismieri
lebuli ar iqneba imis aRniSvnac, rom arse-
religia Tavisi survilisamebr. saxelmwifos
boben ara marto `samudamo~, aramed memkvi-
saero xasiaTi konstituciur donezec aris
dreobiTi prezidentebic, magaliTad, koreis
ganmtkicebuli bevr qveyanaSi, magaliTad sa-
saxalxo demokratiuli respublikis `samuda-
frangeTis 1958 wlis konstituciaSi.
mo~ prezidentis, kim ir senis Svili aRiare-
Teokratiuli respublika: es iseTi respub- buli iqna mamis memkvidred da prezidenti
likaa, sadac religiis Tavisufleba uaryo- gaxda mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1994
filia da erT-erTi gavleniani piri saxelm- wels16 . memkvidreobiTi prezidentis institu-
wifoSi aris is, vinc gabatonebul religiur ti arsebobs, agreTve, haitis respublikaSi.
konfesias udgas saTaveSi. aqve unda aRiniS-
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia Sveicariis kavSiri,
nos, rom qveynis Teokratiuli Sinaarsi Sesa-
sadac mTavroba iqmneba parlamentis mier,
Zlebelia mis saxelwodebaSic Candes. amis
Sedgeba Svidi ministrisagan, romelTagan
magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT iranis is-
TiToeuli erTi wliT asrulebs preziden-
lamuri respublika, 1979 wlis konstitu-
tis funqciebs da amasTan prezidenti Sei-
cia iTvaliswinebs ara marto arCeviTi prez-
Zleba iyos mxolod ministri, erTi wliT da
identis posts, aramed, amis garda, saxelm-
erTxel cxovrebaSi. zemoaRniSnuli magaliTebi
wifos xelmZRvanels (rahbars), romelic aris
gamonaklisi ufroa, vidre zogadi wesi, rom-
umaRlesi sasuliero piri, imami anu fakihi.
lebic saerTo fons ar qmnian mmarTvelobis
umaRlesi sasuliero piri irCeva an iniSneba
formaTa tradiciuli klasifikaciis Tval-
eqspertTa sabWos mier, romelic Seiqmna 1982
sazrisiT.
wels, romelic 93 sasuliero pirisagan Sedgeba15 .
ganvixileT ra mmarTvelobis orive forma,
SesaZlebelia, agreTve, respublikis saxed
monarqia da respublika, Tavis saxesxvaobe-
gamoiyos e.w. militaristuli respublika.
biT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom orive sicocx-
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis aseT formas iZens
lisunariania, magram unda aRvniSnoT, rom
samxedro gadatrialebis Semdeg, rac, saboloo
me–20 saukune mainc respublikuri mmarTvelo-
jamSi, samxedro mmarTvelobas gulisxmobs.
bis gavrcelebiTa da misi saxeebis warmoSobiT
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samecni- warimarTa. es gvafiqrebinebs imas, rom mo-
ero literaturaSi gamoyofen, agreTve, res- mavalSi SeiZleba gaCndnen monarqiisa da re-
publikebs monarqiuli mmarTvelobis niSnebiT spublikis sxva saxeebic, romlebic klasikur
da monarqiebs respublikuri mmarTvelobis xasiaTs miiReben. mmarTvelobis am formaTa
niSnebiT. pirvels SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT malai- sicocxlisunarianobasa da progresirebaze
zia, sadac saxelmwifos meTaurs – monarqs, miuTiTebs isic, rom zogierTi saxelmwifo
irCeven xuTi wlis vadiT, Statebis mmarTvelTa tradiciulad warmoudgenelia monarqiis
sabWos mier, agreTve arabeTis gaerTianebuli gareSe, magaliTad inglisi, zogierTi ki, ma-
emiratebic, sadac Svidi emiri (e.i. TiToeu- galiTad safrangeTi, - respublikuri
14
Á.À. Ñòðàøóí. Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå) ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ìîñêâà. 1996 ã. Ñòð. 316.
15
Ì.Ô. ×óäàêîâ. Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå) ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ìèíñê. 1998 ã. Ñòð. 303.
16
Â.Å. ×èðêèí. Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ìîñêâà. 1997 ã. Ñòð. 153.

121
 mmarTvelobis gareSe. amis dasturad SeiZle-
ba moviyvanoT misi bolo saukuneebis isto-
ria, rac aisaxa mis konstituciebSic, ker-
Zod, 1946 wlis meoTxe respublikis konsti-
tuciis 44–e muxlSi naTqvami iyo Semdegi:
`samefo ojaxis wevrebs ara aqvT ufleba
arCeulni iyvnen respublikis prezidentis
Tanamdebobaze~17 , xolo 1958 wlis safrange-
Tis moqmedi konstituciis mixedviT dauSve-
belia cvlilebebis Setana im TavSi, romel-
ic respublikuri mmarTvelobis formas
afuZnebs, e.i., mmarTvelobis forma SesaZle-
belia Seicvalos (rac nakleb savaraudoa)
mxolod axali konstituciis miRebis gziT.
garkveuli saxis dava arsebobs agreTve imis
Taobaze, Tu romeli mmarTvelobis forma
ufro Zvelia, monarqia Tu respublika. amis
Taobaze sxvadasxva mosazrebebi arsebobs,
magram veravin iZleva calsaxa pasuxs. cno-
bilia uZvelesi respublikebi Zvel romsa da
aTenSi, agreTve uZvelesi monarqiebi asureT-
Si, babilonsa da egvi pteSi, romlebmac waru-
Sleli kvali datoves msoflio civilizaci-
is ganviTarebaSi, magram amasTan mainc unda
iTqvas, rom pirveli monaTmflobeluri sax-
elmwifoebi despotiebis saxiT warmoiSvnen,
rac monarqiuli mmarTvelobis saxesxvaobaa.
Tanamedrove saqarTvelo da
misi samomavlo perspeqtivebi
rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi arsebul mmarTvelo-
bis formas, calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
moqmedi, 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstitu-
cia afuZnebs wminda saxis saprezidento re-
spublikas, romelsac yvela is niSani aqvs,
rac maxasiaTebelia respublikuri mmarTvelo-
bis am formisaTvis. amis dasadastureblad
SeiZleba konstituciis Semdegi muxlebi da
normebi moviyvanoT: pirvel rigSi, unda aRvniS-
noT konstituciis me-2 da me-5 muxlebi,
romlebic aSkarad adastureben im garemoe-
bas, rom saqarTvelo respublikaa, kerZod,
am muxlebSi vkiTxulobT Semdegs: `saqarTve-
los politikuri wyobilebis forma aris
demokratiuli respublika~, `saqarTveloSi
xelisuflebis wyaroa xalxi~, `saxelmwifo
xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis
danawilebis princi pze dayrdnobiT~ da sxva.
17
Â.Â. Ìàêëàêîâ. Êîíñòèòóöèè çàðóáåæíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ. Ìîñêâà 1999 ã. Ñòð. 93.
122
xolo Tu ra saxis respublikasTan gvaqvs
saqme, amis dasakonkreteblad konstituciis
sxva muxlebs unda mivmarToT, kerZod, 48-e,
69-e, 77-e, 79-e muxlebs, sadac gan-
sazRvrulia, rom `saqarTvelos parlamenti
aris qveynis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi
organo, romelic ganaxorcielebs sakanonm-
deblo xelisuflebas~, `saqarTvelos prezi-
denti aris saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri~, prez-
identi ayalibebs mTavrobas da warudgens par-
laments dasamtkiceblad, `mTavrobis wevrebi pa-
suxismgebelni arian prezidentis winaSe~ da sxva.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom daaxloebiT bolo
erTi welia, seriozulad musirebs Tema imis
Taobaze, rom saqarTveloSi aucilebelia
Seicvalos mmarTvelobis forma, respublikuri
mmarTvelobis farglebSi, Seiqmnas ministrTa
kabineti, SemoRebul iqnas premier–ministris
instituti da sxva, e.i. ganxorcieldes
mmarTvelobis formis reforma, raTa saprez-
idento respublika Seicvalos respublikuri
mmarTvelobis sxva saxiT, saparlamento an
naxevradsaprezidento respublikiT.
mmarTvelobis formis reformas misi momxreebi
amarTleben imiT, rom qveyanaSi mZime social-
ur–ekonomikuri mdgomareobaa, rom qveyana Rrma
politikur krizisSi imyofeba, rom saprezi-
dento respublikis pirobebSi metad rTulia
maRali Tanamdebobis piris gadayeneba (aq ig-
ulisxmeba is, rom parlaments ara aqvs Sesa-
Zlebloba mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocx-
adebisa da mTeli misi Semadgenlobis gaday-
enebisa) da Turme yvelafer amis mizezi dRes
arsebuli saprezidento respublika yofila.
Cveni azriT, aq mmarTvelobis forma arafer
SuaSia, qveynis aseTi mZime mdgomareobis
mizezad, realurad, unda davasaxeloT sax-
elisuflebo struqturebSi korufciis ma-
Rali done, moxeleTa arakeTilsindisiereba,
saxelmwifo CinovnikTa mier sakuTari piradi
interesebis wina planze dayeneba qveynis in-
teresebTan SedarebiT, agreTve isic, rom
qveyanaSi Seiqmna garemoeba dausjelobisa da
upasuxismgeblobisa, Tanamdeboba gaxda mx-
olod piradi keTildReobis simbolo. sax-
elmwifos maRalCinosnebs SeuZliaT akeTon
yvelaferi da saboloo Sedegi, ukeTes SemTx-
vevaSi, politikur pasuxismgeblobaSi gamoix-
ateba, xolo maT mier Cadenili kanondar-
Rvevebi reagirebis gareSe rCeba. isev vimeo-
reb, mmarTvelobis forma aq arafer SuaSia.
iqmneba STabeWdileba, qarTuli andazis ar iyos,
`cxens ver moerivnen da unagirs texavdneno~.
zemoTqmulis gansamtkiceblad SeiZleba Sem-
degi argumentebi moviyvanoT: jer erTi, ide-
aluri mmarTvelobis forma, rogorc vnaxeT,
ar arsebobs, yvelas garkveuli nakli axasi-
aTebs, rogorc saprezidento da saparlamen-
to, ise naxevradsaprezidento respublikasac.
Tuki saprezidento respublikaSi ar arse-
bobs mTavrobis saparlamento pasuxismgeblobis
instituti, ra garantia gvaqvs, rom sapar-
lamento da naxevradsaprezidento respub-
likis pirobebSi (Tuki isev maRali iqneba
korufciis done) parlamenti gamoiyenebs
mTavrobis gadayenebis uflebas, Tu mTavroba
im partiisagan dakompleqtdeba, romelmac
umravlesoba moi pova parlamentSi, agreTve,
saqarTveloSi arsebuli dRevandeli situ-
aciidan gamomdinare, xelisuflebis arasta-
biluroba ar unda iyos xelsayreli da mis-
aRebi. meorec, arsebobs qveynebi, sadac
mmarTvelobis forma saprezidento respub-
likaa da isini dabal ganviTarebasa da wins-
vlis ararsebobas ar uCivian. mesamec,
mmarTvelobis formis Secvla aucileblad
gulisxmobs masStabur konstituciur cv-
lilebebs (cvlilebebi metadre Seexeba kon-
stituciis me-3 da me-4 Tavebs, romlebic
moicavs prezidentsa da parlaments, agreTve
SesaZlebelia gaCndes axali Tavi konstitu-
ciaSi, pirobiTad, “mTavrobis” saxelwodeb-
iT). aseT masStabur konstituciur cvlile-
bebs ori negatiuri aspeqti mohyveba, pirve-
li is, rom konstituciis Sinagani stabil-
uroba da logikuroba irRveva, meore is,
rom konstituciuri cvlilebebi aucileblad
unda aisaxos mimdinare kanonmdeblobaSi, rac
droSi metad gaxangrZlivebuli procesia. aqve
unda aRvniSnoT, rom zogierTi mmarTvelobis
formis cvlilebas asabuTebs, pirvel rigSi,
mTavrobis koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobiT sa-
parlamento respublikis pirobebSi, rac ai-
Zulebs mis TiToeul wevrs dainteresebuli
iyos misi kolegis Sedegian muSaobaSi da
meorec, imiT, rom premier–ministris Tanam-
debobis arseboba gantvirTavs prezidents
esoden didi uflebamosilebebisagan.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis sapirispirod Sei-
Zleba iTqvas Semdegi: Tuki ministris Tanam-
debobaze iqneba patiosani, patrioti, keTils-
indisieri da profesionali pirovneba, igi ar
daelodeba misi kolegis Sedegian saqmianobas
da koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis SiSis gare-
Sec mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwevs Tavis
sferoSi. arakeTilsindisieri, kanondamrRvevi
da uniaTo ministri prezidentma (an parla-
mentma impiCmentis wesiT) SeiZleba gadaay-
enos dRevandeli mmarTvelobis pirobebSic,
xolo mis kanondarRvevebze reagireba samar-
Taldamcavma organoebma moaxdinon.
rac Seexeba prezidentis gantvirTvas, arse-
bobs saxelmwifo ministri, romelic asrulebs
prezidentis davalebebs, garda amisa, aRsani-
Snavia is, rom prezidentad arCeuli piri
unda gamoirCeodes Tavisi fizikuri da gone-
brivi SesaZleblobebiT.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba kidev erTxel gavim-
eoroT, rom qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime situ-
aciis mizezi mmarTvelobis formaSi ki ara,
sakuTar TavSi unda veZeboT. nebismieri kano-
ni da mis safuZvelze Seqmnili mmarTvelobis
formebi, garkveuli doziT, yovelTvis
gulisxmobs patiosani adamianebis arsebobas,
romlebic keTilsindisierad asruleben kano-
nis moTxovnebs. aq igulisxmeba is, rom viRa-
cis kontroli vinmes mier yovelTvis zR-
vardadebulia, radgan ar SeiZleba urTierT-
kontrolma usasrulo xasiaTi miiRos. ase
rom yovelTvis darCeba erTi vinme bolos
ukontrolod, xolo am ukanasknels keTils-
indisiereba unda axasiaTebdes da misi makon-
trolebelic es iqneba. aq Cven mivediT cno-
bil ritorikul frazamde - `vin unda akon-
trolos is, vinc gvakontrolebs Cven~.
123
 gamoyenebuli literatura

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1996 w.

2. inwkirveli g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi,1997 w.
3. melqaZe o., sazRvargareTis saxelmwifo samarTali, Tbilisi, 1996 w.
4. melqaZe o., saubrebi qarTul konstituciaze, Tbilisi, 1996 w.
5. melqaZe o., respublika saparlamento Tu saprezidento, Tbilisi, 1996 w.
6. demetraSvili a., msoflio qveynebis konstituciebi, Tbilisi, 1992 w.
7. cnobilaZe p., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, Tbilisi, 1996 w.
8. ugrexeliZe m., aSS–is konstitucia, kompromisebis xelovneba, Tbilisi, 1997 w.
9. melqaZe o. da avtorTa koleqtivi, sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciuri
samarTali, Tbilisi, 1999 w.
10. ruxaZe z., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, baTumi, 1999 w.
11. utiaSvili g., saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciuri wyoba.
12. kovingtoni k., bukvardti r., sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
urTierToba aSS–Si.
13. germaniis federaciuli respublikis ZiriTadi kanoni, Tbilisi, 1995 w.
14. Òåîðèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâà è ïðàâà. Àâòîðñêèé êîëëåêòèâ. Ìîñêâà, 1998 ã.
15. Ñûðûõ Â.Ì., Òåîðèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâà è ïðàâà.Áèëèíà, 1998 ã.
16. Àëüõèìåíêî Â.Â. è äð.á Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå ïðàâî. Àâòîðñêèé êîëëåêòèâ, 1996 ã.
17. Ñòðàøóí Á.À., Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå) ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí, îáùàÿ ÷àñòü.
Ìîñêâà. 1996 ã.
18. ×óäàêîâ Ì.Ô., Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå) ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ìèíñê. 1998 ã.
19. ×èðêèí Â.Å., Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí. Ìîñêâà. 1997 ã.
20. Ìàêëàêîâ Â.Â., Êîíñòèòóöèè çàðóáåæíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ. Ìîñêâà 1999 ã.
21. Ñòðàøóí Á.À., Êîíñòèòóöèîííîå (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå) ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí, îáùàÿ ÷àñòü.
Ìîñêâà, 1998 ã.

124
 ÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏ ÊÏÍÔÒÏËÉ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ
á elisuflebis danawileba samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos erT-erTi fuZemdebluri pri-
nci pia, romlis Tanaxmad, erTiani saxelm-
wifo xelisufleba danawilebulia erTmane-
Tisagan damoukidebel sakanonmdeblo, aRmas-
rulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebad da
romelic samarTlis uzenaesobisa da adami-
anis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis
winapirobas warmoadgens. danawilebis es mod-
eli efuZneba saxelmwifoSi urTierTkontr-
olis, urTierTSekavebisa da xelisuflebaTa
Soris Tanasworobis Camoyalibebis ideas. am
princi pis realizacia gamoricxavs Zalau-
flebis koncentracias erTi romelime orga-
nos xelSi, politikur process gamWvirval-
es xdis da SesaZleblobas iZleva ganxorci-
eldes efeqturi kontroli xelisuflebaze.
xelisuflebis danawileba sazogadoebis gan-
viTarebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes politikur-
samarTlebriv doqtrinad iqca; am moZRvrebam
istoriulad progresuli roli Seasrula
burJuaziis brZolaSi absolutizmTan, Tan-
amedrove epoqaSi ki xelisuflebis danaw-
ilebis princi pi konstitucionalizmis
qvakuTxedad mogvevlina.
ganasxvaveben xelisuflebis danawilebis mkacr
da rbil modelebs. e.w. mkacri modeli ganx-
orcielebulia saprezidento ti pis respub-
likaSi. aq aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba damok-
idebuli ar aris parlamentSi warmodgenil
politikur Zalebze; prezidenti, rogorc wesi,
ar aris uflebamosili daiTxovos parlamen-
ÉÒÉÍÀ ßÀØÀÞÄ
ti. Tavis mxriv, garTulebulia prezidentis
Tanamdebobidan vadamde gadayenebis wesi (im-
piCmenti); prezidentisa da parlamentis ufle-
bamosilebis vada ar emTxveva erTmaneTs.
rac Seexeba xelisuflebis danawilebis rbil
models, igi gvxvdeba saparlamento respub-
likebSi, sadac mTavrobas uSualod ayali-
bebs saparlamento umravlesoba.
saqarTvelos axali konstituciuri wyobis
damkvidrebis procesSi xelisuflebis danaw-
ilebis princi ps uaRresad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs. 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstituciis
me-5 muxlSi pirdapir aris miTiTebuli, rom
saqarTveloSi "saxelmwifo xelisufleba
xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawilebis
princi pze dayrdnobiT."
xelisuflebis danawilebis procesSi mniS-
vnelovan adgils ikavebs parlamentis kon-
troli aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze.
msoflio konstitucionalizmi aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebaze saparlamento kontrolis
ganxorcielebis araerT formas icnobs, ker-
Zod: impiCments, samTavrobo politikis Ziri-
Tadi mimarTulebebis ganxilvas, saparlamen-
to komisiebis mxridan ganxorcielebul kon-
trols, parlamentis sxdomaze gamocxadebis
aucileblobas da a.S.
saprezidento respublikaSi saparlamento
kontrolis SezRudvis pirobebSi kontrolis
erT-erT qmediT formad iTvleba kiTxva-Se-
125
 kiTxvis ufleba parlamentis wevrTa mxridan
mTavrobis wevrebis winaSe. aRniSnuli insti-
tuti saqarTvelosTvisac sainteresoa, rad-
gan aRiarebulia Cveni qveynis moqmed kanonm-
deblobaSic. saqarTvelos konstituciis 59-
e muxlSi Camoyalibebulia kiTxvisa da Se-
kiTxvis samarTlebrivi buneba, xolo saqarTve-
los parlamentis reglamentSi detaluradaa
mowesrigebuli kiTxva-SekiTxvis procedura.
ministrebisadmi mimarTuli SekiTxvebi war-
moadgens informaciis miRebisa da kontro-
lis ganxorcielebis saSualebas. is gamoiy-
eneba yvela qveynis parlamentis mier, romelTa
mTavrobac politikuri pasuxismgeblobis ma-
tarebelia. imdenad, ramdenadac am proce-
duras ar mosdevs pirdapiri sanqciebis gamoy-
eneba, igi gavrcelebulia iseT qveynebSic,
sadac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba pasux-
ismgebeli ar aris parlamentis winaSe.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ministrebisadmi mima-
rTuli SekiTxvebi farTod gamoiyeneba
pirovnebis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
dacvis TvalsazrisiT, is naklebad mniSvnelo-
vania politikur urTierTobebSi. misi miza-
nia informaciiis miReba mTavrobisagan da,
roca saWiroa, uflebis borotad gamoyenebis
gamoaSkaraveba da misi Tavidan acileba. es
procedura aseve gamoiyeneba zusti cnobebis
misaRebad, rac exmareba parlamentis wevrebs
parlamentisadmi wardgenili rTuli kanon-
proeqtebisa da delegirebuli sakanonmdeb-
lo aqtebis arsis garkvevaSi. bevr SekiTxvas
Sablonuri xasiaTi aqvs, Tumca, parlamentis
wevrebis SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebi opozi-
cias saSualebas aZlevs gamoavlinos mTavrobis
politikis susti adgilebi.
iseve, rogorc bevri sxva saparlamento in-
stituti, aRniSnuli procedura Tavdapirve-
lad did britaneTSi Camoyalibda. ministre-
bisadmi mimarTulma SekiTxvebma Secvala ukve
moZvelebuli meTodebi, romelTa meSveobiTac
aSkaravdeboda mTavrobisadmi mimarTuli sa-
Civrebi, an Seiswavleboda misi politika. is
iqca sagangebo procedurad 1849 wlidan,
rodesac yovel sxdomaze gamoiyo dro, cno-
bili "SekiTxvebis saaTis saxelwodebiT." 1902
wels damkvidrda werilobiTi pasuxebis praq-
tika dasmul SekiTxvebze; nebadarTuli iyo
1
p. cnobilaZe. konstituciuri (saxelmwifo) samarTali (cnobari). 1998 w. gv.54
126
aseve werilobiTi pasuxebis wardgena im zepir
SekiTxvebze, romelTac zepiri pasuxebi ver
gaecemoda drois ukmarisobis gamo. Tanamed-
rove periodSi ministrebs yovelwliurad
usvamen ramdenime aTas SekiTxvas.
saparlamento sistemis istoriasTan dakav-
Sirebulia agreTve interpelacia, rogorc
saparlamento kontrolis erT-erTi efeqturi
saSualeba. is safrangeTSi didi xnis winaT
Camoyalibda. jer kidev 1791 wlis konsti-
tucia iTvaliswinebda ministrebisagan axsna-
ganmartebis moTxovnas. 1830 wlis monarqiu-
li reJimis periodSi interpelacia Cveulebriv
praqtikad iqca da kidev ufro farTod gavr-
celda mesame da meoTxe respublikebis dros,
Tumca, vinaidan es procedura xandaxan pa-
latis muSaobis dRis wesrigis darRvevas
iwvevda, 1958 wlis reformebis bolos daiw-
yes misi gakritikeba. dResdReobiT ministrebs
SeiZleba mosTxovon angariSi ndobis sakiTx-
is gadasawyvetad, magram mxolod saguldagu-
lod SemuSavebuli proceduris Sesabamisad.
imisaTvis, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes sa-
kanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisufle-
bebs Soris azrTa gacvlis regularoba, um-
ravles qveynebSi parlamentis wevrebs saSu-
aleba eZlevaT dasvan kiTxvebi interpelaci-
is formiT, rac informaciis miRebisa da
klasikur saparlamento sistemaze kontro-
lis ganxorcielebis ZiriTad saSualebad
iTvleba.
interpelacia (laT. interpellatio - sityvis Sew-
yveta, moTxovna, sarCeli) aris zogierT sax-
elmwifoSi deputatTa jgufis mier mTavro-
bisadmi an calkeuli ministrisadmi mimarTu-
li moTxovna, miscen ganmarteba maT mier
gatarebuli saSinao Tu sagareo politikis
Taobaze an romelime konkretul sakiTxze.
saparlamento Teoriasa da praqtikaSi bun-
dovanebaa parlamentarTa kiTxvis, SekiTxvisa
da interpelaciis gamijvnis sakiTxSi. p. cno-
bilaZe, ganmartavs ra interpelaciis Sinaarss,
miuTiTebs, rom igi aris "zogierT saxelmwi-
foSi deputatTa jgufis mier mTavrobisadmi
an calkeuli ministrisadmi mimarTuli moTx-
ovna miscen ganmarteba maT mier gatarebuli
saSinao Tu sagareo politikis Taobaze an
romelime konkretuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb 1 .
mocemul ganmartebaSi, albaT, "Cveneburi"
SekiTxvis Sinaarssac moviazrebdiT, rom ara
Semdegi fraza: "interpelacia gansxvavdeba
zepiri da Cveulebrivi werilobiTi SekiTxve-
bisagan, upirveles yovlisa, Setanis proce-
duriTa da samarTlebrivi SedegebiT. memo-
randumSi, romelic Tan axlavs interpel-
aciis teqsts, Cveulebriv, miTiTebulia misi
mizezebi da aRniSnulia vadebi, romlis gan-
mavlobaSic unda iqnes gacemuli pasuxi."2
zaur jinjolava interpelacias saparlamen-
to kontrolis calke formad miiCnevs, romel-
ic parlaments uflebas aZlevs mosTxovos
mTavrobas angariSi misi saqmianobis Sesaxeb,
xolo SekiTxvas ganmartavs parlamentis mier
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan informaciis
miRebisa da misdami kontrolis ganxorcielebis
erT-erT formad, rac parlaments exmareba
droulad gamoavlinos mmarTvelobis aparatis
saqmianobaSi daSvebuli Secdomebi da xeli
Seuwyos maT am naklovanebaTa droulad ga-
mosworebaSi3 .
rac Seexeba oTar melqaZes, is interpela-
cias SekiTxvis erT-erT formad Tvlis. "Se-
kiTxva ori saxisaa: martivi SekiTxva da in-
terpelacia. martivi SekiTxva ar saWiroebs
specialur proceduras, Sedis zepiri saxiT
da aseve miiReba pasuxic - ganxilvis gareSe,
Tu amas parlamenti ar moiTxovs. interpel-
aciis dros SekiTxva parlamentSi Seitaneba
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxTa irgv-
liv; dgindeba pasuxis gacemis vada, romelic
aseve werilobiT gaicema. plenarul sxdomaze
pasuxis ganxilvas mosdevs kamaTi da SeiZle-
ba damTavrdes mTavrobis, premier-ministris
an calkeuli ministris mimarT gakicxvis
rezoluciis miRebiT, romelsac SeiZleba
ndobis sakiTxze kenWisyra da, maSasadame,
maTi gadadgoma mohyves”4 .
miuxedavad saparlamento kontrolis mocemu-
li formisadmi zemoxsenebuli avtorebis
araerTmniSvnelovani damokidebulebisa, saerTo
maT Soris gamoixateba imaSi, rom interpel-
acia, upirveles yovlisa, iwvevs kamaTs, meo-
rec, Seicavs politikur sanqcias, vinaidan
kamaTi mTavrdeba kenWisyris safuZvelze re-
2
iqve.
3
z. jinjolava. saqarTvelos respublikis parlamenti. Tbilisi, 1993 w. gv. 50.
4
o. melqaZe. sazRvargareTis qveynebis saxelmwifo samarTali. Tbilisi, 1996 w., gv. 130-131.
zoluciis miRebiT, rac gamoxatavs parla-
mentis kmayofilebas an ukmayofilobas mTavro-
bis mocemul ganmartebebze.
klasikuri saparlamento reJimis pirobebSic
ki interpelaciis proceduras SeuZlia Sein-
arCunos Tavisi mniSvneloba mxolod im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu mas iyeneben windaxedulad da iseTi
sakiTxebis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT, rom-
lebic sakmarisad mniSvnelovania imisTvis,
raTa gamarTldes mTavrobasTan mimarTebaSi
politikuri sanqciebis gamoyeneba. mTel rig
qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropaSi,
es procedura warmatebiT gamoiyeneba da
popularobiT sargeblobs mxolod imitom,
rom aq zemoaRniSnuli pirobebi daculia.
SekiTxva aris parlamentis wevris mier min-
istrisadmi mimarTuli moTxovna misces gan-
marteba raime konkretul saqmeze. is ar
gulisxmobs politikuri sanqciebis dauy-
ovnebliv gamoyenebas da amitom mkveTrad gan-
sxvavdeba saparlamento kontrolis ganxor-
cielebis iseTi saSualebisagan, rogoricaa
interpelaciebi, romlebic moiTxoven mTavro-
bisagan axsna-ganmartebas, magram, rogorc wesi,
maT mosdevs sanqciebis gamoyeneba, vinaidan
miiReba gakicxvis rezolucia da zogjer
tardeba kenWisyra ndobis sakiTxis gamo.
unda aRiniSnos, rom saparlamento praqtika-
Sic araerTgvarovani damokidebulebaa sapar-
lamento kontrolis mocemuli formebisad-
mi. zogierT qveyanaSi interpelaciebi da Se-
kiTxvebi Zireulad ar gansxvavdeba erTmane-
Tisagan (magaliTad, SvedeTSi); zogan ki maTi
Sinaarsi da procedura arsebiTad gamijnulia.
sailustraciod moviyvanT sazRvargareTis
qveynebis magaliTebs, romlebic didi mraval-
ferovnebiT xasiaTdeba.
kiTxva-SekiTxvis da interpelaciis institu-
ti gavrcelebulia sakmaod bevr qveyanaSi.
maTi procedura xSirad mkacrad reglamen-
tirebulia, raTa ar iqnes daSvebuli ufleb-
is borotad gamoyeneba. TurqeTSi palatis
calkeuli wevrebis an politikuri jgufebis
mier wamoyenebuli winadadeba interpelaciis
Sesaxeb mokled ganixileba, amasTan, sityviT
SeiZleba gamovidnen mxolod mTavrobis wevre-
127
 bi, aseve piri, romelmac Seitana winadadeba
interpelaciis Sesaxeb. winadadebis miRebis
SemTxvevaSi dauyovnebliv niSnaven kamaTis
dRes sakiTxis arsis irgvliv. interpelacia
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes winadadebis mokle
ganxilvidan ara uadres ori dRisa da ara
ugvianes erTi kvirisa. kamaTSi monawileobis
ufleba aqvs palatis yvela wevrs. ndobis
votumi gamoaqvT kamaTis damTavrebidan mx-
olod erTi dRe-Ramis Semdeg.
libanSi interpelacia werilobiT formas
atarebs. mTavrobam unda upasuxos SekiTxvas
Setanidan aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi interpelacias CarTaven uaxloesi
sxdomis dRis wesrigSi. interpelaciis Set-
anis Sesaxeb parlamentis wevrebs acnobeben
sxdomis dawyebamde ara ugvianes ori dRisa.
saerTo diskusiis mimdinareobisas, interpel-
aciis avtorsa da mTavrobis warmomadgen-
lebs ufleba aqvT gamovidnen sityviT pri-
oritetis mixedviT. debatebi mTavrdeba ken-
WisyriT motivirebuli rezoluciis miRebis
Sesaxeb, interpelaciis gadadebiT an misi
safuZvlianobis aRiarebiT. ukanasknel SemTx-
vevaSi maSinve unda Catardes kenWisyra re-
zoluciis miRebaze.
libiaSi interpelaciis ganxilvis dRes niS-
navs palata pirvelsave Sesabamis sxdomaze.
kamaTs ar SeiZleba adgili hqondes inter-
pelaciis Setanidan rva dReze adre, Tu
mTavroba Tanxmobas ar ganacxadebs sakiTxis
saswrafod ganxilvaze. Tu interpelaciis
avtori an parlamentis sxva romelime wevri
moisurvebs, kamaTi SeiZleba damTavrdes ndobis
votumis kenWisyriT. arabeTis gaerTianebul
respublikaSi moqmedebs wesi, romlis mixed-
viTac, interpelaciis Setanidan kamaTis dRem-
de unda gavides aranakleb erTi kvira. es
periodi SeiZleba Semcirdes, Tu sakiTxi
saswrafoa da ministri amis Sesaxeb Tanx-
mobas ganacxadebs.
fineTSi interpelacia mTavrobaze zemoqmede-
bis amave mizans emsaxureba. mas mxari unda
dauWiros parlamentis ocma wevrma da Sesa-
bamisma ministrma pasuxi unda gasces TxuT-
meti dRis ganmavlobaSi. Tu mTavroba ar
apirebs pasuxis gacemas, amave vadis ganmav-
lobaSi man unda acnobos parlaments amis
mizezi.
128
germaniaSi interpelaciis Sesabamisi proce-
dura cnobilia "didi SekiTxvis" saxelwodebiT.
is unda Seitanos aranakleb ocdaaTma wevr-
ma. bundestagis Tavmjdomare winadadebiT
mimarTavs mTavrobas gansazRvros, apirebs Tu
ara igi pasuxis gacemas da, saxeldobr, rodis.
mTavroba ar aris valdebuli gasces pasuxi,
Tumca, amis Sedegad mTel pasuxismgeblobas
sakuTar Tavze iRebs. teqsti egzavneba bund-
estagis yvela wevrs da kamaTi iniSneba mTavro-
bisaTvis xelsayrel dRes. kiTxvis avtori
Tavdapirvelad xsnis saqmis arss, ris Semd-
egadac iwyeba ganxilva, Tu amas sxdomaze
damswre ocdaaTi deputati moiTxovs. Tu
mTavroba uars ityvis pasuxis gacemaze an
Tavs aaridebs pasuxis gacemas TxuTmeti dRis
ganmavlobaSi, bundestags SeuZlia CarTos
sakiTxis ganxilva dRis wesrigSi, Tu am gada-
wyvetilebas mxars dauWers ocdaaTi sxdomaze
damswre deputati. garda amisa, mTavrobis
warmomadgeneli unda daeswros ganxilvas
bundestagis moTxovniT.
SvedeTSi SekiTxvebi da interpelaciebi ar-
sebiTad ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. in-
terpelaciis Setana xdeba palatis nebar-
TviT da Tan mosdevs mTavrobis werilobiTi
pasuxi manamde, vidre Catardeba misi Ria
ganxilva. kamaTis dRes adgenen ministrebi.
rogorc wesi, rac ufro martivia SekiTxva,
miT ufro male gaecema mas pasuxi. Tumca
SveicariaSi interpelacias mxari unda dau-
Wiros erovnuli sabWos aTma wevrma da kan-
tonebis kavSiris samma wevrma. parlamentis
wevrebi iyeneben am proceduras, raTa sajar-
od mohfinon naTeli mTavrobisadmi gamoTqmul
konkretul braldebebsa da kritikas - am
gziT axorcieleben isini efeqtur politikur
kontrols.
sabWoTa kavSirisa da saxalxo demokratiis
zogierT qveyanaSic ar iyo mkveTri gansx-
vaveba interpelaciebsa da SekiTxvebs Soris.
orive procedura erTnair wesrigs eqvemde-
bareboda (mag., ministrebs rogorc inter-
pelaciebze, ise SekiTxvebze pasuxi unda gaecaT
sami dRis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa kavSirSi da
rumineTSi, sesiebis periodSi _ bulgareTSi da
ocdaaTi dRis ganmavlobaSi _ CexoslovakiaSi).
britaneTis sistemisaTvis ar aris cnobili
interpelaciis procedura, Tumca mas waaga-
vs “winadadeba sxdomis gadadebis Sesaxeb”.
aRniSnuli winadadeba, romelic Seitaneba
uSualod Sesvenebis win, saSualebas aZlevs
TemTa palatis wevrebs wamoayenon mTavrobis
winaSe mTeli rigi sakiTxebi, Tumca, am wi-
nadadebis Taobaze kenWisyra ar tardeba. me-
ore mxriv, im konkretul winadadebaze,
romelic “gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvnelobisaa”, SeiZleba Catardes kenWisyra
iseve, rogorc es xdeba interpelaciebis dros
kontinenturi evropis zogierT qveyanaSi,
Tumca xSirad aseTi gadadeba dakavSirebu-
lia saparlamento kontrolis iseT saSu-
alebasTan, rogoricaa deputatebis SekiTx-
vebi mTavrobis wevrTa mimarT.
SekiTxvebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc zepiri,
ise werilobiTi. parlamentis wevri, romel-
ic svams SekiTxvas, sTavazobs Sesabamis min-
istrs, rom man upasuxos zepirad palatis
winaSe anda Camoayalibos pasuxi werilobiTi
formiT. SekiTxvebi ufro xSirad formulire-
bulia werilobiTi saxiT, raTa parlamentis
wevrebi da Sesabamisi ministrebi informire-
buli iyvnen maTi Sinaarsis Taobaze.
fineTSi ministrma SekiTxvas unda upasuxos
ocdaaTi dRis ganmavlobaSi. pasuxis formas
_ zepirs Tu werilobiTs, is Tavad irCevs.
israelSi Sesabamisi ministri SekiTxvas zepi-
rad pasuxobs ocdaerTi dRis ganmavlobaSi.
amis Semdeg SekiTxvis avtors aqvs erTi dam-
atebiTi SekiTxvis dasmis ufleba. iaponiaSi
werilobiT SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad min-
istris gankargulebaSia mxolod erTi kvira.
zepiri SekiTxvebi daismeba parlamentis pa-
latis TanxmobiT mxolod saswrafo SemTx-
vevebSi.
didi britaneTis TemTa palataSi mkacri wesebia
dadgenili aRniSnuli proceduris regulire-
bis mizniT. saboloo sityva ama Tu SekiTx-
vis daSvebis Sesaxeb ekuTvnis spikers. Se-
kiTxvis dasmis msurvelma palatis wevrma,
pirvel rigSi, werilobiT unda Camoayalibos
SekiTxva da gadasces klerks. Tu mas surs
zepiri pasuxis miReba, Tavis SekiTxvas var-
skvlaviT aRniSnavs. pasuxi aseT SekiTxvas
unda gaeces ara ugvianes or dRe-RameSi. Tu
mas surs pasuxis saswrafod miReba, SeuZlia
amis Sesaxeb waradginos specialuri moTx-
ovna. saswrafo sakiTxebisaTvis gaTvaliswineb-
ulia gansakuTrebuli procedura. palatis
wevrma Tavisi SekiTxvis Sesaxeb unda acno-
bos Sesabamis ministrs da TemTa palatis
spikers im dRis SuadRemde, roca mas surs
am SekiTxvis dasma. aseTi saxis SekiTxvebi
(“piradi SekiTxvebi”) ar qveyndeba. maTze
vrceldeba Cveulebrivi SekiTxvebis samarT-
lebrivi reJimi, amasTan, maT unda hqondeT
saswrafo xasiaTi. saboloo sityva spikers
ekuTvnis, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, roca
unda ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenad saswrafoa
esa Tu is sakiTxi. aseTi SekiTxva SeiZleba
ar iqnes miRebuli, Tu imave saqmeze ukve
dasmuli iyo sxva SekiTxva. pasuxebi “pirad
SekiTxvebs” gaecema imave dRes, Cveulebriv
SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis dasrulebis Sem-
deg. parlamentis arc erT wevrs ar aqvs
ufleba erT dReSi dasvas or SekiTxvaze
meti, romlebzec man unda miiRos zepiri
pasuxebi.
ministrebi zepir SekiTxvebs yovelTvis pa-
suxoben gansazRvrul dRes, Tumca werilo-
biT SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad maT Tavis
gankargulebaSi ufro didi dro aqvT. pasux-
ebi uSualod igzavneba parlamentis sxdomis
oficialur oqmSi gamosaqveyneblad. Tu gan-
sazRvruli drois gasvlis Semdeg pasuxi ar
aris saxeze, parlamentis wevrs SeuZlia
zepirad dasvas igive SekiTxva da moiTxovos
aseTive pasuxis gacema. parlamentarebi wer-
ilobiTi formis SekiTxvebs xSirad mimar-
Taven maSin, roca saqme exeba kerZo pirebs an
administraciul sakiTxebs.
TemTa palataSi zepiri SekiTxvebisaTvis gamoy-
ofilia erTi saaTi sxdomis dawyebamde, or-
SabaTobiT, samSabaTobiT, oTxSabaTobiT da
xuTSabaTobiT. ministrebis sia, romlebic
pasuxoben SekiTxvebs yoveli sxdomis dros,
winaswar qveyndeba. siiT gaTvaliswinebuli
ministrebis Tanmimdevroba icvleba yovel
kviras da ganisazRvreba partiebs Soris kon-
sultaciebis Semdeg. amgvarad, yoveli minis-
tri drodadro siis saTaveSi eqceva mis ko-
mpetencias mikuTvnebul sakiTxebze pasuxis
gasacemad. pasuxebi rogorc zepir, ise wer-
ilobiT SekiTxvebze qveyndeba sxdomis ofi-
cialur oqmSi.
SekiTxvebisa da pasuxebis gacvlis rituals
Tvals adevnebs spikeri. rodesac cxaddeba
129
 deputatis gvari, is asaxelebs Tavisi Se-
kiTxvis nomers da, Sesabamisad, ministri
SekiTxvas pasuxobs momzadebuli teqstis
mixedviT. amis Semdeg deputats aqvs damate-
biTi SekiTxvis dasmis ufleba, razec minis-
tri kvlav iZleva pasuxs. kiTxva-pasuxi Sei-
Zleba gagrZeldes ramdenime wuTs da masSi
monawileobis miReba SeuZliaT palatis sxva
wevrebsac. ase grZeldeba manam, sanam spikeri
ar gadawyvets, rom dadga momdevno sakiTxze
gadasvlis dro. mocemuli proceduris
siswrafe ganisazRvreba erTi saaTis ganmav-
lobaSi dasmuli SekiTxvebis raodenobis mixed-
viT. xSirad SekiTxvebis raodenoba or-
mocdaaTs aRwevs. amis erT-erTi mizezia is
garemoeba, rom damatebiTi SekiTxvebi xSirad
ministrebs rTul mdgomareobaSi ayeneben,
vinaidan maT unda upasuxon SekiTxvebs
winaswari momzadebis gareSe.
aseTi procedura gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTe-
belia TemTa palatis muSaobisaTvis. sxva
qveynebi cdilobdnen daenergaT analogiuri
wesi sakuTar praqtikaSi, rasac gansxvavebu-
li Sedegebi mohyveboda. msgavsi procedura,
romelic inglisis magaliTs misdevs, gvxvde-
ba avstraliaSi, indoeTSi, irlandiaSi, kana-
daSi, nigeriaSi, axal zelandiaSi, pakistan-
Si, ceilonSi, aseve im qveynebSic, sadac ar
aris gavrcelebuli inglisuri saparlamen-
to institutebis gavlena.
italiaSi, magaliTad, SekiTxvebs CarTaven
Semdegi sxdomis dRis wesrigSi im SekiTxve-
bis gamoklebiT, romelTac werilobiTi pa-
suxebi unda gaeceT. deputatTa palataSi
yovel sxdomaze pirveli ormoci wuTi, xolo
senatSi - pirveli erTi saaTi zepir SekiTx-
vebs eTmoba. Tu SekiTxva upasuxod rCeba
ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi, is moZvelebulad
iTvleba da siidan iSleba. werilobiT Se-
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad ministris gan-
kargulebaSia aTi dRe.
germaniis bundestagSi, romelic inglisis
magaliTis mimdevaria, yvela sxdoma iwyeba
SekiTxvebis saaTiT. misi mizania dauyovneblivi
informaciis miReba adgilobriv saqmeebze,
saSinao da sagareo politikis sakiTxebze.
SekiTxvebis dajgufeba xdeba saministroebis
mixedviT da bundestagis Tavmjdomare gan-
sazRvravs maTi ganxilvis wess. SekiTxvebis
130
sia ibeWdeba da vrceldeba bundestagis yve-
la wevrs Soris. SekiTxvis avtors an par-
lamentis nebismier sxva wevrs SeuZlia min-
istrs dausvas ori damatebiTi SekiTxva. Se-
kiTxvebze, romelTac ar gaecaT pasuxi gan-
sazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi, werilobiTi
pasuxebi qveyndeba debatebis oficialur oqmSi.
garda zepiri SekiTxvebisa, bundestagis sapro-
ceduro wesebi iTvaliswinebs aseve werilo-
biT an “patara moTxovnebs” konkretuli aqte-
bis Sesaxeb specialuri xasiaTis informaci-
is misaRebad. es moTxovnebi dapirispirebu-
lia “did moTxovnebTan”, romlebic saerTo
politikis sakiTxebs exeba da interpelacie-
bis tolfasia.
kerZo SekiTxvebis dros, romlis mizani
samTavrobo problemis gaazrebaa, bundestag-
is Tavmjdomare wardgenil werilobiT moTx-
ovnas gadascems generaluri kancleris uw-
yebas. pasuxi ToTxmet dReSi ibeWdeba ofi-
cialur organoSi, magram bundestagSi
msjeloba mis garSemo ar imarTeba.
zogadi SekiTxvebi federalur mTavrobaSi
SeiZleba Setanil iqnes fraqciis an depu-
tatTa 5%-is mier. federaluri mTavrobis
pasuxi avtomaturad Sedis bundestagis sx-
domis dRis wesrigSi da imarTeba debatebi.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu zogad SekiTxvaze pasuxi
kabinetis sxdomaze mtkicdeba, TavisTavad
igulisxmeba, rom sxdomis Semdeg kancleri
amis Sesaxeb informacias warudgens presas
da debatebi am situaciaSic gamoiricxeba.
belgiis warmomadgenelTa palatisaTvis cno-
bilia SekiTxvebis sami saxe: upirveles yov-
lisa, arsebobs werilobiTi SekiTxvebi, romel-
sac xeli unda moaweros palatis ara umetes
samma wevrma. SekiTxvebs pasuxi unda gaeces
TxuTmeti dRis ganmavlobaSi da isini unda
gamoqveyndes “kiTxva_pasuxis biuletenSi”,
romelic gamodis kviraSi erTxel. Tu am
xnis ganmavlobaSi pasuxi ar gaicema, SekiTx-
va xelmeored gamoqveyndeba biuletenSi imis
miTiTebiT, rom ministrma mas ar upasuxa;
meorec, arsebobs zepiri SekiTxvebi. palatis
Tavmjdomare an, Tu aucilebelia, Tavmjdom-
areTa konferencia, wyvets, Tu ramdenad See-
sabameba igi reglamentiT dadgenil wesebs.
Tu palatis mier sxva ram ar aris gaTval-
iswinebuli, SekiTxvebs yovel samSabaTs sx-
domis dasawyisSi eTmoba aranakleb ocdaaTi
wuTisa da SekiTxvebi ganixileba maTi ward-
genis Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT. mocemul pro-
ceduras bevri saerTo aqvs inglisis TemTa
palatis praqtikasTan, Tumca aq ministris
pasuxis Semdeg damatebiT SekiTxvebs ar Sei-
Zleba hqondes adgili; mesamec, arsebobs
saswrafo SekiTxvebi. Tu Tavmjdomare da
Sesabamisi ministri Tanaxmani arian, warmo-
madgenelTa palatis wevrs SeuZlia dasvas
riggareSe SekiTxva. SekiTxvis avtors ufle-
ba aqvs ilaparakos ara umetes xuTi wuTisa.
msgavsi procedura cnobilia belgiis sena-
tisaTvis, sadac SekiTxvebisaTvis special-
uri droa gamoyofili.
niderlandebSi werilobiT SekiTxvebs pasuxi
unda gaeces ocdaaTi dRis ganmavlobaSi, zepir
SekiTxvebs ki _ sami dRis ganmavlobaSi. aqauri
proceduris ganmasxvavebel niSnad gvevline-
ba orive palatis Tavmjdomaris farTo ufle-
bamosileba. isini gadawyvetilebas Rebuloben
ara mxolod imis Sesaxeb, Seesabameba Tu ara
mocemuli SekiTxva reglamentiT dadgenil
wesebs, aramed imis Sesaxebac, saerTod, Rirs
Tu ara misi dasma. maT SeuZliaT, magaliTad,
uaryon SekiTxva im safuZvliT, rom proble-
ma, romelsac igi wamoWris, uaxloes mo-
mavalSi parlamentis mier ganixileba.
analogiuri procedura didi xnis ganmavlo-
baSi axasiaTebda safrangeTis erovnul kre-
bas. mas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa
1958 wlis konstituciuri reformebis Semdgom.
Tanamedrove periodSi zepiri SekiTxvebi war-
moadgens krebis calkeuli wevrebis gankar-
gulebaSi myof erTaderT saSualebas. aseTi
SekiTxvebi CarTulia dRis wesrigSi imdenad,
ramdenadac konstituciis mixedviT, kviraSi
erTi sxdoma eTmoba deputatebis SekiTxvebi-
sa da mTavrobis pasuxebis ganxilvas. kon-
stituciis 48-e muxlis mixedviT, “priori-
tetis wesiT kviraSi erTi sxdoma rezervire-
bulia parlamentis wevrebis SekiTxvebisa da
mTavrobis pasuxebis ganxilvisaTvis.” zepiri
SekiTxvebi iyofa SekiTxvebad debatebiT da
debatebis gareSe. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sityva
ekuTvnis mxolod Sesabamis ministrs, Semdeg
ki - deputats, romelmac ministrs SekiTx-
viT mimarTa. orive maTgans eTmoba xuTi wuTi.
meore SemTxvevaSi mas Semdeg, rac deputati
axsnis SekiTxvis arss, xolo ministri mas
upasuxebs, SeiZleba gaimarTos saerTo de-
batebi. Tumca es procedura kenWisyris Catare-
bas krZalavs, igi interpelacias gvagonebs.
TavmjdomareTa konferencia uflebamosilia
gamoyos is zepiri SekiTxvebi, romelTac
dasvamen am miznisaTvis gankuTvnil special-
ur yovelkvireul sxdomaze. SekiTxvebze wer-
ilobiTi pasuxebi, Cveulebriv, erTi Tvis
ganmavlobaSi gaicema. Tu pasuxi ar iqneba
saxeze, werilobiTi SekiTxva SeiZleba zepiriT
Seicvalos. zepir SekiTxvebs 1974 wlidan
ewodeba “SekiTxvebi mTavrobas”. es SekiTxve-
bi daismeba samSabaTobiT, erovnuli krebis
SuadRis sxdomis Semdeg da or saaTs gr-
Zeldeba. yoveli politikuri jgufi misTvis
gamoyofil droSi Tavad gansazRvravs Se-
kiTxvebis raodenobas, Sinaarssa da avtorebs.
safrangeTis senatSi msgavsi SekiTxvebi dais-
meba TveSi erTxel, erT sxdomaze.
parlamentarTa interesi zepiri SekiTxvebi-
sadmi Zalze mniSvnelovania. erovnul kreba-
ze wlis ganmavlobaSi daismeba samasi-samas
ormocdaaTi SekiTxva, senatSi _ asamde. gar-
da amisa, aseTi sxdomebis gadacema xdeba
erovnuli televiziiT.
zemoaRniSnuli qveynebis garda, ministrebi-
sadmi SekiTxvebiT mimarTvis procedura ama
Tu im formiT gamoiyeneba albaneTSi, bulga-
reTSi, saberZneTSi, daniaSi, indoneziaSi,
iranSi, islandiaSi, kamerunSi, luqsemburg-
Si, norvegiaSi, rumineTSi, somaliSi, sene-
galSi, TurqeTSi, centraluri afrikis res-
publikaSi, Cexoslovakiasa da eTiopiaSi.
rumineTSi pasuxis gasacemad mTavrobis gan-
kargulebaSia sami dRe, albaneTSi _ eqvsi,
centraluri afrikis respublikaSi _ aTi dRe,
somaliSi _ oci dRe, CexoslovakiaSi _
ocdaaTi dRe, bulgareTSi pasuxi SekiTxvas
SeiZleba gaeces sesiebis ganmavlobaSi nebis-
mier dros. is faqti, rom umravles qveynebSi
pasuxis gacemis vada mkacrad aris gansazRvru-
li, imis mauwyebelia, rom mTavroba valde-
bulia warmoadginos Sesabamisi informacia
da, imis miuxedavad, es valdebuleba konsti-
tucias efuZneba, kanons, reglaments Tu
dadgenil praqtikas, igi SekiTxvebis proce-
duras realur Zalas aniWebs. zogierT qvey-
anaSi ministrebs SeuZliaT saerTod uari Tqvan
pasuxis gacemaze sazogadoebrivi intereseb-
is dacvis motiviT.
131
 aRniSnuli proceduris popularoba aixsneba
imiT, rom parlamentis wevrebi TavianTi ufleb-
is ganxorcielebis dros arafriT arian
SezRuduli; maTi moqmedebis Tavisufleba
ifargleba mxolod im wesebiT, rac aregu-
lirebs sakiTxis dasaSvebadobas formaluri
da ara arsobrivi TvalsazrisiT.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 59-e muxlis Tanax-
mad, “parlamentis wevri uflebamosilia kiTx-
viT mimarTos parlamentis winaSe angariS-
valdebul organos, mTavrobis wevrs, qala-
qis mers, yvela donis teritoriuli erTeu-
lis aRmasrulebeli organos xelmZRvanels
da miiRos maTgan pasuxi.
parlamentis wevrTa sul cota aTkacian
jgufs, saparlamento fraqcias, ufleba aqvT
SekiTxviT mimarTon parlamentis winaSe an-
gariSvaldebul organos, mTavrobis calkeul
wevrs, romlebic valdebulni arian upasux-
on SekiTxvas parlamentis sxdomaze. pasuxi
SeiZleba gaxdes parlamentis ganxilvis sagani.”
saqarTvelos konstituciis zemomoyvanili 59-
e muxli erTmaneTisagan gamijnavs kiTxvisa
da SekiTxvis cnebebs. SekiTxvas, kiTxvisagan
gansxvavebiT, saparlamento kontrolis ufro
“seriozul” formad miiCnevs ramdenime mizezis
gamo: jer erTi, SekiTxvis SemTxvevaSi ufro
mkacradaa gansazRvruli am uflebis mqone
subieqtTa wre, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom
SekiTxvis ufleba gaaCnia ara parlamentis
calkeul wevrs, aramed saparlamento fraq-
ciasa da parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb aT-
kacian jgufs da, meorec, SekiTxvis SemTx-
vevaSi arsebobs saparlamento kamaTis Sesa-
Zlebloba, vinaidan mocemuli muxlis meore
punqtSi arsebobs daTqma: “pasuxi SeiZleba
gaxdes parlamentis ganxilvis sagani. ”aqedan
gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom Cvens sinamdvile-
Si SekiTxvis procedura garkveulwilad in-
terpelacias waagavs, radgan arsebobs sa-
marTlebrivi SesaZlebloba SekiTxvaze minis-
tris mier gacemul pasuxs mohyves misi ganx-
ilva da kamaTi, rac, bunebrivia, garkveul
samarTlebriv SedegebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
interpelaciisa da SekiTxvis arsis garkvevi-
sas, sainteresoa libiis parlamentSi mim-
dinare procedura. aq parlamentis orive
palata iyenebs zepir SekiTxvebs. SekiTxva
wardgenil unda iqnes werilobiTi formiT
132
palatis erT-erTi wevris mier 48 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi im sxdomis dawyebidan, romelzec
is ganixileba. SekiTxvebi egzavneba ministrebs,
romelTac erovnuli krebis TanxmobiT Seu-
ZliaT erTi kviriT gadadon pasuxis gacema.
werilobiT SekiTxvebs pasuxi unda gaeces
erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. Tu erovnul krebas
ar akmayofilebs ministris pasuxi, mas Seu-
Zlia SekiTxva interpelaciad gadaaqcios,
Tumca amis gakeTeba imave sxdomaze ar Sei-
Zleba. libanSi SekiTxva interpelaciad Sei-
Zleba iqces imave sxdomaze. zepiri SekiTxve-
bi yovel kviras SekiTxvebisa da interpela-
ciebisaTvis gankuTvnil specialur sxdomaze
ganixileba. Sesabamis ministrs SeuZlia maS-
inve an am miznisaTvis Sesaferis Semdgom
sxdomaze upasuxos an moiTxovos, rom Se-
kiTxva werilobiT Camoyalibdes. pasuxi wer-
ilobiT SekiTxvebs unda gaeces 10 dReSi.
saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamenti sak-
maod detalurad awesrigebs aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebaze parlamentis kontrolis sa-
kiTxs ministrebisadmi mimarTuli SekiTxveb-
is (kiTxvebis) saxiT. aRsaniSnavia Semdegi
garemoeba: gansxvavebiT konstituciisagan,
reglamentSi erTmaneTisagan ar aris gamijnuli
SekiTxvisa da kiTxvis cnebebi, rac garkveul-
wilad bundovan STabeWdilebas qmnis am ori
terminis arsis garkvevis TvalsazrisiT. ker-
Zod, parlamentis reglamentSi Cawerilia, rom
saqarTvelos parlamentis mier aRniSnuli
uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis procesSi
dasmuli kiTxva an SekiTxva SeiZleba iyos
zepiri an werilobiTi. “zepiri SekiTxva (kiTx-
va) SeiZleba daisvas parlamentis plenarul
sxdomaze, magram sesiis damTavrebamde ara
ugvianes 15 dRisa.
werilobiTi SekiTxvis (kiTxvis) teqsts par-
lamentis wevrTa sul cota aTkaciani jgufis
an saparlamento fraqciis warmomadgeneli,
agreTve, parlamentis wevri abarebs parla-
mentis aparats, romelic aRricxavs mas spe-
cialur davTarSi da gascems werilobiTi
SekiTxvis (kiTxvis) warmodgenis damadas-
turebel mowmobas.
parlamentis aparati adresats gadascems
Semosuli werilobiTi SekiTxvis (kiTxvis)
teqsts ara ugvianes sam dReSi.
TiToeuli organo da Tanamdebobis piri,
romelsac werilobiTi SekiTxviT (kiTxviT)
mimarTes, valdebulia parlaments SekiTxvis
miRebidan 10 dReSi warudginos werilobiTi
pasuxi. Sesabamis Tanamdebobis pirs werilo-
biTi SekiTxvis (kiTxvis) avtorTan SeTanxme-
biT werilobiT SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis
vada SeiZleba gaugrZeldes kidev 10 dRiT.
parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze zepiri kiTx-
vis dasmidan ara ugvianes sam dReSi parla-
mentis aparati uzrunvelyofs zepiri kiTx-
vis gacnobas Sesabamisi Tanamdebobis piri-
saTvis, romelic valdebulia parlaments
werilobiTi pasuxi warudginos ara ugvianes
10 dReSi.
Sesabamis Tanamdebobis pirs zepiri kiTxvis
avtorTan SeTanxmebiT SeiZleba gaugrZeldes
pasuxis gacemis vada ara umetes 10 dRiT.
Tanamdebobis piris mier zepir kiTxvaze
gacemul pasuxs parlamentis aparati gadas-
cems zepiri kiTxvis avtors.
Tanamdebobis pirs ufleba aqvs uari Tqvas
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaze, Tu informacia sax-
elmwifo an samxedro saidumloebas Seicavs.
is kiTxva, romelsac dadgenil vadaSi da
wesiT pasuxi ar gaecema, avtomaturad dais-
meba uaxloes samTavrobo mosmenaze.
parlamentis wevrs, deputatTa sul cota
aTkacian jgufs, saparlamento fraqcias
ufleba aqvs nebismier dros ukan gamoiTxo-
vos sakuTari zepiri Tu werilobiTi SekiTx-
va (kiTxva).”
amrigad, Cveni azriT, urigo ar iqneboda
saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentSi Se-
kiTxvisa da kiTxvis cnebebis erTmaneTisagan
gamijvna da im gansxvavebis sakanonmdeblo
dafiqsireba, rac am or instituts Soris
realurad arsebobs, im faqtis udavo gaTval-
iswinebiT, rom konstitucia aseTi formu-
lirebis sakmaris safuZvels iZleva. sakiTx-
is ase gadawyveta ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi
logikurad gamoiwvevda ori proceduris
damoukidebel formulirebas Sidasaparlamen-
to dokumentSi.
SekiTxvis procedura, vfiqrobT, iseve, rogorc
mraval sxva qveyanaSi, mkacrad unda iyos
reglamentirebuli, “raTa ar iqnes daSvebu-
li misi borotad gamoyeneba”. umjobesi iqne-
boda misi savaldebulo werilobiTi formu-
lireba am institutis seriozulobidan ga-
momdinare da ara ise, rogorc es moqmedi
reglamentis teqstSia (“kiTxva an SekiTxva
SeiZleba iyos werilobiTi an zepiri”...).
parlamentis aparati uzrunvelyofs SekiTx-
vis gadacemas Sesabamisi ministrisaTvis; dadg-
indeba dasmul SekiTxvaze ministris mier
pasuxis gacemis vada. Tu ministri dadgenil
vadaSi ganacxadebs, rom ar apirebs pasuxis
gacemas da axsna-ganmartebis wardgenas, amis
Sedegad mTeli pasuxismgebloba sakuTar Tavze
unda aiRos, rac, Tavis mxriv, savaldebulo
mzadyofnas moiTxovs. ministris pasuxi amis
Semdeg uflebamosil pirTa moTxovniT Sei-
Zleba gaxdes parlamentis ganxilvis sagani,
rac srul SesabamisobaSi iqneba saqarTve-
los konstituciasTan. Tu pasuxi aradamak-
mayofilebeli iqneba, vfiqrobT, saparlamen-
to ganxilvamde ministrs SeiZleba mieces
kidev erTi Sansi imisa, rom man warmoadgi-
nos ufro detaluri da damajerebeli axsna-
ganmarteba.
sazRvargareTis zogierT qveyanaSi saparla-
mento debatebi mTavrdeba, rogorc aRvniS-
neT, kenWisyris safuZvelze rezoluciis miRe-
biT, rac, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba gaxdes mTavro-
bisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis safuZve-
li. saqarTvelos sinamdvilisaTvis aseTi ram,
bunebrivia, miuRebelia. saprezidento res-
publikis pirobebSi saqarTvelos konstitu-
cia saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs mTavrobisaTvis
undoblobis gamocxadebis SesaZleblobas,
Tundac, saparlamento kontrolis ganxor-
cielebis procesSi. aqedan gamomdinare, mar-
Tebuli iqneboda parlamentis reglamentiT
SekiTxvis proceduris dasruleba saWiroeb-
is SemTxvevaSi ministris pasuxis sxdomaze
ganxilviT. Tumca, gamovlenili faqtebidan
gamomdinare, SesaZlebeli unda iyos aRmas-
rulebeli xelisuflebis xelmZRvanelis
winaSe dadges calkeuli wevris pasuxismge-
blobis sakiTxi.
rac Seexeba kiTxvas, vfiqrobT, SekiTxvisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, SesaZlebelia misi rogorc
zepiri, ise werilobiTi formulireba, rac
saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentSicaa
gaTvaliswinebuli. amasTan, ministrs unda
hqondes kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis formis
133
 (zepiri, werilobiTi) Tavisufali arCevis
saSualeba (Tumca SesaZlebelia reglamenti
Seicavdes sakiTxTa CamonaTvals, romelzec
marTebulia mxolod zepiri, an piriqiT, _
mxolod werilobiTi pasuxis gacema). rogorc
aRvniSneT, parlamentarizmis praqtika icnobs
aseve martiv SekiTxvas, romelic ar saWiroebs
specialur proceduras, Sedis zepiri saxiT
da aseve miiReba pasuxic, _ ganxilvis gareSe,
Tu Semdeg amas parlamenti ar moiTxovs.5
vfiqrobT, konstitucia kiTxvis SinaarsSi
swored amgvar samarTlebriv bunebas moiaz-
rebs, amdenad, misi ganxilvis garTulebuli
procedura da xSirad SekiTxvasTan gaigiveba
gaumarTlebelia.
parlamentis reglamentis Tanaxmad, “zepiri
SekiTxva (kiTxva) SeiZleba daisvas parla-
mentis plenarul sxdomaze, magram ara ugvi-
anes TxuTmeti dRisa sesiis damTavrebamde.”
sakiTxis ukeT mowesrigebis mizniT, albaT,
umjobesi iqneboda kviris garkveul dReebSi
specialuri drois gamoyofa zepiri kiTxveb-
is dasasmelad (miT umetes, Tu maTze zepiri
pasuxebi iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli), Tundac,
sxdomis dasawyisSi. kiTxvebis dasmis Tanmim-
devroba, ra Tqma unda, sistemaSi moyvanili
da daculi unda iyos dadgenili wesis mixed-
viT, magram, albaT, gasaTvaliswinebeli iqne-
ba gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi riggareSe
werilobiTi kiTxvis dasmis SesaZleblobac.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, libiis erovnuli
krebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tu libanis parla-
ments ministris pasuxi dasmul SekiTxvaze
ar akmayofilebs, mas SeuZlia imave sxdomaze
SekiTxva interpelaciad gadaaqcios. vfiqrobT,
Cvens sinamdvileSi kontrolis gansazRvru-
li formis “avtomaturad” gardaqmna sxva
formad ministris mxridan daukmayofileblo-
bis SemTxvevaSi garkveulwilad areulobas
gamoiwvevda, Tundac, parlamentis sxdomis
dRis wesrigis darRvevis TvalsazrisiT. aqedan
gamomdinare, reglamentiT gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iyos kiTxvis SekiTxvad gadaqcevis spe-
cialuri procedura.
rac Seexeba SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis vadebs,
albaT, damakmayofilebelia is vadebi, rac regla-
mentiTaa gansazRvruli (ZiriTadad 10 dRe).
5
o. melqaZe. dasax. naSromi, gv.131
134
kiTxvisa da SekiTxvis uflebis realizacii-
saTvis saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamen-
tSi Camoyalibebulia aseve samTavrobo mos-
menisa da SekiTxvis saaTis samarTlebrivi
reJimi. reglamentiT dadgenili wesiT,
“samTavrobo mosmenaze da SekiTxvis saaTze
dasmuli sakiTxebi SeiZleba gaxdes parla-
mentis ganxilvis sagani, risTvisac gadaw-
yvetilebis proeqtis mosamzadeblad SeiZle-
ba Seiqmnas specialuri jgufi, romlis Se-
madgenlobaSi Sedis SekiTxvisa da infor-
maciis an sakiTxebis iniciatorTa sul cota
TiTo warmomadgeneli.” rogorc vxedavT,
reglamentiT gaTvaliswinebulia samTavrobo
mosmenasa da SekiTxvis saaTze dasmuli sak-
iTxebis saparlamento ganxilvis SesaZlebloba,
rac SeiZleba saqarTvelos konstituciis 59-e
muxlis anareklad miviCnioT.
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-4 muxlis Tanax-
mad, “saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze Sesa-
bamisi pirobebis Seqmnisa da adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis formirebis
Semdeg saqarTvelos parlamentis Semadgen-
lobaSi iqneba ori palata _ respublikis
sabWo da senati.”
amrigad, Cvens qveyanaSi “Sesabamisi pirobebis
Seqmnis” Semdeg Tanamedrove erTpalatiani
parlamenti orpalatian parlamentad iqceva.
amas, bunebrivia, mohyveba palatebs Soris
uflebamosilebaTa gansazRvrul doneze gam-
ijvna da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze kon-
trolis funqciebis erT-erTi maTganisaTvis
(an orivesTvis) miniWeba. Sesabamisad, Sei-
Zleba momavalSi Seicvalos mTavrobis wevre-
bisadmi kiTxvebiTa da SekiTxvebiT mimarTvis
procedurac.
saparlamento kontrolis procedura, ama Tu
im formiT, damaxasiaTebelia demokratiuli
qveynebisaTvis, marTva-gamgeobis formis mi-
uxedavad. es ukanaskneli gavlenas axdens
mxolod proceduris SesaZlebel Sedegze
(mag., saparlamento respublikaSi _ mTavro-
bisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadeba). parla-
mentis winaSe ministrebisa da mTavrobis an-
gariSvaldebuleba yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs
maT pasuxismgeblobas, xolo pasuxismgeblo-
ba, Tu is arsebobs (mmarTvelobis saparla-
mento da Sereuli formis dros), angariS-
valdebulebasac moicavs. aseTi formis sax-
elmwifoebis konstituciebSi saubaria mx-
olod garkveul pasuxismgeblobaze, magram aq
angariSvaldebulebac udavod igulisxmeba.
rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos mTavroba
angariSvaldebulia saqarTvelos prezidentisa
da ara parlamentis winaSe, Tumca es gare-
moeba ar arTmevs am ukanasknels ministrebi-
sadmi mimarTuli kiTxvebisa da SekiTxvebis
saxiT saparlamento kontrolis ganxorcieleb-
is SesaZleblobas; da kidev erTi garemoeba:
ukanasknel periodSi saqarTvelos preziden-
tis arCevnebis Semdeg gaizarda parlamentis
uflebamosileba mTavrobis saqmianobaze kon-
trolis sferoSi.
dResdReobiT politikuri viTarebis garTuleb-
is pirobebSi, rodesac diskusia momdinare-
obs mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi mosalodneli
cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, wamoiWra sakiTxi par-
lamentisaTvis mTavrobis mimarT undoblobis
gamocxadebis uflebis miniWebis Taobaze.
aRniSnuli uflebis sakanonmdeblo dafiqsireba
da misi praqtikulad realizeba sakanonmdeb-
lo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebebis mier
aRebuli momavali politikuri kursis sakiTxia.
135
 ÓÀÄÒÈÏ ÓÀÓÀÌÀÒÈËÏÓ ßÀÒÃÂÉÍÄÁÀ
ÓÀÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÏ ÓÀÓÀÌÀÒÈËÏÛÉ -
ÐÒÀØÔÉÊÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏ ÃÉËÄÌÀ
ÈÀÌÀÒ ØÀËÃÀÍÉ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ

Ó aqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciam

daafuZna evropuli ti pis sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlo. kerZod, saqarTveloSi kon-
stituciuri kontroli xorcieldeba special-
urad Seqmnili organos - saqarTvelos sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos (evropuli siste-
ma) da ara saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarT-
loebis mier. Tumca saqarTvelos konstitu-
ciam saerTo sasamarTloebs uflebamosileba
mianiWa mimarTon sakonstitucio sasamarT-
los normatiuli aqtis arakonstituciurad
cnobis moTxovniT. saerTo sasamarTlo uSu-
alod ver axorcielebs konstituciur kon-
trols, rogorc es konstituciuri zedamxed-
velobis ganxorcielebis amerikuli siste-
mis-Tvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, magram saer-
To sasamarTlo erT-erTi uflebamosili sub-
ieqtia sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi daay-
enos sakiTxi aqtis arakonstituciurad cno-
bis Taobaze, Tu saerTo sasamarTloSi konkre-
tuli saqmis ganxilvisas, sasamarTlo daaskv-
nis, rom arsebobs sakmarisi safuZveli, raTa
is kanoni an sxva normatiuli aqti, romelic
unda gamoiyenos sasamarTlom am saqmis gada-
wyvetisas, mTlianad an nawilobriv miCneul
iqnes konstituciis Seusabamod, igi SeaCerebs
saqmis ganxilvas da mimarTavs sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlos. saqmis ganxilva ganaxlde-
ba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier am sak-
iTxis gadawyvetis Semdeg.
aRniSnuli ki ganapirobebs imas, rom sasa-
marTlo xelisuflebis es ori forma - sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlo da saerTo sasa-
marTlo - garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, urT-
ierTkavSirSi arian, rac, zogadad, xels
uwyobs qveyanaSi kanonierebis ganmtkicebas.
"sakonstitucio sasamarTlos didi kompeten-
cia aqvs, samarTlebrivi gziT moawesrigos
is xarvezebi da mniSvnelovani saerTo sax-
elmwifoebrivi problemebi, romlebic
saqarTveloSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
mSeneblobasa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
formirebis gzaze warmoCndeba."1
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo
sakonstitucio kontrolis organoTa im
jgufs miekuTvneba, romelsac maTTvis dad-
genil sferoSi umaRlesi Zalaufleba aqvs.
"sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb "saqarT-
velos organuli kanonis me-20 muxliT gan-
sazRvrulia, rom:
"Tu saerTo sasamarTloSi konkretuli saq-
mis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo daaskvnis, rom
arsebobs sakmarisi safuZveli, raTa is kano-
ni an sxva normatiuli aqti, romelic unda
gamoiyenos sasamarTlom am saqmis gadawyve-
tisas, mTlianad an nawilobriv miCneul iqnes
konstituciis Seusabamod, igi SeaCerebs saq-
mis ganxilvas da mimarTavs sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos. saqmis ganxilva ganaxldeba
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier am sakiTx-
is gadawyvetis Semdeg."
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos statusis, ufle-

1
ix. avTandil demetraSvili, "qveyanaSi mimdinare konstituciuri reformebisa da saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos Sesaxeb", Jurnali "adamiani da konstitucia", 1999 w. #1.

136
bamosilebis, konstituciuri kontrolis
Sesaxeb araerTi naSromi Tu monografiaa
Seqmnili, aRniSnuli statia ki konkretu-
lad eZRvneba konstituciuri wardginebis,
rogorc sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi
mimarTvis, erT-erTi formis samarTlebrivi
regulirebis safuZvlebs, wardginebebis sa-
konstitucio sasamarTloSi Setanis praqti-
kas, maT sasamarTloSi ganxilvasa da miRe-
bul gadawyvetilebebsa Tu ganCinebebs, aseve,
am TemasTan dakavSirebul sxva sakiTxebs.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba sakonstitucio
sasamarTlosadmi wardginebiT mimarTvisTvis
sakmarisad miiCnevs mosamarTles hqondes eWvi,
varaudi, rom esa Tu is kanoni Tu sxva
normatiuli aqti winaaRmdegobaSi modis kon-
stituciasTan. msgavs normas iTvaliswinebs
italiis, espaneTis, avstriisa da sxva qvey-
nebis kanonmdeblobac. gamonaklisia germaniis
kanonmdebloba, romlis Tanaxmadac, mosamar-
Tles mxolod maSin aqvs ufleba mimarTos
konstituciuri kontrolis organos, Tu igi
darwmunebulia aqtis arakonstituciurobaSi.
aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi faqti sazRvargare-
Tis qveynebis kanonmdeblobidan. avstriasa da
ruseTis federaciaSi SezRudulia im sasa-
marTlos organoTa wre, romelTac eniWebaT
uflebamosileba mimarTon sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos, es ufleba eniWebaT mxolod
uzenaes da meore instanciis sasamarTloebs,
maSin, rodesac saqarTvelosa da sxva qvey-
nebis kanonmdebloba msgavs SezRudvas ar
adgens.
sasamarTlos konstituciur wardginebas ganix-
ilavs sakonstitucio sasamarTlos plenumi.
konstituciuri wardginebis ganxilvis vada
ar unda aRematebodes 30 dRes sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvis dawye-
bidan. 2 Tumca sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
SeuZlia, saqmis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare,
gaagrZelos vada ara umetes 30 dRisa.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTloSi konstituciuri wardgineb-
is ganxilva xdeba riggareSe, vinaidan, sa-
2
organuli kanonis -"sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb", 22-e muxli.
3
iqve, 23 muxli.
4
organuli kanonis - "sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb", 31 muxli.
5
iqve, 42 muxli.
konstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb kanonmde-
blobis Tanaxmad, sakonstitucio sasamarT-
los ufleba ara aqvs erTdroulad ganixi-
los ramdenime saqme, sakonstitucio sasa-
marTloSi sakmaod bevri sarCelia Setanili
da arsebiTad ganxilvis rigs elodeba, ward-
ginebis riggareSe ganxilva ki metad mniS-
vnelovania, radgan am konstituciuri ward-
ginebis gadawyvetazea damokidebuli saerTo
sasamarTloSi konkretuli saqmis ganxilva
da bedi, amasTan, saqmis ganxilva sasamarT-
los mier SeCerebulia sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlos mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde.
konstituciuri wardginebis dakmayofileba
iwvevs arakonstituciurad cnobili norma-
tiuli aqtis an misi nawilis Zaladakargu-
lad cnobas sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis gamoqveynebis mo-
mentidan.3
konstituciuri wardgineba dasabuTebuli unda
iyos. wardginebaSi aucileblad unda iyos
moyvanili is mtkicebulebebi, romlebic,
wardginebis avtorTa azriT, adasturebs ward-
ginebis safuZvlianobas.4 Cveni kanonmdeblo-
ba, msgavsad zemoT ganxiluli qveynebis kanon-
mdeblobisa, ar iTvaliswinebs, rom mosamar-
Tle udaod unda iyos darwmunebuli aqtis
arakonstituciurobaSi, sakmarisia mas hqondes
varaudi da miaCndes, rom esa Tu is aqti
SeiZleba ar Seesabamebodes saqarTvelos kon-
stitucias, Tumca mosamarTlis azri unda
iqnes dasabuTebuli, Tanac mxedvelobaSi mi-
iReba is faqtic, rom sakonstitucio sasa-
marTloSi konstituciuri wardginebis ganx-
ilvisas procesSi mxareebi ar monawileoben.
ase rom, wardginebis Sinaarsi da avtoris
mtkicebulebebi mniSvnelovania sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlosTvis.
sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi konstituci-
uri wardginebis Setanis ufleba aqvs saqmis
ganmxilvel sasamarTlos. aseT SemTxvevaSi
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo saqmes ganixilavs
wardginebis avtorisa da im organos dauswre-
blad, romlis aqtic gaxda davis sagani.5
137
 am SemTxvevaSi erTgvarad irRveva sakonsti-
tucio samarTalwarmoebis procesSi aRiare-
buli mxareTa SejibrebiTobis princi pi, gan-
sxvavebiT sxva procesebisgan, wardginebis
ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi procesSi mxareebi ar
monawileoben, Sesabamisad, maT ar gaaCniaT
is uflebebi da movaleobebi, rac mxareebs
sakonstitucio kanonmdeblobiT eniWebaT, am
SemTxvevaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ey-
rdnoba mxolod wardginebaSi saerTo sasa-
marTlos mier miTiTebul mtkicebulebebs da
gadawyvetilebas iRebs ufro eqspertTa da
specialistTa Sexedulebebze dayrdnobiT.
"sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb"
saqarTvelos kanonis me-16 muxlis safuZ-
velze konstituciur wardginebaSi miTiTe-
buli unda iyos:
a) sakonstitucio sasamarTlos dasaxeleba;
b) mosarCelis an wardginebis avtoris, mo-
pasuxis dasaxeleba da misamarTi;
g) sadavo aqtisa da misi gamomqveynebeli
beWdviTi organos dasaxeleba, agreTve sada-
vo aqtis sxva rekvizitebi;
d) mtkicebulebebi, romlebic konstituci-
uri sarCelis an konstituciuri wardgineb-
is avtoris azriT adasturebs konstituci-
uri wardginebis safuZvlianobas;
e) saqarTvelos konstituciis debulebani,
romlebsac mosarCelis an konstituciuri
wardginebis avtorTa azriT ar Seesabameba an
arRvevs sadavo aqti;
v) moTxovnis arsi;
z) saqarTvelos konstituciis, saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb kanon-
isa da am kanonis normebi, romlebic mosar-
Celes konstituciuri wardginebis avtors
sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi konstituci-
uri wardginebis Setanis ufleba aZlevs;
T) konstituciur sarCelze an konstituci-
ur wardginebaze darTuli dokumentebis Camo-
naTvali, agreTve im pirTa sia da misamarTi,
romlebic, mosarCelis an konstituciuri
wardginebis avtorTa azriT, gamoZaxebul unda
iqnen sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi."
amave kanonis me-18 muxlis safuZvelze kon-
stituciuri sarCeli an konstituciuri ward-
gineba gansaxilvelad ar miiReba, Tu:
a) formiT an SinaarsiT ar Seesabameba am
kanonis me-16 muxliT dadgenil moTxovnas;
138
b) Setanili ar aris uflebamosili piris an
organos (subieqtis) mier;
g) masSi miTiTebuli sadavo sakiTxi ar aris
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gansjadi;
d) masSi miTiTebuli sakiTxi ukve gadaw-
yvetilia sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier;
e) masSi miTiTebuli sakiTxi ar aris gadaw-
yvetili saqarTvelos konstituciiT.
kanonmdebloba zustad gansazRvravs moTx-
ovnebs, rac waeyeneba konstituciur ward-
ginebas, raTa igi ganxilul iqnes sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTloSi.
Tu sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikas
gadavxedavT, davinaxavT, rom Zalze xSirad
konstituciuri wardginebebi ar miiReba sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos ganmwesrigebel
sxdomaze ganCinebiT saqmis arsebiTi ganxil-
visTvis sxvadasxva safuZvliT, am SemTxveva-
Si SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime metad gavr-
celebuli da, Cveni azriT, mniSvnelovani
safuZveli, magaliTad, rodesac wardginebis
Setana ar xdeba uflebamosili piris, sub-
ieqtis mier. garda amisa, migvaCnia, rom aRniS-
nuli safuZvliT wardginebis arsebiTad ganx-
ilvaze uari ganpirobebulia moqmedi kanonm-
deblobis xarveziT da is daxvewas moiTx-
ovs. kerZod, aq saqme exeba wardginebis sub-
ieqtebis uflebamosilebis sakiTxs; anu vin
aris uflebamosili Seitanos wardgineba -
mosamarTle, sasamarTlo, rogorc organo,
Tu kolegiuri wesiT momuSave sasamarTlo
kolegiebi da palatebi?
calsaxad pasuxis gacemis SesaZleblobas
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar iZleva. prob-
lema warmoiSva “saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesax-
eb" saqarTvelos organuli kanonis miRebis
Semdeg. aRniSnulma kanonma daadgina mosa-
marTleTa ufleba erTpirovnulad ganixilon
da gadawyviton saqme pirveli instanciis
sasamarTloSi. anu mosamarTleebi erTpirovnu-
lad ageben pasuxs maT mier gamotanil gada-
wyvetilebaze. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare, mxolod saq-
mis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo warmoadgens
uflebamosil subieqts konstituciuri ward-
ginebiT mimarTos sakonstitucio sasamarT-
los. sakiTxi Semdegnairad dgas – rogor
unda iqnes gagebuli kanonis es debuleba,
sityva-sityviT Tu saerTo sasamarTloebis velze adre gamotanili sasamarTlos gan-
mosamarTleTa statusis gaTvaliswinebiT? aCenisa da gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas, iwvevs
mxolod maTi aRsrulebis SeCerebas sapro-
upriani iqneba Tu am xarvezs naTelvyofT
ceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT".
konkretuli magaliTebiT saqarTvelos sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos praqtikidan. sasamarTlos ganCinebaSi aRniSnulia, rom
"moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT cneba "sasamarTlo"
pirveli kolegiis ganmwesrigebeli sxdomis
ganisazRvreba, rogorc marTlmsajulebis
ganCinebaSi #1/6/115,6 saqmis dasaxelebaa "xa-
ganmaxorcielebeli sasamarTlo organo
Suris raionuli sasamarTlos wardgineba",
(saqarTvelos 1990 wlis 28 dekembris kano-
pirdapiraa miTiTebuli, rom “saqarTvelos
ni "saqarTvelos respublikaSi sasamarTlos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb” organ-
wyobilebis Sesaxeb", muxli me-12, samoqalaqo
uli kanonis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad, konsti-
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-6 muxli
tuciuri wardginebis avtori unda iyos saq-
da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis
mis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo.
me-13 muxli).
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
“erTpirovnulad mosamarTles ara aqvs mar-
wardginebiT mimarTa xaSuris raionis mosa-
Tlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosile-
marTle k. koJoriZem, riTac aSkarad ugule-
ba. kanonmdebloba ganasxvavebs cnebebs "sasa-
belyofilia, agreTve, organuli kanonis 42-
marTlo" da "mosamarTle", isini identurni
e muxlis debuleba, rom am kanonis me-20
ar arian. Sesabamisad, is uflebamosileba,
muxliT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi “sa-
romelic SeiZleba ganaxorcielos sasamarT-
konstitucio sasamarTloSi wardginebis Set-
lom, rogorc kolegiurma organom, ar Sei-
anis ufleba aqvs saqmis ganmxilvel sasa-
Zleba ganaxorcielos erTpirovnulma mosa-
marTlos.”
marTlem. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, erT-
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos meore kolegi- pirovnulad mosamarTle uflebamosili ar
is ganmwesrigebeli sxdomis ganCinebaSi #2/ aris konstituciis wardginebiT mimarTos
49/1/,7 saqmis dasaxeleba "q. Tbilisis didubis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos."
raionuli sasamarTlos wardgineba", sasamarT-
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom am gadawyvetilebis
lom aRniSna, rom konstituciis 89-e mux-
miRebis dros jer kidev ar iyo miRebuli
lis 1-li punqtiT sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs
saqarTvelos organuli kanoni "saerTo sasa-
konstituciuri wardginebiT mimarTos sakon-
marTloebis Sesaxeb".
stitucio sasamarTlos organuli kanoniT
dadgenili wesiT. am kanonis me-20 muxli ki Tumca, dRes ukve miRebulia axali sisxlisa
adgens, rom: da samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kode-
qsebi, xolo organuli kanoniT '"saerTo
"1. Tu saerTo sasamarTloSi konkretuli
sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb" gansazRvrulia, rom
saqmis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo daaskvnis, rom
raionul sasamarTloSi erTi mosamarTle
arsebobs sakmarisi safuZveli, raTa is kano-
erTpirovnulad ganixilavs saqmes.
ni an sxva normatiuli aqti, romelic unda
gamoiyenos sasamarTlom am saqmis gadawyve- sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 47-e
tisas, mTlianad an nawilobriv miCneul iqnes muxli 8 gansazRvravs, rom raionuli sasa-
konstituciis Seusabamod, igi SeaCerebs saq- marTloSi mosamarTle, rogorc pirveli in-
mis ganxilvas da mimarTavs sakonstitucio stanciis sasamarTlo, saqmes, saCivars da sxva
sasamarTlos. saqmis ganxilva ganaxldeba masalas ganixilavs erTpirovnulad. saolqo
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier am sakiTx- sasamarTlo ki kolegiurad 3 mosamarTlis
is gadawyvetis Semdeg; SemadgenlobiT.
2. kanonis an sxva normatiuli aqtis arakon- samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-6.2 mux-
stituciurad cnoba ar niSnavs am aqtis safuZ- liT ki dadgenilia:9
6
ganCineba miRebulia 1999 wlis 22 seqtembers.
7
ganCineba miRebulia 1997 wlis 27 maiss.
8
es kodeqsi miRebulia 1998 wlis 20 Tebervals.
9
es kodeqsi miRebulia 1997 wlis 14 noembers

139
 Tu saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlos azriT,
kanoni, romelic am saqmisTvis unda iqnes
gamoyenebuli, ar Seesabameba an ewinaaRmdege-
ba konstitucias, sasamarTlo SeaCerebs saq-
mis ganxilvas am sakiTxze sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebamde, ris
Semdegac saqmis ganxilva ganaxldeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom raionul sasamarTlo-
Si saqmes ganixilavs erTi mosamarTle, is
mainc sasamarTlo organoa da sasamarTlos
gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba Tu ganaCeni saqarTve-
los saxeliT.
vinaidan saolqo sasamarTloSi saqmes
kolegiurad 3 mosamarTle ganixilavs, ufro
didia albaToba konstituciuri wardgineba
Setanil iqnes sasamarTlos saxeliT, magram
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtika
gviCvenebs, rom xSirad sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlos konstituciuri wardginebiT raion-
uli sasamarTlos mosamarTle mimarTavs.
kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo iZulebulia mo-
samarTle miiCnios arauflebamosil pirad da
wardgineba ar miiRos saqmis arsebiTad gan-
saxilvelad, es ganmtkicebulia kidec sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos praqtikiT, ukve
damkvidrda amis precedentic, ris gamoc
Zalian bevri mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, razec
xSirad konkretuli pirovnebebis bedia damok-
idebuli, gansaxilvelad ar miiReba. Sesabam-
isad, moqmedebas agrZelebs arakonstituci-
uri normatiuli aqtic, amis Sedegad ki sax-
elmwifoSi irRveva mravali adamianis ufle-
ba Tu Tavisufleba. sakonstitucio sasamarT-
lo aqveynebs msgavs ganCinebebs, maTSi mi-
TiTebuli darRvevebi da naklovanebebi ki
gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes konstituciuri
wardginebebis momavali avtorebis mier.
sainteresoa kidev erTi sakiTxi, vin unda
moaweros xeli konstituciur wardginebas
moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi zemoTaRniSnuli
winaaRmdegobebis gaTvaliswinebiT?
aris mosazreba, rom es unda ganaxorcielos
Sesabamisi raionuli sasamarTlos Tavmjdomar-
em, magram Cven es azri mcdarad migvaCnia,
radgan sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris funqcie-
bi kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili da gan-
10
es ganCineba miRebulia meore kolegiis gamwesrigebel xdomaze 1999 wlis 1 aprils.
140
sazRvrulia da maTSi ar Sedis konstituci-
ur wardginebebze xelmowera, garda amisa, am
dros SeiZleba Tavmjdomare ki ara, sxva
mosamarTle ganixilavdes saqmes, Sesabamis-
ad, sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare sruliadac ar
aris saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo. igi
SeiZleba sruliadac ar monawileobdes aRniS-
nuli konkretuli saqmis ganxilvaSi.
vfiqrobT yvelaze misaRebi iqneba, rom ward-
gineba Semotanil iqnes Sesabamisi raionuli
sasamarTlos saxeliT, xolo mas xeli moaw-
eros saqmis ganmxilvelma mosamarTlem.
konstituciuri wardginebebis arauflebamo-
sili piris mier Setana metad problematuri
sakiTxia dRes sakonstitucio sasamarT-
losTvis da vfiqrobT, kanonmdeblobiT ufro
konkretul daregulirebas saWiroebs,
dawvrilebiT unda ganisazRvros konstituci-
uri wardginebebis sakonstitucio sasamarT-
loSi Setanis sakiTxebi, Tanac axla ukve
saxezea sasamarTlo praqtika, rac kanonm-
debels udaod unda daexmaros problemis
sworad gadawyvetaSi.
vfiqrobT, mizanSewonilia ganisazRvros cnebebi
"saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo" da "saqmisa
ganmxilveli mosamarTle".
garda am safuZvlisa, sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlos praqtika icnobs SemTxvevebs, roca
wardginebis miReba ar xdeba sxva darRveveb-
is gamo. magaliTad:
ganCinebaSi #2/88/1/,1 0 saqmis dasaxeleba "q.
WiaTuris raionuli sasamarTlos wardgine-
ba", sasamarTlo kolegia miuTiTebs, rom
konstituciuri wardgineba Setanili iyo
uflebamosili subieqtis mier da sadavo aqtic
normatiuli xasiaTis iyo, magram darRveuli
iyo saqarTvelos kanonis "sakonstitucio
samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb" me-16 muxlis "e"
qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovna, rom-
lis mixedviTac wardginebaSi miTiTebuli unda
iyos saqarTvelos konstituciis is debule-
bani, romlebsac, avtoris azriT, ar Seesa-
bameba an arRvevs sadavo aqti. sakonstitu-
cio samarTlis uflebamosilebaSi ki sruli-
adac ar Sedis kanonTa winaaRmdegobaSi mos-
vlasa da koliziaze msjeloba.
xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac wardgineba ar
SeiZleba miRebul iqnes arsebiTad gansaxil-
velad, radgan miTiTebuli aqti ar warmoad-
gens normatiul aqts, sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlo ki ar aris uflebamosili imsjelos
individualuri aqtebis konstituciasTan Se-
sabamisobaze, am safuZvliT, 1997 wlis 24
seqtembris #2/57/1/ganCinebiT ar iqna miRe-
buli qalaq rusTavis raionuli sasamarT-
los wardgineba.
sasamarTlos ganCinebaSi #1/6/115/, saqmis
dasaxeleba "xaSuris raionuli sasamarTlos
wardgineba", aRniSnuli iyo, rom, garda imi-
sa, rom wardgineba Semotanili iyo arau-
flebamosili piris mier da miTiTebuli ar
iyo muxlebi, romelic avtors wardginebis
Setanis uflebas aZlevda, sadavo aqti Zal-
adakargulad iyo cnobili, sakonstitucio
samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kano-
nis me-13 muxlis me-2 punqtis safuZvelze ki
saqmis ganxilvis momentisTvis sadavo aqtis
gauqmeba an Zaladakargulad cnoba iwvevs
sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi saqmis Sewyve-
tas, sadavo aqts am saqmeSi ki warmoadgenda
1998 wlis biujetis Sesaxeb kanoni, romel-
ic 1999 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb
kanonis miRebiT Zaladakargulad gamocxadda.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos # 1/14/51/ gan-
CinebaSi miTiTebulia, rom q. Tbilisis CuRu-
reTis raionuli sasamarTlos mier Semot-
anil konstituciur wardginebaSi ar iyo
daculi kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli
normebi, kerZod,
wardginebis avtori iTxovda ganmartebas, maSin
rodesac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aqte-
bia ganCineba, gadawyvetileba da daskvna. ward-
ginebaSi ar iyo miTiTebuli is normebi, rom-
lebic wardginebis avtors sakonstitucio
sasamarTloSi wardginebis Setanis uflebas
aZlevda. am garemoebaTa miuxedavad, sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos pirvelma kolegiam
ganmwesrigebel sxdomaze saqme miiRo arsebi-
Tad gansaxilvelad, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
wardgineba Semotanili iyo uflebamosili
piris mier, miTiTebuli sakiTxi sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlos gansjadia da wardgineba
ZiriTadad Seesabameba kanonmdeblobis moTx-
ovnebs, am ganCinebis miRebisa da am sakiTxze
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebiT moxda
metad mniSvnelovani faqti, sakonstitucio
sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad scno sisx-
lis samarTlis kodeqsis 23-e da 96-e mux-
lebSi damatebiT sasjelad gaTvaliswinebu-
li qonebis konfiskacia,
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebulia:
"qonebis konfiskacia gulisxmobs msjavrde-
bulisa da misi ojaxis wevrebis sakuTrebis
gauqmebasa da SezRudvas, romelic ar aris
gamowveuli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebiT da
ar xdeba misi anazRaureba. konfiskacia us-
asyidlod xorcieldeba da materialur zians
ayenebs ara marto msjavrdebuls, aramed misi
ojaxis udanaSaulo wevrebsac. Tanac amiT
irRveva “sasjelis individualizaciis prin-
ci pi" saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da saer-
TaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebu-
li princi pebidan gamomdinare, sakuTrebis
ufleba waruvali da uzenaesi Rirebulebaa,
demokratiuli sazogadoebis, socialuri da
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos qvakuTxedia,
Tumca misi SezRudva daiSveba kanoniT gaTval-
iswinebuli pirobebis arsebobisas. qonebis
konfiskaciis dakanoneba ki sakuTrebis uflebis
daucvelobis gamovlinebaa. aRniSnuli norm-
is sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier gauqme-
ba uprecedento SemTxveva aris, radgan arc
erT postkomunistur saxelmwifoSi, sadac
arsebobs sakonstitucio sasamarTlo da,
Sesabamisad, arsebobda qonebis konfiskacia,
rogorc sasjelis erT-erTi saxe, msgavsi
gadawyvetileba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
mier ar yofila miRebuli.
Cven SevecadeT statiaSi warmogveCina is
problematuri sakiTxebi da movlenebi, rac
mniSvnelovania sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
Semdgomi saqmianobisa da moRvaweobisTvis,
kanonmdebloba, vfiqrobT, namdvilad saWiroebs
daxvewas da sakiTxis sworad daregulire-
bas, Tumca sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praq-
tikidan cxadia, rom damkvidrda sasamarTlo
precedenti da sasamarTlo saqmis ganmxilv-
el sasamarTlos ganmartavs, rogorc sasa-
marTlo organos da masSi ar moiazrebs erT-
pirovnul mosamarTles, romelic saqmes ganix-
ilavs pirveli instanciiT.
141
 ÄÒÏÅÍÖËÉ ÖÛÉÛÒÏÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÁàÏÓ
ÀÐÀÒÀÔÉÓ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀÈÀ
ÃÀÝÅÉÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÈÀ ÓÀÌÓÀáÖÒÉ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ
adamianis uflebebi warmoadgens zogadsaka-
cobrio faseulobas. maT formirebaSi mniS-
vnelovani wvlili miuZRviT kulturul-is-
toriul epoqebs, civilizaciebsa da poli-
tikur Zalebs.
adamianis uflebebis koncefcia bunebiTi kon-
cefciis doqtrinidan gamomdinareobs da or
ZiriTad cnebas Seicavs. pirveli imaSi mdgo-
mareobs, rom adamians miniWebuli aqvs xel-
Seuvali da ganusxvisebeli uflebebi. es
moraluri uflebebi yoveli individis adami-
anuri bunebidan gamomdinareobs da maTi daniS-
nulebaa adamianis sakuTari Rirsebis grZno-
bis SenarCuneba. adamianis uflebebis koncefci-
is meore cnebas iuridiuli uflebebi
ganekuTvneba. maTi dadgena im normaSemoqmedeb-
iTi procesebis mixedviT xdeba, romlebic
rogorc erovnul, aseve saerTaSoriso don-
eze mimdinareoben. msgavsi uflebebis safuZ-
veli imaTi Tanxmobaa, viszedac es uflebebi
unda gavrceldes, anu samarTlebrivi obieq-
tis Tanxmoba, maSin, roca pirveli jgufis
uflebebis safuZvels bunebiTi wesrigi war-
moadgens.
adamianis sicocxle da adamianuri Rirseba
mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi fexqveS iTele-
boda. iseTi normebis gamoyenebis idea, rom-
lebic erTiani iqneboda yvela adamianisaTvis
yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe, mravali
aswleulis win daibada. marTlac, ar arse-
bobs sazogadoeba, romelsac ar hqonodes
raime wesebi garkveuli uflebebis dasacavad.
142
ÂÉÅÉ ÌÉØÀÍÀÞÄ
adamianTa sazogadoebis yvela wevris Tanas-
worobis princi pi, iseve rogorc sxva bevri
ZiriTadi princi pi, romlebic Seadgenen imas,
rac dRes adamianis uflebebad iwodeba, praq-
tikulad niSandoblivia yoveli kulturis,
religiisa da filosofiuri tradiciebisaTvis.
erTi aseTi tradiciaTagani, romlis saTavec
religiaSi devs, “bunebiT uflebebad” (jus
naturale, natural rights) iwodeba.
adamianis uflebebis, rogorc terminis, aR-
mocenebasa da damkvidrebas, win uswrebda XVII
saukunis filosofosTa da politikur moR-
vaweTa Soris farTod gavrcelebuli “bunebiTi
uflebebis” cneba, romelic antikuri xanis
moazrovneTa mier SemuSavebul “bunebiTi sa-
marTlis” (lex naturale) Teorias ukavSirdeba.
“bunebiTi uflebebis” sinonimad “ganuyofe-
li” anu “xelSeuvali uflebebi” (inalienable
rights) ixmareboda.
bunebiT samarTalTan dakavSirebiT Jak mar-
teni SeniSnavda: “adamianis pirovneba ufle-
bebs mxolod im faqtis gamo flobs, rom igi
aris pirovneba, mTlianoba, sakuTari Tavisa
da qmedebebis baton-patroni. bunebiTi samarT-
lis wyalobiT adamians ufleba aqvs pativs
scemdnen, iyos uflebaTa subieqti, flobdes
uflebebs. yovelive es ki adamians mxolod im
faqtis gamo ekuTvnis, rom igi adamiani aris”.
XVIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi “bunebiT ufle-
bebTan” dakavSirebulma ideebis pirvelma
ylortebma “bunebiTi samarTlis” normebis
iuridiul normebad cnoba gamoiwvia. aRniS-
nuli normebi pirvelad gaxda kacobriobis
istoriaSi erovnuli konstituciebis nawili
da amiT gamoixata xelSekrulebiTi urTier-
Toba saxelmwifosa da individs Soris, said-
anac gamomdinareobda, rom saxelmwifos Za-
laufleba Tavisufali pirovnebis Tanxmobas
efuZneboda. 1776 wlis amerikis damoukide-
blobis deklaracia da 1789 wlis adamianisa
da moqalaqis uflebaTa franguli deklara-
cia mocemuli wanamZRvridan momdinareobs.
Semdgom periodSi es princi pi gaiziara rig-
ma evropulma, laTinoamerikulma da aziis im
saxelmwifoebma, romlebic koloniebis xvedrs
gadaurCnen.
miuxedavad yovelive zemoaRniSnulisa, Seg-
viZlia samarTlianad vamtkicoT, rom adami-
anis uflebebi, rogorc politikur-samarT-
lebrivi movlena, warmoadgens axali da uax-
lesi istoriis nayofs. sayovelTaod cno-
bilia, rom yovel pirovnebas miniWebuli aqvs
saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli adami-
anis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, saxelmwifo
ki, Tavis mxriv, valdebulia pativs scemdes
da icavdes am uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.
es Tvalsazrisi kargad aris asaxuli gaer-
Tianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebaSi,
romlis preambulaSic gaerTianebuli erebis
xalxebma erTxmad ganacxades, rom TavianT
miznad daisaxes ganamtkicon rwmena adami-
anis ZiriTadi uflebebisadmi, adamianis
pirovnebis Rirsebisa da Rirebulebebisadmi.
gaero mowodebulia xeli Seuwyos “adamianis
uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis say-
ovelTao pativiscemasa da dacvas yvelasaTvis,
rasis, sqesis, enisa da religiis ganurCevlad”.
gaeros wesdebaSi aRniSnuli Rirebulebis
SetaniT, organizaciis mamamTavrebma safuZ-
veli Cauyares saerTaSoriso samarTlis axa-
li dargis _ adamianis uflebaTa saerTa-
Soriso samarTlis, aRmocenebas. am ukanaskne-
lis sabaziso dokumentad 1948 wlis 10
dekembris gaeros adamianis uflebaTa say-
ovelTao deklaracia iqca. gamomdinare iqidan,
rom deklaracia savaldebulo Zalis matare-
beli ar aris, Seiqmna saerTaSoriso doku-
mentebi (paqtebi, konvenciebi da qartiebi),
romlebSic adamianis uflebebis efeqturi
dacvis meqanizmebi Caido.
adamianis uflebebis ganviTarebisa da ganmt-
kicebis meore etaps warmoadgenda adamianis
uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiare-
buli princi pebis danergva erovnul konsti-
tuciebSi da qveynis Sidasakanonmdeblo siste-
mis harmonizacia maTdami. amasTanave, auci-
leblobam ganapiroba adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis iseTi saerTaSoriso meqanizmebis kvalo-
baze, rogoricaa gaeros adamianis uflebaTa
komiteti, adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad
TavisuflebaTa evropis sasamarTlo, adami-
anis uflebaTa amerikis saxelmwifoTaSorisi
komisia da sasamarTlo, afrikis adamianisa
da xalxTa uflebebis komisia, qveynis Signi-
Tac Seqmniliyo analogiuri institutebi,
romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen adamianis ufle-
bebisa da Tavisuflebebis ganxorcielebas.
aRniSnuli moTxovnileba emsaxureboda im
amomaval debulebas, romlis mixedviTac ad-
amianis uflebebi garantirebuli unda iyos ara
marto normatiulad, aramed praqtikuladac.
saqarTvelom, rogorc gaerosa da evropis
sabWos sruluflebianma wevrma, xeli moaw-
era da ratificireba gaukeTa rogorc adami-
anis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso bils, aseve
adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad Tavisufle-
baTa evropis konvencias. ufro metic, saqarTve-
los axal, 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konsti-
tuciis yvelaze moculobiT meore TavSi _
“saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis ZiriTa-
di uflebani da Tavisuflebani”, srulyofi-
lad aisaxa gaeros adamianis uflebaTa say-
ovelTao deklaraciiT gamocxadebuli fun-
damenturi princi pebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
es garantiebi kanonmdeblobiT aRiarebul iqna,
cxovrebaSi maT gasatareblad aucilebeli
gaxda adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da ganx-
orcielebis uzrunvelyofa, anu iseTi Si-
dasaxelmwifoebrivi meqanizmebis Seqmna,
romelTa erTaderTi da uSualo funqciac
adamianis uflebebis dacva gaxdeboda. am mi-
marTulebiT saqarTvelom mniSvnelovani nabiji
gadadga, rodesac Seqmna sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlo, saxalxo damcvelis, anu ombudsme-
nis instituti da erovnuli uSiSroebis sa-
bWoSi Camoayaliba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
sakiTxTa samsaxuri.
saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi
situaciis gaumjobesebis mizniT 1997 wlis
aprilSi prezidentma SemoiRo axali Tanam-
deboba _ erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdi-
vnis moadgile adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
143
 sakiTxebSi da erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos
aparatSi Seiqmna adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
ganyofileba, romelic 1999 wlis 28 de-
kembers samsaxurad gadakeTda. erovnuli
uSiSroebis sabWoSi, maRal konstituciur
organoSi, aseTi rgolis gaCeniT xazi gaesva
saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
prioritetulobas. saqarTvelo gaxda pirveli
qveyana, sadac amgvari precedenti dainerga.
logikuria, nebismier moqalaqes gauCndes kiTx-
va, Tu ra saWiroebam ganapiroba sasamarTlo
xelisuflebis, sakonstitucio sasamarTlosa
da saxalxo damcvelis institutis parale-
lurad erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWoSi amg-
vari samsaxuris Camoyalibeba. pasuxis gace-
maSi am samsaxuris funqciebis, saqmianobis formisa
da struqturis gaanalizeba dagvexmareba.
upirveles yovlisa, aRniSvnis Rirsia is faq-
ti, rom Tavisi iuridiuli bunebiT erovnu-
li uSiSroebis sabWos samsaxuri ombudsme-
nis institutis msgavsia. swored amitom mi-
zanSewonilad mimaCnia paralelis gavleba
ombudsmenis, kerZod ki safrangeTis media-
toris institutTan. mediatoris institut-
Tan uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxebis samsaxuris Se-
dareba gamoiwvia im garemoebam, rom safrangeT-
Si mediatoris instituts xSirad adminis-
traciul organoTa kategorias miakuTvneben.
aSkaraa isic, rom franguli ombudsmenis in-
stituts midrekileba aqvs ufro aRmasrule-
beli, vidre sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisken.
amasTanave ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom erovnuli
uSiSroebis sabWos Sesabamisi samsaxuri aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis organoa, rac
garkveulwilad gansazRvravs misi saqmiano-
bis mimarTulebebs.
saqarTvelos prezidentis 1997 wlis 12 mai-
sis #245-e brZanebulebis safuZvelze damt-
kicda erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ganyofilebis
debuleba. debulebam gansazRvra adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxebSi uSiSroebis sa-
bWos mdivnis moadgilis uflebamosilebani,
ganyofilebis (amJamad samsaxuris) struq-
tura da saqmianobis organizacia.
debulebis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos preziden-
ti niSnavs da aTavisuflebs erovnuli uSiS-
roebis sabWos mdivnis moadgiles, erovnuli
144
uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis wardginebiT. sain-
teresoa is garemoeba, rom debuleba arafers
ambobs im vadis Taobaze, romliTac xdeba
uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgilis daniS-
vna. rac Seexeba safrangeTis mediators, igi
iniSneba 6 wlis vadiT, ministrTa sabWos
dekretiT., erT-erTi yvelaze didi msgavse-
ba maT Soris gamoixateba, albaT, aRmas-
rulebeli xelisuflebis mier uSiSroebis
sabWos mdivnis moadgilisa da mediatoris
daniSvnaSi.
am mxriv erTgvari paralelis gavleba Sei-
Zleba SvedeTis iusticiis kanclerTanac,
romelsac, rogorc nominalurad gvirgvinis
warmomadgenels (konstituciis Tanaxmad me-
fis mTavar ombudsmens), ukavia arapolitikuri
Tanamdeboba sicocxlis bolomde. igi
damoukidebelia da angariSvaldebulia mx-
olod mefis (anu aRmasrulebeli xelisufa-
lis) winaSe.
debulebiT araferia naTqvami, SeiZleba Tu
ara erTi da imave piris uSiSroebis sabWos
mdivnis moadgiled xelmeored daniSvna, ma-
Sin, roca mediatoris Tanamdebobaze piri Sei-
Zleba sicocxleSi mxolod erTxel dainiSnos.
meore umTavres msgavsebas uSiSroebis sab-
Wos mdivnis moadgilisa da mediatoris in-
stitutis Soris warmoadgens garemoeba,
romlis Tanaxmadac TiToeuli am samsaxurTa-
gani Seqmnilia imisaTvis, rom erTma pirma
(uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgilem, medi-
atorma) ganaxorcielos masze dakisrebuli
ufleba-movaleobani. naTqvamis dasadasture-
blad sakmarisia debulebis 1.1 muxlis
amonaweric, romlis Tanaxmad: “adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxTa ganyofileba (sam-
saxuri) . . . iqmneba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
sakiTxebSi erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdi-
vnis moadgilis saqmianobis uzrunvelyofis
mizniT . . . “
samsaxuri Tavis saqmianobaSi xelmZRvanelobs
saqarTvelos konstituciiT, kanoniT erovnu-
li uSiSroebis sabWos Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos
sxva kanonebiTa da normatiuli aqtebiT,
saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebiT,
gankargulebiT, direqtivebiT, saxelmwifo
kancelariisa da erovnuli uSiSroebis sab-
Wos aparatis debulebiTa da zemoaRniSnuli
debulebiT.
am ori institutis umTavresi damakavSirebe-
li rgoli maTi ZiriTadi saqmianobaa, romel-
ic TiToeulis kompetenciis farglebSi ad-
amianis uflebaTa dacvas warmoadgens. swored
kompetenciaTa da saqmianobis formebis mixed-
viT gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisgan.
uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgilisa da
mediatoris saqmianobis umTavresi ganmsazRvre-
li pirobaa damoukidebloba da xelSeuxe-
bloba. miuxedavad imisa, rom orives daniS-
vnaca da ganTavisuflebac aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis prerogativaa _ mdivnis moadg-
iles niSnavs da aTavisuflebs Tanamdebobidan
prezidenti uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis ward-
ginebiT, xolo mediators _ ministrTa sabWo
dekretiT, Tavis saqmianobaSi isini damoukide-
beli arian da moqmedeben kanonis uzenaeso-
bis princi piT.
imunitetis uflebiT sargeblobs mediatori,
rac mas erTgvar upiratesobas aniWebs uSiS-
roebis sabWos mdivnis moadgilesTan Sedare-
biT, Tumca, meores mxriv, mdivnis moadgiles
xeli miuwvdeba yvelanair informaciasTan da
masalebTan, TviT saidumlo masalebis CaTvliT.
“sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos
kanonis 64-e muxlis Tanaxmad, uSiSroebis
sabWos mdivnis moadgilis, rogorc saxelm-
wifo moxelis Tanamdeboba SeuTavsebelia sxva
TanamdebobasTan an sxva anazRaurebad sam-
uSaosTan saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi TviT-
mmarTvelobis saxazino dawesebulebaSi, neb-
ismieri donis warmomadgenlobiT an sakanon-
mdeblo organos wevrobasTan, garda samecni-
ero, pedagogiuri da saxelovnebo moRvaweo-
bisa. Tavisi uflebamosilebis vadis ganmav-
lobaSi mediators SeuZlia regionaluri an
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoTa arCevneb-
Si Tavisi kandidaturis wamoyeneba mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi mediatorad daniS-
vnamde am Tanamdebobaze ukve imyofeboda.
uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgilesTan
ganmcxadebelTa miReba warmoebs orSabaTobiT,
gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, ukiduresi aucile-
blobis viTarebaSi, nebismier samuSao dRes.
uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgile adami-
anis uflebaTa dacvis mizniT ixilavs saqarTve-
los, ucxoel moqalaqeTa, moqalaqeobis arm-
qone pirTa, arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa da
iuridiul pirTa gancxadebebsa da saCivrebs,
Tu uflebebis darRveva moxda saqarTvelos
teritoriaze da damrRvevi saqarTvelos uSiS-
roebis, samarTaldacvis da aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis organoebia. igi gancxadebas
an saCivars ganixilavs mxolod im SemTxveva-
Si, Tu masSi aRniSnul sakiTxebze miRebulia
zemdgomi administraciuli organos gadaw-
yvetileba, agreTve maSin, rodesac gancxade-
ba an saCivari exeba sakiTxis ganxilvis dros
adamianis uflebaTa darRvevas.
safrangeTis mediatori iRebs saCivrebs
samTavrobo uwyebebis, xelisuflebis adgi-
lobrivi organoebis, sajaro dawesebulebeb-
isa da sajaro samsaxuris misiiT aRWurvili
yvela saxis organos saqmianobis Sesaxeb. neb-
ismier fizikur pirs SeuZlia mediators gan-
saxilvelad warudginos saCivari. iuridiul
pirebs aseTi ufleba ar daukanondaT. saCi-
vari aucileblad individualur xasiaTs unda
atarebdes. koleqtiuri an jgufuri saCivriT
mimarTva gamoricxulia.
mediatori ar iRebs saCivrebs mTavrobis an
samTavrobo uwyebebis, xelisuflebis adgi-
lobrivi organoebis, sajaro dawesebulebeb-
isa da sajaro samsaxuris misiiT aRWurvili
yvela saxis organosa da maT moxeleebs Soris
aRmocenebuli samoqalaqo davis Taobaze.
saCivari egzavneba safrangeTis respublikis
parlamentis erT-erTi palatis wevrs, romel-
ic mas mediators gadaugzavnis, Tu miiCnevs,
rom es saCivari eqceva am ukanasknelis ko-
mpetenciis sferoSi da mis Carevas saWiroebs.
ombudsmenisaTvis saCivriT mimarTvis e.w. “sa-
parlamento filtris” arseboba mniSvnelovnad
amcirebs gancxadebaTa raodenobas mediatoris
misamarTiT da aZlevs kanonmdeblebs ufle-
bas sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gansazRvron
saCivarTa da gancxadebaTa “pirveladi” bedi.
amasTanave, mediators ara aqvs ufleba saku-
Tari iniciativiT ganixilos saqme, rac mis
damoukideblobas erTgvarad zRudavs.
am mxriv adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTx-
ebze erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis
moadgile farTo uflebebis matarebelia. Tavisi
iniciativiT, mas SeuZlia gamoavlinos da
daawesos kontroli adamianis uflebaTa dar-
Rvevebze, Tu misTvis cnobili xdeba am dar-
Rvevebis Sesaxeb.
145
 uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis adamianis ufle- da misi uflebebis savaraudo damrRvev sax-
baTa dacvis sakiTxTa samsaxurisa da media- elmwifo uwyebas Soris. praqtikaSi, erovnu-
toris institutis momsaxureba ufasoa, rac li uSiSroebis sabWoSi, am samsaxuris Seqm-
xels uwyobs moqalaqeTa mxridan didi raode- nis dRidan, ar dafiqsirebula SemTxveva, rom
nobiT saCivrebis uwyvet dinebas da am orive saxelmwifo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
samsaxuris srulyofil datvirTvas. organos, romelsac mimarTa uSiSroebis sab-
Wos mdivnis moadgilem, adamianis uflebaTa
uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgile kon-
da TavisuflebaTa darRvevis faqtis dadas-
trols uwevs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
turebis SemTxvevaSi, ar mieRos qmediTi zomebi
sakiTxebze saqarTvelos prezidentis brZa-
arsebuli mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad.
nebulebebisa da gankargulebebis Sesrulebis
aRniSnulis garantad ori safuZveli arse-
mimdinareobas, anu igi axdens zedamxedvelo-
bobs: prezidenti, romlis saxeliTac moqmedebs
bas adamianis uflebebis dacvis sferoSi prez-
uSiSroebis sabWo da uSiSroebis sabWos
identis mier gamocemuli kanonqvemdebare
mdivnis moadgilis avtoriteti. avtoriteti
normatiuli aqtebis Sesrulebaze. aRniSnu-
ganmsazRvrelia safrangeTis mediatoris SemTx-
li mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs zemoTqmuli
vevaSic, rameTu mis rekomendaciebs savalde-
gankargulebebisa da brZanebulebebis cxovre-
bulo iuridiuli Zala ara aqvT da, Sesabam-
baSi gatarebas.
isad, maTi Sesruleba mxolod sxvaTa keTil
Tavis saqmianobaSi uSiSroebis sabWos mdiv- nebaze, qveyanaSi kanonebisadmi pativiscemis
nis moadgile sargeblobs xelisuflebis arsebul mdgomareobaze da sakuTar av-
organoTa mxardaWeriT. kanoniT “safrangeTis toritetzea damokidebuli.
respublikis mediatoris Sesaxeb” dadgenil-
uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgilis mier
ia saerTo princi pi: ministrebma da yvela
gagzavnil werilze pasuxi miRebuli unda
sajaro organom xeli unda Seuwyon media-
iqnes erTTvian vadaSi, maSin, rodesac media-
toris saqmianobas. safrangeTis ombudsmeni
tors SeuZlia individualurad gansazRvros
uflebamosilia kiTxvebi dausvas samoqalaqo
is vada, romlis ganmavlobaSic unda miiRos
mosamsaxureebs an miiwvios isini sasaubrod,
pasuxi. mediatoris mier gansazRvruli drois
Caataros gamoZieba. Tumca ministrs SeuZlia
monakveTSi pasuxis miuReblobis SemTxvevaSi,
ar misces Tavis daqvemdebarebaSi myof samo-
mas ufleba aqvs sajarod gamoaqveynos Tavi-
qalaqo mosamsaxureebs mediatorisTvis Cveneb-
si rekomendaciebi da amiT gamoiyenos sa-
is micemis ufleba. amgvar situaciaSi, medi-
zogadoebrivi rezonansis Zalaufleba im ad-
ators ar SeuZlia raime moimoqmedos. aqedan
ministraciuli organos an Tanamdebobis piris
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom mediatoris xe-
mimarT, romelmac ar Seasrula mediatoris
lisufleba kontrolis daqvemdebarebaSi my-
rekomendacia.
ofTa keTil nebazea damokidebuli.
uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgile, media-
saCivrebisa da gancxadebebis ganxilvisas
toris msgavsad, operatiulad exmaureba sig-
uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgiles ar
nals adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebis
gamoaqvs rekomendaciuli an savaldebulo
Sesaxeb da Tavis gamgeblobaSi arsebuli
xasiaTis gadawyvetileba. igi kontrolze
uflebamosilebis farglebSi axdens reagire-
iyvans saCivars da saqmis viTarebis ukeT gac-
bas. amasTanave, zedamxedvelobs Tavisufleb-
nobis mizniT gamoiTxovs damatebiT masalebs
is aRkveTis adgilebSi adamianis uflebaTa
da moi povebs Sesabamis informacias. Tu ufle-
dacvas. am kuTxiT igi aqtiurad monawileobs
bebis darRveva aSkaraa, moqalaqis gancxadeba
saxelmwifo Sewyalebis komisiis srulfaso-
uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgilis wer-
vani saqmianobis xelSesawyobad. mediatori
ilTan erTad gadaegzavneba Sesabamis uwyebas
moklebulia aseT funqcias, rac amcirebs misi
saTanado zomebis miRebis SuamdgomlobiT.
moqmedebis sferos areals.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis sakiTxTa samsaxuri ar gamoscems saqarTvelos prezidentis davalebiT uSiS-
konkretul normatiul aqts, aramed “media- roebis sabWos mdivnis moadgile monawile-
toris” funqcias asrulebs ganmcxadebelsa obs ltolvilTa da iZulebiT gadaadgile-

146
bul pirTa dabrunebis procesTan dakavSire-
bul molaparakebebSi maTi dabrunebis ganx-
orcielebaSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ga-
rantiis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. amgvari fun-
qciis dakisrebiT saxelmwifom xazi gausva
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis did mniSvnelo-
bas, gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis im nawilSi,
romelsac iZulebiT aqvs datovebuli sacx-
ovrebeli adgilebi. molaparakebebSi uSiS-
roebis sabWos mdivnis moadgilis monawile-
obam unda ganapirobos sakiTxTa paketze SeT-
anxmeba, romliTac daculi iqneba afxazeTidan
da samaCablodan devnili mosaxleoba sakuTar
sacxovrebel adgilebSi dabrunebis Semdeg.
saqarTvelos prezidentis davalebiT uSiS-
roebis sabWos mdivnis moadgile monawile-
obs saerTaSoriso forumebSi adamianis ufle-
baTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT.
erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan funqcias,
romelic adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTx-
Ta samsaxurma itvirTa, warmoadgens saerTa-
Soriso organizaciebisTvis saxelmwifo mox-
senebebis momzadeba saqarTveloSi adamianis
uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgo-
mareobis Sesaxeb. am mxriv samsaxurSi SemoRe-
bul iqna specialuri Tanamdeboba _ samsax-
uris ufrosis moadgile, romlis ZiriTad
funqciadac msgavsi moxsenebebis momzadeba
da saxelmwifos saxeliT saerTaSoriso or-
ganizaciebisaTvis wardgena gaxda. amasTanave,
masve daekisra aRniSnuli moxsenebebis dacvis
momzadeba ganxilvis dros. dRemde uSiSroe-
bis sabWos adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sak-
iTxTa samsaxuris mier gaeros Sesabamisi
komitetebisaTvis wardgenilia Semdegi mox-
senebebi:
· moxseneba konvenciaze “qalTa diskrimi-
naciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesax-
eb” (1998w.);
· moxseneba konvenciaze “bavSvTa uflebeb-
is Sesaxeb” (1998w.);
· moxseneba konvenciaze “wamebisa da sxva
sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Sem-
laxavi mopyrobisa da sasjelis winaaRm-
deg” (1999w.);
· pirveladi moxseneba konvenciaze “raso-
brivi diskriminaciis yvela formis Sesaxeb”
(2000w.);
· meoradi perioduli moxseneba saerTa-
Soriso paqtze “samoqalaqo da poli-
tikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb” (2000w.).
rogorc vxedavT, uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis
moadgiles adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sak-
iTxebSi sakmaod farTo uflebamosilebebi
gaaCnia qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa da Tavisu-
flebaTa dasacavad. swored amitom zemoaRniS-
nuli uflebamosilebebis gansaxorcieleblad
mas ufleba eZleva:
· saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelo-
bis adgilobriv organoebs, sawarmoebs,
organizaciebsa da dawesebulebebs da iq
momuSave Tanamdebobis pirebs mosTxovos
da miiRos saqmesTan dakavSirebuli in-
formacia;
· adamianis uflebaTa arsebuli mdgomareo-
bis dasadgenad da darRvevebis aRmosafx-
vrelad daubrkoleblad Sevides saxelm-
wifo xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis
adgilobriv organoSi, nebismier sawarmo-
Si, organizaciasa da dawesebulebaSi,
samxedro qvedanayofebSi, dakavebis,
winaswari patimrobisa da Tavisuflebis
SezRudvis sxva adgilebSi;
· miiRos axsna-ganmarteba aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis nebismieri Tanamdebobis
pirisagan da mopovebuli informacia moax-
senos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos;
· werilobiT an piradad mimarTos im orga-
nos an Tanamdebobis pirs, romelTa mizez-
iTac dairRva adamianis uflebebi da
Tavisuflebebi.
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadg-
ile, mediatoris msgavsad, xSirad mimarTavs
iseTi efeqturi “iaraRis” gamoyenebas, rogor-
icaa adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa
dacvisaTvis gaweuli muSaobis gaSuqeba ma-
sobrivi informaciis saSualebebis meSveobiT.
mediatori Tavisi saqmianobis Sesaxeb yovel-
wliur moxsenebas warudgens safrangeTis
respublikis prezidentsa da parlaments,
romelic qveyndeba sajarod. gamomdinare Tavisi
specifikurobidan, erovnuli uSiSroebis sa-
bWos mdivnis moadgile adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis sakiTxebSi ar akeTebs msgavs angariSebs.
erTaderTi, rac mis kompetenciaSi Sedis _
informacia warudginos uSiSroebis sabWos
konkretul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT, Tu adg-
147
 ili aqvs adamianis uflebaTa uxeS an maso-
briv darRvevas. aRniSnuli informacia ar
eqvemdebareba sajarod gamoqveynebas.
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadg-
iles dakisrebuli movaleobebis ganxorciele-
baSi daxmarebas uwevs aparati, romelic sam-
saxuris ufrosis, ufrosis moadgilis, sami
referentisa da saqmis mwarmoeblisgan Sedgeba.
samsaxurs xelmZRvanelobs samsaxuris ufrosi,
romelsac Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da aTavisu-
flebs erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivani.
mis kompetencias miekuTvneba: a). samsaxuris
saqmianobis uzrunvelyofa; b). samsaxuris
TanamSromelTa funqciuri movaleobebis gan-
sazRvra; g). samsaxuris kompetenciis sak-
iTxebze moqalaqeTa miReba; d). Tavisi ufle-
bamosilebebis farglebSi samsaxurebrivi
dokumentebis xelmowera.
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxTa samsax-
uris ufrosis moadgilis kompetenciaSi, garda
saerTaSoriso organizaciebisaTvis special-
uri perioduli saxelmwifo moxsenebebis
momzadebisa, Sedis urTierToba saqarTvelos
saxalxo damcvelTan da mis aparatTan. aRniS-
nuliT samsaxuri cdilobs erTgvari koor-
dinacia gauwios adamianis uflebebis damcv-
el, qveynis SigniT moqmed institutebs, rac
maT saqmianobas ufro efeqturs gaxdis.
samsaxurSi momuSave sami referentis umTavresi
daniSnuleba moqalaqeTa gancxadebebisa da
saCivrebis ganxilva da Sesabamisi reagirebis
moxdenaa. referentebs gansazRvruli ara aqvT
sferoebi gancxadebaTa da saCivarTa Sinaar-
sis mixedviT, rac am samsaxuris muSaobas
ufro moqnilsa da moqalaqeebisaTvis xelm-
isawvdoms xdis.
miuxedavad zemoT moyvanili mravali msgavse-
bisa da gansxvavebisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom
rangiT es ori instituti gansxvavdeba erT-
maneTisgan, rac gamoxatulia maTi saqmiano-
bis ganmsazRvreli normatiuli dokumente-
biT _ uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxTa samsaxuris saqmi-
anoba ganisazRvreba prezidentis brZanebulebis
148
safuZvelze damtkicebuli debulebiT, xolo
mediatoris institutisa _ kanoniT.
gamocdileba adasturebs, rom adamianis ufle-
bebis damcav axal meqanizmebze moTxovnileba
yvelaze metad maSin warmoiSoba, roca mo-
qmed institutebs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
organoebis mimarT sakontrolo uflebebis
ganxorcielebis unari ar SeswevT da saWiroa
administraciis TviTnebobisagan moqalaqeTa
uflebebis damatebiTi dacva.
saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos
aparatis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTx-
Ta samsaxuris politikur-samarTlebriv siste-
maSi CarTva ganpirobebulia saxelmwifoebrivi
regulirebis gziT, rac administraciuli
aparatis poziciebs ganamtkicebs. garda amisa,
arsebobs sxva garemoebebi, romlebic am in-
stitutis Seqmnis mizezs asaxavs. ZiriTadad,
es aris saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobis yvela
sferoSi samarTlebrivi funqciebis gafar-
Toeba, saxelmwifos administraciuli fun-
qciebis gazrda, ris safuZvelzec wina planze
gamodis aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da
iqmneba administraciul gadawyvetilebaTa per-
sonalizaciisa da individualizaciis
saWiroeba.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi moqalaqeebi uflebe-
bis dasacavad upiratesobas aniWeben aratrad-
iciul saSualebebs. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
sakiTxebSi uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis samsax-
uris saqmianoba demokratiulia da ganmtkice-
bulia ufasod gaweuli samsaxuris principiT.
uSiSroebis sabWos Sesabamisi samsaxuris
saqmianoba xels uwyobs administraciisadmi
ndobis gazrdas. swored amitom, es institu-
ti SeiZleba CaiTvalos aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisuflebis saqmianobaSi kanonierebisa da
samarTlebrivi safuZvlis ganmtkicebis mniS-
vnelovan faqtorad, arasasamarTlo kontro-
lis formad. misi mTavari princi pia kon-
trolisa da zedamxedvelobis saparlamento,
sasamarTlo, administraciuli Tu sxva form-
isagan gansxvavebiT, adamianisa da moqalaqis
uflebebis dacva.
ØÖÈÀÉÓÉÓ ÓÀÌáÄÃÒÏ ÂÖÁÄÒÍÀÔÏÒÉ,
ÌÉáÄÉË ÉÀÊÏÁÉÓ ÞÄ ÛÀËÉÊÏÅÉ
Ø uTaisis samxedro gubernatori, general-
leitenanti mixeil iakobis Ze Salikovi
(SalikaSvili) daibada stavropolis guber-
niaSi 1832 w. misi qarTuli warmoSoba eWvs
ar badebs: igi vaxtang VI-is amalaSi myof
SalikaSvilTa STamomavalia; istoriulma vi-
Tarebam mas ucxo qveynis, Tumc misTvis
mSobliuri ruseTis, samsaxurSi yofna aiZu-
la. m. i. Salikovma sakmaod warmatebuli
samxedro kariera gaikeTa. 1850 wlis 8 ag-
vistos brZanebiT, jer kidev 18 wlis Wabuki,
ruseTis armiis oficeri xdeba; 1875 wlis
30 agvistos manifestis safuZvelze - gene-
ral-maiori, xolo 1886 wlis 30 agvistos
brZanebulebiT - general-leitenanti.
m. i. Salikovi monawileobda 1859, 1860, 1863,
1877-1878 wlebis samxedro kampaniebSi. igi
dajildoebuli iyo uamravi ordeniT, romel-
Tagan gansakuTrebiT aRvniSnavT ramdenimes:
1861 wels wminda anas mesame xarisxis orde-
ns, xmliTa da bantiT; 1863 wels wminda anas
meore xarisxis ordens, xmliT da bantiT;
1872 wels wm. vladimiris IV xarisxis or-
dens; 1877 wels wm. stanislavis pirveli
xarisxis ordens, xmliTa da bantiT; 1889
wels TeTri arwivis ordens. garda ruseTis
imperiis jildoebisa, m. i. Salikovs miRebuli
aqvs ori ucxouri jildo: 1889 wels spar-
seTis lomisa da mzis ordeni da 1890 wels
italiis samefo didi jvris ordeni.
1891 wlidan m. i. Salikovi quTaisis samxed-
ro gubernatoria. es Tanamdeboba quTaisis
guberniaSi 60-iani wlebidan gvxvdeba, ker-
Zod, 1867 wlis 12 aprils gauqmda quTaisis
sageneralgubernatoro da gubernias samxed-
ro gubernatori marTavda 1874 wlamde, vid-
ÌÉÍÃÉÀ ÁÄÒÄÊÀÛÅÉËÉ
re ar gauqmda aRniSnuli Tanamdeboba da
guberniis marTva-gamgeoba ruseTis imperiis
Sida guberniebis marTvis saerTo wess ar
daeqvemdebara. 1883 wlidan aRdga quTaisis
sageneralgubernatoro. misi teritoria
sagrZnoblad gaizarda TurqTagan axlad
ganTavisuflebuli baTumis olqis mierTebis
xarjze. m. i. Salikovi quTaisis samxedro
gubernatoris postze 1898 wlamde iyo. amis
Semdeg igi peterburgSia, sadac gardaicvala
kidec 1809 wlis 16 oqtombers.
XIX saukunis ukanaskneli mesamedi saintereso
movlenebiT aisaxa ruseTis imperiaSi, ker-
Zod, moxda 60-iani wlebis reformebis Sede-
gebis gadafaseba. bevri ram am miRwevaTagan
safuZvlianad gadasinjuli da uaryofil iq-
na. aRniSnuli periodi ruseTis imperiis is-
toriaSi cnobilia e. w. `kontrreformebis”
saxeliT; igi aRiniSneba reaqciuli gan-
wyobilebebis mkveTri gaaqtiurebiT. amgvar-
ad, m. i. Salikovis moRvaweoba quTaisis guber-
niaSi daemTxva imperiaSi mimdinare zemoaRniS-
nul procesebs.
e.w. `kontrreformebis~ periodSi Seiqmna ori
mniSvnelovani proeqti, romelic amierkavka-
siis mxaris mmarTvelobis gardaqmnas exebo-
da: 1. `debuleba amierkavkasiis im nawilebis
marTvis Sesaxeb, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebod-
nen saerTo samoqalaqo mmarTvelobas~; 2. `am
nawilebis mmarTveli administraciuli da sa-
samarTlo dawesebulebebis Statebis~ Sesaxeb.
maTSi saubari iyo mmarTvelobis samxedro
formebidan samoqalaqo formebze gadasvla-
ze, anu, samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis gar-
daqmnaze. aRniSnulma proeqtma cxoveli ga-
moxmaureba hpova amierkavkasiaSi. igi, ro-
149
 gorc wesi, cirkularis saxiT gaegzavna mx-
aris administracias, raTa mis Sesaxeb saku-
Tari mosazrebebi da Sexedulebebi gamoeT-
qvaT. quTaisis samxedro gubernatorma, m. i.
Salikovma specialuri moxsenebiTi baraTi Se-
adgina, sadac warmoadgina saTanado rekomen-
daciebi. naSromi kapitaluri xasiaTisaa. igi
moicavs 51 nabeWd Tabaxs. Tan erTvis cxri-
lebi saintereso monacemebiT. Sroma daw-
yebulia 1887 wels, xolo misi damTavrebis
zusti TariRi ar aris dafiqsirebuli.
rogorc Cans, m. i. Salikovi sakmaod ganaT-
lebuli pirovneba iyo. igi Zalze saintereso
informacias gvawvdis kavkasiis mTieli xalxis,
soxumisa da baTumis okrugebis mosaxleobis
Sesaxeb. avtori, xSir SemTxvevaSi, tenden-
ciurad msjelobs, magram es momenti mis nak-
lad ver CaiTvleba, radganac is ti piuri,
rusi didmoxelis poziciebidan gamodis. qu-
Taisis samxedro gubernatori azrovnebs Ta-
visi epoqis suliskveTebis Sesabamisad da
momxrea adgilebze administraciuli xeli-
suflebis gaZlierebisa. igi wers: `adgilobriv
administraciul xelisuflebas, romelic yve-
laze axlos dgas xalxTan, unda mieniWos
ara marto sadamsjelo Zalaufleba, rome-
lic danaSaulebaTa aRsakveTad da Tavidan
asacileblad gamoiyeneba, aramed garkveuli
sasamarTlo uflebebic umartivesi darRve-
vebis, danaSaulebebisa da samoqalaqo sarCe-
lebis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT~. avtori
Tvlis, rom saWiroa miniWebul uflebaTa ga-
moyenebis ufro dawvrilebiTi reglamenta-
cia, raTa adgili ar eqnes TavaSvebulobasa
da zedmetad subieqtur damokidebulebas
xalxis cxovrebis araswori gamovlinebebis
mimarT. m. i. Salikovi savsebiT eTanxmeba 1889
w. 12 ivlisis kanons1, romelic amierkavkasi-
isaTvis gamoica da aRniSnavs, rom xelisuf-
lebis danawilebaze (aq igulisxmeba adminis-
traciuli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
gancalkeveba) uaris Tqma marTebuli da sa-
fuZvliania imdenad, ramdenadac saqme exeba
iseTi xalxis marTvas, romlebic gonebrivad,
zneobrivad da ekonomikurad SedarebiT nak-
lebad arian ganviTarebulni. zemoaRniSnul
proeqtebSi mocemuli mosazreba, rom kavka-
siis xelisuflebas unda hqondes mdgomareobis
Sesabamisi sadamsjelo da sasamarTlo uf-
lebebi da rom igi, marTvis procesSi, unda
150
warmoadgendes makontrolebel Zalas, avto-
ris simpaTiebs iwvevs da iqve sakuTar mosaz-
rebasac gamoTqvams: `srulad veTanxmebiT ra
zemoaRniSnuls, aucileblad migvaCnia zogi-
erTi Sesworebis Setana dadgenilebis proeq-
tSi im sadamsjelo uflebaTa Taobaze, rom-
lebic eniWeba samxedro gubernators, olqis
ufrosebs, maT TanaSemweebsa da ubnis ufro-
sebs~. 1879 wlis moqmedi instruqciis me-20
muxlis II nawilSi, samxedro gubernatoris
ufleba-movaleobebis Sesaxeb aRniSnulia: “im
danaSaulobebisa da darRvevebis mixedviT, rom-
lebsac iTvaliswinebs sisxlis samarTlis ko-
deqsi da kanoni gamosasworebeli msjavrdebis
Sesaxeb, agreTve wesdeba momrigebeli mosa-
marTleebis mier dadgenili msjavrdebis Se-
saxeb, yarsisa da baTumis olqebSi sasamar-
Tlo nawilis mowyobis arsebuli debuleba
iTvaliswinebs Semdegs: mosaxleobis mier Ca-
denili danaSaulebani ar eqvemdebarebian im-
periis saerTo kanonebiT gasamarTlebas da
ver iqnebian gadacemuli saxalxo sasamar-
TloebisaTvis, saqmeTa ganxilva da dasru-
leba administraciuli wesiT warmoebs”. ase-
Tive viTareba iyo Seqmnili quTaisis guber-
niis Semadgenel TiTqmis yvela administra-
ciul erTeulSi da igi, rogorc vxedavT,
saerTo imperiul suliskveTebas exmianeboda.
amave instruqciis 21-e muxlSi samxedro
gubernatorebs administraciuli wesiT eni-
WebodaT damnaSaveTa dajarimebisa (300 mane-
Tamde) da sam Tvemde dapatimrebis ufleba.
1891 wels, mTavarmarTeblis gankargulebis
safuZvelze, quTaisis samxedro gubernators
mieniWa soxumis okrugTan mimarTebaSi Semde-
gi uflebebi: 1) im pirTa sam Tvemde dapatim-
rebisa, qurdobaSi, yaCaRobasa da sxva dana-
Saulebriv qmedebaSi rom edebaT brali; 2)
privilegirebuli wodebis pirTa Sesaxeb, ro-
melTac igive danaSaulebaSi edeba brali,
gansakuTrebuli moxsenebiT mimarTvisa
mTavarmarTeblisadmi da mxolod sagangebo
SemTxvevaSi maTi dapatimrebisa sakuTari ga-
dawyvetilebiT, ris Sesaxebac unda ecnobos
mis udidebulesobas. garda amisa, quTaisis
samxedro gubernators, quTaisis guberniis
ozurgeTis mazris mcxovrebTa mimarT, 1888
wels mTavarmarTeblisagan mieniWa damnaSave-
Ta, maT Soris Tavadebisa da maTi ojaxebis,
sxva mazrebSi gadasaxlebis ufleba. analo-
giuri uflebebi, mciredi SesworebebiT,
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo axali proeqtebiTac.
m. i. Salikovi Tvlida, rom saWiro iyo am
uflebaTa gafarToeba, Tumca xSir SemTxve-
vaSi sakmaod progresul azrebsac ayalibebs
okrugis ufrosebis, ubnis ufrosebisa da ma-
Ti TanaSemweebis mxridan disci plinaruli
sasjelis dadebis TvalsazrisiT.
quTaisis samxedro gubernatori saxalxo sa-
samarTloebis dadgenilebis proeqtTan da-
kavSirebiTac gamoTqvams Tavis mosazrebebs,
romliTac icavs sasamarTlo uwyebaSi admi-
nistraciuli moxeleebis monawileobis ide-
as, rac Seexeba pirad Semadgenlobas, sax-
alxo sasamarTlos mTavar Tavmjdomared Zve-
leburad unda darCeniliyo samxedro guber-
natoris TanaSemwe: sasamarTlos erT-erTi wev-
ris, sagubernio sammarTvelos mrCevelis, nac-
vlad unda yofiliyo samxedro-saxalxo kan-
celariis mmarTveli TanaSemwe.
zemoaRniSnuli debulebis 58-e muxlis I pun-
qtis Tanaxmad, saxalxo sasamarTloebis daq-
vemdebarebidan amoRebul iqna samoqalaqo saq-
meebi, yvela sarCeli da dava, romelic saad-
gilmamulo saqmeebTan an darRveuli mflo-
belobisa da sargeblobis aRdgenasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli. debuleba ar ganmartavda, Tu
romeli instanciisaTvis unda miemarTaT mo-
sarCeleebs msgavs SemTxvevebSi. igi adminis-
traciuli wesiT gadawydeboda saadgilmamu-
lo komisiaSi.
avtors saintereso mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmu-
li quTaisis guberniis saadgilmamulo mow-
yobis Taobazec. exeba ra aRniSnul sakiTxs,
igi mas politikur problemaTa WrilSi ga-
nixilavs, gansakuTrebiT soxumis okrugis mo-
saxleobasTan dakavSirebiT. mas miaCnia, rom,
Tu droze ar gadaiWra aRniSnuli problema
da afxazebi ar iqnebian darwmunebulni Tavis
uflebebSi miwaze, iarsebebs imis saSiSroeba,
rom pirvelive xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi Seiq-
mneba niadagi imperiisaTvis arasasurveli pro-
pagandis, maT Soris politikuris, gasavrce-
leblad. m. i. Salikovi Tvlis, rom swored
saadgilmamulo sakiTxis arasworad dayenebam
gamoiwvia ajanyeba afxazeTSi 1866 wels da
mRelvareba 1870 wels, romelic kodoris
xeobaSi jarebis gagzavniT iqna SeCerebuli.
analogiuri mdgomareobis gamo, imaves imeo-
rebs baTumisa da arTvinis okrugebis Taoba-
zec. ZiriTadi miniSneba dapyrobili terito-
riebis qalaqebis gareT myofi uZravi qonebis
(mamulebis) saxelmwifo sakuTrebad ga-
mocxadebaze iyo. Tu kavkasiis sxvadasxva re-
gionebSi aseTi RonisZieba dagvianebuli Cans,
savsebiT misaRebad miaCniaT msgavsi RonisZiebis
gatareba baTumisa da arTvinis okrugebSi. m.
i. Salikovi Tvlis, rom Suamdgomloba, ro-
melic warmoadgina kavkasiis mTavarmmarTve-
lma samoqalaqo nawilSi, general-adiutan-
tma Seremetievma, rac SeiZleba swrafad un-
da iqnes dakmayofilebuli. igi wers: `me,
rogorc quTaisis guberniis samxedro guber-
natori, sami wlis manZilze gamudmebiT vzru-
navdi imaze, rom arTvinisa da baTumis ok-
rugebis miwebi da tyeebi umaRlesi nebiT
gamocxadebuliyo saxelmwifo xazinis sakuT-
rebad~. ra Sedegebs moitanda yovelive es?
misi azriT, aseTi RonisZieba daicavda saxel-
mwifo qonebas Semdgomi datacebisagan, gaa-
Tavisuflebda administracias saxelmwifo mi-
webis yidva-gayidvis mayureblis rolisagan
da bolos mouRebda areulobas adgilobriv
mosaxleobaSi. aseTi midgoma, raRa Tqma un-
da, wminda imperiul princi pebze iyo dam-
yarebuli da aq savsebiT ignorirebulia ad-
gilobrivi mosaxleobis roli da ufleba mi-
waze. rogorc wesi, saadgilmamulo mowyoba,
imperiuli TvalsazrisiT, kolonizaciis da-
sawyisad iTvleba.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, m.
i. Salikovi akeTebs Sesabamis daskvnebs:
1. quTaisis guberniis okrugebSi samxedro-
saxalxo mmarTvelobis sistema ucvlelad
unda iqnes SenarCunebuli; mosamsaxureTa pi-
radi Semadgenloba Zveleburad unda daeqvem-
debaros samxedro saministros;
2. samxedro gubernatoris sadamsjelo Zala-
ufleba ar unda Semcirdes;
3. gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, amJamad moq-
medi Statebi ramdenadme unda gaZlierdes,
xolo mTavarmarTeblis kancelariis mier pro-
eqtirebuli Statebis SemoReba okrugebis mar-
Tvis sruli moSlis tolfasia, garda amisa,
igi saerTod cudad aisaxeba saqmiswarmoebaze
quTaisis guberniis sammarTveloSi;
4. daarsdes droebiTi adgilobrivi saadgil-
mamulo komisia im mizniT, rom Sesabamisi
saqmeebi gadawydes kolegiuri wesiT;
151
 5. saadgilmamulo saqme, mis saboloo das-
rulebamde, ar gadaeces saxelmwifo qonebis
saministros;
6. adgilobrivi saxalxo sasamarTlo gar-
daiqmnas proeqtis Sesabamisad, magram misi
saerTod gauqmeba ar unda moxdes;
7. Tuki samxedro-saxalxo mmarTveloba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom igi namdvilad saWiroa,
mainc iqneba gauqmebuli, maSin:
a)SenarCunebul iqnes quTaisis samxedro guber-
natoris TanaSemwis Tanamdeboba;
b) quTaisis sagubernio sammarTvelo da samxed-
ro gubernatoris kancelaria gaZlierdes ro-
gorc piradi SemadgenlobiT, aseve fuladi
saxsrebiT, Statebis proeqtis Sesabamisad;
g) samxedro gubernatoris sadamsjelo uf-
lebebis mimarT, agreTve saadgilmamulo saq-
meebis warmoebasa da sasamarTlo mowyobas-
Tan dakavSirebiT, gaTvaliswinebul iqnes is,
rac naTqvamia zemoT moyvanil me-2, me-4 da
me-5 punqtebSi;
d) soxumis okrugis mmarTveloba araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar unda iqnes gaTanabrebuli III
Tanrigis mazrebis mmarTvelobasTan. igi or-
ganizebul unda iqnes Statebis proeqtis Se-
sabamisad;
e) baTumisa da arTvinis okrugebSi mmarTve-
lobis organizeba unda moxdes analogiurad.
garda zemoaRniSnulisa, quTaisis samxedro
gubernatoris, m. i. Salikovis `moxsenebiTi
baraTi~ Seicavs vrcel da Rirebul faqtobriv
masalas. igi ganmartavs samxedro-saxalxo
mmarTvelobis sistemasa da amocanebs, am uka-
nasknelis dasawyissa da ganviTarebas, agreT-
ve, samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobas daqvem-
debarebuli mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomi-
kur da kulturul mdgomareobas. vfiqrobT,
aRniSnuli naSromi mravalmxriv sayuradRebo
iqneba dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.
quTaisis samxedro gubernatoris
moxsenebiTi baraTi kavkasiis mxaris
samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobaTa
gardaqmnis Sesaxeb
I rexarisxovan moRvaweTa moTxovnazec ki, in-
amJamad Sedgenili proeqtebis - 1) `debuleb-
isa amierkavkasiis im nawilebis marTvis Se-
saxeb, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebian saerTo
samoqalaqo mmarTvelobas~ da 2) `am nawi-
152
lebis mmarTveli administraciuli da sasa-
marTlo dawesebulebebis Statebisa~ - ganxil-
vamde, saWiroa winaswar dawvrilebiT gavec-
noT samxedro-saxalxo sammarTvelos mTavar-
marTeblis kancelariis mier Sedgenil `we-
rils kavkasiis mxaris samxedro-saxalxo mmar-
TvelobaTa gardaqmnis Sesaxeb~, radganac
debulebisa da Statebis proeqtebis am saxiT
Sedgena `werilSi~ warmodgenili monacemebiT
aris ganpirobebuli.
es `werili~ Seicavs Zalze vrcel da Ri-
rebul masalas, romelic ganmartavs samxed-
ro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis sistemasa da amo-
canebs, am ukanasknelis dasawyissa da ganvi-
Tarebas, agreTve samxedro-saxalxo mmarTve-
lobas daqvemdebarebuli mosaxleobis Tana-
medrove kulturul mdgomareobas. am masa-
lam, ZiriTadad, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba iqonia
ara marto debulebis proeqtSi SemoTava-
zebuli marTvis sistemisa da wesis arCevi-
sas, aramed im piradi da fuladi saSua-
lebebis gansazRvris drosac, romlebsac awe-
sebs proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli Statebi. mag-
ram, miuxedavad amisa, aseT kapitalur naS-
romSi ar aris warmodgenili iseTi monace-
mebi, romlebic mxolod adgilobrivi admi-
nistraciisaTvis aris SesamCnevi, ris gamoc
`werilis~ zogierTi daskvna saWiroebs met-
naklebad arsebiT Sesworebebs, romlebic win
wamoweven Semdeg sakiTxs: Seesabameba Tu ara
proeqtSi gaTvaliswinebuli marTvis sistema
da wesi, agreTve Statebi, sinamdvileSi ar-
sebul mdgomareobas, gansakuTrebiT quTaisis
guberniasTan mimarTebaSi.
`werilis~ Tanaxmad, samxedro-saxalxo mmar-
Tvelobis sistema, romelic kavkasiis mTiel
tomebTan brZolis periodSi da maTi damor-
Cilebis Semdeg maT mimarT gamoiyeneboda, Tav-
dapirvelad SemdegSi mdgomareobda: 1) admi-
nistraciuli xelisuflebis damyareba, ro-
melsac miniWebuli hqonda iseTi farTo uf-
lebebi, rom maT gamo xelisuflebas xalxis
TvalSi namdvili Zala da mniSvneloba gaaC-
nda; 2) samxedro Zalebis mxridan daxma-
rebis aRmoCena, administraciis meo-
sureqciuli moZraobebis dasaSoSmineblad; da
3) gamartivebuli formis mqone sasamarTlo,
Sedgenili arCeuli pirebisagan, romlebic
xalxis SexedulebaTa suliskveTebiT wyvet-
dnen sakiTxebs. `werilis~ sxva adgilas (gv.
15) naTqvamia: `administraciuli Zalauflebis
farglebSi olqis ufrosi uflebamosili iyo:
a) gamoeyenebina iaraRi amboxebuli da dau-
morCilebeli mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg, b)
samxedro sasamarTlosaTvis gadaeca pirebi
RalatisaTvis, mTavrobisa da xelisuflebis
winaaRmdeg mowyobili amboxebisaTvis; mTav-
robis mimarT gamovlenili aSkara daumorCi-
leblobisa da misi SeuracxyofisaTvis; g)
mxaridan administraciuli wesiT gaesaxlebina
saSiSi da damnaSave pirebi, ris Sesaxebac
unda moexsenebina kavkasiis armiis mTavar-
sardlobisaTvis; da d) daemtkicebina sasa-
marTloebis ganaCenebi~. administraciuli Ta-
namdebobebi ekavaT oficrebs kavkasiis armiis
rigebidan (`werili~, gv.3), TandaTan, mSvi-
dobiani cxovrebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, es
mkacri sistema Serbilebul iqna; calkeul-
ma, dabali rangis ufrosebma dakarges jare-
bis sakuTari gadawyvetilebiT gamoyenebis uf-
leba; im samoqalaqo procesebis ricxvidan,
romlebic saxalxo sasamarTloebSi warmoebda,
amoRebul iqna miwasTan dakavSirebuli da-
vebi; mosaxleobas mieniWa sasoflo TviTmmar-
Tveloba; SemoRebul iqna momrigebeli sasa-
marTloebi, romlebsac daeqvemdebara adgi-
lobrivi mosaxleoba da a.S. (`werili~, gv.
77). 1883 w. 12 ivnisis kanonis gamocemamde
samxedro-saxalxo sammarTvelo kavkasiis
samxedro okrugis jarebis sardals eqvem-
debareboda, xolo Semdeg kavkasiaSi samoqa-
laqo nawilis mTavarmarTeblis gankargulebaSi
gadavida, amasTan, isev samxedro saministros
daqvemdebarebaSi rCeboda. aseTi Serbilebu-
li saxiT samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobam
dRemde iarseba. Tavdapirvelad mxolod mTi-
elTaTvis SemoRebul samxedro-saxalxo mmar-
Tvelobis sistemas SemdgomSi, upirveles yov-
lisa, Semdegi amocanebi unda Seesrulebina:
daemSvidebina damorCilebuli mxare, Seeguebina
igi axal politikur mdgomareobas da Tanac
imdenad, rom TviT mosaxleobas igi adre
arsebulze ukeTesad mieCnia; ganexorcielebina
meTvalyureoba yovelgvar politikur propa-
gandaze da saswrafod CaexSo igi; magram,
imavdroulad, cxovrebis wesi, sasamarTlo,
SariaTi, adaTi da samoqalaqo urTierTobebi
TiTqmis xeluxlebeli rCeboda, raTa ar
momxdariyo sayofacxovrebo wesebisa da
Sexedulebebis wyobis iZulebiTi ngreva da
mxolod farulad dawyebuliyo mosaxleobis
momzadeba imperiis erTiani kanonebisadmi da-
samorCileblad. yovelive amis misaRwevad sa-
Wiro iyo iseTi Zlieri, uflebamosili da,
gansakuTrebiT, erTiani xelisufleba, rome-
lic Tavs moiyrida erT saministroSi. saWi-
ro iyo mosamsaxureTa Sesabamisi Semadgen-
lobac. es ukanasknelni ara mxolod energi-
ulni da mkacrni unda yofiliyvnen, aramed
samarTliani da uangaronic, maT gacnobie-
rebuli unda hqonodaT dakisrebuli amoca-
nebi, yofiliyvnen TavianTi saqmis erTgulni
da unda daemsaxurebinaT mosaxleobis pati-
viscema da ndoba. aseT mosamsaxureTa kon-
tingenti, rogorc `werilSia~ naTqvami, iv-
seboda oficrebiT kavkasiis armiis rigebidan,
rac ar iyo Znelad misaRwevi samxedro-sax-
alxo mmarTvelobaSi samsaxuris gansakuT-
rebuli privilegiebis gamo. yarsisa da baTu-
mis olqebis SemoerTebis Semdeg iqac Semo-
Rebuli iqna igive mmarTveloba, amasTan, ra
Tqma unda, CamoTvlili amocanebi jer ver
CaiTvleboda Sesrulebulad, risi mizezebic
“werilSi” nawilobriv ganmartebulia.
`werilSi~ mocemulia miTiTebebi im amoca-
nebis Sesaxeb, romlebic ekisreba samxedro-
saxalxo mmarTvelobis administracias:
`samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis nawilebSi
administraciam, saerTo valdebulebaTa Ses-
rulebis garda, unda Seiswavlos da warmar-
Tos xalxis cxovreba, Tvalyuri unda adev-
nos mosaxleobis zneobriv da politikur
ganwyobas da dauyovnebliv unda gaataros
damcavi da damsjeli RonisZiebebi, raTa Ca-
nasaxSive aRkveTos yovelgvari mavne zegav-
lena... “dabolos, unda aRiniSnos, - naTqvamia
Semdeg `werilSi~, - rom politikurad ara-
saimedo da meryevi mosaxleobis marTvisas
warmoiSoba uamravi saqme, romlebic cnobil
RonisZiebebs saWiroeben, zogjer Zalze mkacrs
da energiuls; romlebic ver iqnebian iuri-
diulad damtkicebuli da ver daeqvemdebarebian
gamxelas, raTa aman ar gamoiwvios akrZalu-
li movlenebis ganviTareba~. es sityvebi ki-
dev ufro gvarwmuneben im amocanaTa sirTu-
lesa da seriozulobaSi, romlebic ekisreba
samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis Cinosnebs da,
aseve, mosamsaxureTa Sesabamisi Semadgenlobis
mqone, Zlieri da erTiani xelisuflebis au-
cileblobaSi.
153
 1882 wels kavkasiis samoqalaqo nawilis yo-
filma mTavarmarTebelma, general-adiutantma,
Tavadma dondukov-korsakovma samxedro sami-
nistroSi Seitana Tavisi mosazrebebi kavka-
siaSi samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis gar-
daqmnis Sesaxeb, amasTan, man ganacxada: `da-
debiTma Sedegebma, romlebic mTieli tomebis
marTvis saqmeSi miRweulia am sakiTxis swo-
rad warmarTvis wyalobiT, imdenad ganaviTa-
res maTSi moqalaqeobrioba, rom saSualebas
iZlevian am mosaxleobis marTva miaxlovebul
iqnes saerTo samoqalaqo wesebze damyarebul
mmarTvelobasTan~. es gancxadeba gansakuT-
rebul yuradRebas i pyrobs da mas araerTxel
davubrundebiT. aq mxolod imas SevniSnavT,
rom `werilSi~ “mTielebSi” igulisxmeba da-
Restnis mosaxleoba da warmodgenili gancx-
adeba, Tuki mxolod daRestnis mosaxleobas
exeboda, SesaZloa, marTlac samarTliani iyos;
magram Tuki baTumis, arTvinis da soxumis
okrugebic iyo mxedvelobaSi, maSin aq raRac
gaugebrobaa.
marTalia, gardaqmnis proeqti saxelmwifo
sabWoSi iyo Setanili, magram amis Sedegad
miRebul iqna 1883 w. 12 ivnisis kanoni, rome-
lic exeboda ara TviT marTvis sistemas, ara-
med mxolod mis organizacias; amasTan, igi
jarebis sardlis daqvemdebarebidan kavkasiis
samoqalaqo nawilis mTavarmarTeblis gankar-
gulebaSi gadavida. Tumca im cvlilebebis
Sefasebisas, romlebic aRniSnulma kanonma Se-
itana samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobaSi, `we-
rilSi~ naTqvamia: `misi (kanonis) gamoyenebis
Sedegad aRniSnuli mmarTveloba Tavisi su-
liskveTebiT aRar iyo samxedro; marTalia,
mosamsaxureebi kvlav iricxebodnen samxed-
ro uwyebaSi, magram amas mxolod formalu-
ri mniSvneloba hqonda da garkveul privile-
giebs unarCunebda mosamsaxureebs~ (`werili~,
gv.51). am daskvnas ver daveTanxmebiT, jer
erTi da, ZiriTadad, imis gamo, rom 1883
wlis 12 ivnisis kanonis gamoyenebisa da daqvem-
debarebis aRniSnuli gadacemis gamo, samxed-
ro-saxalxo sammarTvelos aranairad da ara-
ferSi ar daukargavs Tavisi Taviseburebebi,
romlebic dRemde arseboben; meorec, igi isev
samxedro saministros gankargulebaSi rCeba
da marTalia, jarebis sardlis daqvem-
debarebidan mTavarmarTebelTan gadavida, mag-
ram, unda vivaraudoT, es moxda im mosaz-
154
rebis safuZvelze, rom orive am Tanamdebobas
erTi da igive pirovneba iTavsebs, xolo rad-
ganac mxaris aRniSnuli nawilebis mmarTve-
lobiTi sistema wminda samxedro xasiaTisa
ar aris, rogorc, magaliTad, yubanis da Ter-
gis olqebSi, aramed samxedro-saxalxo, ami-
tom, ra Tqma unda, ufro gamarTlebuli iyo
maTi daqvemdebareba mTavarmarTeblisaTvis, ro-
gorc mxaris mmarTvelisaTvis, da ara jare-
bis sardlisaTvis, romelic mxolod jarebs
da kazakTa im olqebs ganagebs, romelTa mo-
saxleoba maT SemadgenlobaSia gaerTianebuli.
sxvaTa Soris, 1883 w. 12 ivnisis kanonSi
naTqvamia: droebiTi RonisZiebebis saxiT, 1885
w. 1 ianvramde kavkasiis samoqalaqo nawilis
mTavarmarTeblis gankargulebaSi gadacemul
iqnes 514,114 maneTi samxedro-saxalxo mmar-
Tvelobis Sesanaxad. mTavarmarTebels mieces
dawesebulebaTa droebiTi Statebis dadgeni-
sa da maTSi cvlilebebis Setanis uflebamo-
sileba, saWiroebisamebr, aRniSnuli Tanxis
farglebSi.
zemoaRniSnulis Sesrulebis mizniT, 1885 w.
Sedgenilia debulebisa da Statebis axali
proeqtebi, romlebic winaswari ganxilvisaTvis
wardgenil iqna mTavarmarTeblis sabWos wi-
naSe, xolo Semdgom gadaeca baton Sinagan
saqmeTa ministrs. Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom
daskvnebisaTvis gadasca igi sxva saministroebs.
ar aris aucilebeli yuradRebis SeCereba
mTavarmarTeblis sabWos wevrTa mier aRniS-
nuli proeqtebis ganxilvisas gamoTqmul mo-
sazrebebze da bat. ministrebis daskvnebze,
radganac yovelive es dawvrilebiT gadmoce-
mulia `werilSi~. mivuTiTebT mxolod um-
Tavres SeniSvnebze.
sabWos wevrma, finansTa saministros warmo-
madgenelma, n.s.m. vinogradovma gamoTqva mo-
sazreba imis Taobaze, rom aucilebelia samxed-
ro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis adgilebSi dawes-
des kolegiuri dawesebulebebi; agreTve imis
Sesaxeb, rom amierkavkasiis mxareSi amJamad
arsebuli cxra guberniis nacvlad Seiqmnas
mxolod oTxi gubernia, rac xazinas 199,000
maneTis sufTa danazogs Sematebda. saxel-
mwifo qonebis ministris yofilma uflebamo-
silma, t.s. tixeevma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom
samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis teritoriebi
dauyovnebliv unda iqnen aRiarebuli saxel-
mwifo sakuTrebad da gadacemul iqnen saxel-
mwifo sakuTrebis saministros. Tbilisis sa-
samarTlo palatis yofilma ufrosma Tavmjdo-
marem, misi udidebulesobis sasaxlis karis
hofmeisterma gonCarovma, miuTiTa ra sax-
alxo sasamarTloebis naklovanebebze, war-
moadgina rekomendacia imis Taobaze, rom Se-
moRebul iqnes momrigebeli sasamarTloebi
saerTo wesdebidan sxvadasxva gansxvavebebiT,
daSvebul iqnes gansawmendeli fici Cveulebis
mixedviT, amasTan, dawesebul iqnes ara saa-
pelacio instancia, aramed mxolod sakasa-
cio instancia, romelsac unda warmoadgen-
des sasamarTlo palata da a.S., garda amisa,
Segrovebul da gamocemul iqnes mTielTa yve-
la adaTi. baton samxedro ministrs, rome-
lic general-adiutantis, Tavad dondukov-
korsakovis zemoT moyvanil gancxadebas ey-
rdnoboda, Tavis mxriv, ar Sexvedria winaaR-
mdegobani iseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, ro-
goricaa: samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobas daq-
vemdebarebuli adgilebis marTvis Sesaxeb Se-
sabamisi debulebis damtkiceba; Sesabamisi sa-
ministroebisaTvis maTi gadacema da samxed-
ro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis amJamad arsebuli
saxelwodebis Secvla. garda amisa, batonma
samxedro ministrma aRniSna, rom: a) yarsis
olqi iseTi didi ar aris, rom calke saol-
qo an sagubernio sammarTvelos (rogorc ko-
legiur dawesebulebas) saWiroebdes, aramed
igi SeiZleba mierTebul iqnes erevnis guber-
niasTan; b) saerTod, iq, sadac amJamad ar-
sebobs samxedro-saxalxo kancelariebi, maT
nacvlad, sadac saWiroa, dawesdes saolqo
mmarTveloba, kolegiuri sistemis SemoRebis
saxiT; g) adre adgilebze momuSave saadgil-
mamulo komisiebis arseboba Zalze sasargeblo
iyo da maTi ricxvi unda gaizardos kidec,
ris meSveobiTac uswrafesad gadawydeba sa-
adgilmamulo miwis sakiTxi, romelic mTeli
sazogadoebrivi mowyobis qvakuTxeds warmo-
adgens; d) Cvens mier dapyrobis uflebiT
dakavebuli adgilebis saxelmwifo sakuTrebad
gamocxadebis dro ukve xelidan aris gaS-
vebuli; amis daSveba axla mxolod yarsisa
da yofil baTumis olqSia SesaZlebeli; e)
marTalia, sasurvelia, mxaris calkeuli na-
wilebis marTvaSi arsebuli Taviseburebebis
uswrafesi aRmofxvra, magram saxalxo sasa-
marTloebis siiafe, saolqo administraciis
mier maTi xelmZRvaneloba, sasamarTlos war-
moebis formis simartive - yovelive es am
sasamarTloebis sasargeblod metyvelebs, ami-
tom SesaZlebelia maTi im saxiT datoveba,
rogorc proeqtSia warmodgenili; xolo bat.
gonCarovis mier daproeqtebuli sasamarTloebi,
romlebic dauSveben sasamarTlo wesdebisa
da adaTis wesiT moqmedi dawesebulebis Se-
erTebas, SeTavsebas, arRveven sasamarTlos
wesdebebis mTlianobas; v) soflis mamasaxli-
sebisa da maTi TanaSemweebis Tanamdeboba ar-
CeviTi unda iyos; z) administracias Zalze
didi Zalaufleba aqvs miniWebuli; general-
adiutantma vanovskim, marTalia, ar moiTxova
am Zalauflebis Semcireba, magram aucileblad
miiCnia, ufro dawvrilebiT iqnes miTiTebuli
misi gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi da xarisxi; gar-
da amisa, ar unda moxdes okrugebis ufro-
sebis mier privilegirebul wris pirTa pro-
eqtirebuli acileba saqmis ganxilvisa da
dasjisagan; da T) saqmeebis gadacemisas Sina-
gan saqmeTa saministrosaTvis, mosamsaxureebs
unda SeunarCundes samxedro uwyebaSi momu-
SaveTa uflebebi da SeRavaTebi, agreTve ga-
nakveTebi da Tanamdebobis, klasisa da pensi-
is Tanrigebis miRebis uflebebi (`werili~,
gv. 53-74).
magram rodesac 1999 w. general-adiutant
Tavad dondukov-korsakovisaTvis peterbur-
gSi yofnis dros cnobili gaxda, rom proeq-
ti jer kidev ar iyo wardgenili saxelmwi-
fo sabWosaTvis da bat. ministrebis azrTa
urTierTgaziarebis Sedegad gairkva, rom pro-
eqtis ganxorcieleba saeWvo iyo, man ukan
waiRo proeqti misi xelaxla gadamuSavebis
mizniT (`werili~, gv. 74-75).
II
rogorc `werilSia~ naTqvami (gv. 77-78), am-
Jamad, rodesac unda gadawydes sakiTxi, mx-
ari davuWiroT mTiel mosaxleobaSi marTvis
winandel sistemas, davuqvemdebaroT igi sa-
erTo samoqalaqo mowyobas da saerTo sasa-
marTlo dawesebulebebs, Tu SevqmnaT raime
axali sistema, gardamavali marTvis pirvel
sistemasa da meores Soris, aucilebelia Se-
fasdes am mosaxleobis Tanamedrove kultu-
ruli Tvisebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec unda
moxdes mTieli tomebis marTvis yvelaze mi-
zanSewonili wesis SerCeva, kerZod: a) admi-
nistraciuli mmarTvelobis mixedviT, b) sa-
155
 adgilmamulo mowyobis mixedviT da g) mar-
Tlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis mixedviT.
`werilSi~, upirveles yovlisa, gansazRvru-
lia daRestnis mTielTa kulturuli Tvi-
sebebi. rogorc `werilSia~ naTqvami, ocdaa-
Ti weli xalxis cxovrebaSi saerTod ar
warmoadgens epoqas1 da ver Secvlis cxov-
rebis xasiaTsa da wess; mTielma tomebma ver
moaswres Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis
ti pis gamomuSaveba, Tundac iseTi primitiu-
lisa, rogoric amjerad baqosa da elisave-
topolis guberniebis SemadgenlobaSi Sema-
val yofil saxanoebSi arsebobda; SeuZlebe-
lia aseTi veluri da Camouyalibebeli mo-
saxleobisaTvis 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi Semo-
iRo mmarTvelobis samoqalaqo formebi; igi
sul axlaxan ixreboda amboxebisaken, igi fa-
natikuria, xolo mis fanatizms ara imdenad
religiuri, ramdenadac politikuri sarCu-
li aqvs. amgvar TvisebaTa gamo `werilSi~
keTdeba Semdegi daskvna: `mosaxleobis (mTi-
elTa) aRniSnuli movlenebi da Tvisebebi Zal-
ze mniSvnelovania da, TavisTavad, yuradRebas
moiTxoven, ufro imitomac, rom Tu Cven sul
mcire Secdomas mainc davuSvebT, yvela am
TvisebiT isargeblebs musulmanoba - Cveni
mudmivi mteri am mxaris damSvidebis saqmeSi~
(`werili~, gv. 78-81).
yofili baTumis olqis mosaxleobis kultu-
ruli Tvisebebis Sesaxeb `werilSi~ naTqva-
mia: baTumisa da arTvinis okrugebis mo-
saxleoba, Tavisi Sinagani wyobiT, cotaTi
Tu gansxvavdeba daRestnis mTielTa sazoga-
doebebisagan. rodesac TurqeTis imperiis Se-
madgenlobaSi Sedioda, igi mxolod nomina-
lurad iyo damokidebuli mTavrobaze, gamo-
saRebsac ki ar ixdida dadgenil dros da
dadgenili odenobiT; adgili hqonda yaCaRobas,
mosaxleoba yovelTvis ar cnobda xelisuf-
lebas da srul ignorirebas ukeTebda gamo-
cemul kanonebs; misTvis, iseve rogorc saer-
Tod sunitebisaTvis, damaxasiaTebelia poli-
tikuri sarCulis mqone religiuri fanatiz-
mi, xolo is garemoeba, rom mosaxleoba ar
aris uzrunvelyofili miwis mxriv, aRgznebul
mdgomareobaSi amyofebs mas, rac xelsayrel
niadags warmoadgens religiuri da politi-
kuri propagandisaTvis; dabolos, es mo-
saxleoba saukuneebis manZilze Turqi Cinov-
nikebis gamryvneli mmarTvelobis qveS cxov-
156
robda, romlebsac mTavrobis sakanonmdeblo
RonisZiebebi mkvdar wesebamde dahyavdaT da
romlebsac wina planze aReb-micemobis reJi-
mi hqondaT wamoweuli (`werili~, gv. 81-83).
magram es daxasiaTeba unda Seivsos da ram-
denadme gansxvavebulad unda Sefasdes.
jer erTi, `werilSi~ ar aris warmodgenili
cnobebi soxumis okrugis ZiriTadi adgilobri-
vi mosaxleobis kulturuli Tvisebebis Se-
saxeb, okrugisa, romelic, agreTve, quTaisis
guberniis SemadgenlobaSi Semodis da samxed-
ro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis daqvemdebarebaSi
imyofeba. meorec, yofili baTumis olqis mo-
saxleoba, misi kulturuli Tvisebebis mixed-
viT, ar SeiZleba gaTanabrebul iqnes daRes-
tnis mTielebTan. arTvinis da, gansakuTrebiT,
baTumis okrugebis mosaxleoba, Tavisi xasi-
aTiT, dRemde iseTive rCeba, rogoric Turqe-
Tis mTavrobis dros iyo. TxuTmetwlian pe-
riods kidev ufro naklebad SeeZlo raime
arsebiTi gavlenis moxdena am mosaxleobis
xasiaTis ZiriTad Tvisebebze, igi Zveleburad
boboqari, Tavisuflebis moyvarea, misTvis da-
maxasiaTebelia Zarcva-yaCaRoba, sisxlis aReba
da igi naklebad aris momzadebuli moqala-
qeobriobis aRqmisaTvis. Tumca es Tvisebebi
garegnulad iSviaTad vlindeba da ara marto
mmarTvelobis amJamad dawesebuli reJimis gamo,
aramed imitomac, rom mosaxleoba Tavis
amJamindel mdgomareobas droebiTad miiCnevs
da TiTqos Cawynarda kvlav TurqTa xeli-
suflebis qveS gadasvlis molodinSi, raTa
Tavidan aicilos umizno msxverpli, amasTan,
igi isev frTxilad da eWviT ekideba mTav-
robis mier gatarebul TiToeul RonisZiebas.
rogorc, magaliTad, 1878-1879 ww. aWarlebi
aReldnen maSinve, rogorc ki zogierTi pun-
qti Cveni jarebis mier iqna dakavebuli; ag-
reTve, 1886-1887 ww. SesamCnevi iyo mo-
saxleobis Zlieri mRelvareba aRwerisa da
samxedro valdebulebis SemoRebasTan dakav-
SirebiT, rac, sxvaTa Soris, yovelTvis iw-
vevda TurqeTSi emigraciis gaZlierebas, uka-
nasknel SemTxvevaSi mxolod da mxolod xmebis
gavrcelebis gamo imis Taobaze, TiTqos samxed-
ro valdebulebis moxda naturiT iqneba
ganxorcielebuli.
Tuki velurobisa da cxovrebis wyobis mixed-
viT yofili baTumis olqis mosaxleobasa da
daRestnis mTielTa Soris gansxvaveba mci-
rea, politikuri Sexedulebebis mxriv maT
Soris gansxvaveba Zalze didia da arcTu
yofili baTumis olqis mosaxleobis sasar-
geblod. daRestnis mTielebi, gansakuTrebiT
Samilis dros, Zlier xelisuflebas grZnobd-
nen da emorCilebodnen mas. isini ara marto
omis siZneleebs itandnen, aramed fulad mo-
sakrebelsac ixdidnen, amasTan, maTTvis ucxo
iyo yaCaRoba da Zarcva. yofil baTumis ol-
qSi mosaxleobam disci plinis damcavi xeli-
sufleba ar icoda; gazafxulis dadgomisTa-
nave yovelwliurad Semodiodnen Turquli
eskadronebi da ikavebdnen gzebs zamTris dad-
gomamde, raTa daecvaT isini Zarcva-yaCaRobisa-
gan, gadasaxadis asakrebad, agreTve, xSirad
iniSneboda jarebi, romlebsac aWarlebi yo-
velTvis uwevdnen winaaRmdegobas da mxolod
amis Semdeg uxdidnen fulad mosakrebels,
Tanac, rogorc `werilSia~ naTqvami, arasru-
li odenobiT. rodesac daRestans vadarebT
baTumisa da arTvinis okrugebs, maTi poli-
tikuri mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, rome-
lic Zalze did rols TamaSobs mmarTve-
lobis sistemis arCevisas, kidev ufro did
gansxvavebas vawydebiT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
is, Tu ra droidan Semovida yofili baTumis
olqis teritoria Cveni imperiis Semadgen-
lobaSi. musulmanebiT dasaxlebuli kavkasi-
uri provinciebis Cvens mier dapyrobas poli-
tikuri mniSvneloba, arsebiTad, eqneba mx-
olod imdenad, ramdenadac am provinciebiT
dainteresebulia TurqeTi da ramdenadac mas
aqvs SesaZlebloba zegavlena iqonios maTze,
Cveni interesebis sazianod. daRestans, rome-
lic misi geografiuli mdebareobis wyalobiT,
arasdros warmoadgenda TurqeTis provinci-
as, TurqeTTan mxolod religiuri kavSiri
aqvs da amitom daRestans TurqeTi drodad-
ro iyenebda CvenTvis ama Tu im sirTuleebis
Sesaqmnelad. bolo omis dros Turqma emis-
rebma daRestanSi mxolod umniSvnelo ajan-
yebis mowyoba SeZles, romelic warmatebiT
iqna CaxSobili da romelmac sabolood da-
arwmuna mTielebi amgvar mcdelobaTa uSede-
gobaSi, radganac brZola Zalze uTanaswo-
roa. mxolod gansakuTrebiT araxelsayrel
viTarebaSi, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki saomari moq-
medebebi mtkvris auzSi gadainacvlebda, See-
Zlo daRestans ufro seriozuli garTulebebi
moetana CvenTvis. sruliad sxva mdgomareobaa
yofili baTumis olqisa da soxumis okrug-
Tan dakavSirebiT. baTumis olqi TurqeTs
mxolod 15 wlis win gamoeyo, igi esazRvreba
TurqeTs, misi musulmanuri mosaxleoba Tur-
qeTs Tavis samSoblod miiCnevs; Turqma emis-
rebma Caunerges maT rwmena, rom es gamoyofa
droebiTia; saerTo sazRvrebis arseboba ori-
ve mxares erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis saSua-
lebas aZlevs; bevr Cvens axal mosaxles na-
Tesauri kavSiri aqvs TurqeTis qveSevrdo-
mebTan; dabolos, omis SemTxvevaSi yarsisa
da baTumis olqebi advilad SeiZleba iqcnen
saomari moqmedebebis Teatrad, xolo is, Tu
ra roli Seasrules afxazebma da ra mniS-
vneloba hqonda soxumis olqis teritorias
TurqeTTan orive ukanaskneli omis dros, jer
kidev imdenad kargad gvaxsovs, rom amis Se-
saxeb saubari zedmetia.
mxedvelobidan arc is unda gamogvrCes, rom
daRestani Cveni mmarTvelobis qveS ukve 35
welia imyofeba ganuwyvetliv da rom Cveni
Zlieri gavlena daRestanze jer kidev XVIII
saukuneSi daiwyo. pirvelad ruseTis daqvem-
debarebaSi miRebul iqna yumurTa Samxali,
1802 w. avaris saxano iTxovda imaves, mom-
devno wels dapyrobil iqnen aWarlebi, xolo
1820 w. - yara-yalmuxeTis saxano. Cveni xeli-
sufleba da gavlena gamudmebiT izrdeboda
1830 wlamde yara molas, Semdeg ki hamzaT-
begisa da bolos Samilis gamoCenamde (1834
w.), swored am droidan, anu 1830 wlidan
iwyeba uwyveti saomari moqmedebebis periodi,
romelic 1859 w. dasrulda. yofili baTumis
olqis mosaxleoba ki, mis SemoerTebamde, sru-
liad ucxo iyo CvenTvis, iseve, rogorc Cven
viyaviT ucxoni am mosaxleobisaTvis.
soxumis okrugis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba -
afxazebi da e.w. samurzayanoelebi (esec
afxazuri tomia) - kulturuli Tvisebebis
TvalsazrisiT, Zalze dabal safexurze im-
yofeba, gansakuTrebiT pirvelni: isini velurni,
zarmacni, qarafSutani da meryevni arian;
cxenebisa da saqonlis moparva afxazTa da
samurzayanoelTa yvela fenis warmomadgen-
lebisTvis Cveulebaa da rogorc Cveuleba,
igi Znelad eqvemdebareba represiul Ro-
nisZiebebs. maTi religia qristianuli, mahma-
dianuri da warmarTuli kultebis aRrevas
warmoadgens; marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mier
dadgenili wes-Cveulebebi umetesobisaTvis
sruliad ucxoa; qorwinebisa da naTlobis
157
 saidumloebani TiTqmis ar arsebobs: pirveli
Secvlilia dedoflis wayvaniT, Cveulebis Se-
sabamisad, xolo meore - agreTve dawesebuli
wes-CveulebebiT; mosaxleobis musulmanur na-
wils arc meCeTi gaaCnia da arc molebi, arc
ganicdis maT saWiroebas, dRevandeli qris-
tiani xval Tavs musulmanad Tvlis da piri-
qiT; qurdoba maTi profesionaluri saqmia-
nobaa; Turq emisarTa gavlena maTze metad
Zlieria.
yvela am monacems im daskvnamde mivyavarT,
rom quTaisis guberniis okrugebis gaTanabrebas
daRestnis mTielebTan araviTari safuZveli
ar gaaCnia da rom es mosaxleoba ver CaiT-
vleba momzadebulad samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis
formebis aRsaqmelad.
quTaisis guberniis okrugebis mimarT amgvari
daskvnis gakeTebis mizezTa CamoTvlisas un-
da aRiniSnos umTavresi. maT Soris upirve-
lesi mdgomareobs okrugebis zemoT CamoT-
vlil politikur TvisebebSi da mosaxleobis
kulturul TvisebebSi, romelTa winaaRmdeg
brZolisaTvis TxuTmetwliani periodi Zal-
ze mcirea; meore mizezi mdgomareobs Tavda-
pirvelad momsaxure personalis arasaTana-
do SerCevaSi, romelic ar akmayofilebda mo-
cemuli werilis dasawyisSi CamoTvlil
moTxovnebs. amis dasamtkiceblad sakmarisia
Semdegi faqtis moyvana: baTumis olqis Semo-
erTebidan 1891 wlamde, olqis ufrosis Ta-
namdeboba aq xuT pirs ekava, maTgan ori ga-
samarTlebul iqna, xolo mesame, marTalia,
ar gadaeca sasamarTlos, magram gaTavisuf-
lda Tanamdebobidan. dabolos, aq samsaxurSi
bevri iseTi kategoriis piri iyo, romlebic
samsaxurSi mxolod erTs - gamorCenas eZebs,
gamdidrebas cdilobs, raTa uzrunvelyos sa-
kuTari Tavi da, Tu SesaZlebloba mieca, yo-
velnairi gziT cdilobs daagrovos didZali
qoneba da Semdeg Tavis keras daubrundes.
samwuxarod, es movlena Cveulebrivia TiT-
qmis yvela e.w. axali adgilisaTvis.
III
mTavarmarTeblis kancelariis mier Sedgeni-
li debulebis proeqti iTvaliswinebs samxedro
gubernatorebis kancelariebis gauqmebas, rom-
lebic samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobas gana-
gebdnen, im mizniT, rom dawesebul iqnes saq-
158
meTa ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis kolegiuri
forma da Tavidan iqnes acilebuli is ux-
erxulobani, romlebic dokumentis - `kerZo
mosazrebebi debulebis calkeuli muxlebis
Sesaxeb~, me-6 punqtSia warmodgenili. kance-
lariebis sanacvlod SemoTavazebulia daRes-
tnisa da yarsis olqebSi saolqo sammarTve-
loebis Seqmna, xolo quTaisis guberniis
samxedro-saxalxo kancelariis saqmeTwarmoeba
quTaisis sagubernio sammarTvelos unda ga-
daeces. samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis na-
wilebSi mosaxleobis administraciuli mar-
Tvis sasurveli wesis zogadi safuZvlebis
Semdgomi ganxilvisas, `werilSi~ naTqvamia,
rom mosaxleobis zemoaRniSnuli xasiaTisa
da ganwyobis pirobebSi, didi administraciu-
li erTeulebis formireba sruliad Seu-
sabamoa, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca erT ad-
ministraciul erTeulSi erTiandebian iseTi
nawilebi, romlebic saerTo kanonebs eqvem-
debarebian da iseTebi, romlebic gansakuT-
rebuli debulebebis mixedviT imarTebian. am
ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba adgilebi, romlebic
amJamad samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobas eq-
vemdebarebian. `marTalia, SesaZlebelia iseTi
administratoris moZebna, romelic SeZlebs
erTnairad gaiTavisos mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva
sistemebi, - naTqvamia `werilSi~ - magram
gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, mmarTveli pirebi,
umetes SemTxvevaSi, romelime erTi sistemi-
saken gadaixrebian, romlis mixedviTac war-
marTaven guberniis marTvas, maSin, rodesac
Tuki mmarTvelobis romelime sistemis gata-
reba mkacrad ar iqneba daculi, garda imisa,
rom ar mogvecema saSualeba vimsjeloT misi
mizanSewonilobis xarisxze, es agreTve ga-
moiwvevs mimarTulebis meryeobas, rac cu-
dad aisaxeba mosaxleobaze, romelsac ar
SeuZlia gaigos mis mimarT wayenebuli moTxov-
nebi da amis gamo kargavs rwmenas mmarTve-
lebisa da mmarTvelobis mimarT~. (gv. 84). am
mosazrebaTa gamo, SeuZleblad aris miCneu-
li yarsis olqis mierTeba erevnis gubernias-
Tan, imavdroulad, debulebisa da Statebis
proeqtis Tanaxmad, quTaisis guberniaSi swo-
red aseTi viTarebis Seqmnaa gaTvaliswinebuli,
samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis quTaisis
samxedro gubernatoris kancelariis gauq-
mebiT da misi saqmeTwarmoebis gadacemiT sa-
gubernio mmarTvelobisaTvis, radganac es da-
wesebuleba iZulebuli iqneba imoqmedos sa-
erTo kanonebiTac da debulebebis Sesabamisa-
dac: zemoaRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT, yofi-
li baTumis olqisa da yofili soxumis gan-
yofilebisaTvis guberniaSi administraciuli
mmarTvelobis aseTi wesis ganxorcieleba
SeuZlebelia, xolo iseTi viTarebis Seqmna,
romelic winaswar dawunebulia, uxerxulia.
im mizniT, rom ukeTesad ganvmartoT marTvis
is uxerxulobani, romlebic warmoiqmneba
sxadasxva debulebebis mixedviT marTvadi na-
wilebis erT administraciul erTeulSi ga-
erTianebiT, agreTve imis gasarkvevad, rom
SeuZlebelia quTaisis guberniaSi samxedro-
saxalxo mmarTvelobis kancelariis gauqmeba
da misi saqmis warmoebis sagubernio mmarTve-
lobisTvis gadacema, aucilebelia aRiniSnos
Semdegi:
1) davuSvaT, guberniis ufrosi SeZlebs ar
mianiWos upiratesoba marTvis ama Tu im sis-
temas da piradad eqneba imis unari, rom
gaiTavisos sxvadasxva sistemebi, aRniSnuli
Tvisebebi, romlebic unda gaaCndes guberniis
ufross, mniSvnelovanwilad unda iyos da-
maxasiaTebeli misi TanaSemwisaTvis, vice-
gubernatorisa da mrCevelTaTvis, romelTac,
kanonis Tanaxmad, ama Tu is saqmis gadawyve-
tisas, SeuZliaT sakuTari azri gaaCndeT.
2) amJamad proeqtirebuli debulebis 47-e
muxlis Sesabamisad da samxedro gubernato-
ris TanaSemwis Tanamdebobis gauqmebis gamo.
mTavari saxalxo sasamarTlos Tavmjdomareoba
daekisra vice-gubernators; 47-e muxlis Ta-
naxmad, sasamarTlos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis
mrCeveli, romelic xelmZRvanelobs saqmeTa
momzadebas mosmenisaTvis da romelic Tval-
yurs adevnebs maT moZraobas da maT mixedviT
warmoebul angariSgebas. guberniis sammar-
Tvelos mrCevels gadaecema saolqo sasamar-
Tloebis yvela gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba,
romlebic dakavSirebuli iqneba samoqalaqo
sarCelTan, SariaTis da sisxlis samarTlis
saqmesTan, agreTve mTavari saxalxo sasamar-
Tlos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebebi. imave
mrCevelis ganyofilebaSi moiyris Tavs yvela
sxva saqme, romelic, proeqtis mixedviT, ol-
qebamde ganekuTvneboda da eqvemdebareboda
guberniis sammarTvelosTvis gadacemas, maT
Soris, Zalze rTuli saadgilmamulo saq-
meebic, romlebic xSirad gamoiwveven davis
gadasawyvetad adgilze Casvlis aucileblobas.
dabolos, igi, mrCeveli wodebis Sesabamisad,
valdebuli iqneba monawileoba miiRos saer-
Tod yvela saqmis mosmenaSi, romelic sa-
gubernio sammarTveloSi ganxorcieldeba da
sakuTari mosazreba gamoTqvas maT Sesaxeb,
rac gamoiwvevs mosasmeni saqmeebis axlos gac-
nobis, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi maTi piradad
ganxilvis aucileblobas. 73-e muxlis Ta-
naxmad, mTavari saxalxo sasamarTlo ikribeba
saWiroebisamebr, Semosul saqmeTa raodenobis
mixedviT, magram aranakleb weliwadSi or-
jer mainc.
]quTaisis guberniaSi guberniis sammarTvelo
mdebareobs q. quTaisSi, xolo mTavari sax-
alxo sasamarTlo - baTumSi; aqedan gamomdi-
nare, TiToeul sesiasTan dakavSirebiT, vice-
gubernatori da mrCeveli unda gaemgzavron
baTums. im saqmeTa raodenobis mixedviT Tu
vismjelebT, romelTa warmoebac mTavar sax-
alxo sasamarTloSi ganxorcieldeba, ori se-
siiT Semofargvla SeuZlebeli iqneba; weli-
wadSi eqvsi mainc iqneba saWiro. baTumisa da
arTvinis olqebis saxalxo sasamarTloSi uka-
naskneli sami wlis manZilze saqmeTa moZrao-
bis Sesaxeb arsebuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, aR-
niSnul sasamarTloSi Semovida: 1891 w. -
141 saqme, 1892 w. - 173 da 1893 w. - 210
saqme. gansjadobis gafarToebisa (`kerZo mo-
sazrebebis~ me-15 muxli da debulebis pro-
eqtis 77-e muxli) da mosaxleobis ekonomi-
kuri interesebis gardauval ganviTarebasTan
erTad, gaizrdeba im saqmeTa ricxvi, rom-
lebic aRniSnul sasamarTlos mier ganxil-
vas eqvemdebarebian; xolo Tuki es gazrda
iseTive progresiiT ganviTardeba, rogorc am
ukanaskneli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi moxda,
maSin sul male mTavar saxalxo sasamar-
TloSi yovelwliurad Semova aranakleb 300
saqmisa. Tu yoveli xuTi saqmis gadawyvetaze
erT dRes vigulisxmebT, maSin vice-guberna-
tors da mrCevels yovelwliurad aranakleb
60 dRis gatareba mouxdeba; kidev 2 dRes
Tu viangariSebT TiToeul mgzavrobaze, ma-
Sin sagubernio sammarTvelo 2-3 Tvis ganmav-
lobaSi vice-gubernatoris, Tavisi uaxloesi
xelmZRvanelis, gareSe darCeba, rac udaod
mniSvnelovan sirTuleebs da saqmeTa aranor-
malur msvlelobas gamoiwvevs sagubernio mmar-
TvelobaSi, xolo mrCevelis aryofna srul
159
 Seferxebas gamoiwvevs sxva saolqo saqmeebSi.
amrigad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki moxdeba vice-
gubernatoris movaleobebis SeTavseba mTava-
ri saxalxo sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris mo-
valeobebTan, xolo mrCevelis pirdapiri mo-
valeobebisa - masze aRniSnul sasamarTloSi
dakisrebul movaleobebTan, maSin naTlad ik-
veTeba am viTarebis aranormaluroba da ga-
nuxorcielebloba mTeli saqmeTa warmoebis
sruli moSlis gareSe.
3) saadgilmamulo saqmeTa gadacema saguber-
nio sasamarTlosaTvis dasaSvebia imis gamo,
rom am dawesebulebebis gadawyvetilebebi ar
adgenen sakuTrebis uflebebs, aramed mxolod
droebiTi flobisa da sargeblobis uflebas
gansazRvraven (`werili~, gv. 96). arTvinisa
da baTumis olqebTan mimarTebaSi es asea,
magram soxumis olqSi, sadac mosaxleobas,
romelsac danaSauli ar aqvs Cadenili, sa-
kuTrebaSi gadaecema nakveTebi, warmoiSoba dava
sakuTrebis uflebis Sesaxeb, romelsac amJa-
mad ganixilaven momrigebeli Suamavlebi da
samxareo gubernatori (1870 w. 8 noemberis,
misi umaRlesobis damtkicebuli debuleba, p.
24 da debuleba soxumis olqis mosaxleobis
saadgilmamulo mowyobis adgilobrivi dawe-
sebulebis Sesaxeb - 1887 w. 11 noemberi, Tavi
I, p. 10, litera - b.).
4) sagubernio sammarTveloebi, kanonis Ta-
naxmad, warmoadgenen kolegiur dawesebulebebs;
Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi mkacrad aris dadgeni-
li, rom kolegiuri dawesebulebebis gadaw-
yvetilebis damtkiceba an gauqmeba aseve mx-
olod kolegiur dawesebulebebs SeuZliaT,
amis gamo sagubernio sammarTvelos gadawyve-
tilebebi SeiZleba gauqmebul iqnen mxolod
mmarTveli senatis mier, saCivrebi aRniSnuli
mmarTvelobebis gadawyvetilebebis mimarT ga-
daecema senats, dadgenili vadebis dacviT
(muxli 813, t. II, naw. I). debulebis proeqtis
102-e muxli arRvevs am ZiriTad princi ps.
5) dokumentis, `kerZo mosazrebebi debuleb-
isa da Statebis proeqtis calkeuli mux-
lebis Sesaxeb~ - me-6 paragrafSi gakeTebuli
miTiTeba imis Taobaze, rom yvela ekonomiku-
ri da teqnikuri sakiTxi, romelic baTumis,
arTvinis da soxumis olqebTan mimarTebaSi
warmoiSoba, gadaecema sagubernio mmarTve-
lobas, ganekuTvneba 1891 wlamde periods,
160
Semdgom ki es wesi gauqmda, da araviTari -
arc ekonomikuri da saerTod arc erTi sa-
kiTxi - sagubernio mmarTvelobas aRar gada-
ecema, amasTan, is saqmeebi, romlebic adre
sagubernio mmarTvelobas gadaecemoda, amJa-
mad olqebis mixedviT wydeba saerTo debulebis
Sesabamisad, rac sagubernio mmarTvelobisa-
Tvis ar iyo cnobili. rac Seexeba im sa-
kiTxebs, romlebic teqnikur nawilSi warmo-
iSobian, maTTvis samxedro gubernatorTan ar-
sebobs gansakuTrebuli teqnikuri TanamSro-
meli - samSeneblo da sagzao samuSaoebis
mwarmoebeli, xolo sagubernio mmarTvelobis
samSeneblo ganyofileba mis mimarT mxolod
makontrolebel dawesebulebas warmoadgens;
Tu mainc warmoiSoba teqnikuri sakiTxebis
samSeneblo nawilSi mosmenis aucilebloba,
es araviTar uxerxulobas da sirTules ar
iwvevs da amaSi araferia aranormaluri. yo-
velive es gvarwmunebs quTaisis samxedro
gubernatoris kancelariis gauqmebisa da saq-
miswarmoebis sagubernio mmarTvelobisaTvis
gadacemis aucileblobaSi da agreTve imaSi,
rom SeuZlebelia vice-gubernators daekis-
ros mTavari saxalxo sasamarTlos Tavmjdo-
mareoba, xolo mrCevels - am sasamarTloSi
monawileoba, meores mxriv ki imaze miuTi-
Tebs, rom samxedro gubernatoris TanaSem-
wis Tanamdebobis gauqmeba ar unda moxdes.
magram Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT zogierTi
saxis saqmeTa gadawyvetis kolegiuri wesis
damkvidrebis aucileblobas, am mizniT saWi-
roa quTaisis guberniaSi Seiqmnas droebiTi
saadgilmamulo komisia. am komisias SeiZleba
gadaeces Semdegi saqmeebi:
a) saadgilmamulo saqmeebi, romlebic aRniS-
nulia debulebis proeqtis me-100 muxlSi,
da saerTod, mosaxleobaSi warmoqmnil yve-
la kerZo saadgilmamulo sakiTxTan da da-
vasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi;
b) imave debulebis 58-e muxlis p.s-is (gv.
101) Sesabamisad, saxalxo sasamarTlos daq-
vemdebarebidan amoRebuli saqmeebi;
g) proeqtis me-40 da 41-e muxlebSi aRniS-
nuli saqmeebi; da
d) saqmeebi, romlebic exeba soflis sasamar-
Tloebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis
gasaCivrebas.
droebiTi saadgilmamulo komisia iqmneba Sem-
degi SemadgenlobiT: Tavmjdomare - samxed-
ro gubernatoris TanaSemwe da wevrebi: samxed-
ro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis kancelariis mmar-
Tvelis TanaSemwe, quTaisis samxedro guber-
natorTan arsebuli ufrosi moxele sagan-
gebo davalebaTaTvis, ori miwismzomeli sa-
mijno ganyofilebidan da saqmismwarmoebeli
zemoxsenebuli kancelariis Semadgenlobidan,
kancelariis mmarTvelis TanaSemwe imavdrou-
lad mTavari saxalxo sasamarTlos wevric
aris; mas ekisreba yvela is movaleoba, rac
debulebis proeqtiT sagubernio sasamarTlos
mrCevelze iyo gaTvlili; gadawyvetilebebis
miRebisaTvis saWiroa komisiis Semadgenlobidan
aranakleb 3 kacis monawileoba, gadawyveti-
lebebi miiReba xmaTa umravlesobiT, Tanabari
xmebis SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba eniWeba
Tavmjdomaris xmas. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
aucilebeli cnobebis Sesagroveblad komisia
adgilze miavlens Tavis erT an or wevrs.
komisiis gadawyvetilebebi im saqmeebTan da-
kavSirebiT, romlebic aRniSnulia proeqtis
me-100 muxlSi, samxedro gubernatoris das-
kvniT, dasamtkiceblad waredgineba mTavar-
marTebels. debulebis proeqtis 101-e muxl-
Si da zemoT moyvanili punqtis litera a-s
meore naxevarSi aRniSnuli saqmeebis, agreT-
ve sasoflo sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa
gasaCivrebis saqmeTa mixedviT miRebuli ga-
dawyvetilebebi, sagubernio sammarTvelos Jur-
nalebis msgavsad, dasamtkiceblad waredgi-
neba samxedro gubernators. saCivrebi komi-
siis gadawyvetilebaTa mimarT imave komisia-
Si Semodis; xolo Semdeg, misi ganmartebiT,
Jurnalis asliTa da samxedro gubernato-
ris daskvniT TandarTuli, gadaecema mTavar-
marTebels, romelic saboloo gadawyveti-
lebebs iRebs maT Sesaxeb (debulebis proeq-
tis 102-e muxli). saadgilmamulo saqmeebTan
dakavSirebuli saqmiswarmoeba am komisiaSi
Tavisufldeba saRerbo mosakreblisagan (103-e
muxli).
komisiis dafuZneba ar gamoiwvevs raime xar-
jebs, garda imisa, rac saWiroa kancelariis
mmarTvelis TanaSemwis TanamdebobisaTvis da
igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba bat. samxedro minis-
tris Sexedulebas amgvari dawesebulebebis
aRdgenis Taobaze.
IV
mosaxleobis Tanamedrove ekonomikuri da kri-
minaluri cxovrebis asaxsnelad `werilSi~
Semdegi princi puli daskvna aris warmodge-
nili: `adgilobriv administraciul xelisuf-
lebas, romelic yvelaze axlos dgas xalx-
Tan, unda mieniWos ara marto sadamsjelo
Zalaufleba, romelic danaSaulebaTa aRsak-
veTad da Tavidan asacileblad gamoiyeneba,
aramed garkveuli sasamarTlo uflebebic umar-
tivesi darRvevebis, danaSaulebebisa da sa-
moqalaqo sarCelis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT;
magram radganac samoqalaqo cxovrebam da
ekonomikuri interesebis ganviTarebam, ragind
umniSvnelo iyos igi, gadadga Tavisi nabije-
bi, amitom ar aris saWiro administraciisaT-
vis, gansakuTrebiT qveda instanciebisaTvis,
iseTi farTo uflebamosilebaTa gadacema, rom-
lebic teritoriebis imperiasTan SemoerTebis-
Tanave Seqmnili debulebebiT iyo dadgenili;
garda amisa, saWiroa miniWebul uflebaTa
gamoyenebis ufro dawvrilebiTi reglamenti-
reba, raTa adgili ar eqnes TavaSvebulobasa
da zedmetad subieqtur damokidebulebas
xalxis cxovrebis araswori gamovlinebebis
mimarT. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom xeli-
suflebis gayofiT gamowveuli naklovanebebi,
romlebic ara marto mTieli, aramed mkvidri
rusi mosaxleobis samxedro-saxalxo mmar-
TvelobaSi SeiniSneba, ukve aRiarebulia misi
udidebulesobis nebiT da swored maT gamo-
iwvies 1889 w. 12 ivlisis kanonis gamocema,
xolo xelisuflebis gayofaze uaris Tqma
ufro marTebuli da safuZvliani iqneba, Tu
saqme exeba iseTi xalxis marTvis mowesri-
gebas, romlebic gonebrivad, zneobrivad da
ekonomikurad SedarebiT naklebad arian gan-
viTarebuli. saolqo da sagubernio adminis-
traciisaTvis garkveuli administraciuli da
sasamarTlo uflebebis miniWebisas, romlebic
marTvis iseT sruliad gansakuTrebul sis-
temas qmnian, romelic garkveul, ufro aqti-
ur xelmZRvanelobasa da warmarTvas moiTxovs,
aucilebelia, kavkasiaSi umaRles xelisuf-
lebas hqondes misi mdgomareobis Sesabamisi
sadamsjelo da sasamarTlo uflebebi, ag-
reTve, TviT marTvis ganxorcielebaSi igi unda
warmoadgendes makontrolebel Zalas, mas unda
hqondes imis SesaZlebloba, rom warmarTos
marTvis mTeli mimdinareoba da saboloo ga-
161
 dawyvetilebebi miiRos Seqmnil gaugebrobebTan
dakavSirebiT, ra Tqma unda, imavdroulad
igi ar unda gascdes cnobil CarCoebs; aR-
niSnuli uflebebi ara aqvs miniWebuli xeli-
suflebis umaRles warmomadgenels kavkasia-
Si~ (`werili~, gv. 84-87).
sruliad veTanxmebiT ra zemoaRniSnuls, au-
cileblad migvaCnia zogierTi Sesworebis Se-
tana dadgenilebis proeqtSi im sadamsjelo
uflebaTa Taobaze, romlebic eniWeba samxed-
ro gubernators, olqis ufrosebs, maT Tana-
Semweebsa da ubnis ufrosebs.
moqmedi, 1897 wlis instruqciis me-20 mux-
lis me-2 naxevarSi yarsisa da baTumis ol-
qebis gubernatorebis ufleba-movaleobebis Se-
saxeb aRniSnulia: im danaSaulebebisa da dar-
Rvevebis mixedviT, romlebsac iTvaliswinebs
Zeglisdeba sisxlis samarTlisa da gamosas-
worebeli msjavrdebis irgvliv, agreTve wes-
deba momrigebeli mosamarTleebis mier dad-
genili msjavrdebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Cade-
nilia mkvidri mosaxleobis warmomadgenelTa
mier, - yarsisa da baTumis olqebSi sasamar-
Tlo nawilis mowyobis Sesaxeb moqmedi de-
bulebis Tanaxmad, - ar eqvemdebarebian impe-
riis saerTo kanonebiT gasamarTlebas da ver
iqnebian gadacemuli saxalxo sasamar-
TloebisaTvis, maT mixedviT saqmeTa ganxil-
va da maTi dasruleba administraciuli we-
siT warmoebs.
amave instruqciis 21-e muxlSi naTqvamia:
samxedro gubernatorebs, administraciuli
wesiT, olqebis mosaxleobis mimarT eniWebaT
damnaSaveTa 300 maneTamde dajarimebisa da 3
Tvemde dapatimrebis ufleba, im gamonakli-
siT, rom privilegirebuli wodebis pirTa
dapatimrebis Taobaze maT winaswar unda iTx-
ovon nebarTva mTavarsardlisagan. gadaudebel
SemTxvevaSi ki isini gascemen gankargulebas
winaswari dapatimrebis Sesaxeb da, imavdrou-
lad, dawvrilebiT moaxseneben mTavarsardals
im garemoebaTa Taobaze, romlebmac ganapi-
robes amgvari zomebis miReba.
1891 w. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis, bat.
mTavarmarTeblis mier quTaisis samxedro
gubernators soxumis okrugTan mimarTebaSi
mieniWa Semdegi uflebebi: 1) im pirTa sam
Tvemde dapatimrebisa, romlebsac brali ede-
162
baT qurdobaSi, yaCaRobasa da pirutyvis ga-
tacebaSi, es exeba rogorc adgilobriv mkvidr
mosaxleobas, aseve CamosaxlebulT da ok-
rugSi droebiT mcxovreb pirebs; da 2) pri-
vilegirebuli wodebis pirTa Sesaxeb, ro-
melTac imave danaSaulebSi edebaT brali,
gansakuTrebuli moxsenebebiT mimarTvisa
mTavarmarTeblisadmi da mxolod sagangebo
SemTxvevaSi maTi dapatimrebisa sakuTari ga-
dawyvetilebiT, ris Sesaxebac unda ecnobos
mis maRaludidebulesobas.
garda amisa, quTaisis guberniis ozurgeTis
mazris mcxovrebTa mimarT quTaisis samxed-
ro gubernators 1888 w. mTavarmarTeblis
mier mieniWa damnaSave pirTa, maT Soris Ta-
vadebisa da amiT ojaxebis quTaisis sxva maz-
rebSi gadasaxlebis ufleba.
amJamad proeqtirebuli debulebis me-10 mux-
lSi aRniSnulia: mTavarmarTebels aqvs uf-
leba: im pirTa mimarT, romlebic mis mier
sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da simSvidisaTvis
saSiS pirovnebebad iqnebian miCneuli, gamoi-
yenos Semdegi administraciuli sasjeli: eqvs
Tvemde vadiT patimroba da gadasaxleba kav-
kasiis mxaris sxva nawilebsa da imperiis
Sida guberniebSi, policiis meTvalyureobis
qveS, aT wlamde vadiT. amave proeqtis me-15
da 33-e muxlebis Tanaxmad, samxedro guber-
natorebs eniWebaT Semdegi uflebebi: ubra-
lo klasis pirTa dapatimrebisa or Tvemde
vadiT; xolo Tuki aseTive brali edebaT pri-
vilegirebuli wodebis pirebs, maSin samxed-
ro gubernatorebi winaswar nebarTvas iReben
kavkasiis samoqalaqo nawilis mTavarmarTebli-
sagan da mxolod gansakuTrebul, gadaudebel
SemTxvevaSi apatimreben maT sakuTari gadaw-
yvetilebiT, ris Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT
moaxseneben mTavarmarTebels Semdgom gankar-
gulebaTa misaRebad.
okrugebis ufrosebs, maT TanaSemweebsa da
ubnis ufrosebs ubralo soflis mosaxleobis
mimarT SeuZliaT gamoiyenon Semdegi sasje-
li: dapatimrebisa, ara umetes 2 kviris va-
diT da jarimis dadebisa, araumetes 15 man.
odenobiT, TanaSemweebsa da ubnis ufrosebs
SeuZliaT 7 dRemde vadiT dapatimreba da 5
maneTamde odenobis jarimis dadeba.
SemoTavazebuli winadadebebis mixedviT, mTa-
varmarTeblis, okrugebis ufrosebis, maTi Ta-
naSemweebisa da ubnis ufrosebis sadamsjelo
uflebebi gaZlierebulia; samxedro guberna-
torebisa ki Sesustebuli; amasTan, `weril-
Si~ ar aris axsnili am ukanaskneli gadaw-
yvetilebis mizezebi, romelTa safuZvelzec
mas adgili unda hqonoda. meores mxriv, ok-
rugebis ufrosebs, maT TanaSemweebsa da ub-
nis ufrosebs eZlevaT fuladi jarimis da-
debis ufleba maSin, rodesac igive ufleba,
romelic amJamad samxedro gubernators aqvs
miniWebuli, marTalia, gauqmebulad ver Ca-
iTvleba, radganac samxedro gubernatoris
daqvemdebarebaSi myofi moxeleebisTvis mini-
Webuli ufleba, TavisTavad, TviT samxedro
gubernatorebis uflebac iqneba, magram jarimis
odenoba ki mniSvnelovnad aris Semcirebuli
- 300-dan 5-15 maneTamde. samxedro guberna-
torebisaTvis - aseTi sapasuxismgeblo pos-
tis mqone pirTaTvis - amJamad miniWebuli
sadamsjelo uflebebis Sesusteba, Tanac im
teritoriaze, romlis mosaxleobac gansakuT-
rebul meTvalyureobas moiTxovs, uxerxulia;
maT unda SeunarCundes sam Tvemde vadiT da-
patimrebis ufleba, agreTve, ucvlelad unda
darCes administraciuli wesiT 300 maneTam-
de odenobis jarimis dadebis ufleba yvela
okrugis mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi, soxu-
mis okrugis CaTvliT.
fuladi jarimis dakisrebis ufleba ar unda
mieniWoT arc okrugebis ufrosebs da maT
TanaSemweT da arc ubnis ufrosebs, Tanam-
debobis borotad gamoyenebis SesaZlo SemTxve-
vebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. samxedro
gubernatorebis mxridan fuladi jarimebis
dakisrebisas, ra Tqma unda, gaTvaliswinebul
unda iqnes ara marto danaSaulis xarisxi,
aramed damnaSavis sagadamxdelo saSualebebic.
mas Semdeg, rac administraciis dabal mox-
eleebs CamoerTmevaT fuladi jarimebis da-
kisrebis uflebebi, unda gaZlierdes maTi uf-
lebebi patimrobaSi ayvanis mxriv, kerZod:
okrugebis ufrosebs mieniWaT erTi TviT Ta-
visuflebis aRkveTis ufleba, maT TanaSem-
weebsa da ubnis ufrosebs - ori kviriT. maTi
uflebebis amgvari gaZliereba gamarTlebulia
dadgenilebis proeqtis 33-e muxlis SeniS-
vnaSic, romlis Tanaxmad maT eZlevaT admi-
nistraciuli wesiT dapatimrebis ufleba, mTav-
robis mier ZalauflebiT aRWurvil pirTa
mimarT gamovlenili upativcemulobisa da
uxeSobisaTvis. garda amisa, mTavarmarTebli-
saTvis kavkasiis mxaris sxva nawilebSi aT
wlamde vadiT policiis meTvalyureobis qveS
gadasaxlebis uflebis miniWebis Sesabamisad,
samxedro gubernatorebsac unda mieniWoT
guberniis sxva mazrebsa da okrugebSi an
sxva olqebSi sam wlamde vadiT gadasaxlebis
ufleba.
dabolos, sadamsjelo administraciul Ro-
nisZiebaTa rigSi unda iqnes SemoRebuli sa-
soflo sazogadoebebisaTvis mamasaxlisis ar-
Cevis uflebis droebiTi CamorTmeva samxed-
ro gubernatoris gadawyvetilebiT, xolo ma-
masaxlisis daniSvna moxdes mTavrobis mier.
ufro dawvrilebiT unda iqnes ganxiluli
quTaisis guberniaSi mkvidri mosaxleobis da-
yofa ubralo da privilegirebul klasebad,
rac daSvebulia amJamad da gaTvaliswinebulia
debulebis proeqtSi mosaxleobis mimarT
zemoaRniSnuli sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis ga-
tarebisas. okrugebis mkvidri mosaxleobis
uflebebi sxvadasxva wodebebis mixedviT jer
gansazRvruli ar aris, xolo begebis uf-
lebebi yofil baTumis olqSi, agreTve Tava-
debisa da amistebis uflebebi soxumis ok-
rugSi, sakanonmdeblo TvalsazrisiT, jer san-
qcirebuli ar aris. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom, zneobrivi da gonebrivi TvalsazrisiT,
begebs, Tavadebs, amistebsa da, meores mxriv,
ubralo klass Soris, mcireodeni gamonak-
lisis garda, raime gansxvaveba ar arsebobs,
Tanac soxumis okrugSi Tavadebi da amis-
tebi, Cveulebriv, qurdobebis moTaveebi da
organizatorebi arian, ris gamoc isini, zneo-
bis mxriv, lamis ubralo xalxze dabla dga-
nan, es xalxi ki mxolod iaraRs warmoad-
gens maT xelSi. am viTarebaSi TiTqos ar
unda moxdes adgilobrivi mosaxleobis am-
gvari dayofa, iseve, rogorc ar aris es
daSvebuli ozurgeTis mazraSi, aramed, amis
nacvlad, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier
ama Tu im klasis pirTa dapatimrebisas, daS-
vebul iqnes gamonaklisi im pirTa mimarT,
romlebsac ganaTlebiT da samxedro an samo-
qalaqo samsaxuriT mopovebuli aqvT ruse-
Tis imperiis xelisuflebasTan Sesabamisi uf-
lebebi, rogorc es debulebis proeqtis 55-e
paragrafSia dadgenili maT gansjadobasTan
dakavSirebiT. sxvaTa Soris, am gziT daiZle-
va is uxerxulobani - drois gaWianureba -
163
 romlebsac adgili aqvs adgilobrivi xeli-
suflebis mier administraciuli wesiT eg-
reT wodebuli privilegirebuli wodebebis
pirTa patimrobaSi ayvanis dros, radganac am
RonisZiebas mxolod maSin aqvs saTanado Sede-
gi, rodesac igi yovelgvari gaWianurebis ga-
reSe, iqve, cxel kvalze gamoiyeneba.
V
saadgilmamulo sakiTxi, im saxiT, rogorc
igi `werilSia~ warmodgenili, moicavs: a)
saxelmwifosa da mosaxleobis damokidebulebas
miwasTan; b) mosaxleobis mowyobas saadgil-
mamulo TvalsazrisiT; da g) im dawe-
sebulebebis organizacias, romlebic ganageben
saadgilmamulo saqmeebs da am saxis saqmeebis
warmoebisa da gadawyvetis wess.
aq ar SevexebiT `werilSi~ warmodgenil im
monacemebsa da Sexedulebebs, romlebic exe-
ba mTieli mosaxleobisa da saadgilmamulo
saqmis mowyobas daRestanSi, am sakiTxs mx-
olod quTaisis guberniaSi Semaval okru-
gebTan mimarTebaSi ganvixilavT; mxolod wi-
naswar SevniSnavT, rom saadgilmamulo sa-
kiTxze `werilSi~ vrceli masalaa mocemuli
daRestnis mTiel tomebTan mimarTebaSi, mag-
ram, rac Seexeba baTumis, arTvinisa da soxumis
okrugebs, `werilSi~ warmodgenili monace-
mebi mniSvnelovan Sevsebas saWiroeben.
im teritoriebis SemoerTebisas, romlebic
baTumisa da arTvinis okrugebs Seadgenen, mo-
saxleobisaTvis gamocxadebul iqna maTTvis
im samoqalaqo uflebaTa SenarCunebis Sesaxeb,
romlebiTac isini TurqeTis mTavrobis dros
sargeblobdnen. amasTan, musulmanebs sakuT-
rebis uflebaTa instituti ar gaaCnda, gar-
da `mulqisa~, romelic yofil baTumis ol-
qSi arc warsulSi arsebobda da arc amJamad
arsebobs, da `vakfisa~, anu meCeTebis uZravi
qonebisa. aRniSnuli princi pi saadgilmamu-
lo sakuTrebasTan mimarTebaSi musulmanTaT-
vis dadgenilia musulmanuri samarTlis kom-
petentur SemswavlelTa mier, xolo yarsisa
da yofili baTumis olqebisaTvis - im komi-
siebis mier, romlebic Seiswavlidnen miwaT-
mflobelobis sakiTxs am olqebSi. am komisi-
aTa Sromebis ganxilvis safuZvelze kavkasi-
is samoqalaqo nawilis mTavarmarTeblis sab-
Wom 1885 w. 17 ianvari sxdomaze yarsis ol-
164
qisa da arTvinisa da baTumis okrugebis yve-
la is teritoria, romelic ar warmoadgenda
savakufo miwebs, saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamo-
acxada. sabWos Jurnalis es nawili damtki-
cebulia yofili mTavarmarTeblis, general-
adiutantis Tavad dondukov-korsakovis mier
1888 w. 31 marts. dabolos, aRniSnuli prin-
ci pi mmarTveli senatis sakasacio departa-
mentis mierac iqna miRebuli. departamentis
1874 w, 16 ianvars gadawyvetilebaSi (krebu-
li #125), aRniSnulia: `...saxelmwifo sab-
Wos azriT, madaTovis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT
gairkva Semdegi: mokvleulia da araviTar eWvs
ar iwvevs is, rom amierkavkasiis mxaris yve-
la musulmanur provinciaSi dasaxlebuli
uZravi mamulebi ar imyofebodnen kerZo sa-
kuTrebaSi, aramed mxolod garkveuli Semo-
savlebiT sargeblobisaTvis gadaecemodnen gar-
dacvalebamde an STamomavlobiT; aravis See-
Zlo aseTi mamulebis gayidva, gasaCuqreba an
anderZiT datoveba, radganac sakuTrebis uf-
leba uzenaes xelisuflebas ekuTvnoda.
miuxedavad amisa, yarsis olqis, arTvinisa
da baTumis okrugebis SemoerTebis Semdeg,
male iqna SemCneuli kerZo pirTa saxelze
saxelmwifo da savakufo miwebis damtkiceba
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebisa da sanota-
ro aqtebis safuZvelze; amrigad, okrugebSi
gaCnda kerZo saadgilmamulo sakuTreba, ami-
tom general-adiutantma, Tavadma dondukov-
korsakovma, ministrTa komitetis meSveobiT,
aRZra Suamdgomloba aseTi araswori gadaw-
yvetilebebisa da aqtebis ganadgurebisa da
sasamarTlos daqvemdebarebidan saadgilmamu-
lo saqmeebis droebiTi amoRebis Sesaxeb. amas
mohyva 1884 w. 26 oqtombris kanoni, romel-
mac yarsis olqSi, arTvinisa da baTumis ok-
rugebSi droebiT akrZala nasyidobis aqtebi
da uZravi qonebiT sajaro vaWroba, Tuki mas-
ze ar arsebobda ruseTis kanonebis Sesabami-
sad gaformebuli aqtebi. magram am kanonma
ara marto ver gaauqma saxelmwifo qonebis
dataceba, aramed piriqiT, borotmzraxvelTa
xelSi saxelmwifo miwebis datacebis axal
saSualebad iqca - mflobelobis xandazmu-
lobis Sesaxeb samflobelo Canawerebis mi-
Rebis gziT, an sasamarTlos mier damtki-
cebuli samediatoro gadawyvetilebebis sa-
SualebiT. amgvari borotebis aRkveTis miz-
niT, kavkasiis samoqalaqo nawilis
mTavarmarTebelma, general-adiutantma Ser-
emetievma, misi maRaludidebulesobis sabWo-
Si am saqmis yovelmxrivi ganxilvisa da Cemi,
rogorc quTaisis samxedro gubernatoris,
moxsenebis safuZvelze, am saqmesTan dakavSi-
rebiT 1893 w. warmoadgina Suamdgomloba
sabWos mier SemuSavebuli Semdegi debuleb-
is umaRlesad damtkicebis Sesaxeb: `yarsisa
da yofili baTumis olqebis qalaqebs gareT
myofi miwebi, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian sa-
vakufo mamulebs, gamocxadebul iqnen saxel-
mwifo qonebad~. imavdroulad, misi maRalu-
didebulesoba iTxovda, am debulebis dam-
tkicebasTan erTad, imave ricxvidan daw-
yebuliyo saerTo xandazmulobis vada, am ad-
gilebSi uZrav qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebaTa
mosapoveblad, xandazmuli mflobelobis sa-
fuZvelze.
im gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gamo, rome-
lic swor saadgilmamulo mowyobas aqvs da
rac soflis mosaxleobis ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens, - miT ume-
tes, rom, am Tu im gadawyvetilebis miRebas
saadgilmamulo sakiTxze, romelic miwaTmoq-
medi masis umetesobis yvelaze saWirboroto
interesebs exeba, Tanac yvelaze CamorCenili
masisa, romelic Znelad iTvisebs yovelgvar
siaxles miwaTmoqmedebisa da miwaTmflobelobis
saqmeSi, - miT ufro udidesi mniSvneloba
aqvs gamarjvebulTa da damarcxebulTa gaer-
Tianebisa da dapyrobili qveynis damSvidebisaT-
vis (`werili~, gv. 87). amis gamo saWiroa
moviyvanoT mTavarmarTeblis sabWos wevrTa
da bat. ministrTa mosazrebebi aRniSnul sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebiT. sabWos wevrTa umete-
sobam gamoTqva azri, rom saadgilmamulo sa-
kiTxis gadawyvetas win unda uZRodes miwaT-
mflobelobis yvela saxeobisa da formis da
mosaxleobis yvela tradiciuli saadgilma-
mulo uflebis Seswavla; yvela miwis saxel-
mwifo qonebis saministrosaTvis gadacema saqmis
garkveuli vadiT SeCerebas gamoiwvevs, rom
aRaraferi vTqvaT imaze, rom aman SeZleba
gamoiwvios azris Secvla TviT normaluri
mowyobis arsis Sesaxeb da amiT warmoiSvas
yoymani, rac Zalze saSiSia aseT mniSvnelo-
van saqmeSi. ganixilavda ra am mosazrebas,
saidumlo mrCeveli tixeevi Tvlida, rom ol-
qebis teritoriebi, romlebic uxvad daRvri-
li sisxlisa da uzarmazari msxverplis Se-
degad aris mopovebuli, dauyovnebliv unda
iqnen gamocxadebuli saxelmwifo sakuTrebad
da unda gadavidnen saxelmwifo qonebis sami-
nistros daqvemdebarebaSi. saidumlo mrCevelma
kuCaevma gaiziara wina mosazreba da daamata,
rom mosaxleobis wodebrivi uflebebis gan-
sazRvrisa da saxelmwifo glexTa yofis mow-
yobis sakiTxi ar Sedis Sinagan saqmeTa sami-
nistros daqvemdebarebaSi. stats-mdivanma os-
trovskim aucileblad miiCnia olqebis yvela
miwis, agreTve saxelmwifo glexebisa da ko-
lonistebis gadacema saxelmwifo qonebis sa-
ministros daqvemdebarebaSi. general-adiutanti
vanovski am sakiTxs gansakuTrebuli yurad-
RebiT moekida. igi Seexo saidumlo mrCeve-
lis, tixeevis mosazrebas olqebSi, upirve-
les yovlisa, saxelmwifo uflebis damkvid-
rebisa da miwebis Sesabamisi saministrosaT-
vis gadacemis Sesaxeb; bat. samxedro minis-
tri Tvlis, rom dapyrobis uflebiT daka-
vebuli miwebis saxelmwifo sakuTrebad ga-
mocxadebis dro ukve xelidan aris gaSvebuli;
rom axla amgvari RonisZiebis gatarebam Sei-
Zleba gamoiwvios mosaxleobis aRelveba da
arasasurveli garTulebebi, ramac SeiZleba
didi xniT SeaCeros saadgilmamulo sakiTxis
gadawyveta; amgvari RonisZieba amJamad Sei-
Zleba gatarebul iqnes mxolod yarsisa da
yofili baTumis olqebis teritoriebTan mi-
marTebaSi, - viTarebis Seswavlis safuZvel-
ze gamovlenili mosaxleobis miwaT-
mflobelobis pirobiTi uflebebisa da saku-
Tari miwebis gayidvis Sesaxeb konstantino-
polis traqtatis VII muxliT gaTvaliswineb-
uli SeRavaTebis gamo, - Tumca mainc im pi-
robiT, rom mcxovreblebs ar CamoerTmevaT
maT sargeblobaSi myofi nakveTebi (`werili~
gv.69-70). am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, `we-
rilSi~, daskvnebis saxiT, warmodgenilia Sem-
degi monacemebi da mosazrebebi: a) saxelmwi-
fo sakuTrebad SeiZleba gamocxaddes mxolod
is uZravi qoneba, romelic aravis kerZo sa-
kuTrebas ar warmoadgens, magram es RonisZieba
jer-jerobiT ver iqneba gatarebuli daRes-
tanis mTieli tomebis mimarT, radganac dRemde
ver moxerxda arsebuli komisiebis mier ker-
Zo mflobelobaSi arsebuli uZravi qonebis
saTanado sizustiT gansazRvra; b) marTalia,
1889 wels, 1888 w. 12 ivnisis kanonis ZaliT,
samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobas daqvem-
debarebuli saxelmwifo miwebi unda gadas-
cemoda saxelmwifo qonebis saministros, mag-
165
 ram jer-jerobiT yvela miwa gadacemuli ar
aris, amitom yvela miwis saxelmwifo sakuT-
rebad gamocxadebis dro marTlac xelidan
aris gaSvebuli; g) mTlianad saadgilmamulo
saqmis gadacema, misi axlandeli saxiT, mo-
saxleobis (rogorc saxelmwifo glexebis)
CaTvliT, SeuZlebelia, `werilSi~ dawvri-
lebiT gadmocemul mizezTa gamo (gv. 93-94);
da d) vinaidan saadgilmamulo da, masTan
dakavSirebiT, wodebrivi sakiTxi aucileblad
unda iqnes datovebuli administraciis daqvem-
debarebaSi, xolo kerZo saadgilmamulo da-
vebi unda ganixilebodnen kolegiuri wesiT
da ara axlad Sedgenili Statebis mixedviT
daproeqtebuli saadgilmamulo komisiis mi-
er (romelic ar unda mocdes mis pirdapir
movaleobas), `werilis~ Tanaxmad, okrugebsa
da olqebSi samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobas
daqvemdebarebuli, glexTa saqmeebis mwarmoe-
beli saerTo dawesebulebebis daarsebamde,
yvela kerZo saadgilmamulo sakiTxis ganxilva
da gadawyveta mxaris am nawilebSi gadaeces
saolqo mmarTvelobebs, romelTa Seqmnac aris
SemoTavazebuli; amasTan, es dawesebulebebi
daaweseben ara sakuTrebis uflebebs, aramed
mxolod droebiTi mflobelobisa da sar-
geblobis uflebebs, amitom saCivrebi maT ga-
dawyvetilebaTa Sesaxeb gansaxilvelad da
saboloo gadawyvetilebis misaRebad gadae-
cema mTavarmarTebels (`werili~, gv. 96).
bat. ministrebisa da sabWos wevrTa Sexedu-
lebebsa da agreTve `werilSi~ warmodgenil
mosazrebebTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos
Semdegi:
a) `werilSi (gv. 89) naTqvamia, rom soxumis
saadgilmamulo komisiam (romelic amJamad
gauqmebulia) daasrula Tavisi samuSaoebi 1869
w., man sakanonmdeblo sanqcia 1870 w. miiRo
da amJamad xdeba misi sisruleSi moyvana mom-
rigebeli Suamavlebis meSveobiT. aqedan Seg-
viZlia gavakeToT daskvna, rom soxumis ok-
rugSi saadgilmamulo sakiTxi gadawyvetis
sasurvel procesSia, magram sinamdvileSi saqme
sxvagvarad aris. praqtikaSi sakmaod xSirad
warmoiSoba iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebic ar
aris gaTvaliswinebuli arc 1870 w. debulebiT
da arc okrugSi saadgilmamulo saqmis war-
marTvis Sesaxeb 1885 w. miRebuli instruq-
ciiT. soxumis okrugSi 32 adgilobrivi Te-
mia, romlebic saWiroeben mowyobas saadgil-
166
mamulo TvalsazrisiT, Sesabamisi debulebis
(debuleba maTi saadgilmamulo mowyobis Se-
saxeb) safuZvelze, garda im privilegirebuli
wodebis pirebisa, romlebsac jer ar miuRi-
aT - zogs damatebiTi, zogs ki srulebiT-
saadgilmamulo nakveTebi. 32 Temidan 12-is
mosaxleoba, romelic omis dros Cveni mTav-
robis erTguli darCa, elodeba maTze miwis
srul sakuTrebaSi gadacemas, xolo danarCe-
ni 20 Temi - miwis damtkicebas STamomav-
lobiT sargeblobis uflebiT. am samuSaos
Sesruleba momrigebeli Suamavlebis mier da-
iwyo 1887 w. da axlac grZeldeba, am drois
manZilze 3 Temis saadgilmamulo mowyobis
dasrulebac ki ver moxerxda (TiToeuli mom-
rigebeli Suamavali TiTo TemTan dakavSi-
rebiT muSaobs). Tu Semdgomi muSaobac imave
wesiT warimarTeba, danarCeni udanaSaulo 9
Temis mowyoba 21 weliwadSi damTavrdeba; amas
Tu davumatebT im, marTalia SedarebiT nak-
lebad rTul, samuSaos, romelic dasWir-
deba miwis ganawilebas danaSaulis mqone mo-
saxleobis 20 TemSi, maSin afxazeTisa da
samurzayanos mosaxleobis saadgilmamulo
mowyoba 30 welze male ar damTavrdeba; rom
araferi vTqvaT samuSaoebis Rirebulebaze xazi-
nisaTvis, radganac yovelwliurad es xarje-
bi, momrigebeli Suamavlisa da miwismzomel-
Ta anazRaurebis CaTvliT, 16 aTas maneTze
mets Seadgens, rac 30 wlis manZilze naxe-
var milions (480 aTass), miuaxlovdeba, sru-
liad ar aris sasurveli, rom soxumis ok-
rugis mosaxleoba, gansakuTrebiT ki afxazi
mosaxleoba, romelic meryevi da mouwesri-
gebelia, amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi mouwyobeli
iyos yvelaze arsebiTi - saadgilmamulo, Tval-
sazrisiT. sanam afxazebi aseT gaurkvevel
mdgomareobaSi iqnebian da ar iqnebian dar-
wmunebuli TavianT uflebebSi miwis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT, manamde iqneba imis saSiSroeba,
rom pirvelsave xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi Seiq-
mneba niadagi CvenTvis arasasurveli propa-
gandis - maT Soris politikuris - gasavrce-
leblad. saadgilmamulo sakiTxis arasworma
dayenebam gamoiwvia afxazebis ajanyeba 1866
w. da maTi mRelvareba 1870 w., romelic
kodorSi jarebis gagzavniT iqna SeCerebuli.
aqedan Cans, rom saadgilmamulo sakiTxi
soxumis okrugSi iseTive mniSvnelobas inar-
Cunebs, rogorc mis arTvinisa da baTumis
okrugebSi aqvs, xolo zemoaRniSnuli de-
buleba da instruqcia, soxumis okrugSi sa-
adgilmamulo saqmis uswrafesi dasrulebis
miRwevis mizniT, gadaxedvasa da cvlilebebis
Setanas saWiroebs.
2) mTavarmarTeblis mier warmodgenil iqna
zemoaRniSnuli moxseneba yarsisa da yofili
baTumis olqebis im miwebis saxelmwifo
sakuTrebad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
qalaqebs gareT mdebareoben da ar ganekuT-
vnebian savakufo mamulebs. radgan sakiTxi
amgvarad dgas, saWiroa mxolod daJinebiTi
zrunva general-adiutant Seremetievis ze-
moT moyvanili Suamdgomlobis uswrafesi dak-
mayofilebis Taobaze.
administraciuli xasiaTis is RonisZiebebi,
romlebic aqamde gamoiyeneboda, agreTve mi-
webisa da tyeebis gadacema saxelmwifo qo-
nebis saministrosaTvis, rac, `werilis~ Ta-
naxmad, TiTqos aRniSnuli uZravi qonebis
saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadebis tol-
fasia, ver daicavs mas sasamarTlos gadaw-
yvetilebebis gziT ganxorcielebuli data-
cebisagan. amis gamo me, rogorc quTaisis
samxedro gubernatori, sami wlis manZilze
gamudmebiT vzrunavdi imaze, rom arTvinisa
da baTumis okrugebis miwebi da tyeebi umaR-
lesi nebiT gamocxadebuliyo saxelmwifo sa-
kuTrebad. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa mi-
Rebisas mxolod aseTi aqti iqneba miCneuli
xazinis uflebaTa kategoriul da utyuar
mtkicebulebad, daicavs saxelmwifo sakuT-
rebas Semdgomi datacebisgan, gaaTavisuflebs
administracias saxelmwifo miwebis yidva-ga-
yidvis mayureblis rolisagan da bolos mo-
uRebs areulobas, romelsac mkvidr mo-
saxleobaSi warmoSobs imis danaxva, Tu ro-
gor iqceva viRac Camosaxlebul pirTa sa-
kuTrebad miwebi, romlebic maT sargeblobaSi
iyo da ZvelTagan uzenaesi xelisuflebis
sakuTrebas warmoadgendnen; da rac mTavaria,
aseTi aqti, erTis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs mkvid-
ri mosaxleobis saadgilmamulo mowyobis saq-
mes, meores mxriv ki rusi mosaxleobis mier
baTumisa da arTvinis okrugebis koloniza-
ciis dawyebas, rac aqamde SeuZlebeli iyo
imis gamo, rom am okrugebSi miwebi, sakanon-
mdeblo wesiT, ar iyo gamocxadebuli saxel-
mwifo sakuTrebad.
3) sakiTxi samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis
teritoriaTa miwebisa da tyeebis saxelmwi-
fo qonebis saministrosaTvis gadacemis Se-
saxeb ukve gadawyvetilia 1888 w. 14 ivnisis
kanoniT da TviT gadacemac nawilobriv ganxor-
cielebulia, nawilobriv ki grZeldeba. ami-
tom ganxilvas saWiroebs sakiTxi mxolod
imis Taobaze, SeiZleba Tu ara amJamad mTeli
saadgilmamulo-wodebrivi saqmis, agreTve
mkvidri mosaxleobisa (rogorc saxelmwifo
glexebis) da kolonistebis gadacema imave
saministrosaTvis, amasTan, mxedvelobaSi un-
da viqonioT isic, rom jer gamosacemia de-
buleba mosaxleobis saadgilmamulo mowyobis
Sesaxeb, Semdeg es debuleba sisruleSi unda
iqnes moyvanili nadelebis faqtiuri gamoyo-
fis gziT da, garda amisa, unda iqnes gansaz-
Rvruli mkvidri mosaxleobis wodebrivi uf-
lebebi. `werilSi~ es sakiTxi uaryofiTad
aris gadawyvetili. am gadawyvetilebas ar
SeiZleba daveTanxmoT im mizezebis gaTvalis-
winebiT, romlebic dawvrilebiT aris war-
modgenili `werilSi~.
im adgilobriv dawesebulebaTa Taobaze, rom-
lebmac, proeqtis Tanaxmad, unda warmarTon
saadgilmamulo saqmeebi, navaraudevia, rom
komisias, wodebriv-saadgilmamulo saqmeTa das-
rulebis mizniT, daevalos samxedro-saxalxo
mmarTvelobis nawilebSi (tfilisSi) infor-
maciis Segroveba mTieli mosaxleobis sayo-
facxovrebo saadgilmamulo urTierTobaTa Se-
saxeb, saboloo debulebaTa SemuSaveba Se-
sabamisi olqebis mosaxleobis saadgilmamu-
lo mowyobis Sesaxeb da mTavarmarTeblisaT-
vis moxsenebebis warmodgena saadgilmamulo
davebTan dakavSirebiT Semosuli saCivrebis
Sesaxeb; saolqo mmarTvelobebs ki (quTaisis
guberniaSi - quTaisis mmarTvelobas, olqebSi
glexTa saqmeebis warmmarTveli saerTo da-
wesebulebebis Seqmnamde) daevalos yvela kerZo
saadgilmamulo sakiTxisa da davis ganxil-
va-gadawyveta (`werili~, gv. 96). Cven ar
SevexebiT aRniSnuli saqmeebis proeqtirebul
saolqo mmarTvelobaze dakisrebas da sru-
liad SeuZleblad migvaCnia quTaisis saguber-
nio mmarTvelobaze im saqmis warmoebis da-
kisreba, romelic quTaisis guberniaSi Sema-
val okrugebs exeba; aq mxolod aRvniSnavT,
rom quTaisis guberniaSi es saqmeebi Tavmoy-
rili unda iyos adgilobriv droebiT saad-
gilmamulo komisiaSi, rogorc es mocemuli
werilis III TavSia aRniSnuli.
167
 ÓÀÖÁÒÄÁÉ ÀÌÄÒÉÊÖËÉ
ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÏÍÀËÉÆÌÉÓ
ÆÏÂÉÄÒÈ ÓÀÊÉÈáÆÄ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ
Sesavali
“xalxis Zalaufleba konstituciis
aucilebeli safuZvelia.”
Tomas jefersoni
msoflio konstitucionalizmze saubrisas
SeuZlebelia yuradReba ar gavamaxviloT aSS-
is konstituciasa da mis Sedegebze, rogorc
amerikis istoriaze, aseve msoflios sxva
qveynebis konstituciebis Camoyalibebaze. aSS-
is konstitucia unikaluri dokumentia, romel-
ic mTlianad dafuZnebulia demokratiul
princi pebze da, albaT, gadaWarbebuli ar
iqneba, Tu mas msoflio qveynebis konsti-
tuciebis mefes vuwodebT. mainc raSi mdgo-
mareobs am qveynis konstituciis unikaluro-
ba? pasuxi martivia da igi SemdegSi mdgo-
mareobs: aSS iyo pirveli qveyana, romelmac,
konstituciaze dayrdnobiT, realuri gaxada
xelisuflebis danawilebis princi pis obieq-
turi implementacia; aSS-is konstitucia mkac-
rad icavs paritetulobis princi ps saxelm-
wifo xelisuflebis sam Stos, aRmasrulebel,
sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisufle-
bebs, Soris; SeerTebuli Statebis konsti-
tuciam daawesa konstituciaSi cvlilebaTa
Setanis Zalze rTuli procedura da mec-
nierebi xSirad amerikul konstitucias amis
gamo ,,mkacrs" eZaxian. vfiqrob, es iyo amerikel
kanonmdebelTa brwyinvale Canafiqri, radgan
aseTi procedura myari konstituciis Senar-
Cunebis umTavresi meqanizmia, rac amerikam
msoflios imiT daumtkica, rom ori sauku-
nis win miRebuli konstitucia jer kidev
arsebobs da metic, masze dayrdnobiT me-20
168
ÁÀØÀÒ ÁÄÒÄÊÀÛÅÉËÉ
saukunis msoflioSi civilizebuli evropu-
li saxelmwifoebi qmnidnen konstituciebs.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac amerikulma kon-
stitucionalizmma moaxerxa, iyo msoflio-
saTvis sruliad axali da progresuli in-
stitutis, sakonstitucio kontrolis sasa-
marTlo organos, SeTavazeba.
konstitucionalizmis istoriaSi aSS-is roli
ganusazRvrelia. gavixsenoT, Tu ra pirobeb-
Si xdeboda aSS-is konstituciis Seqmna. es
periodi ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtoriT
xasiaTdeba: am periodSi absolutur monar-
qias kontinentur evropaSi jer kidev ar
amouwuravs Tavisi misia; evropeli klasiko-
sebis ideebs xelisuflebis danawilebis prin-
ci pis Taobaze ararealuri saxe mieca; da,
rac mTavaria, maSin, rodesac amerikaSi
demokratiuli reformebi mimdinareobs, evropa
atarebs militaristul da sxva saxis re-
formebs, romelTa mizani dapyrobiTi omebis
warmoebaa. amerikuli konstitucionalizmis
Camoyalibebis dros evropis msgavs situa-
ciaSi msoflios sxva kontinentebic imyofe-
boda, maSasadame, gazviadebuli ar iqneba Tu
vityviT, rom rogorc evropis, ise sxva kon-
tinentis saxelmwifoebs amerikam demokrati-
uli qveynis mSeneblobis bazisi Seuqmna. es
srulebiT ar gulisxmobs, TiTqos evropa
karCaketil cxovrebas eweoda da misTvis ucxo
iyo demokratia, magram faqtia, rom amerikulma
konstituciurma sistemam mniSvnelovani gav-
lena moaxdina evropaSi konstitucionalizmisa
da demokratiis ganviTarebaze.
zemoT SevecadeT, gangvemarta amerikuli kon-
stitucionalizmis mier Seqmnili progresu-
li institutebi da yuradReba migveqcia im
faqtze, rom amerika warmoadgenda msoflio
novators, romelmac sruliad progresuli
institutebis CamoyalibebiTa da konstituciis
SeqmniT xeli Seuwyo qveyanaSi demokratiu-
li reformebis jerovnad ganxorcielebas.
vfiqrob, uintereso ar iqneba, mokled gan-
vixiloT amerikuli konstitucionalizmis
miRwevebi da is institutebi, romelic man
kacobriobas uanderZa.
aSS - xelisuflebis
danawilebis princi pis
pirveli maRiarebeli
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis 1789 wlis
konstitucia aRiarebs xelisuflebis danaw-
ilebis princi ps, es erT-erTi yvelaze
demokratiuli faqtia aSS-is konstituciaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom xelisuflebis danaw-
ilebis princi pze da, Sesabamisad, sami xe-
lisuflebis arsebobaze pirvelad monteskie
alaparakda, evropaSi didi xnis ganmavloba-
Si am princi pis implementacia ar xdeboda.
es ki, ZiriTadad, imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom
evropaSi am sakiTxs gansakuTrebuli yura-
dReba ar eniWeboda, radganac xelisuflebis
danawilebis princi pis aRiarebas savaraudod
mohyveboda yovlisSemZle monarqis uflebeb-
is Sekveca, rac, samwuxarod, imdroindeli
kontinenturi evropisaTvis tragediis tol-
fasi iqneboda. maSasadame, gazviadebuli ar
iqneba iTqvas, rom xelisuflebis danawileb-
is princi pis popularizaciaSi aSS-is roli
ganusazRvrelia. aSS swored is saxelmwi-
foa, romelmac xelisuflebis danawilebis
princi pi pirvelma aRiara konstituciis don-
eze, anu aSS rom ara, kacobrioba me-18 sauku-
neSi albaT ver gaxdeboda xelisuflebis
danawilebis princi pis ganxorcielebis mom-
swre da vin icis, amerika rom ara, msoflio
rodisRa eRirseboda am princi pis implement-
acias. amerikam saxelmwifo xelisufleba
dahyo sam nawilad, raTa saxelmwifo orga-
noebs ufro advilad SesZlebodaT TavianTi
funqciebis ganxorcieleba da xeli Seuwyo
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa demokra-
tiul funqcionirebas. aSS-is ,,damfuZnebel
mamebi" (vaSingtoni, franklini, jefersoni da
a.S.) kargad xedavdnen, ramdenad aucilebeli
iyo sami xelisuflebis arseboba, raTa qvey-
nis bedi ar yofiliyo erTpirovnuli mmarTve-
lis xelSi, rogorc es evropis umetes sax-
elmwifoebSi iyo. amerikelma kanonmdeblebma
kongresis, rogorc sakanonmdeblo xelisu-
flebis umaRlesi organos, prezidentis,
rogorc qveynisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
flebis meTauris da uzenaesi sasamarTlos,
rogorc sasamarTlo xelisuflebis umaRle-
si rgolis, SeqmniT srulad upasuxes amerikis
samomavlo ganviTarebis gegmebs. konstitu-
ciam uzrunvelyo balansi sam xelisuflebas
Soris da maT erTmaneTis gakontrolebis neba
misca. ase magaliTad, kongresi akontrolebs
prezidents im meqanizmiT, rom mas SeuZlia
prezidentis Tanamdebobidan gadayeneba impiC-
mentis wesiT, prezidenti akontrolebs kon-
gress kongresis mier miRebul bilze vetos
dadebiT, xolo prezidentsa da kongresze
sakonstitucio kontrols axorcielebs uze-
naesi sasamarTlo, romelzec, faqtobrivad,
kontrols axorcielebs rogorc kongresi,
aseve prezidenti, radgan, rogorc viciT,
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Semadgenlobis formire-
baSi monawileobas orive maTgani iRebs.
xelisuflebis danawilebis princi pis imple-
mentacias msoflioSi yvelaze mtkiced aSS
axdens, raSic mas misi marTva-gamgeobis forma
exmareba. SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia
xelisuflebis danawilebis princi ps for-
malurad ar aRiarebs da, Sesabamisad, saprez-
idento respublikis farglebSi Zalze obieq-
turad axorcielebs kidec. gansxvavebiT sa-
parlamento Tu Sereuli mmarTvelobis for-
mis qveynebisagan, SeerTebuli Statebi yve-
laze metad icavs xelisuflebis danawileb-
is princi pis originalur ideas, xolo Tu
ratom ar xdeba saparlamento Tu Sereuli
mmarTvelobis formis qveynebSi xelisufleb-
is danawilebis principis ganxorcieleba, amaze
cota qvemoT visaubrebT.
amrigad, aSS aris pirveli qveyana, romelmac
xelisuflebis danawilebis princi pi aRiara
konstituciis doneze da msoflioSi rigiT
pirveli qveyana, sadac am princi pis ganxor-
cieleba yvelaze pozitiurad mimdinareobs.
adamianis uflebebis dacva -
amerikuli konstitucionalizmis
umTavresi princi pi
amerikeli ,,damfuZnebeli mamebis" mixedviT,
xelisuflebis ZiriTadi mizania daicvas adami-
169
 anis uflebebi da ar miiRos iseTi kanoni,
romelic am ukanasknels arRvevs. aSS-is kon-
stitucia umniSvnelovanes adgils uTmobs
adamianis uflebebis dacvas xelisuflebis
danawilebis princi pis aRiarebiT, radgan
vfiqrob, rom adamianis uflebebis dacva yve-
laze metad xelisuflebis danawilebis prin-
ci pis formulaciaSi gamoixateba, im gare-
moebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom xalxi warmoad-
gens saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wyaros da,
Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis samive
Stos xalxi axorcielebs. albaT dameTanxme-
biT, rom amerikis konstituciaSi 1791 wels
Setanili Sesworebebi revoluciuria msof-
lio konstitucionalizmis istoriaSi, am
SesworebaTa revoluciuroba imaSi mdgomar-
eobs, rom isini Setanilia iseT periodSi,
rodesac msoflioSi mimdinareobda adamianis
usamarTlo diskriminacia qonebrivi, erovnu-
li, religiuri da sxva TvalsazrisiT, rasac
ufro xSirad monarqiuli mmarTvelobis qvey-
nebSi hqonda adgili. amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis Tval-
sazrisiT, araerTi kanoni iqna miRebuli romel-
ic adamianis uflebebis dacvis myar safuZv-
els qmnis, amerikaSi adamianis uflebebis dacva,
SeiZleba iTqvas, saxelmwifo politikis rang-
Sia ayvanili. am qveyanaSi erTnairad xdeba
adamianis uflebebis dacva socialur-
ekonomikur, pirad da politikur sferoSi.
adamianis uflebebis dacva amerikelebs ara
marto qveynis SigniT, aramed gareTac uxde-
baT. amis damamtkicebel sabuTad aSS-is yo-
fili prezidentis jimi karteris moRvaweobas
moviyvanT, romlisTvisac sagareo politika-
Si adamianis uflebebis dacva umniSvnelov-
anes saqmes warmoadgenda. sagulisxmoa is
faqtic, rom aSS-Si ara marto kanonebi icaven
adamianis uflebebs, aramed amerikuli isTeb-
liSmenTic, romelic adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis erT-erT mtkice meqanizmad gvevlineba.
SeerTebul StatebSi adamianis uflebebis
dacvis mxriv, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
samoqalaqo uflebaTa bili, romelic 1964
wels miiRo kongresma. am bilma sastikad
akrZala SavkanianTa diskriminacia da didi
roli Seasrula aSS-Si konstitucionaliz-
mis ganviTarebaSi. Tumca adamianis uflebeb-
sa da Tavisuflebebs 1776 wlis damoukide-
blobis deklaracia samoqalaqo uflebaTa
bilisa da konstituciis miRebamdec aRiareb-
170
da, magram am bils didi mniSvneloba aqvs
sakuTriv amerikisaTvis, sadac Zalze prob-
lematuria Savkanian xalxTa uflebebi, rom-
lebic, iseve rogorc TeTrebi, amerikis Svile-
bad iTvlebian.
SeerTebul StatebSi adamianis uflebebis
dacvaze gansakuTrebiT maxvildeba yuradRe-
ba imis gamo, rom TviTon am qveynis Seqmnis
mizans Tavdapirveladve warmoadgenda iseTi
politikur reJimis daarseba, rogoric demokra-
tiaa, xolo imisaTvis, rom realurad qveyan-
am Seqmnas demokratiuli wyoba, saWiroa aRi-
aros TiToeuli moqalaqis ufleba monawi-
leoba miiRos qveynis marTvaSi. moqalaqes unda
hqondes imis imedi, rom Tu vinme uxeSad
daarRvevs mis uflebebs, mas daicavs is xe-
lisufleba, romelsac TviTon marTavs. ver
vityviT, rom, adamianis uflebebis dacvis
TvalsazrisiT, SeerTebuli Statebi sruly-
ofili saxelmwifoa, magram, imavdroulad,
yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im faqtsac, rom
Tanamedrove msoflioSi SeerTebuli State-
bi yvelanairad cdilobs daicvas demokrati-
uli princi pebi, konstituciis moTxovnebi,
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRi-
arebuli normebi da princi pebi, xolo am
yvelafers ki aerTianebs erTi umTavresi prin-
ci pi - adamianis uflebebis dacva.
SeerTebul StatebSi adamianis uflebebis
dacvis sferoSi Zalze didi gavlena iqonies
iseTma demokratebma rogorebic iyvnen: abraam
linkolni - man pirvelma aRimaRla xma mono-
bis da adamianis mier sxvaTa usamarTlod
Cagvris winaaRmdeg; luis brendisi, amerikis
uzenaes sasamarTlos yofili mTavari mosa-
marTle, romelsac SeerTebul Statebis is-
toriaSi qalTa uflebebisa da azris Tavisu-
flebis udides damcvelad moixsenieben; erl
uoreni, aseve uzenaes sasamarTlos yofili
mTavari mosamarTle, romlis drosac amerikaSi
umniSvnelovanesi adgili daikava Tanasworo-
bis princi pma; jon ficjerald kenedi, amerikis
prezidenti, romelmac istoriaSi pirvelma
warudgina kongress samoqalaqo uflebaTa
bili, riTac igi zangTa da TeTrkanianTa
Tanasworuflebianobis princi pis aRiarebas
moiTxovda, Tumca sainteresoa, rom kongres-
ma es bili mxolod misi sikvdilis Semdeg
daamtkica; aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, martin luTer
kingis roli adamianis uflebebis dacvis
sferoSi, amerikis istoriaSi samudamod darCeba
misi gamosvla 1963 wels vaSingtonSi,
200 000-kacian demonstraciaze, romelic
samoqalaqo uflebebis bilis mxardasaWerad
gaimarTa. swored aq warmoTqva kingma Tavisi
istoriuli sityvebi, gamosvlaSi - ,,me voc-
nebob" (I have a dream), kingma ganacxada, rom
igi ocnebobda yvela protestantisa Tu ka-
Tolikes, TeTrkanianisa Tu Savkanianis gaer-
Tianebaze msoflioSi demokratiuli princi-
pebis dasacavad.
zemoaRniSnuli saubriT msurda, yuradReba
gamemaxvilebina im faqtze, rom amerikaSi
adamianis uflebebis dacvaze ara marto kanon-
ebi zrunavs, aramed amerikuli sazogadoebis
yvela fenis warmomadgenlebic, radganac isini
kargad xedaven, rom konstitucionalizmis
ganviTarebis aucilebeli prekondicia adami-
anis uflebebis dacvaa.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
konstitucia - ,,mkacri"
reagirebis konstitucia
,,konstituciam saukuneebs unda gauZlos" -
es sityvebi did amerikel demokrats, uzenae-
si sasamarTlos yofil mTavar mosamarTles,
jon marSals ekuTvnis. albaT dameTanxmebiT,
rom konstituciis sicocxlisunarianobis erT-
erTi umTavresi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria, Tu
rogor adgens TviT konstitucia masSi cv-
lilebaTa Setanis proceduras. zogadad,
SeiZleba konstituciaSi dadgenili iyos Zalze
martivi procedura cvlilebebis Sesatanad,
rogorc es, magaliTad, germaniaSia. aseTi
saxis konstituciebs ,,moqnils" uwodeben,
magram arsebobs cvlilebebis Setanis meore
da, SeiZleba iTqvas, ufro progresuli forma.
es forma iTvaliswinebs konstituciaSi cv-
lilebebis Setanis rTul proceduras, rogorc
es amerikis SeerTebul StatebSia, aseTi sax-
is konstitucias ki ,,mkacrs" uwodeben.
vfiqrob, germanuli modeli aSkarad Camor-
Ceba amerikuls, radgan amerikuli modeli
ufro metad gamoxatavs imas, rom konstitu-
cia aris ierarqiulad yvelaze maRla mdgomi
sakanonmdeblo aqti da ar awesebs cvlileba-
Ta Setanis iseTi proceduras, rogorc amas
Cveulebrivi kanonisaTvis awesebs, anu amiT
amerikuli modeli konstitucias, cvlilebe-
bis Setanis TvalsazrisiTac ki, kanonze maR-
la ayenebs, es asec unda iyos, radganac Tu
konstituciaSi cvlileba Sedis, es, ra Tqma
unda, mniSvnelovani faqtia da amisaTvis ar
unda iyos iseTi procedura dawesebuli
romelic, advilad SeZlebs masSi cvlilebe-
bis Setanas, faqtia,rom amerikaSi es meqanizmi
amarTlebs da gaamarTlebs kidec. darwmuneb-
uli var, amerikas rom ar daedgina cvlile-
baTa Setanis aseTi rTuli procedura, igi
iseve Cabardeboda istorias, rogorc misi Tan-
amedrove, 1791 wlis franguli konstitucia.
aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlo,
rogorc sakonstitucio
kontrolis sasamarTlo organo
da adamianis uflebebis dacvis
mtkice meqanizmi
aSS-is konstitucia arafers ambobs imaze,
rom uzenaes sasamarTlo axorcielebs sa-
konstitucio kontrols, rogorc sakanonm-
deblo, iseve aRmasrulebel xelisuflebis
aqtebze, magram, miuxedavad amisa, 1803 wels
es sistema amerikam pirvelad danerga msof-
lioSi, raSic didi wvlili Seitana uzenaes
sasamarTlos mTavarma mosamarTlem jon
marSalma. “merberi medisonis winaaRmdeg”
saqmis ganxilvisas, marSalma ganacxada, rom
arsebobda iseTi federaluri kanoni, romel-
ic SeusabamobaSi modioda konstituciasTan
da daumata, rom aseTi kanonebis arakonsti-
tuciurobis gamocxadeba mxolod sasamarT-
los prerogativa unda yofiliyo. marSali-
seulma sasamarTlom oficialurad ganacxa-
da, rom igi sakonstitucio kontrols ga-
naxorcielebda yvela saxelmwifo aqtze. sasa-
marTlos aseTma qmedebam maRali Tanamdebo-
bis zogierTi piris didi ukmayofileba gam-
oiwvia, magram marSali eSmakurad axerxebda
sasamarTlos dacvas Tavdasxmisagan. uzenae-
si sasamarTlos sakonstitucio kontrolis
sasamarTlo organod gamocxadebaze amerikis
kongresma konstituciaSi Sesworeba ar Seit-
ana. es nabiji kongresis mxridan SeiZleba
CaiTvalos rogorc dadebiTad, aseve uary-
ofiTad, SeiZleba kongresi negatiurad moiq-
ca, rom konstituciaSi, rogorc qveynis
uzenaesi Zalis mqone aqtSi, ar uzrunvelyo
iseTi debuleba, romelic mogvcemda sakon-
stitucio kontrolis sasamarTlo organos
definicias, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
171
 konstituciis dacva sasamarTlos preroga-
tiva iyo da sasamarTlos mier romelime aq-
tis arakonstituciurad cnoba ara marto
misi ufleba, aramed movaleobac ki iqneboda,
es nabiji pozitiur mniSvnelobas iZens, maSas-
adame, SesaZloa kongresma saWirod ar CaTv-
ala aseTi Sesworebis Setana konstitucia-
Si, radgan Tvlida, rom konstituciis dacva
da aqtebze sakonstitucio kontrolis ganx-
orcieleba uzenaesi sasamarTlos dauwereli
ufleba-movaleoba da misi modus vivendi iyo.
aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos umTavres fun-
qcias misi daarsebidanve warmoadgenda adami-
anis uflebebis dacva, rasac Zalze didi
gasaqani mieca marSalis moRvaweobis dros.
adamianis uflebebis dacvis mxriv, susti iyo
rojer teinis (marSalis Semcvlelis) sasa-
marTlo, rac gamoixata saqmeSi - “skoti
sendfordis winaaRmdeg” (1857), sadac
igi acxadebda, rom dred skoti afrikeli
Savkaniani iyo da mas, rogorc monas, ar
gaaCnda moqalaqeobrivi uflebebi. teinis es
qmedeba gansakuTrebulad iqna gakritikebul
aSS-is CrdiloeT nawilSi. miuxedavad amisa,
amerikulma uzenaesma sasamarTlom mainc moax-
erxa demokratiulad funqcionireba, rac
teinis Semdeg mosulma uzenaesi sasamarT-
los mTavarma mosamarTleebma daamtkices.
maTgan gansakuTrebiT gamovyofdi luis bren-
disis droindel sasamarTlos.
aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlo gansakuTrebiT
gaZlierda da demokratiuli princi pebis udavo
damcveli gaxda 1937 wlidan. am periodidan
moyolebuli, sasamarTlos umTavres funq-
cias warmoadgens konstituciis mier garan-
tirebuli samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebisa da
uflebebis interpretacia. me-20 saukunis
uzenaesi sasamarTlos istoriaSi gansakuTre-
biT aRsaniSnavia erl uorenis moRvaweoba,
romelic misi mTavari mosamarTle iyo 1953-
1969 wlebSi. uorenis moRvaweobis period-
Si, yvelaze cnobili saqmea “brauni ga-
naTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg” (1954),
romelmac aRkveTa zangTa diskriminacia
samxreTis saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi, rac
dRemde rCeba ZalaSi. sasamarTlo mxars uWer-
da Savkanian amerikelTa uflebebis dacvasac.
uoren bergerisa da uiliam renquistis dros,
uzenaesma sasamarTlom gansakuTrebuli yura-
dReba dauTmo samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis
172
dacvas. renquistis dros, gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba SeiZina samoqalaqo Tavisufle-
bebis farTo interpretaciam, Tumca imdroin-
delma sasamarTlom SezRuda presis Tavisu-
fleba, Tu igi safrTxes uqmnida qveynis
erovnul uSiSroebas. 1980-ian wlebSi sasa-
marTlom ramdenime federaluri kanonis in-
terpretacia gaakeTa, romlebic krZalavda
diskriminacias. renquistis sasamarTlom,
agreTve, araerTi kanoni scno arakonstituci-
urad, romelic qalTa da mamakacTa Tanas-
woruflebianobas uaryofda.
SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom
didi roli Seasrula ekonomikur sferoSic.
me-19 saukunis bolosaTvis araerTi kanoni
iqna miRebuli, romelic aregulirebda same-
warmeo saqmianobas. sasamarTlom kanonebis
umravlesoba konstituciurad scno da, Se-
sabamisad, sasamarTlos muSaoba am Tval-
sazrisiT gaizarda. miuxedavad imisa, rom
sasamarTlom sakanonmdeblo aqtebis umrav-
lesoba konstituciurad scno, igi ar eT-
anxmeboda biznesis maregulirebel politi-
kas. es pozicia gamoxatavda im konstituci-
uri doqtrinis ganviTarebas, romelic zRu-
davda xelisuflebis Zalauflebas gaekon-
trolebina biznesi. 1920-ian wlebSi am doqtri-
nam biznesis maregulirebel kanonmdeblobasac
Seutia. uzenaesma sasamarTlom arakonsti-
tuciurad scno 130-ze meti maregulirebe-
li kanoni, sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad
scno saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi kanonebi,
romlebic, misi azriT, arRvevdnen im
ekonomikur uflebebs, romelsac me-14 Ses-
woreba icavs.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos siZliere dasturdeba imiTac, rom
igi ar erideba iseTi aqtis gauqmebas, romelic
SeiZleba arakonstituciuri, magram, imavdrou-
lad, mosaxerxebeli iyos saxelmwifo xe-
lisuflebis organoTaTvis TavianTi funqciebis
gansaxorcieleblad. amis Taobaze aSS-is
uzenaes sasamarTlos yofili mTavari mosa-
marTle uoren bergeri miuTiTebs, rom aseTi
aqti aucileblad unda gauqmdes, miuxedavad
imisa, rom igi efeqturi da sasargebloa sax-
elmwifo organoTaTvis TavianTi funqciebis
gansaxorcieleblad. vfiqrob, amerikuli
demokratia swored kanonisadmi aseTma midg-
omam ganaviTara.
 amerikaSi uzenaes sasamarTlos avtoriteti
ganusazRvrelia. uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi
avtoriteti gamoixateba sakanonmdeblo or-
ganoSic, rac imiT mtkicdeba, rom Tu senati
ganixilavs impiCmentis wesiT prezidentis
Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis sakiTxs, am dros
mas uzenaes sasamarTlos mTavari mosamar-
Tle Tavmjdomareobs. uzenaesi sasamarTlos
avtoritetze mowmobs is faqtic, rom 1963
wels Seqmnil specialur komisias, romelic
prezident kenedis mkvlelobis garemoebebis
dadgenas iZiebda, Tavmjdomareobda uzenaes
sasamarTlos mTavari mosamarTle, erl uo-
reni, gaamarTla Tu ara uorenis muSaobam am
komisiaSi, es calke davis sakiTxia, magram
msurs xazi gausva, rom amerikulma isTeb-
liSmenTma swored mas gamoucxada ndoba.
aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom uzenaesi
sasamarTlo amerikaSi im organodaa aRiare-
buli, romelic kanonierebisa da samarTliano-
bis damcvelia. yvelafer amas ki uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom Tavis siZlieriT miaRwia, rac yvelaze
naTlad konstituciis dacvaSi gamoixateba.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ganusazRvre-
lia uzenaesi sasamarTlos roli demokrati-
isa da konstitucionalizmis ganviTarebaSi.
amerikas hyolia Zlieri da susti kongresi,
Zlieri da susti prezidenti, am fonze, Sesa-
Zloa, amerikaSi xSirad gatarebuliyo aras-
wori politika saxelmwifos mier miRebuli
aqtebiT. swored am dros gadamwyvet rols
uzenaesi sasamarTlo asrulebda, romelsac
SeeZlo arakonstituciurad gamoecxadebina
aqti, romelic Semdeg qveynis demokratias
safrTxes Seuqmnida. SeerTebul StatebSi
adamianis uflebebis dacvis sferoSi yvelaze
produqtiuli swored uzenaesi sasamarTlo
iyo, mis mier ganxilul saqmeebSi misi mo-
sazreba TiTqmis yovelTvis pasuxobda
demokratiis princi pebis moTxovnebs. marSa-
li – brendisi – uoreni, es is sameulia, rom-
lis gareSec uzenaesi sasamarTlo ver gaxdebo-
da amerikuli demokratis dacvis mtkice meqanizmi.
bolos minda aRvniSno, rom amerikuli sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlo kontroli yvelaze
moqnilia mTel msoflioSi, amerikuli sakon-
stitucio kontrolis sasamarTlo organo
yovelTvis axerxebs ara marto konstituci-
is, aramed, zogadad, demokratiuli princi-
pebis moTxovnebis dacvas, romelTa baziszec
amerikelebma realurad samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifo Camoayalibes.
marTva-gamgeobis amerikuli
forma - progresuli
instituti
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi pirveli sax-
elmwifoa, romelmac marTva-gamgeobis for-
mad saprezidento respublika airCia da msof-
lioSi pirvelma SesTavaza aseTi forma ka-
cobriobas. amerikuli marTva-gamgeobis for-
mis udidesi monapovaria prezidentis, rogorc
saxelmwifosa da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleb-
is meTauris, institutis SemoReba. prezi-
dents amerikis konstituciam Tavidanve didi
uflebebi misca da daavala mas yofiliyo
qveynis Sida da sagareo politikur sakiTx-
Ta umTavresi koordinatori da qveynis Sei-
araRebuli Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsarda-
li, magram es rodi niSnavs imas, rom amerikel-
ma ,,damfuZnebelma mamebma" amiT sakanonmdeb-
lo organo daasustes. piriqiT, amerikulma
konstitucionalizmma kongresi aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebaze saparlamento kontrolis
ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebiT aRWurva,
rac gamoixateba rogorc prezidentis, ise
didi Tanamdebobis mqone sxva pirTa impiCmen-
tis wesiT gadayenebaSi. amerikulma konsti-
tuciam prezidenti daasaxela saxelmwifos
politikis umTavres koordinatorad, radga-
nac kongresis mier miRebuli kanonebi swored
mas da mis gunds unda ganexorcielebina.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, amerikaSi sakanonm-
deblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba erT-
maneTs akontroleben arsebuli meqanizmebiT,
es garemoeba imaze miuTiTebs, rom amerikuli
marTva-gamgeobis forma ar aris supersaprez-
idento, igi damyarebuli saxelmwifo xelisu-
flebis sam Stos Soris ZalTa balansze.
prezidentis instituti amerikaSi unikaluria
im TvalsazrisiTac, rom igi arCeviTia, iseve,
rogorc kongresi, anu amerikaSi sakanonmdeb-
lo xelisufleba ar irCevs prezidents,
rogorc es saparlamento mmarTvelobis zo-
gierT qveyanaSia. es princi pi axorcielebs
xalxis realur monawileobas qveynis mar-
TvaSi. igi calke irCevs prezidentsa da kon-
gress da ukeTebs maT Tavisi uflebebis del-
egirebas. aSS-Si didi mniSvneloba aqvs vetos
dadebis instituts prezidentis mxridan. amiT
173
 prezidenti agrZnobinebs kongress, rom mis
mier miRebulma kanonma SeiZleba safrTxe
Seuqmnas qveynis sagareo Tu ekonomikur, aseve
erovnuli uSiSroebis politikas, romelzec
igia pasuxismgebeli. prezidenti ufro xel-
sayrel pirobebs qmnis Tavisi uflebebis gan-
saxorcieleblad, rac SeiZleba imaSi gam-
oixatos, rom kongresma gaiTvaliswinos prez-
identis SeniSvnebi da miiRos iseTi kanoni,
romelic sasurveli iqneba rogorc prezi-
dentisaTvis, iseve kongresisaTvis. amerikis
istoriaSi iyo iseTi periodebi, rodesac susti
kongresis pirobebSi prezidenti gaZlierda,
xolo cudi prezidentis pirobebSi – kon-
gresi. magaliTad, Teodor ruzveltis dros
prezidentis instituti Zalze gaZlierda,
rasac ver vityviT kartersa da taftze, mi-
uxedavad amisa, am or xelisuflebas Soris
balansi arasodes darRveula da aseT dros
udides rols asrulebda uzenaesi sasamarT-
lo, romelic orive xelisuflebaze ganax-
orcielebda sakonstitucio kontrols.
SeerTebuli Statebis marTva-gamgeobis for-
ma saprezidento respublikaa, saintereso
iqneba, mokled ganvixiloT amerikis prezi-
dentis roli da misi zogierTi umTavresi
uflebamosileba.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidenti
uflebamosilia gamosces brZanebebi. es Se-
Zleba iyos direqciebi, proklamaciebi da sxva
saxis gancxadebebi. yvelaferi es ar saWiroebs
kongresis Tanxmobas. erT-erTi yvelaze cno-
bili brZaneba emansi paciis proklamacia iyo,
romelic abraam linkolnma 1863 wels, samo-
qalaqo omis dros gamosca. es proklamacia
aRiarebda monaTa Tavisuflebas. prezidenti,
agreTve, Tanamdebobaze niSnavs kabinetis
wevrebs, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebsa
da sxva, maRali federaluri Tanamdebobis
pirebs senatis TanxmobiT. garda amisa, prez-
idents SeuZlia daniSnos Tavisi TanaSemwee-
bi da mrCevlebi, rac ar moiTxovs senatis
Tanxmobas. SeerTebul StatebSi prezidentis,
rogorc SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRlesi
mTavarsardlis, movaleobas warmoadgens da-
icvas qveyana omianobis periodSi da Seinar-
Cunos mSvidoba, agreTve, rogorc umaRlesi
mTavarsardali, prezidenti niSnavs maRali
samxedro Tanamdebobis pirebs kongresis Tanx-
mobiT. mxolod kongresia uflebamosili ga-
174
moacxados omi, anu, rogorc vxedavT, samxedro
saqmianobaSi kongresis rolic didia. kon-
gresi, aseve, nebas rTavs prezidents ganax-
orcielos farTo uflebamosilebebi omiano-
bis periodSi. ase magaliTad, meore msoflio
omis dros franklin delano ruzveltma
araerTi sagangebo samsaxuri Seqmna da iapo-
nuri warmoSobis amerikeli moqalaqeebic ki
daapatimra. sagareo politikaSi konstitu-
cia aZlevs prezidents elCebis daniSvnisa
da xelSekrulebebis dadebis uflebas. igi
aseve iRebs ucxo qveynis di plomatebs. prez-
identi uflebamosilia waradginos kongres-
Si kanonproeqti, romelic exeba sagareo
daxmarebas da sxva saxis saerTaSoriso saqmi-
anobebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom prezidenti
sagareo politikaSic sakmaod didi ufleba-
mosilebiT sargeblobs, kongresi aqac did
rols asrulebs, rac kidev erTxel migviniS-
nebs imaze, rom amerikaSi prezidenti yov-
lisSemZle ar aris. senatis Tanxmobaa auci-
lebeli prezidentis mier wardgenil di p-
lomatiuri warmomadgenelis daniSvnaze da
mis mier xelSekrulebis dadebazec, magram
rodesac prezidenti debs SeTanxmebebs ucxo
qveynis liderebTan, aq ukve senatis Tanxmoba
saWiro aRar aris. aSS-Si prezidentebi sa-
gareo politikis warmarTvas xSirad avalebd-
nen TavianT saxelmwifo mdivnebs. gamonaklis
warmoadgendnen vudro vilsoni da franklin
delano ruzvelti.
SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebi did rols
asrulebdnen ucxo saxelmwifoTa Soris kon-
fliqtis daregulirebis saqmeSi maT Soris
ki gamoirCeoda Teodor ruzvelti da vudro
vilsoni. ruzveltma miiRo nobelis premia
ruseT-iaponiis (1904-1905) omis dasrule-
baSi xelis SewyobisaTvis, vudro vilsonma
ki didi roli iTamaSa samSvidobo xelSekrulebis
momzadebaSi pirveli msoflio omis dros.
SeerTebul StatebSi prezidents gansakuTre-
buli urTierToba aqvs xalxTan, ramdenadac
xalxi mas ndobas ucxadebs da, Sesabamisad,
prezidenti cdilobs xalxis mxardaWeriT
ganaxorcielos Tavisi ideebi da programa.
prezidents mravali saSualeba aqvs xalxTan
mWidro urTierTobis dasamyareblad. ase ma-
galiTad, vudro vilsoni xSirad atarebda
pres-konferenciebs, f. d. ruzveltma am mizniT
gamoiyena radiogadacema ,,buxrispira saubrebi"
(,,Fireside chats"). igi iyo, agreTve, pirveli
prezidenti, romelic televiziiT gamovida,
1960 wlidan prezidentebi xSirad mimarTavd-
nen satelevizio gamosvlebs, raTa TavianTi
ideebi ufro farTo auditoriisaTvis gaecnoT.
rogorc vnaxeT, SeerTebul StatebSi prezi-
dentis instituts gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs, misi roli ganmsazRvrelia rogorc
Sida, iseve sagareo politikaSi. prezidenti,
rogorc sagareo politikis mTavari koordi-
natori, did rols asrulebs saerTaSoriso
konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi, ucxo qveynis
liderebTan SeTanxmebebis dadebaSi, sagareo
politikaSi adamianis uflebebis dacvaSi,
ekonomikurad Rarib saxelmwifoTaTvis fin-
ansur daxmarebaSi da a.S. aranaklebia prez-
identis roli qveyanaSi saSinao politikis
warmarTvis TvalsazrisiTac, rac gamoixate-
ba qveynis ekonomikur, sabiujeto da sagada-
saxado sistemebSi aqtiuri monawileobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom prezidenti didi ufle-
bamosilebebiT sargeblobs, rogorc vnaxeT,
misi roli saSinao da sagareo politikis
zogierT sakiTxebSi SezRudulia kongresis
mier, ris safuZvelzec SeiZleba kidev erTx-
el dabejiTebiT ganvacxadoT, rom aSS ar
aris arc zesaprezidento da arc zesapar-
lamento respublika. es ubralod is qveyanaa
sadac namdvilad arsebobs sami Tanasworu-
flebiani xelisufleba.
dabolos, sasurvelia xazi gavusvaT imas,
rom amerikuli marTva-gamgeobis formas
SeerTebul StatebSi, uamravi ekonomikuri
Tu politikuri krizisis pirobebSi, arasodes
uRalatia Tavisi permanentuli saxisaTvis.
,,civi omis" pirobebSic ki, arasodes dar-
Rveula Tanasworuflebianoba prezidentsa da
kongress Soris, miuxedavad bevri sirTu-
leebisa da uTanxmoebebisa, maT mainc moax-
erxes erTiani ideebiT exelmZRvanelaT da
Tanabari wvlili SeetanaT ,,wiTeli monstris"
damarcxebaSi.
1947 wlis erovnuli
uSiSroebis aqti - amerikuli
konstitucionalizmis erT-
erTi udidesi monapovari
1947 wlis erovnuli uSiSroebis aqtze gan-
sakuTrebiT msurs yuradRebis gamaxvileba,
radganac mimaCnia, rom kongresis mier miRe-
bul sakanonmdeblo aqtTa Soris am aqtma
udidesi gavlena moaxdina qveynis samxedro
sistemaze, sagareo da erovnuli uSiSroebis
politikaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom prezi-
dentma trumenma am kongress ,,usaqmuri" (Do-
nothing) uwoda, swored am kongresma SeZlo
uzrunveleyo aseTi, metad strategiuli
daniSnulebis sakanomdeblo aqtis miReba da,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aSS-is istoriaSi yve-
laze produqtiuli swored es kongresi iyo.
am aqtis safuZvelze araerTi saxelmwifo
organo Camoyalibda, magram gansakuTrebiT
msurs xazi gavusva erovnuli uSiSroebis
sabWos da samxedro sistemaSi momxdar cv-
lilebas, romlis safuZvelzec amerikis Tav-
dacvis ministri ara samxedro, aramed samo-
qalaqo piri unda yofiliyo.
1947 weli is periodia, rodesac Jdanovis
doqtrinis gamocxadebiT msoflio oficial-
urad gaxda bi polaruli da, faqtobrivad,
daiwyo ,,civi omi", romelic aRsavse iyo
uamravi saSineli da imavdroulad saintereso
faqtiT. erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos Seqm-
nis mizans, rogorc cnobilia, warmoadgenda
prezidentisaTvis rekomendaciebis micema qvey-
nis sagareo da erovnuli uSiSroebis poli-
tikasTan dakavSirebiT. ,,civi omis" mimdinar-
eobis periodSi, erovnuli uSiSroebis sab-
Wos roli sagareo politikaSi mniSvnelo-
vani iyo da vfiqrob, am organos gareSe
amerikis TiToeul prezidents Zalze gauWird-
eboda ,,borotebis imperiasTan" brZola.
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos ZiriTad mizans,
agreTve, warmoadgens amerikis kanonieri in-
teresebis dacva qveynis gareT. sabWo cdi-
lobda, Sesabamisi reagireba moexdina sabWo-
Ta kavSiris mier ganxorcielebul antikon-
venciur saqmianobebze, es faqti imiTac aris
sayuradRebo, rom sabWo ara marto amerikis,
aramed im konvenciebisa da saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis intere-
sebs icavda, romelTa mizans msoflioSi mS-
vidobisa da stabilurobis damyareba war-
moadgenda. erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo,
agreTve, did rols asrulebs saerTaSoriso
konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi. ase magaliTad,
prezident niqsonis administraciis dros
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWom didi roli
iTamaSa israel-sirias Soris arsebuli kon-
175
 fliqtis daregulirebaSi, rac umniSvnelov-
anesi sakiTxi iyo axlo aRmosavleTis poli-
tikur cxovrebaSi. swored erovnulma uSiS-
reobis sabWom dasaxa kardinaluri gzebi ssrk-
s dangrevisaTvis da germaniis unifikacii-
saTvis, riTac man daasrula msoflio bi po-
larizaciis procesi.
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos arsebobam,
agreTve, dadebiTad imoqmeda qveynis saSinao
politikaze. sabWos SeqmniT daregulirda
uamravi saxis uTanxmoeba sxvadasxva samTavro-
bo samsaxurebs Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom
garkveuli uTanxmoebebi mainc arsebobda, bolo
momentSi erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo mainc
axerxebda maT aRmofxvras da cdilobda yve-
la samTavrobo samsaxurebis interesebi
Tanabrad daekmayofilebina qveynis interesebTan
Sesabamisad.
erovnuli uSiSroebis aqtis meore did mo-
napovars, rogorc aRvniSne, Tavdacvis minis-
trad samoqalaqo da ara samxedro piris
daniSvnis instituti warmoadgenda. vfiqrob,
am Tanamdebobam gaamarTla amerikis gegmebi
samxedro sferoSi. samoqalaqo piris dominire-
ba Tavdacvis sferoSi progresuli movlenaa.
igi aSkarad uwyobs xels qveynis Tavdacvisa
da samxedro sistemis ufro met moqnilobas
da mis demokratiulad funqcionirebas.
amerikuli
konstitucionalizmis
gavlena msoflio
konstitucionalizmze.
amerikuli konstitucionalizmis gavlena
msoflio konstitucionalizmze udavoa mar-
to im ubralo mizeziT, rom pirveli kon-
stituciis avtori msoflioSi swored
amerikis SeerTebul Statebia. es gavlena,
agreTve, gamoixateba xelisuflebis danaw-
ilebis princi pis implementaciiT, marTva-gam-
geobis axali formis SemoRebiT da sakon-
stitucio kontrolis sasamarTlo organos
CamoyalibebiT. msoflioSi demokratiuli saxis
konstituciaTa Seqmnas, rogorc viciT,
sistematuri xasiaTi meore msoflio omis
Semdeg mieca. am konstituciaTa umravlesoba
aRiarebda xelisuflebis danawilebis prin-
ci ps da sakonstitucio kontrolis sasa-
marTlo organos Camoyalibebas, romelTa
176
arsebobis gareSe SeuZlebelia konstituci-
uri saxelmwifos mSeneblobis dawyeba, anu,
aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom msof-
lio saxelmwifoebma amerikuli konstitu-
cionalizmis bazisze daiwyes TavianTi kon-
stitucionalizmis ganviTareba. evropis gan-
viTarebuli qveynebis umravlesobam, amerikis
konstituciisagan gansxvavebiT, specialuri
Tavi dauTmo adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisu-
flebebs TavianT konstituciaSi, magram
vfiqrob, aqac amerikuli konstitucional-
izmis gavlena iCens Tavs, radgan albaT dameT-
anxmebiT, rom uazrobaa adamianis uflebebis
dacvaze saubari, Tu qveyana xelisuflebis
danawilebis princi ps ar aRiarebs, xolo,
rogorc aRvniSne, xelisuflebis danawileb-
is princi pis pirveli maRiarebeli konsti-
tuciis doneze aSS-ia. miuxedavad imisa, rom
evropa xelisuflebis danawilebis princi ps
aRiarebs, mimaCnia, rom evropul saxelmwi-
foTa umetesobaSi, saparlamento da Sereu-
li mmarTvelobis formis pirobebSi, ar xde-
ba xelisuflebis danawilebis principis obieq-
turi implementacia. xelisuflebis danaw-
ilebis princi pi marto imas rodi niSnavs,
rom qveyanam formalurad aRiaros sami xe-
lisufleba, aq mTavari isaa, rom samive xe-
lisufleba Tanasworuflebiani iyos, rac ufro
gauadvilebs moqalaqes monawileoba miiRos
qveynis marTvaSi, evropuli saparlamento
mmarTvelobis formas faqtobrivad indifer-
entuli damokidebuleba aqvs sam xelisufle-
bas Soris ZalTa balansze, rac xelisuflebis
danawilebis princi pis jerovnad ganxor-
cielebis aucilebeli rekvizitia, iseT sapa-
rlamento qveynebSi, rogorebic, magaliTad,
italia da germaniaa, ar arsebobs damoukide-
blad moqmedi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi sakanonmdeblo
organos struqturuli qvedanayofia, aRmas-
rulebeli xelisufleba saparlamento
mmarTvelobis formis qveynebSi sakanonmdeb-
lo organos daukiTxavad verc erT mniS-
vnelovan nabijs gadadgams, anu, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
subordinirebulia sakanonmdeblo xelisufle-
baze. arsebobs marTva gamgeobis meore for-
mac es aris Sereuli mmarTvelobis forma,
rogorc es, magaliTad, safrangeTSia. Sereu-
li mmarTvelobis formis imedebma safrangeTSi,
romelic saparlamento da saprezidento
formebis dadebiT TvisebaTa gaerTianebas war-
moadgenda, ver gaamarTla da, faqtobrivad,
es qveyana supersaprezidento respublikad
aqcia. maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc
saparlamento da arc Sereuli mmarTvelobis
formebi xelisuflebis danawilebis princi-
pis obieqturad implementaciaSi ar amarTlebs.
amerikuli konstitucionalizmi, rogorc
aRvniSneT, did gavlenas axdens msoflio
konstitucionalizmze sakonstitucio kon-
trolis danergviTac. miuxedavad imisa, rom
kontinenturma evropam, amerikisagan gansx-
vavebiT, sakonstitucio kontrolis sasamarT-
lo organod sakonstitucio sasamarTlo
Camoayaliba, masze mainc didia amerikuli
konstitucionalizmis gavlena Tundac im
ubralo mizeziT, rom aseTi originaluri
institutis danergva mxolod amerikul kon-
stitucionalizms ekuTvnis. CvenTvis rTuli
iqneba srulad visaubroT amerikuli konsti-
tucionalizmis gavlenaze msoflio konsti-
tucionalizmze, radganac arsebobs uamravi
iseTi instituti, romelic msoflios bevrma
qveyanam amerikuli konstitucionalizmisagan
gadmoiRo.
daskvna
am mokle naSromSi ganvixileT amerikuli
konstitucionalizmis zogierTi sakiTxi da
xazi gavusviT im faqts, rom amerikelebma
TavianTi sakuTari konstituciis SeqmniT bevri
axali instituti danerges, romelTa arse-
boba aucilebelia qveyanaSi demokratiuli
gardaqmnebis gansaxorcieleblad. amerikul-
ma demokratiam, romelic amerikuli konsti-
tuciis baziszea Seqmnili, msoflios Tavisi
siZliere daumtkica. amerikam kacobriobas
aCvena, rom konstituciuri saxelmwifo safuZ-
velia yovelive aRmavlobisa da mouwoda msof-
lio qveynebs daamyaron demokratiuli reJi-
mi, ganaviTaron konstitucionalizmi da hqon-
deT mxolod erTi survili - demokratiuli
saxelmwifos mSenebloba. ver vityviT, rom
demokratiis mSeneblobis saqmeSi amerikam
Tavisi misia daasrula. vfiqrob, amerika jer
kidev agrZelebs demokratiis mSeneblobas,
mxolod ufro swrafi tempiT, vidre sxva
qveynebi, amerikul konstitucionalizms jer
kidev bevri ram aqvs gasakeTebeli, miT umetes
dRes, rodesac e.w. ,,axali demokratiis" qvey-
nebi, romlebic adre usityvod asrulebdnen
“wiTeli monstris” direqciebs, demokratiu-
li xasiaTis uamrav reformas axorcielebs.
es ki SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu isini ar eziare-
bian amerikuli konstitucionalizmis iseT
ZiriTad princi pebs, rogorebicaa: adamianis
uflebebis dacva, xelisuflebis danawileb-
is princi pis ganxorcieleba da, aseve, miuk-
erZoebuli da yvela TvalsazrisiT depoli-
tizirebuli sakonstitucio kontrolis sasa-
marTlo organo. am fonze mimaCnia, rom
amerikulma konstitucionalizmma axla
umTavresi yuradReba sagareo sakiTxebze unda
gadaitanos. igi unda iyos kargi maswavlebe-
li moswavle ,,axali demokratiis" qveynebis
konstitucionalizmisTvis. Cven darwmunebulni
unda viyoT imaSi, rom dRes, rodesac, kon-
stitucionalizmis TvalsazrisiT, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi upirvelesi Zlieri qvey-
anaa, igi Tavis gamocdilebebs gauziarebs sxva
qveynebs, romlebsac surT iyvnen Zlieri sax-
elmwifoebi da es siZliere moi povon ara
diqtaturiT, totalitarizmiT da sxva ms-
gavsi reJimebiT, aramed WeSmaritad Zlieri
da adamianis uflebebis damcveli sisteme-
biT, anu demokratiiT. amerikis SeerTebulma
Statebma gaiara konstitucionalizmis gan-
viTarebis Zalze rTuli etapebi. iyo winaaRm-
degobebi, uTanxmoebebi da sxva saxis sirTu-
leebi, magram, miuxedavad amisa, amerikam mainc
SeZlo konstitucionalizmis mefis wodebis
mopoveba. dRes, rodesac aSS msoflioSi erT-
erT uZlieres saxelmwifos warmoadgens, es
gasakviri arc unda iyos, radgan ,,damfuZne-
beli mamebis" mizani swored imaSi mdgomare-
obda, STamomavlobisaTvis miecaT saSualeba,
rom aSS uZlieresi saxelmwifo gamxdariyo
da maqsimalurad daculiyo konstituciisa
da demokratiis princi pebi. amerikaSi
demokratiisa da konstitucionalizmis ufro
metad ganviTarebaSi udidesi wvlili Seaqvs
TiToeul amerikels, romelic mxurvaled
emsaxureba didi amerikeli demokratisa da
politikosis, jon. f. kenedis 1960 wels
warmoTqmul genialur sityvebs: ,,nu ekiTxe-
biT Tqven Tavs, Tu ra mogcaT amerikam, aramed
yovelTvis SeekiTxeT Tqvens Tavs, Tu ra argeT
Cvens qveyanas". vfiqrob, aseTi devizi unda
hqondes yvela im ers, visac surs demokratiisa
da konstitucionalizmis ganviTareba Tavi-
anT samSobloSi.
177
 ×ÄÃÄÒÀÝÉÖËÉ ÃÀ ÖÍÉÔÀÒÖËÉ (ÃÄÝÄÍÔÒÀËÉÆÄÁÖËÉ)
ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÄÁÉÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÖÒ-ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÄÁÒÉÅÉ
ÈÀÅÉÓÄÁÖÒÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÃÀáÀÓÉÀÈÄÁÀ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ
“ÃÄÃÀÌÉßÀÆÄ ÌÝáÏÅÒÄÁ ÚÅÄËÀ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÓ ÃÀ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÈÀ ãÂÖ×Ó ÀØÅÓ ÈÅÉÈÌÌÀÒÈÅÄËÏÁÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀ.”
200 weliwadze metma ganvlo mas Semdeg,
rac msoflioSi pirveli konstitucia daiw-
era da Seiqmna klasikuri federaciuli sax-
elmwifo. 1787 wels filadelfiaSi Seikrib-
nen delegatebi, romlebTac gadasawyveti hqon-
daT problema: 13 damoukidebeli qveynisagan,
federaluri xelisuflebis Camoyalibebis
gziT, SeeqmnaT erTi, axali politikuri formis
saxelmwifo. saxelmwifos unda hqonoda erT-
droulad konfederaciisa da unitaruli qvey-
nis niSnebi. 1787 wlis 17 seqtembers, 16
kviriani TaTbiris Semdeg, konstituciis sab-
oloo variants 42 damswre delegatidan 39-
ma moawera xeli.
b. franklinma xeli gaiSvira j. vaSingtonis
skamis sazurgeze gamosaxuli kaSkaSa oqros-
frad SeRebili naxevar mzisaken da Tqva: “am
sesiis msvlelobisas me xSirad vuyurebdi am
sazurges prezidentis ukan da ver gamerkvia,
mzis amosvlas asaxavda is Tu Casvlas, ma-
gram axla, bolos da bolos, me bednieri
var imiT, rom vici - es mze amomavalia da
ara Camavali~.
aSS-is Semdgomi saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebac
am mzis sxivebis fonze warimarTa. Tumca es
ar niSnavs imas, rom xsenebul qveyanas demokra-
tiuli reformebis gzaze winaaRmdegobebi ar
hqonia: konfliqtma, romelic 1790 wlebSi
federalistebsa da antifederalistebs Soris
warmoiSva, Rrma daRi daasva amerikis sax-
elmwifoebriobas.
178
ÂÉÅÉ ÀÌÉÒÀÍÀÛÅÉËÉ
ÈÏÌÀÓ ãÄ×ÄÒÓÏÍÉ, 1790
federalistebi, aleqsandre hamiltonis me-
TaurobiT, warmoadgendnen saporto qalaqeb-
is komersantebis interesebs. antifederal-
istebi, Tomas jefersonis xelmZRvanelobiT,
gamodiodnen soflisa da samxreTis intere-
sebis damcvelebad. maT Soris kamaTi Seexo
centraluri xelisuflebisa da Statebis
ZalauflebaTa urTierTdamokidebulebas. fed-
eralistebi upiratesobas Zalauflebis ar-
sebul formas aniWebdnen, xolo antifeder-
alistebi Statebis uflebis damcvelebad
gamodiodnen. jefersoni aRiarebda Zlieri
centraluri xelisuflebis mniSvnelobas
sagareo urTierTobebSi, magram misi sxva
sferoebSi gamoyenebis winaaRmdegi iyo. hamil-
tons anarqiis eSinoda da wesrigidan gamom-
dinare azrovnebda. jefersons eSinoda tira-
niis da azrovnebda Tavisuflebidan gamom-
dinare.
yovelive zemoTqmuli imis sailustraciod
gamodgeba, rom aSS-is demokratiuli ganvi-
Tareba da qveynis institucionaluri grada-
cia wlebis manZilze mimdinareobda. SeerTe-
bul Statebs orive gza sWirdeboda. qveyanas
namdvilad gauRima bedma, rom hyavda es ori
pirovneba da SesZlo droulad SeeTanxmebina
maTi filosofiuri Sexedulebebi. isini fed-
eralizmis saTaveebTan idgnen da TavianTi
ideebiT mniSvnelovnad Seuwyves xeli feder-
alizmis sxvadasxva qveynebSi aRorZinebasa da
mis Semdgom popularizacias.
am ori bumberazi pirovnebebis ideebis Se-
jaxebam warmoSva konstituciis axali da
Rrmad mniSvnelovani interpretacia. amis naTe-
li dasturia Semdegi faqtic: jefersoni
saxelmwifo ministri iyo maSin, roca hamil-
tonma warmoadgina angariSi erovnuli bankis
dafuZnebasTan dakavSirebiT. jefersonma uaryo
igi da, icavda ra Statebis uflebebs, amtki-
cebda, rom konstituciaSi naTlad iyo CamoTv-
lili yvela Zalaufleba, romelic ekuTvno-
da federalur xelisuflebas, xolo yvela
sxva uflebebi rCeboda Statebs. konstitu-
ciaSi ki araferi iyo naTqvami bankis Seqmnis
uflebis Sesaxeb.
hamiltoni Seedava mas da ganacxada, rom
mravalmxrivi saWiroebis gamo, uflebebis
mTavar nawilSi unda yofiliyo nagulisxmevi
zogadi muxlebis arseboba. erT-erT maTgans
unda mieniWebina kongresisaTvis uflebamosile-
ba “SemoeRo yvela kanoni, romelic aucile-
beli da saWiro iyo~ imisaTvis, rom ganexor-
cielebina misTvis miniWebuli calkeuli
uflebani. erovnul xelisuflebas konsti-
tucia aniWebda uflebas daewesebina da See-
grovebina gadasaxadi, gaestumrebina valebi
da esesxa fuli. erovnuli bankis arseboba
xels Seuwyobda am funqciebis efeqtur Ses-
rulebas. aqedan gamomdinare, kongresi ufle-
bamosili iyo Seeqmna aseTi banki. vaSingtonma
da kongresma miiRes hamiltonis Sexedulebe-
bi da es iyo federaluri xelisuflebis
uflebis gazrdis mniSvnelovani precedenti.
amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom es ar iyo
aSS-is istoriis manZilze erTaderTi prece-
denti federaluri xelisuflebisa da State-
bis Zalauflebis ganawilebis mravalwlian
gzaze. igi sul bolos reiganis prezidento-
bis pirvel wlebSi “axali federalizmis~
saxiT gamovlinda.
sityva “federalizmi~ warmoiSva laTinuris-
agan “Foedus~, rac niSnavs “federacias, kav-
Sirs, SeTanxmebas~. me-18 saukunidan dawyebu-
li, pirvel rigSi, monteskies wyalobiT, es
sityva xSirad ixmareboda ramdenime saxelm-
wifos samarTlebrivi gaerTianebis organiza-
ciuli princi pis aRsaniSnavad, sadac gan-
sakuTrebiT gamosayofia maTi wevrebis TviT-
gamorkveva da saxelmwifoebrivi saqmeebis
gadawyvetaSi monawileobis ufleba. sityva
“federalizmma~ Tavisi dRevandeli mniSvneloba
CrdiloeT amerikaSi damoukideblobisaTvis
brZolis da federalistebsa da antifeder-
alistebis metoqeobis dasrulebis Semdeg
moi pova. partikularizmisa da separatistu-
li tendenciebisagan gansxvavebiT, amerikuli
federalizmi, pirvel rigSi, miznad isaxavda
federaluri organoebis gaZlierebas, maSin,
roca evropuli gagebiT federalizmi, up-
irveles yovlisa, saxelmwifoebrivi central-
izmis muqaras xedavda da amitom xazs usvam-
da calkeuli wevrebis damoukideblobis Se-
narCunebis aucileblobas.
federalizmi - es aris erTiani saxelmwifos
Semadgeneli nawilis avtonomiis umaRlesi
forma.
federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval “saxelm-
wifoebs~ axasiaTebs sami ZiriTadi niSani:
1. saxelmwifo organoebis damoukidebloba
(Cveulebriv, uzrunvelyofilia arCevneb-
is meSveobiT);
2. avtonomiuri kompetenciis arseboba kon-
stituciur da sakanonmdeblo sferoebSi
(im sakiTxebis gamoklebiT, romlebic fed-
eraciis kompetencias miekuTvneba), agreTve,
marTvis sferoSi;
3. iuridiuli piris statusi, sakuTari fi-
nansuri resursebisa da avtonomiuri bi-
ujetis CaTvliT.
federalizmi saxelmwifos iseTi mowyobaa,
rodesac mmarTvelobiTi funqciebi ganawile-
bulia centralur da federaciis subieqtebs
(Statebi, mxareebi, miwebi, kantonebi da a.S.)
Soris. es aris saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
vertikaluri gradacia, romelic garkveul-
wilad avsebs da srulyofs sayovelTaod
aRiarebul xelisuflebis horizontalur
ganawilebas.
erT-erTi “mama-damfuZnebeli~, TvalsaCino
politikuri da saxelmwifo moRvawe, Tomas
jefersoni, werda: “mTavroba xdeba kargi ara
xelisuflebis konsolidaciiT an koncentraci-
iT, aramed misi sworad ganawilebis Sedegad.”
es niSnavs, rom konstituciiT an federaluri
xelSekrulebiT gansazRvrulia saxelmwifo
marTvis sferoebi da elementebi, romlebSic
meore donis teritoriuli erTeulebi (fed-
eraciis subieqtebi) suverenuli arian da maT
kompetenciaSi centraluri (federaluri)
179
 xelisufleba ver Caereva da piriqiT, Statebs
araviTar SemTxvevaSi aqvT ufleba Caerion
mmarTvelobis iseT sferoebSi, romlebic kon-
stituciis (an federaluri xelSekrulebis)
ZaliT, mxolod federaluri xelisuflebis
kompetencias ganekuTvneba.
federalizmis princi pis Sesabamisad, ori an
meti xelisufleba axorcielebs Zalmosile-
bas erTi da imave xalxis mimarT da erTsa
da imave teritoriaze. SeerTebuli Statebi-
sa da, magaliTad, pensilveniis Statis xe-
lisuflebani saziarod floben zogierT
uflebamosilebas (mag., gadasaxadebis akre-
faze), maSin, roca sxva uflebamosilebebi
eqskluziurad ganekuTvneba an erTs, an me-
ores. rogorc jeims medisoni “federalist
10”-Si werda: “federaluri konstitucia qm-
nis didi saerTo interesebis iRblian kombi-
nacias, romelic Statebis xelisuflebebs
ekuTvnis”. ase magaliTad, fulis moWra
erovnuli xelisuflebis saqmea, ojaxis gayris
ufleba ki Statebis prerogativaa. amis sa-
pirispirod, Statebis milicia xandaxan eqvem-
debareba erovnul mTavrobas, Tumca Ziri-
Tadad Statebis gankargulebaSia.
amerikuli federalizmis istoria gviCvenebs,
rom yovelTvis rodi iyo advili mkafio xazis
gavleba “saerTosa” da “adgilobrivsa da
specifikurs” Soris. miuxedavad amisa, fed-
eralizmi iZleoda amerikis mravalferovneb-
is problemis gadawyvetis saSualebas.
federalur xelisuflebasa da federaciis
subieqtebs Soris marTvis sferoebis ganaw-
ilebisas xdeba ara xelisuflebis urTierT-
gadacema, aramed urTierTdelegireba. am SemTx-
vevaSi “gadacemasa” da “delegirebas” Soris
mTavari gansxvaveba isaa, rom pirvel SemTx-
vevaSi xelisuflebis erTi done meores ga-
dascems marTvis sferos gankargvis uflebas,
rasac, princi pSi, adgili aqvs qveynis uni-
taruli mowyobis drosac. “delegireba~ ki
unda gavigoT rogorc ara marto marTvis
uflebis, aramed, saerTod, saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis garkveul sferoze pasuxismge-
blobis gadacema ufro farTo gagebiT, ma-
galiTad, am sferos dasafinanseblad biujetSi
Tanxebis mobilizebiT, safinanso gegmis (biu-
jetis) formirebisa da xarjebis gaweviT.1
1
v. lorTqifaniZe, ,,qveynis federaciuli mowyoba~, Tbilisi, 1999w. gv. 10-11.
180
amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom Znelia daeT-
anxmo avtors, roca Cvens pirobebSi fed-
eraciuli mowyobis alternativis ararsebobasa
da, sazogadod, federaciuli qveynebis ricxvis
zrdaze miuTiTebs. sityvam moitana da unda
iTqvas, rom bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze
myarad musirebs azri saqarTvelos federaci-
uli mowyobis aucileblobis Taobaze. am ideam
xelisuflebis zeda eSelonebSic moikida fesvi.
masze saubrobs yvela, visTvisac nacnobia
Tu ucnobi federalizmis arsi. sakiTxisadmi
amgvari saxiT midgomam calmxrivobis ele-
mentebi warmoSva da saqarTvelosTan mima-
rTebaSi federalizmis, rogorc qveynis ter-
itoriuli da erovnuli erTianobis, Senar-
Cunebis ualternativo gzis propagandamde
migviyvana. Tavs Sevikavebdi amgvari radikaluri
damokidebulebisagan da davZen, rom dRes-
dReobiT arsebuli 200-de saxelmwifodan
mxolod sul raRac 21 saxelmwifoa fed-
eraciuli (evropaSi maTi ricxvi mcirea).
sakamaTod ar vxdiT im faqts, rom qveynis
federaluri mowyoba saxelmwifo ganviTare-
bis progresuli formaa. amasTanave,
saqarTveloSi misi xelaRebiT da aCqarebiT
gadmoReba garkveul problemebTan iqneba dakav-
Sirebuli. gasaTvaliswinebelia qveynis isto-
riuli tradiciebi da arsebuli mdgomareo-
ba, saSinao da sagareo faqtorebi.
upirveles yovlisa, mTel rig unitarul
qveynebSi (vgulisxmob, decentralizebul)
centridanulma Zalebma TavianTi miswrafebe-
bis dakmayofileba saxelmwifos transformire-
basa da reorganizaciaSi hpoves ise, rom sax-
elmwifoebrivi wyobis forma SeinarCunes.
rogorc wesi, federalizmisa da unitariz-
mis Tanaarsebobam da, garkveulwilad, maTma
dapirispirebam, rogorc xdeba xolme, maTi
daaxloeba gamoiwvia; maT bevri ram gadaiRes
erTmaneTisagan.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg da, gansakuTre-
biT bolo periodSi, saxelmwifoebis trans-
formacia gamoixata regionalur safuZvelze
da ganxorcielda mkacri decentralizaciis
gziT. dResdReobiT unitaruli saxelmwifoebis
SemadgenlobaSi regionaluri statusi aqvT:
alandis kunZulebs (fineTi), menisa da nor-
mandiis kunZulebs (didi britaneTi), itali-
is 20 da espaneTis 17 olqs, erayis qur-
Tistans, grenlandiasa da fareris kunZu-
lebs (dania).
federaciuli saxelmwifoebis analogiurad
ganxorcielda funqciebis gamijvna centralur
da regionalur xelisuflebas Soris. saer-
To saxelmwifos gansakuTrebul kompetencias
miekuTvneba: sagareo politika, SeiaraRebu-
li Zalebi, fulad-sakredito urTierTobebi,
sabaJo saqme, sasazRvro samsaxuri da a.S.
avtonomiuri warmonaqmnis gansakuTrebul
kompetencias Seadgens: olqis (regionis)
uwyebaTa da dawesebulebaTa organizacia,
munici palitetebis sazRvrebis dadgena da
Secvla, qalaqmSenebloba, kultura, arqivebi,
soflis meurneoba, turizmi, sporti da a.S.
aseTi saxis saxelmwifoebSi TiToeul avto-
nomias aqvs Tavisi konstitucia, gerbi da
droSa, hyavs “saolqo~ (regionaluri) par-
lamenti, mTavroba da marTlmsajulebis or-
ganoebi. erT-erTi ukanaskneli normatiuli
aqti, romelic olqs aniWebs sakanonmdeblo
funqcias, iyo 1979 wels SemoRebuli daniis
kanoni grenlandiis saTaTbiro organos –
landstremis, sakanonmdeblo organoTi - land-
stangiT (parlamentiT), Secvlis Sesaxeb.
unitaruli saxelmwifos reorganizaciis erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi formaTagani erTpa-
latiani parlamentebis orpalatianad Camoy-
alibeba gaxldaT. erT-erTi palata terito-
riuli warmomadgenlobis safuZvelze airCe-
va, magaliTad, italiis konstituciis 57-e
muxlSi weria: “respublikis senati irCeva
olqebis bazaze.”
aRniSnuli wesi gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTve-
los konstituciis me-4 muxlSi, Tumca, sam-
wuxarod, igi jer ar amoqmedebula. senati,
romelic am muxlis safuZvelze saqarTve-
los mTel teritoriaze Sesabamisi pirobebis
Seqmnisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
organoebis formirebis Semdeg Seiqmneba, war-
modgenili iqneba afxazeTSi, aWarasa da
saqarTvelos sxva teritoriul erTeulebSi
arCeuli wevrebisa da saqarTvelos prezi-
dentis mier daniSnuli 5 wevrisagan.
rogorc vxedavT, erTmaneTs exameba ori gan-
sxvavebuli formis federalizmisa da unita-
2
l. mataraZe, saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebi, saqarTvelos respublika, 4 oqtomberi, 1995 w.
rizmis sawyisebi. erTi mxriv, federalizmma
dakarga Zveli monopolia decentralizebul
unitarul saxelmwifoebze. meore mxriv, war-
moiSva federaciul da unitarul saxelmwi-
foTa axali nairsaxeoba - centralizebuli
federaciuli da decentralizebuli unitaru-
li saxelmwifoebi. zogjer, federaciuli
saxelmwifos subieqtebze meti uflebebi de-
centralizebuli unitaruli saxelmwifoeb-
is Semadgenel avtonomiebs aqvT. magaliTad
gamodgeba Sotlandiisa (didi britaneTi) da
fareris kunZulebis (dania) monawileoba msof-
lio da evropis CempionatebSi fexburTSi.
alandebi uSveben safosto markebs, norman-
diis kunZulebs (didi britaneTi) ki saku-
Tari fulis niSnebic aqvT2 . federaciuli
saxelmwifos arc erT subieqts amgvari ufle-
bebi ar gaaCnia.
miuxedavad decentralizebuli unitarizmisa
da centralizebuli federalizmis daaxloe-
bisa, maT Soris aris arsebiTi sxvaobac. fed-
eraciul saxelmwifoSi centraluri da fed-
eraciis subieqtis kompetenciebi deklarire-
bulia konstituciaSi da ara specialur
organul kanonebSi (mag., italiis 5 special-
uri statusis mqone olqis samarTlebrivi
mdgomareoba gansazRvrulia italiis 1948
wlis konstituciuri kanonebiT). amasTanave,
federaciul saxelmwifoSi xelisuflebis
gadanawileba xdeba ara mxolod horizonta-
lurad, aramed vertikaluradac, zevidan
qveviT. amas emateba federaciis subieqtebSi
xelisuflebis horizontaluri danawileba,
rac qmnis funqciaTa rTul da, amave dros,
erTian kompleqss. am SemTxvevaSi xelisu-
flebis funqciebi nawildeba ara mxolod erTi
da imave mTavrobis sxadasxva organoebs Soris,
aramed ramdenime mTavrobas Soris, romelic
federaciis subieqtia. aSS-is konstitucia
CamoTvlis funqciaTa farTo speqtrs, romelic
aqvs mxolod kongress da romelic SeiZleba
hqondes mxolod Statebs.
kanadis konstituciiT, parlamentis sakanon-
mdeblo kompetenciaSia 24 sfero, StatebTan
erTobliv kompetenciaSi - 12 sfero da mx-
olod Statebis kompetenciaSia 16 sfero,
sadac centralur xelisuflebas “ar aqvs
Carevis ufleba~.
181
 federaciuli saxelmwifo agebulia xelisu-
flebis am ori donis mudmiv harmoniul Tan-
amSromlobasa da Serwymaze. federalur sax-
elmwifoSi suverenulia centraluri xelisu-
fleba, magram federaciis subieqtebi monawi-
leoben suverenitetis warmoqmnaSi (g. go-
giaSvili, federalizmis politikuri mniS-
vneloba, politika, 1998/4-6).
unitarul decentralizebul saxelmwifoeb-
Si xelisuflebriv debulebaTa gradaciis
veqtori yovelTvis zustad esadageba erT
gaTvaliswinebul mimarTulebas - zevidan
qveviT, maSin, rodesac federaciul saxelm-
wifoebSi - piriqiT, qvevidan zeviT. amgvari
saxiT warimarTa italiis 5 olqis specialuri
statusis gansazRvra 1947 wlis konstituci-
iTa da Sesabamisi konstituciuri kanonebiT.
am mxriv, yvelaze sagulisxmoa espaneTis ma-
galiTi, sadac kompetenciis gamijvnis prob-
lema xangrZlivi molaparakebisa da sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos specialur gadaw-
yvetilebaTa sagani gaxda, xolo TviT xe-
lisuflebriv debulebaTa gadacemis proce-
dura iyo ara erTjeradi, aramed etapobrivi,
kargad gaazrebuli sqemis safuZvelze3 .
sxvagvari warmoSobisaa federaciuli saxelm-
wifoebis subieqtTa konstituciur-samarT-
lebrivi statusi. rogorc istoria mowmobs,
federaciis Seqmnis iniciatorebi da Semo-
qmedni arian saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebi, rom-
lebic Semdgom maTi subieqtebi xdebian. isini
qmnian xelisuflebis saerTo-federalur
struqturebs, aniWeben maT saTanado kompe-
tencias, ris gamoc iZulebuli arian uari
Tqvan TavianT “damoukideblobaze~ da daTmon
uflebamosilebaTa nawili. unda iTqvas, rom
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis ganxorcielebas qvey-
nebma met-naklebad xangrZlivi dro moandomes.
gaerTianebis procesi, romelic CrdiloeT
amerikaSi me-18 saukuneSi daiwyo, damTavrda
britaneTis 13 provinciis kavSiriT - konfed-
eraciiT, xolo, rodesac Tavi iCines gaer-
TianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma problemebma,
igi federaciiT Seicvala.
yovelma Statma Tavisi wvlili Seitana 1787
wlis konstituciis SemuSavebaSi. magaliTad,
konstituciaSi, erTpalatianis nacvlad,
3
l. mataraZe, saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebi, saqarTvelos respublika 4 oqtomberi, 1995
182
orpalatiani parlamentis daweseba ganxor-
cielda koneqtikutis Statis mixedviT, xolo
qveynis prezidentis, rogorc saxelmwifosa
da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauris
nimuSad aRebul iqna - Statebis saguberna-
toro xelisufleba. bevrgan adgilobrivi
administraciis xelmZRvanels prezidenti
ewodeboda. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirisaTvis vetos
uflebis miniWebisas saxelmZRvanelod aiRes
Stat niu-iorkis konstitucia.
amerikis Statebis federaciuli kavSiri Zalian
axalgazrda da SeiZleba iTqvas garkveuli
precedentic iyo imdroindeli msofliosaTvis,
rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis forma.
amas emateboda separatistuli miswrafebebi,
romelTac zurgs gareSe Zalebi umagrebdnen.
1861 wels Svidma monaTmflobelurma Stat-
ma gamoacxada, rom gadis federaciidan.
amerikis maSindeli prezidenti, a. linkolni,
iZulebuli iyo omi gamoecxadebina konfed-
eratebisaTvis, ramac aTasobiT adamianis si-
cocxle Seiwira.
analogiuri SemTxveva iyo Sveicariis fed-
eraciis istoriaSi. 1648 wels vestfaliis
kongresze didma saxelmwifoebma cnes Svei-
cariis damoukidebloba, Tavisi mowyobiT
Sveicaria imdroisaTvis konfederaciul sax-
elmwifos warmoadgenda (cameti kantonis
SemadgenlobiT).
1815 wels venis kongresma oficialurad cno
Sveicariis kavSiris damoukidebloba (rogorc
federaciuli saxelmwifosi). igi ocdaor
kantons aerTianebda. 1843 wels Svidi kaTo-
likuri kantoni gamovida kavSiridan. amas
mohyva oTxwliani dapirispireba, romelic
xanmokle omiTa da separatistebis damarcxe-
biT damTavrda.
rac Seexeba kanadasa da avstralias, iqac
federaciuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis
procesi amerikul-Sveicariuli sqemiT wari-
marTa. marTalia, rogorc erT, ise meore
saxelmwifoSi saqme SeiaraRebul konfliqtam-
de ar misula, magram dapirispireba ingli-
sur da frangul Temebs Soris (kanadaSi)
mwvave xasiaTs atarebda da unda iTqvas, rom
mas dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi simwvave.
xangrZlivi konfrontaciis Semdeg, 1864 wels
miRebul iqna kvebekis xelSekruleba, ramac
safuZveli daudo 1867 wlis aqts britane-
Tis CrdiloeT amerikis Sesaxeb, romelic
SemdgomSi kanadis konstituciad iqca.
sakmaod gaWianurda avstraliis saxelmwifos
konstituciis miReba, riTac igi federaci-
ul saxelmwifod gamocxadda. am mizniT, ab-
soluturad yvela koloniaSi Catarda ref-
erendumi. 30 weliwadi gavida mas Semdeg,
rac belgia federalizmis gzas daadga, Tum-
ca jer kidev ar dasrulebula misi saxelm-
wifoebrivi mowyoba. valonebsa da flamandi-
elebs Soris dapirispireba dResac igrZnoba.
yovelive zemoTqmuli mianiSnebs imas, rom
federaciuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis
procesi rTuli da xangrZlivia. amdenad,
naCqarevad gveCveneba dRevandel pirobebSi
saqarTvelos federaciuli mowyobis mxar-
damWeri gancxadebebi da agitacia, maSin, roca
ar momxdara saqarTvelos sruli decentral-
izacia, roca raionebisa da didi qalaqebis
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis pirveli pire-
bi ki ar airCevian, aramed iniSnebian prezi-
dentis mier. aseT pirobebSi saqarTveloze,
rogorc federaciul saxelmwifoze, saubari,
cota ar iyos, uxerxulia.
upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa moxdes saqarTve-
los mkacri decentralizacia regionaluri
niSnis mixedviT (albaT, am etapze ufro mis-
aRebi iqneba e.w. asimetriuli federalizmi),
rac safuZvels moamzadebs garkveuli wleb-
is Semdeg misi SesaZlo klasikuri federaci-
uli saxelmwifos CamoyalibebisaTvis.
amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia is momentic,
rom ara marto ZaliT Camocilebuli teri-
toriebi, aramed sxva istoriuli mxareebic
aranair survils gamoTqvamen qveynis amgvari
saxiT mowyobisaTvis (erTia ambiciebi da me-
ore - unari TavianT Tavze aiRon federaciis
subieqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli funqciebi da
kompetenciebi).
sakamaToa federaciuli saxelmwifos mxar-
damWerTa argumentebi imis Taobaze, rom mx-
olod federaciuli saxelmwifo aris eTni-
kur-erovnuli problemis gadawyvetis yvelaze
optimaluri forma.4
4
ix. v. lorTqifaniZe, qveynis federaciuli mowyoba, Tbilisi, 1999w. gv.18.
rogorc wesi, federaciuli saxelmwifo mow-
yobili ar aris erovnuli niSnis mixedviT.
arc Sveicariis (dayofilia 22 kantonad) da
aSS-is (50 Stati da kolumbiis federaluri
okrugi), arc avstraliisa (Sedgeba 6 Sta-
tisa da ori teritoriisagan) da kanadis
(dayofilia 10 provinciad da 2 teritori-
ad) saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba xsenebuli
niSniT ar ganxorcielebula.
ufro metic, eTnikuri problemebis gadawyve-
tis yvelaze warmatebuli Sedegebi miRweul
iqna iseT unitarul saxelmwifoebSi, rogore-
bicaa: espaneTi da italia. frankos reJimis
Semdeg, 1983 wels avtonomizaciis procesi
damTavrda 17 avtonomiuri regionis SeqmniT.
kataloniam, baskoniam, galisiam da andalu-
ziam moi poves avtonomiis farTo uflebebi.
espaneTi centraluri unitaristuli saxelm-
wifodan decentralizebul unitarul sax-
elmwifod Seicvala. aman mniSvnelovnad gaa-
jansaRa Sida politikuri viTareba da qvey-
anas Tavidan aacila eTnosebs Soris Seiar-
aRebuli konfliqti.
italiis oci avtonomiuri olqidan 5 sarge-
blobs specialuri statusiT. amasTan, oTxi
maTgani Seqmnilia erovnuli niSnis mixedviT,
esenia: vale d¢aosta (frangebi), trentino-
alto-adije (germanelebi), friuli-venecia-
julia (slovenielebi) da sardinia (sardi-
nielebi). mexuTe olqis, siciliis, avtonomi-
urad gamoyofis safuZvelia social-
ekonomikuri faqtorebi.
separatizmi erTmniSvnelovnad saSiSia rogorc
unitaruli, ise federaciuli saxelmwifoeb-
isaTvis. maTgan dasacavad aRniSnuli ti pis
qveynebSi SemuSavebulia sxvadasxva samarT-
lebrivi dacvis meqanizmi. federaciuli sax-
elmwifos konstituciaSi mocemulia is fun-
qciebi, romlebsac itovebs centri, esenia:
sagareo urTierTobebi, Tavdacva, sasazRvro
da sabaJo, fulis emisia da a.S. mkacrad
gansazRvrulia federaciis subieqtebis ko-
mpetencia.
decentralizebul unitarul saxelmwifoeb-
Si mTavrobis yvela komisarsa da warmomad-
genels irCevs ara mosaxleoba, aramed mas
mTavroba niSnavs. maTi samarTlebrivi mdgo-
mareoba da samsaxurebrivi daniSnuleba -
183
 Tvalyuri adevnon avtonomiur warmonaqmnTa
xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis organoebis
saqmianobis kanonierebas - savsebiT calsaxaa.
isini xelmZRvaneloben administracias, ma-
gram ara am warmonaqmnTa, aramed saxelm-
wifo administraciul organoebs - fosta-
telegrafi, saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo
gzebi, sahaero transporti, saerTo-saxelm-
wifoebrivi daniSnulebis sawarmoebi da dawese-
bulebebi, romlebic ganlagebuli arian av-
tonomiis teritoriaze da axorcieleben maTi
saqmianobis koordinacias avtonomiebis ad-
ministraciasTan.5
italiis konstituciis 127-e muxlis mixed-
viT, verc erTi saolqo sabWos mier miRebu-
li kanonproeqti ZalaSi ver Seva mTavrobis
komisris vizis gareSe. konstituciiT daSve-
bulia saolqo sabWos daTxovnac sxvadasxva
mizezTa gamo.
espaneTSi - regionaluri avtonomiuri gaer-
Tianebebis organoebis saqmianobisadmi kontro-
li ekisrebaT: sakonstitucio sasamarTlos,
mTavrobas, administraciuli iusticiis or-
ganoebsa da aRricxvis palatas (konstituciis
153-e muxli). gamonaklisi daSvebulia mx-
olod kataloniisa da baskoniis kanonebis
mimarT, romlebic am avtonomiebis statusis
Tanaxmad, mxolod sakonstitucio sasamarT-
los kontrols eqvemdebarebian (Sesabamisi
statusebis 40-e da 48-e muxlebi).
Tuki unitarul saxelmwifoebSi mxareebis
mTavrobebi centraluri xelisuflebis iuris-
diqcias boikots gamoucxadeben, am SemTx-
vevaSi saxelmwifoebrioba, legitimuri sax-
elmwifos nebis gamomxatveli xelisufleba
da suvereniteti ar wyvets arsebobas. uni-
tarul saxelmwifoSi teritoriuli mTliano-
bis rRveva ar iwvevs saxelmwifos nebis ga-
momxatveli xelisuflebis kvdomas. federaciis
dros, Tuki federaciis subieqtebi Sewyveten
centralur xelisuflebasTan urTierTobas,
maSin saxelmwifoebriobas safrTxe daemuqreba.
aRniSnuli problemis gamo, inglisma uari
Tqva Sotlandiasa da uelsTan erTad er-
Tiani xelisuflebis dafuZnebaze da gamoiy-
ena delegirebis idea. kerZod, SeinarCuna
5
l. mataraZe, saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebi, saq. respublika, 4 oqtomberi, 1995 w.
6
g. gogiaSvili, federalizmis politikuri mniSvneloba, politika, 1998/4-6.
184
saxelmwifos unitaruli forma da gaavrce-
la Sotlandiasa da uelsze gaerTianebuli
samefos suvereniteti; amave dros, Sotlan-
diis sakanonmdeblo organos gadasca zogi-
erTi uflebamosileba. rac Seexeba uelss,
misi misamarTiT ganxorcielda administraci-
uli delegireba, anu centris mxridan mmarTvelo-
biTi funqciebis nawilobrivi gadacema.
unitaruli sistemis mTavari Rirseba isaa,
rom igi amartivebs gadawyvetilebebis miReb-
is meqanizms imgvarad, rom umaRlesi saxelm-
wifo xelisuflebis kompetencia arafriTaa
SezRuduli (garda saerTaSoriso normebisa)
da ar aris aucilebeli xelisuflebis qvemdgom
organoebTan mravali sakiTxis SeTanxmeba.
federalizmi SesaZlebelia mxolod iq, sa-
dac xalxSi gamomuSavebulia movaleobis
grZnoba, valdebulebebisa da xelSekrulebe-
bisadmi erTguleba, SeTanxmebis xelovneba da
politikuri kompromisebis niWi. aseTia fed-
eralizmis sasicocxlo safuZvlebi6 .
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mqonda pativi gavsaubre-
bodi germaniis federaciuli respublikis
federalizmis institutis direqtors, baton
Snaiders (romelic vizitiT imyofeboda
saqarTveloSi) da gameziarebina Cemeuli xe-
dva qveynis teritoriuli dayofis Sesaxeb.
marTalia, igi mxars uWerda saqarTvelos
federaciuli mowyobis ideas, magram,
amasTanave, daeTanxma im azrs, rom mTavaria
ara saxelwodeba (federaciuli an unitaru-
li), aramed Sinaarsi, - is, Tu ra saxis
funqciebi eqneba regionebs teritoriuli
dayofis SemTxvevaSi. anu garkveul etapze
SeiZleba qveyana darCes unitaruli (ig-
ulisxmeba mkacrad decentralizebuli, Tu
gnebavT asimetriuli), magram regionebis ko-
mpetencia unda iyos gacilebiT farTo.
zogadad, ganasxvaveben federalizmis or saxes:
e.w. unitaruli federalizmi (germania) da
amerikuli federalizmi. amjerad, gavecnoT
amerikul da avstraliur federalizms da gan-
vixiloT maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi.
aSS-Si saerToerovnuli samarTlebrivi siste-
mebi ar arsebobs. aris 50 Statis samarT-
lebrivi sistemebi da damoukideblad - fed-
eraluri samarTlebrivi sistema.
miuxedavad amisa, aSS-is konstitucia Sei-
cavs debulebebs, romelic iZleva saSuale-
bas garkveul donemde moxdes Statebis kanon-
mdeblobisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis
unificireba.
konstituciis me-4 muxlSi miTiTebulia, rom
yvela StatSi “sruli ndobiTa da pativisce-
miT unda moekidon sxva Statis oficialur
aqtebs, dokumentebsa da samarTalwarmoebis
masalebs”. amasTan, myarad moqmedebs princi-
pi, romlis mixedviTac, TiToeuli Statis
saxelmwifo organoebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon
sxva Statis normatiuli aqtebi. unda aRin-
iSnos, rom es princi pi moqmedebs vertikalur
donezec. federaluri sasamarTloebi aseve
movaleni arian ndobiTa da pativiscemiT moepy-
ran Statebis mier miRebul normatiul aqtebsa
da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebs.
aSS-is kongresi flobs Statebis samarT-
lebrivi sistemis unifikaciis farTo Sesa-
Zleblobebs. samarTlis unifikaciis mima-
rTulebiT moqmedeben sxvadasxva organiza-
ciebi, rogorebicaa: amerikis samarTlis in-
stituti, marTlmsajulebis organizaciis in-
stituti, amerikis iuristTa asociacia da a.S.
federaluri samarTlisa da Statebis samarT-
lebrivi normebis Tanafardoba ganisazRvreba
konstituciis me-6 muxliT, romelic feder-
aluri samarTlis (konstitucia, federaluri
kanonebi da aSS-is saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-
bebi) Statebis normatiul aqtebTan mimarTe-
baSi zemdgomobis princi ps gansazRvravs. es
princi pi gulisxmobs, rom Statebis arc erTi
samarTlebrivi aqti ar unda ewinaaRmdege-
bodes federalur normebs. Statis konsti-
tuciis an kanonis winaaRmdegobis SemTxveva-
Si Statebis mosamarTleebi movaleni arian
ixelmZRvanelon aSS-is konstituciiT an kanon-
ebiT. amave dros, aSS-is konstituciam daad-
gina Statebis samarTlebrivi normebis Tanas-
woroba federaciis normatiul aqtebTan.
Statebis samarTlebrivi normebis aSS-is kon-
stituciasa da federalur kanonebTan Sesa-
bamisobis sakiTxebze dava wydeba sasamarT-
los gziT da Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebi
7
janda, beri, goldmeni ,,amerikuli demokratia~ Tb. 1995w gv.81.
SeiZleba gasaCivrdes TviT aSS-is umaRles
sasamarTloSi, rogorc sakonstitucio kon-
trolis umaRles organoSi.
umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier konstituciisa
da kanonebis ganmarteba aris federaluri
samarTlis nawili da aqvs savaldebulo Zala
qveynis yvela sasamarTlosa da sxva xelisu-
flebis dawesebulebisaTvis.
mecnierebs Soris arsebobs amerikuli feder-
alizmis orgvari gageba: ormagi federalizmi
da kooperatiuli federalizmi.
termini - “ormagi federalizmi~, aris erTg-
vari Sejameba Teoriasa da erovnul xelisu-
flebasa da Statebs Soris urTierTobebis
Sesaxeb. aRniSnul Teorias aqvs oTxi mniS-
vnelovani elementi:
1. erovnuli xelisufleba marTavs mxolod
“CamoTvlili uflebebis~ mixedviT;
2. erovnul xelisuflebas aqvs SezRuduli
konstituciuri miznebi;
3. xelisuflebis TiToeuli erTeuli -
erovnuli Tu Statebisa - sakuTar sfer-
oSi suverenulia;
4. urTierToba saxelmwifosa da Statebs
Soris xasiaTdeba ufro daZabulobiT,
vidre TanamSromlobiT.
ormagi federalizmi Statebs miiCnevs fed-
eraluri sistemis mZlavr komponentad, zo-
gierT SemTxvevaSi - erovnuli xelisufleb-
is Tanasworadac ki. am Teoriis Tanaxmad,
upirvelesi mniSvnelobisaa Statebis ufle-
bamosilebebi, romlebic eyrdnoba Semdeg kon-
cefcias: Statebs rCebaT yvela is uflebam-
osileba, romlebic konstituciam erovnul
mTavrobas ar mianiWa. Statebis uflebebis
damcvelebs sjeraT, rom erovnuli mTavro-
bis uflebebi Zalian SezRuduli unda iyos.
isini moiTxoven, rom miuxedavad moqnili
punqtisa, romelmac kongress mianiWa
“nagulisxmevi uflebamosilebani”, man unda
imoqmedos mxolod CamoTvlili uflebamosile-
bebis farglebSi. isini aZliereben TavianT
Tvalsazriss Sesworebis citirebiT: “ufle-
bamosilebani, romlebic konstituciis Tanax-
mad, ar gadaecema SeerTebul Statebs da
arc Statebs ekrZalebaT, eniWebaT Statebs
an maT mosaxleobas.”7
185
 politologebi ormag federalizms xSirad
“fenovani namcxvris federalizms” uwodeben:
erovnuli mTavrobisa da Statebis mTavrobe-
bis uflebamosilebani da funqciebi isea gan-
calkevebuli, rogorc fenovani namcxvris
calke Sreebi. xelisufleba inarCunebs uze-
naesobas sakuTar “SreSi~, anu moqmedebis
sferoSi. orive Sre mkafiod gansxvavdeba da
TiToeuli Sris ganzomileba mkacradaa fiq-
sirebuli konstituciaSi. zogierTi kriti-
kosi amtkicebs, rom, Tu erovnuli mTavroba
Statebis Seqmnilia, maSin is mxolod 13
Statis qmnilebaa, anu imaTi, vinc konsti-
tuciis ratifikacia moaxdina. danarCeni 37
Stati miRebul iqna kavSirSi mas Semdeg,
rac Seiqmna erovnuli xelisufleba da Tanac,
Seiqmna am ukanasknelis mier im miwaze, romel-
ic erovnulma xelisuflebam SeiZina. kri-
tikis sxva midgoma exeba ratifikaciis pro-
cess. konstituciis ratifikacia specialuri
konventebis meSveobiT moaxdina pirvelma 13
Statma da ara Statebis legislaturam. am-
denad, ratifikacia iyo xalxismieri da ara
Statebismieri aqti, ufro metic, konsti-
tuciis preambula iwyeba sityvebiT: “Cven
SeerTebuli Statebis xalxi” da ara: “Cven,
Statebi”.
rac Seexeba kooperatiul federalizms, TviT
termini warmoiSva 1930-an wlebSi. is asax-
avs erovnul xelisuflebasa da Statebs
Soris urTierTobis sxva Teorias. aRniSnu-
li Teoria cnobs mTeli saxelmwifosa da
Statebis funqciebis gadafarvas da uaryofs
gancalkevebuli sferoebis, anu Sreebis ideas.
kooperatiuli federalizmis Teoria moicavs
sam elements. 1. erovnuli da Statebis xe-
lisuflebis qvedanayofebi, ufro xSirad,
erToblivad axorcieleben samTavrobo fun-
qciebs, vidre cal-calke; 2. saxelmwifo da
Statebi inawileben Zalauflebas; 3. Zalau-
fleba ar aris koncentrirebuli mTlianad
romelime xelisuflebis (mTavrobis) an misi
qvedanayofi doneze. pasuxismgeblobis aseTi
danawevreba (fragmentacia) xalxsa da adami-
anTa jgufebs gavlenis bevri centris gamoy-
enebis saSualebas aZlevs. kooperatiuli
federalizmi nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs gan-
sxvavebas erovnulsa da Statebis xelisu-
flebas Soris. am ti pis federalizmis mima-
8
iqve, gv. 84
186
rT gamoiyeneba “zebra-namcxvris~ metafora
(marble cake). erovnuli da Statebis xelisu-
flebebi ar moqmedeben gancalkevebul sfer-
oebSi. maTi kompetencia urTierTSereulia.
kooperatiuli federalizmis TeoriisaTvis
gadamwyvetia konstituciis uzenaesobis pun-
qtis (muxli 7) ganvrcobiTi interpretacia.
es punqti…sagangebod acxadebs erovnuli
kanonebis uzenaesobas Statebis kanonebze da
moiTxovs yvela mosamarTlisgan ar daicvan
Statis kanonebi, Tuki isini ewinaaRmdegeba
konstitucias, erovnul kanonebsa da sax-
elmwifo xelSekrulebebs.
ormag da kooperatiul federalizms Soris
kardinaluri gansxvavebaa is, Tu rogor in-
terpretirebas axdenen es Teoriebi amerikis
konstituciis im ori nawilisa, sadac Camoy-
alibebulia urTierTobebis pirobebi erovnul
xelisuflebasa da Statebis xelisuflebas
Soris. muxli 6, nawili 8 CamoTvlis kon-
gresis uflebamosilebebs da mTavrdeba me-18
nawilis “moqnili punqtiT~, romelic kon-
gress aniWebs nebismieri kanonis gamocemis
uflebamosilebas, im kanonisa, romelic auci-
lebeli da savaldebulo iqneba zemoCamoTv-
lilis gansaxorcieleblad.
rogorc aRiniSna, me-8 Sesworeba Statebsa
da xalxs unarCunebs im uflebamosilebebs,
romlebic ar gadaeca erovnul mTavrobas,
anda ar aekrZala Statebs konstituciis ZaliT.
ormagi federalizmi postulatad miiCnevs
SezRudul “moqnil punqts~ da me-8 Ses-
worebis farTo gagebas. kooperatiuli fed-
eralizmi ki, - piriqiT, postulatad Tvlis
“moqnili punqtis~ moqnilobas, xolo me-8
Sesworeba TavisTavad dahyavs naTel, martiv
WeSmaritebamde.8
amerikis istoriis manZilze moxda Zalau-
flebis gadaadgileba Statebidan erovnul
xelisuflebaSi. pasuxi istoriuli ganviTare-
bis TaviseburebebSi da ara konstituciis Teori-
is Sesaxeb gamarTul kamaTSi unda veZioT.
zogadad, federaluri xelisuflebisa da
Statebis uflebebis Tanafardobis sakiTxi
kargad aisaxeba xolme respublikuri da
demokratiuli partiebis programebsa da maT
dapirispirebaSi. respublikelebi, eyrdnobian
ra abraam linkolnis cnobil frazas - “saxelm-
wifo naklebad unda ereodes iseT sakiTxeb-
Si, romlis gadawyvetasac TviT moqalaqee-
bic SeZleben”, gamodiodnen biurokratebis
ricxvis Semcirebisa da StatebisaTvis Tavi-
si uflebamosilebebis dabrunebiT. amis
gamoxatuleba iyo niqsonis “axali federal-
izmi~, romlis sakvanZo momenti iyo Semosav-
lis ganawileba, riTac erovnul xelisuflebas
unda daebrunebina Statebisa da adgilobrivi
organoebisaTvis Segrovebuli sagadasaxado
Semosavali, raTa maT sakuTari Sexedulebi-
samebr daexarjaT es saxsrebi. “axali fed-
eralizmis~ aRdgenis mcdeloba iyo reigani-
seuli “axali federalizmi~, romelic, faq-
tobrivad, winamorbedi respublikeli prezi-
dentis ideebs imeorebda, Tumca misi warmate-
biT ganxorcieleba sabolood ar moxerxda.
amerikulisagan gansxvavebiT, avstraliuri
federalizmi gamoirCeva TvisobriobiT. avs-
tralia federaciuli saxelmwifoa, romel-
ic didi britaneTis TanamegobrobaSia gaer-
Tianebuli. is Sedgeba 6 Statisa da 2 ter-
itoriisagan - CrdiloeTi da avstraliis
dedaqalaqi. yovel StatSi aris gubernatori
(romelsac niSnavs inglisis dedofali), par-
lamenti, mTavroba, sasamarTlo organoebi.
avstralia konstituciuri monarqiaa. saxelm-
wifos meTauria didi britaneTis dedofali,
romelic Tavis funqciebs axorcielebs mis
mier daniSnuli general-gubernatoris meS-
veobiT. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba gadacemu-
li aqvs orpalatian parlaments (senati da
warmomadgenelTa palata). palatebis ufle-
bamosileba, praqtikulad, msgavsia, gamonak-
lis warmoadgens safinanso kanonmdeblobis
sfero-aq senatis ufleba SezRudulia (mas
ar aqvs ufleba Sesworebebi Seitanos safin-
anso kanonproeqtebSi).
Statebisa da federaciis kanonmdeblobis
sfero gamijnulia konstituciiT. Tu fed-
eraciis sakanonmdeblo uflebamosileba zus-
tad aris gansazRvruli 51-e muxliT, State-
bis sargebloben e.w. “Tanxlebi uflebam-
osilebiT~, romelTa Sesabamisad maT parla-
mentebs miniWebuli aqvT ufleba miiRon neb-
ismieri kanonebi Tavis teritoriaze “mSvi-
dobis, wesrigisa da keTili nebis mmarTvelo-
bis~ SesanarCuneblad.
amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom, Tu Stateb-
is kanonebi ewinaaRmdegeba federaciis kanon-
ebs, upiratesoba eniWeba am ukanasknels.
Statebs, federaciis Tanxmobis gareSe, ar
SeuZliaT Camoayalibon da Seqmnan sazRvao
da saxmeleTo samxedro Zalebi, dabegron
gadasaxadebiT sakuTrebis nebismieri saxeoba,
romelic federacias ekuTvnis da ar Seu-
ZliaT fulis gamoSveba, anu ar aqvT is ufle-
bebi, rac nebismier federaciul saxelmwi-
foSi igi gadacemuli aqvs centrs.
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba dakisrebuli aqvs
didi britaneTis dedofals da xorcieldeba
misi saxeliT mis mier xuTi wlis vadiT
daniSnuli general-gubernatoris mier. im
uflebamosilebebs Soris, romelTac gener-
al-gubernatori premier-ministrTan SeTanxme-
biT axorcielebs, SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi:
mas aqvs saparlamento sesiebis mowvevisa da
gadadebis, warmomadgenelTa palatis daTx-
ovnis ufleba. parlamentis mier miRebuli
kanonebis ZalaSi Sesasvlelad saWiroa igi
mowonebul iqnas mis mier. mas aqvs ufleba
daubrunos parlaments kanoni Tavisi SeniS-
vnebiT. general-gubernatori niSnavs moxeleebs
saxelmwifoebriv Tanamdebobebze, aqvs Sewy-
alebis ufleba da aris umaRlesi mTavar-
sardali.
StatebSi dedoflis warmomadgenlebi - gu-
bernatorebi damoukidebeli arian general-
gubernatorisagan, romelic maT saqmianobas
ar akontrolebs. gubernatorebi moqmedeben
gadacemuli kompetenciebis farglebSi. maTi
uflebamosilebis vadac aseve xuTi welia.
avstraliis samarTlebrivi sistema Camoyal-
ibda anglosaqsuri samarTlis gavleniT. saerTo
samarTali, gansxvavebiT sakanonmdeblosagan,
avstraliis kavSiris yvela 6 Statisa da 2
(CrdiloeTisa da avstraliis dedaqalaqi)
teritoriisaTvis erTiania. am TvalsazrisiT,
avstraliis saerTo samarTlis sistema mniS-
vnelovnad gansxvavdeba aSS-is samarTlisa-
gan, sadac yovel StatSi aris “sakuTari~
saerTo samarTali. avstraliis saerTo sa-
marTlis erTianobis uzrunvelyofaSi did
rols TamaSobs avstraliis umaRlesi sasa-
marTlo, romlis gadawyvetilebac saerTo
samarTlis sakiTxebze (romelic miRebulia
sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis gasaCivrebis
187
 safuZvelze) savaldebuloa avstraliis yve- ic Sedgeba avstraliis ZirZveli mosaxleo-
la sasamarTlosaTvis. saerTo samarTlis bis warmomadgenlebisagan, Tumca maT raime
sistemaSi precedentis Zala aqvs mxolod seriozuli uflebamosileba ar gaaCniaT. mar-
avstraliis uzenaes sasamarTlos, Statebisa Talia, 1976 wels CrdiloeT teritoriaze
da teritoriebis umaRles sasamarTloebs. daiwyo aborigenTaTvis dasaxlebaTa mSeneblo-
ba da zogierT StatSi miiRes kanoni, romel-
avstraliis kanonmdebloba moicavs kanonebs,
ic maTTvis miwaze uflebas iZleoda, abori-
romelTac iReben avstraliisa da calkeuli
genTa mTavari problemebi jer kidev gadau-
Statebis parlamentebi. maT emateba Sesabami-
Wreli rCeba.
si aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sakanonm-
deblo aqtebi. avstraliis sasamarTlo sistema moicavs fed-
eralur sasamarTloebs, calkeuli Statebis
1976 w. mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom
sasamarTloebs, agreTve, ramdenime special-
qveynis farglebs gareT saxelmwifos ewo-
uri sasamarTlo dawesebulebas zustad gan-
dos avstralia, xolo qveynis SigniT - avs-
sazRvruli funqciebiT. federaluri da
traliis kavSiri. avstraliis kavSirisa da
calkeuli Statebis sasamarTloebs SeuZli-
Statebis kompetencia gansazRvrulia konsti-
aT ganixilon saqmeebi rogorc kavSiris, ise
tuciiT ise, rom samarTlebrivi institute-
Statebis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad. amitom
bis arsebiTi nawili regulirdeba Statebis
federaluri sasamarTloebi Seiqmna rogorc
kanonmdeblobiT, maTi mniSvnelovani nawili
umaRlesi sasamarTlo organo, agreTve Crdi-
Sedis kavSirisa da Statebis erToblivi ko-
loeTisa da avstraliis dedaqalaqis teri-
mpetenciis sferoSi (winaaRmdegobis SemTx-
toriebze - sasamarTlo funqciebis Sesas-
vevaSi, upiratesoba eniWeba kavSiris kanonm-
ruleblad. 1970 wels Catarda sasamarTlo
deblobas) da Zalze mniSvnelovani - kav-
reforma da moqmedi umaRlesi sasamarTlos
Siris gansakuTrebul kompetenciaSi.
gverdiT Seiqmna avstraliis saojaxo sasa-
ase magaliTad, Statebis kanonmdeblobiT marTlo da Semdeg, - avstraliis federaluri
regulirdeba miwis sakuTrebis uflebebi da sasamarTlo.
sxva saxis sakuTrebani, xelSekrulebiTi sa-
avstraliis umaRlesi sasamarTlo ganixilavs
marTali, zianis anazRaurebisaTvis pasuxismge-
sakiTxebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia konsti-
bloba, Sromis pirobebi da sxva. kavSiris
tuciis ganmartebasTan; saqmeebs, roca avs-
kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs sasamarTloebis
traliis kavSiri gamodis rogorc erT-erTi
iurisdiqcias da aregulirebs marTlmsaju-
mxare; Statebs Soris davas; zogierTi fed-
lebis zogierT sxva sakiTxebs, mag., kanonm-
eraluri Cinovnikebis moqmedebaze saCivrebs;
deblobas daqiravebisa da ganTavisuflebis,
agreTve, saqmeebs sisxlis samarTlis dana-
sapensio uzrunvelyofis, qorwinebisa da gan-
Saulebze, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia avs-
qorwinebis (garda zogierTi kerZo sakiTxeb-
traliis kavSiris kanonmdeblobiT.
isa) sakiTxebze, agreTve. sabanko da saav-
toro samarTals. amasTanave, umaRlesi sasamarTlo ganixilavs
saCivrebs federaluri iurisdiqciis ganmx-
avstraliis kanonmdeblobis erT-erT Tavise-
orcielebeli sasamarTloebis nebismier gada-
bur dargs qmnian normebi, romlebic aregu-
wyvetilebaze, ganaCenze, agreTve, umaRlesi
lireben qveynis ZirZveli mosaxleobis, ab-
da Statebis sasamarTloebis Sesabamis gada-
origenebis, samarTlebriv mdgomareobas. am
wyvetilebebze. 1900 wlis konstituciis
xaziT me-20 saukuneSi kanonmdeblobaSi araer-
mixedviT, umaRlesi sasamarTlos gadaw-
Ti cvlileba iqna Setanili. Tu, mag., 1900
yvetileba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saidumlo
wlis konstituciiT aborigenebs hqondaT
sabWos sasamarTlo komitetSi. Tumca, praq-
mxolod saarCevno ufleba, 1967 wlis ref-
tikulad, igi iSviaTad xorcieldeba.
erendumis Semdeg isini formalurad cnobil
iqnen srulyofil moqalaqeebad. 1968 wels amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, miuxedavad
Seiqmna aborigenebis sakiTxebze federaluri ori federaciuli qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi
saministro. 1973 wels dafuZnda aborigeneb- mowyobis msgavsebisa, aris maT Soris mniS-
is erovnuli sakonsultacio komiteti, romel- vnelovani gansxvavebac. pirvel rigSi, es aix-

188
sneba imiT, rom aSS aris saprezidento res-
publika, avstralia ki, - konstituciuri
monarqia. Tuki aRmasrulebeli xelisufleb-
is meTauri aSS-Si prezidentia, avstraliis
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas nominalurad
didi britaneTis dedofali xelmZRvanelobs,
romelic aRniSnul kompetencias ara uSua-
lod, aramed mis mier daniSnuli warmomad-
genelis meSveobiT axorcielebs. gansxvavebu-
lia Statebisa da federaciis kompetencia
sakanonmdeblo sakiTxebSi, rac TiToeuli
qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebebiT
aixsneba. SeiniSneba garkveuli gansxvaveba am
ori qveynis sasamarTlo sistemaSic. magram,
mTavaria ara xsenebuli, aramed is, rom Ti-
Toeuli qveynis saxelmwifoebrioba ganmtki-
cebulia konstituciuri mowyobis, saxelm-
wifoebriv-teritoriuli erTeulebis farTo
kompetenciisa da uflebaTa delegirebis
safuZvelze.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Sei-
Zleba iTqvas, rom nebismieri saxelmwifos
demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi ganviTareb-
isaTvis arsebiT mniSvnelobas iZens ara ama
Tu im qveynis saxelwodeba (centralizebu-
li federaciuli, decentralizebuli uni-
taruli an kidev asimetriuli federaciuli
saxelmwifo), aramed misi struqturul-ter-
itoriuli dayofa, jansaRi urTierToba cen-
trsa da regionebs Soris, funqciaTa mkveTri
gamijvna da maTi qveynis Sesabamisi terito-
riuli erTeulebisaTvis delegireba, rac
dRevandel pirobebSi gansakuTrebul mniS-
vnelobas iZens Cveni qveynisTvis, radgan ar
arsebobs Zlieri, damoukidebeli saxelmwifo
saxelmwifoebriv-teritoriul erTeulebad
mizanmimarTuli da efeqturi dayofis gareSe
da swored es aris uaxloes momavalSi WeS-
maritad demokratiuli, samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifos Camoyalibebis erT-erTi sawindari.
189
 ÓÀãÀÒÏ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ-
ÔÄÒÉÔÏÒÉÖËÉ ÌÏßÚÏÁÀ ÃÀÓÀÅËÄÈ
ÄÅÒÏÐÉÓ ØÅÄÚÍÄÁÛÉ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ
I. sajaro xelisuflebis
politikur_teritoriuli
mowyoba germaniis miwebSi
$1. germanuli federalizmi
winamdebare statiis ZiriTad mizans warmoad-
gens dasavleT evropis qveynebSi, kerZod ger-
maniaSi, sajaro xelisuflebis politikur-
teritoriuli mowyobis ganxilva. Tavdapirve-
lad mivmarToT federaciis struqturas.
dRevandeli mdgomareobiT germania Sedgeba
16 miwisagan, sami maTgani warmoadgens did
qalaqebs _ berlini, hamburgi da bremeni (am
miwis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis patara sazRvao
qalaqic _ bremenhafenic), hamburgi da breme-
ni calke miwebs warmoadgenen. es ganpirobe-
bulia ara maTi teritoriuli sididiT (maini
frankfurtze, kiolni, diuseldorfi ra Tqma
unda, maT ar CamorCebian), aramed im faqtiT,
rom Tavis droze, rodesac jer kidev hanza
arsebobda, hamburgi da bremeni damoukidebe-
li savaWro qalaq-respublikebi iyo.
germaniis federaluri mowyoba SeiZleba
CavTvaloT feodalur danawevrebis epoqis
memkvidred. prusia ierTebda sxvadasxva mi-
webs, romlebic samefoebs, sahercogoebs war-
moadgendnen, utovebda maT gansazRvrul gan-
calkevebas. 1871 wlis imperiuli konstituci-
iT, romelmac germaniis gaerTianeba gaaforma
da 1919 wlis vaimaris konstituciiT fed-
eraluri mowyoba eyrdnoboda aRniSnul is-
toriul erTeulebs. prusia ki teritoriiTa
da mosaxleobis raodenobiT didad aRemate-
boda federaciis danarCen subieqtebs, iseve,
rogorc ruseTi sabWoTa kavSiris sxva res-
publikebs.
190
ÃÉÌÉÔÒÉ ÁÀÒÀÌÉÀ
pirveli paragrafis pirveli punqtis Tanax-
mad, mokavSire `derJava~ gamarjvebulebma
gaauqmes prusia, rogorc saxelmwifo war-
monaqmni, sxva miwebi nawilobriv gaerTianda
yofil prusiul provinciebTan (magaliTad,
saqsonia, angaliti), nawilobriv Seerwya mas
(mag. maSindeli viunterbergbadeni), nawilo-
briv ki yofili prusiis sazRvrebSi darCa
(branderburgi) da yofili miwebi (bavaria).
aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoCamoTvlili cvlile-
bebi germaniis federaciuli respublikis Se-
qmnamde moxda. unda vTqvaT, rom vaimaris
respublikis struqturebTan SedarebiT, ax-
ladSeqmnili federacia optimizebuli iyo,
Tumca miwebs Soris garkveuli uTanasworo-
ba dResac arsebobs. ase magaliTad, teri-
toriiT yvelaze didi miwa - bavaria (70,5
aTasi kv. Km.), yvelaze pataraze - bremenze
(0,4 aTasi kv. km) didia 176-jer, xolo mo-
saxleobis raodenobiT yvelaze didi miwa -
CrdiloeT reini vestfalia (17,68 mln.),
aRemateba yvelaze pataras _ imave bremens
(0,68 mln.) 26-jer.
ZiriTadma kanonma gaiTvaliswina federaciis
struqturis Semdgomi da SesaZlebeli opti-
mizacia. kerZod, misi 29-e muxli iTval-
iswinebs federaluri teritoriis gaformeb-
is proceduras. Tu ar CavTvliT federaciis
gazrdas 1957 wels saaris SesvliT da 1990
wels yofili gdr-s 5 miwis damatebiT (dasav-
leT da aRmosavleT berlinis gaerTianebis
Sedegad), maSin gadaformebas adgili hqonda
erTxel, 1952 wels _ badeni, viurtemberg-
badeni da viurtenberg_gogentolerni gaer-
Tiandnen, romlebmac Seadgines dRevandeli
badenviurtembergi. ZiriTadi kanonis 29-e
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli procedura
demokratiulia, Tumca sakmaod rTuli, ma-
gram es ukanaskneli garemoeba ar SeiZleba
naklovanebad CaiTvalos. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom
118-e muxlis Tanaxmad, zemoaRniSnuli gada-
formeba sami miwisa erT miwad gamartivebu-
li proceduriT moxda. yofili miwebis urT-
ierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze, 1994 wels,
ZiriTad kanonSi gardamavali da saboloo
debulebis saxiT Sevida 118-e muxli, rom-
lis Tanaxmadac berlinisa da branderburgis
miwebis teritoriaze gadaformebas aseve Sei-
Zleba adgili hqondes gamartivebulad, orive
miwis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze misi amomrCev-
lebis monawileobiT.
kompetenciebis ganawileba federaciasa da
miwebs Soris sakmao yuradRebiT aris da-
muSavebuli ZiriTad kanonSi, ise rom kompe-
tencia danawilebulia kanonmdeblobasTan,
aRmasrulebel saqmianobasa da finansebTan
mimarTebaSi. germanul literaturaSi germa-
nia xasiaTdeba rogorc `kooperatiuli fed-
eracia~, rameTu adgili aqvs instituciurad
(upirveles yovlisa, konstituciurad)
gaformebul TanamSromlobas federaciasa da
miwebs, agreTve Tavad miwebs Soris.
saxelmwifo uflebamosilebisa da saxelmwi-
fos amocanebis ganxorcieleba, ZiriTadi kano-
nis 30-e muxlis Sesabamisad, eniWeba miwebs,
rameTu ZiriTadi kanoni ar uSvebs da arc
Seicavs sxvagvar regulirebas. es aris miwe-
bis kompetenciebis prezumciis Taviseburi
forma, romelic germaniis federaciis de-
centralizaciaze miuTiTebs.
31-e muxlis Tanaxmad, federalur samarTals
upiratesoba aqvs miwebis samarTalTan mima-
rTebaSi, Tumca aRniSnuli debuleba SezRudu-
lad ganimarteba: igi moqmedebs mxolod maSin,
rodesac federaluri samarTalqmedeba xorcield-
eba federaluri kompetenciis farglebSi.
miwebs aqvT sakanonmdeblo ufleba (muxli
70), rameTu, ZiriTadi kanonis Tanaxmad, sa-
kanonmdeblo uflebamosilebani ar gadaecema
federacias, xolo federaciasa da miwebs
Soris kompetenciebis gansxvaveba ganisazRvreba
ZiriTadi kanonis debulebebiT gansakuTrebu-
li da konkurirebadi kanonmdeblobis Sesax-
eb. aq, amrigad, Camoyalibebulia miwebis sa-
kanonmdeblo kompetenciis prezumfcia.
federaciis gansakuTrebuli kanonmdeblobis
sferoSi miwebs SeuZlia ganaxorcielon sa-
kanonmdeblo saqmianoba mxolod maSin da
imdenad, roca da ramdenadac arian pirdapir
uflebamosilni federaluri kanoniT (71-e
muxli). aRniSnul sferos 73-e muxlma mi-
akuTvna 12 pozicia sagareo urTierTobebi,
Tavdacva, federaluri moqalaqeoba, gadaadg-
ilebis Tavisufleba, satelevizio da safos-
to kavSiri da sxva).
konkurirebuli kanonmdeblobis farglebSi, 72-
e muxlis Sesabamisad, miwebs SeuZliaT ga-
naxorcielon sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba maSin
da imdenad, roca da ramdenadac Sesabamis
sakiTxebSi ar aris federaluri kanonebi.
federaciam unda ganaxorcielos sakanonmde-
blo saqmianoba am sferoSi, roca es saWiroa,
saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi interesebidan ga-
momdinare, federalur teritoriaze erTnai-
ri cxovrebis pirobebis, an samarTlebrivi
da ekonomikuri erTianobis SesanarCuneblad.
federaluri kanoniT SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rom federaluri sakanonmdeblo regulire-
ba, romlis aucileblobac ar arsebobs, Se-
icvalos miwebis samarTliT.
24-e muxli gansazRvravs konkurirebuli kanon-
mdeblobis sferos, iTvlis ra 28 sakiTxs
(samoqalaqo, sisxlis, sisxlis aRmasrule-
beli samarTali, sasamarTloebis mowyoba _
sasamarTlo procesi, advokatura, notariati,
iuridiuli konsultireba, samoqalaqo mdgo-
mareobis aqtebi, gaerTianebebisa da kavSireb-
is samarTali, ucxoelebis miReba da gansax-
leba, atomuri energiis warmoeba da gamoy-
eneba samSvidobo miznebiT da sxva). amasTan
erTad dadgenilia, rom kanonebi saxelmwi-
fos pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, romlebic
zemoT miTiTebul nusxaSia moyvanili, iTx-
ovs bundestagis Tanxmobas. sxva danarCeni,
ase vTqvaT, amas ar moiTxovs. 74-e muxlis
damateba adgens sajaro samsaxurSi myof pirTa
xelfasebisa da momaragebis sakiTxebs, sam-
saxurTan sajaro_samarTlebriv mimarTule-
basa da erTgulebas.
75-e muxliT dadgenilia federaciis ufleba
gamosces Semofargluli miTiTebebi miwebis
kanonmdeblobisaTvis imave pirobebis arsebo-
bisas, rogoricaa konkurirebuli kanonmde-
blobis dros. Semofargluli kompetencia
191
 Seicavs 6 sferos (umaRlesi ganaTlebis saer-
To princi pebi, beWdviTi sityvis saerTo sa-
marTalurTierToba, miwis nakveTebis ganaw-
ileba, wylis meurneoba, bunebis dacva da
sxva). Semofargluli miTiTebebi SesaZlebe-
lia detalurad Seexos mosawesrigebel urT-
ierTobebs an Seicavdes pirdapiri moqmedebis
normebs mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxveveb-
Si. federaciis mier Semofargluli miTiTe-
bebis gamocemis dros miwebma TavianTi kanon-
ebi masTan SesabamisobaSi unda moiyvanon kano-
niT dadgenil SefardebiT droSi. am SemTx-
vevaSi federacias SeuZlia federaluri
regulirebis aucileblobis gauqmebis kon-
statireba.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ZiriTadi kanonis Sesabam-
isi SekiTxvebi gavidnen federaluri kompe-
tenciis farglebidan, moqmedebs federaluri
samarTali, Tumca igi SeiZleba miwebis sa-
marTliTac Seicvalos (muxli 125a). amasTan
dakavSirebiT saeWvo sakiTxebs federaluri
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ganixilavs (126-e
muxli).
83-e muxlis Tanaxmad federaluri kanonebis
Sesruleba dakisrebulia miwebze, rameTu
ZiriTadi kanoniT ar aris daSvebuli an gan-
sazRvruli sxva ram, anu xdeba isev miwebis
kompetenciebis prezumfcireba. amasTan dakav-
SirebiT, 84-e muxlis Sesabamisad, miwebi
aregulireben xelisuflebis dawesebasa da
administraciul warmoebas, Tu sxva ram ar
aris gansazRvruli federaluri kanoniT,
romelic bundesratis TanxmobiT miiReba.
federalur mTavrobas SeuZlia bundesratis
TanxmobiT gamosces saerTo administraciu-
li miTiTebebi.
federaluri mTavroba ganaxorcielebs
zedamxedvelobas miwebis mier federaluri
kanonebis Sesrulebaze moqmedi samarTlis
Sesabamisad. am mizniT mas SeuZlia Tavisi
warmomadgenlebi gagzavnos miwebis umaRlesi
xelisuflebis organoebSi da maTi Tanxmo-
biT, an, Tu Tanxmobas ar miiReben, bundes-
ratis TanxmobiT, wargzavnon isini miwebis
qvemdgom organoebSic. Tu miwebis mier fed-
eraluri kanonebis Sesrulebis dros daSve-
buli naklovanebebi, romlebic federalurma
mTavrobam aRmoaCina, ar iqna aRmofxvrili,
maSin bundesrati federaluri mTavrobis an
miwis iniciativiT adgens, hqonda Tu ara adgili
192
miwis mier kanonis darRvevas. aRniSnuli dad-
genileba SeiZleba gasaCivrebul iqnes feder-
alur sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi.
bundesratis TanxmobiT miRebulma federalur-
ma kanonma SeiZleba daakisros federalur
mTavrobas uflebamosileba gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevebSi gamosces miTiTebebi federaluri
kanonebis Sesasruleblad. garda im SemTx-
vevebisa, romelTac federaluri mTavroba
CaTvlis gadaudeblad, miTiTebebi unda gaig-
zavnos miwebis xelisuflebis umaRles or-
ganoebSi.
Tu miwebi asruleben federalur kanonebs
federaciis davalebiT, maSin 85-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, amisaTvis organoebs qmnian miwebi,
rameTu sxva ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli fed-
eraluri kanoniT, romelic bundesratis Tanx-
mobiT aris miRebuli.
federalur mTavrobas, bundesratis Tanxmo-
biT, SeuZlia gamosces saerTo administraci-
uli miTiTebebi da gansazRvros Cinovnikebisa
da mosamsaxureebis erTgvari momzadeba. sa-
Sualo donis xelisuflebis xelmZRvanelebi
unda dainiSnon misi TanxmobiT. miwebis xe-
lisufleba eqvemdebareba umaRlesi feder-
aluri xelisuflebis miTiTebebs. miTiTebebi,
im SemTxvevebis garda, romlebsac federaluri
mTavroba gadaudeblad CaTvlis, unda gaeg-
zavnoT miwebis umaRlesi xelisuflebis or-
ganoebs, romlebic miTiTebebis Sesrulebas
uzrunvelyofen.
federaluri zedamxedveloba vrceldeba Ses-
rulebis kanonierebasa da mizanSewoniloba-
ze. am mizniT, federalur mTavrobas ufleba
aqvs gamoiTxovos angariSebi da dokumentebi da
wargzavnos uflebamosileba yvela organoSi.
federaluri kanonebis nawili sruldeba misi
sakuTari administraciis meSveobiT, an uSu-
alod federaluri korporaciebis an sajaro
samarTlis dawesebulebebis meSveobiT, amis-
aTvis ki federaluri mTavroba, Tu sxva ram
ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli federaluri kano-
niT, gamoscems administraciul miTiTebebs,
awesrigebs ra organoebis Camoyalibebasac (86-e
muxli).
federacias, bundesratis TanxmobiT miRebu-
li Sesabamisi kanoniT, SeuZlia daavalos
miwebs federaluri kanonebis Sesruleba,
romlebic Tavdapirvelad Tavad unda ganax-
orcielos. es, kerZod, exeba atomuri en-
ergiis sferos (87-e muxli), transportis
arteriebs (87g, 87e, 89-e, 90-e muxlebi),
amasTan, adgilobrivi avtostradebis marTva
TviTmmarTvelobasac SeiZleba daevalos.
ucxo qveynebTan urTierTobebi, 32-e muxlis
Sesabamisad, federacias miekuTvneba, magram
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dadebuli xelSekruleba
ucxo qveyanasTan miwis gansakuTrebul urT-
ierTobas exeba, maSin aRniSnuli miwis azri
Tavis droze unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli,
magram Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi da
federaluri mTavrobis TanxmobiT, miwebsac
SeuZliaT Tavad dadon xelSekrulebebi ucxo
saxelmwifoebTan.
federaciisa da miwebis yvela xelisufleba
samarTlebriv da samsaxureobriv daxmarebas
uwevs erTmaneTs (35-e muxli).
sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebis mxardasaWerad da
aRsadgenad, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi mi-
webi Tavisi policiis dasaxmareblad iwveven
federaluri sasazRvro dacvis dawesebule-
bebs. bunebrivi katastrofis an Zalian mZime
avariis SemTxvevaSi, miwa dasaxmareblad iwvevs
sxva miwebis policiis samsaxurebs, sxva ad-
ministraciis Zalebs, agreTve federalur
sasazRvro da samxedro Zalebs. Tu bune-
brivi katastrofa an avaria safrTxes uqmnis
erTze meti miwis teritorias, maSin feder-
aluri mTavroba, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi,
miwebis mTavrobas aZlevs miTiTebas sxva mi-
webis policiis Zalebi gadaiyvanos mis daqvem-
debarebaSi, agreTve gamoiyenos federaluri
sasazRvro Zalebis policiis qvedanayofebi
da samxedro Zalebi. magram nebismier dros,
bundesratis moTxovniT, yovel SemTxvevaSi
saSiSroebis gavlis Semdeg, federalurma
mTavrobam yvela es zoma unda gaauqmos.
analogiuri regulireba gaTvaliswinebulia
91-e muxliT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu safrTxe
emuqreba arsebul an Tavisufal demokrati-
ul wyobas federaciasa da miwebSi.
36-e muxliT, umaRles federalur xelisu-
flebas ufleba aqvs gansazRvruli raodeno-
biT gamoiyenos yvela miwis Cinovnikebi. sxva
federaluri organoebisaTvis Cinovnikebs,
rogorc wesi, moiwveven im miwebidan, rom-
lebSic isini moqmedeben. Tavdacvis Sesaxeb kanon-
ebi unda iTvaliswinebdnen federaciis dayofas
miwebad da maT gansakuTrebul urTierTobebs.
Tu miwa ar asrulebs Tavis federalur mov-
aleobebs, romlebic ZiriTadi an federaluri
kanoniT aris gaTvaliswinebuli, federalur
mTavrobas, bundesratis TanxmobiT, ufleba
aqvs miiRos zomebi federaluri Zaldataneb-
isa miwebis mier maTi movaleobebis Sesas-
ruleblad, amisaTvis federaluri mTavroba
an misi uflebamosili organo, kanoniT aZlevs
miTiTebebs yvela miwasa da xelisuflebas.
saintereso regulireba aris mocemuli Zir-
iTad kanonSi 1969 wels Setanil me-8 TavSi.
aq gaTvaliswinebulia TanamSromlobis formebi
federaciasa da miwebs Soris socialur-
ekonomikur sferoSi.
91a muxlis Tanaxmad, federacia exmareba
miwebs Tavisi funqciebis ganxorcielebaSi,
Tu es amocanebi mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis
aris mniSvnelovani da federaciis monawile-
oba aucilebelia cxovrebis pirobebis ga-
saumjobeseblad. es exeba umaRlesi skoleb-
isa da klinikebi mSenebloba-ganviTarebas,
meurveobis regionuli da agraruli struq-
turebis gaumjobesebasa da sanapiroebis dacvas.
aRniSnuli amocanebi konkretizebulia bundes-
ratis TanxmobiT miRebul kanonSi, romelic
unda Seicavdes federaciisa da miwebis er-
Toblivi amocanebis Sesrulebis saerTo princ-
i pebs. kanoni iTvaliswinebs procedurasa da
dawesebulebebis Seqmnas erToblivi Semofar-
gluli dagegmvisaTvis, romelic Sesabamisi
miwebis TanxmobiT xorcieldeba. aseT dros
federacia Tavis Tavze iRebs xarjebis naxe-
vars an aranakleb naxevrisa. SeTanxmebis safuZ-
velze federaciasa da miwebs, 91b muxlis
Sesabamisad, SeuZliaT iTanamSromlon ga-
naTlebis dagegmvaSi an mecnieruli gamokv-
levebis xelSewyobaSi, romelTa mniSvnelo-
bac regionul farglebs scildeba.
1993 wels miRebul iqna kanoni federaciasa
da miwebs Soris TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
evrokavSiris saqmeebSi.
$2. finansuri urTierTobani
ZiriTadi kanonis 104-e (a) muxlis Sesabamis-
ad, federacias da miwebs TavianTi danaxar-
jebi aqvT cal-calke. Tu miwebi moqmedeben
federaciis davalebiT, maSin xarjebs es uka-
naskneli iRebs. federalur kanons, romelic
193
 fuladi Tanxebis gadasaxadis garantias iZleva
da rac aucilebelia miwebisaTvis, SeuZlebe-
lia mTlianad an nawilobriv daakisros gada-
xda federacias, Tu kanoniT gaTvaliswinebu-
lia, rom federacia naxevar an met xarjebs
iRebs, maSin igi sruldeba federaciis
davalebiT. Tu meoTxeds an ufro met xar-
jebs iRebs miwebi, kanonis miReba bundesrat-
is Tanxmobas moiTxovs. federacias SeuZlia
finansuri daxmareba gauwios miwebs metad
saWiro investiciebisaTvis, saerTo
ekonomikuri Tanafardobis gadalaxvis mizniT,
federalur teritoriaze ekonomikuri Zalebis
gansxvavebis kompensaciisa da ekonomikuri
winsvlis xelSesawyobad.
federacia da miwebi TavianTi administraci-
uli organoebis xarjebs Tavadve faraven da
saTanado marTvis ganxorcielebaSi erTmane-
Tis winaSe pasuxs ageben.
105-e muxli anawilebs federaciasa da mi-
webs Soris finansur kompetencias. federa-
cias ekuTvnis gansakuTrebuli ufleba sa-
kanonmdeblo sakiTxebSi, romelic sabaJo ga-
dasaxadebisa da finansuri monopoliebis sa-
gans exeba. konkurirebul kanonmdeblobaSi
Sedis sxva gadasaxadebi, romlebic mTlianad
an nawilobriv federaciisaTvis sasargeblod
amoiReba, agreTve is gadasaxadebi, romlebic
saWiroa federaciisaTvis am sferoSi misi
sakanonmdeblo uflebis gansaxorcieleblad.
miwebs kanonmdeblobis ufleba aqvT adgilo-
brivi moTxovnilebebis gadasaxadebTan da
fufunebis sagnebTan dakavSirebiT, Tu es gadasax-
adebi federaciis mier dawesebuls ar emTxveva.
federaluri kanoni gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb,
romlis mixedviTac Tanxebi mTlianad an naw-
ilobriv miwebis an Temebis biujets avsebs,
saWiroebs bundesratis Tanxmobas.
ZiriTadi kanonis 106-e muxlma gaanawila
konkretuli gadasaxadebi federaciis, miweb-
sa da Temebs (Temebis kavSirebs) Soris da
daadgina maTi amoRebis pirobebi da Semosu-
li Tanxebis adresatebi. sagadasaxado sa-
marTlis normebis ase detalurad konsti-
tuciaSi aRwera arcTu xSirad gvxvdeba, ma-
gram, rogorc warmogvidgenia, azrs namdvilad
ar aris moklebuli.
107-e muxliT miRebulia kanoniT dadgenili
zomebi miwebis finansuri mdgomareobis ga-
saumjobeseblad.
194
108-e muxlma federaciebisa da miwebis fin-
ansuri organoebis kompetencia gamijna, agreTve
gansazRvra maTi TanamSromlobis princi pebi,
kerZod, sabaJo gadasaxadebi, romlebic fed-
eraluri kanonebiT aris dadgenili evrokav-
Siris farglebSi. finansuri moTxovnilebeb-
is dasakmayofileblad Sesabamisi saqmianoba
imarTeba federaluri finansuri organoebis
mier da maTi saSualo donis xelmZRvanelebi
iniSnebian miwebis mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT.
sxva gadasaxadebs marTavs miwebis finansuri
organoebi, romelTa struqtura da Cinovni-
kTa momzadeba regulirebulia bundesratis
TanxmobiT miRebuli federaluri kanoniT.
federaciisa da miwebis biujeti erTmaneTze
damokidebuli ar arian, magram federacia da
miwebi valdebuli arian TavianT sabiujeto
meurneobaSi gaiTvaliswinon saerTo
ekonomikuri Tanafardobis (wonasworobis)
moTxovnilebani (109-e muxlis 1-li da adg-
ilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis nawilebi).
Tavdacvis mdgomareobis SemTxvevaSi federa-
cias gadaecema konkurirebuli kanonmdeblo-
bis ufleba miwebis sferoSic ki, am kuTxiT
kanonebi bundesratis Tanxmobas moiTxovs.
federalur kanons, romelic bundesratis
TanxmobiT gamoicema, SeuZlia federaciisa
da miwebis administraciisa da finansebis
sakiTxebis regulireba sxvagvarad, vidre es
dadgenilia ZiriTadi kanoniT, magram amasTan
savaldebuloa SenarCundes miwebis, Temebisa
da Temebis kavSiris gansakuTrebiT finansuri
cxovrebis unari. im kanonebis mzadeba, romelic
miwebis kompetenciaSi iWreba da sakuTrebis
uflebasa da pirad Tavisuflebas zRudavs,
SeiZleba daiwyos Tavdacvis mdgomareobis
gamocxadebamde (115-e muxlis I, III da IV
nawilebi). Tu am periodSi federaluri or-
ganoebi mzad ar arian raime qmediTi zomebi
miiRon saSiSroebis Tavidan asacileblad,
xolo situacia daJinebiT moiTxovs dauy-
ovnebliv damoukidebel moqmedebas feder-
aluri teritoriis sxvadasxva nawilSi, ma-
Sin, 115-e muxlis Sesabamisad, miwebis
mTavrobas, an maT mier daniSnuli xelisu-
flebis warmomadgenlebs, an miwebis kompe-
tenciis sferoSi uflebamosilebs SeuZliaT
miiRon zomebi, romlebic federaluri mTavro-
bis kompetenciis sagans warmoadgens (feder-
aluri sasazRvro dacvis samsaxurebis gamoy-
eneba, miwebis organoebze da qvemdgomebze
miTiTebebis micema). miwebis xelisuflebisa
da qvemdgomTa mimarT gamoyenebuli zemoT
miTiTebuli zomebi SeiZleba gauqmebul iqnes
federaluri mTavrobisa da miwebis ministr-
prezidentebis mier.
literaturaSi xSirad aRiniSneba, rom Tav-
dacvis mdgomareobaSi myofi germania central-
izebul unitarul saxelmwifod gadaiqceva.
$3. miwebis sakanonmdeblo da
aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis organoebi
miwebis xelisuflebis organizacia ZiriTadi
kanoniT ar regulirdeba. igi gansazRvrulia
miwebis konstituciaSi, romelTa Soris aRniS-
nul sakiTxSi mniSvnelovani msgavseba SeimC-
neva, Tumca, rasakvirvelia, met-naklebad
arsebiTi gansxvavebac arsebobs.
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas miwebSi ganax-
orcieleben warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi,
romlebic miwebis umetesobaSi iwodeba land-
tagebad (miwebis yriloba), qalaq-miwebSi maT
sxvagvari dasaxeleba aqvT - moqalaqeTa kre-
ba (Burgerschaft) - bremensa da hamburgSi,
deputatebis palata - berlinSi. yvelgan,
bavariis garda, maT erTpalatiani sistema
aqvT da airCevian 4 da 5 wliT. bavariis
senati (zemo palata) formirdeba social-
uri, sameurneo, kulturuli da saTemo kor-
poraciebis warmomadgenelTa safuZvelze:
senatorebs irCeven 6 wlis vadiT da yoveli
ori wlis Semdeg senati 113 wevriT ganax-
ldeba. Tavdacvis mdgomareobis SemTxvevaSi
miwebis saxalxo warmomadgenlobis uflebam-
osilebebis amowuruli vadebi grZeldeba 6
TviT. aRniSnuli mdgomareobis damTavrebis
Semdeg (ZiriTadi kanonis 115-e “o’’ muxlis I
nawili), bundestagisagan gansxvavebiT, miwebis
saxalxo warmomadgenlebis umetesoba SeiZle-
ba vadamde daiSalos peticiuri referendumis
safuZvelze amomrCevelTa gadawyvetilebiT.
Tavisi ZiriTadi niSnebiT miwebis saxalxo
warmomadgenlobis funqcia da uflebamosile-
bani, Sida organizacia da procedura ems-
gavseba bundestagisas. qalaq-miwebSi aRniS-
nuli organoebi asruleben agreTve adgilo-
brivi saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis funqciebs
da ganaxorcieleben maT uflebamosilebebs.
miwebis mTavroba arcTu iSviaTad iwodeba
kabinetad an saxelmwifo mTavrobad, berlin-
sa da hamburgSi - senatad. isini Sedgeba
ministr-prezidentebisagan (berlinSi, bremen-
Si, hamburgSi – mmarTveli an pirveli bur-
gomistri), romelsac warmomadgenlobiTi
organo irCevs da agreTve asrulebs miwis
meTauris uflebamosilebebs. umeteswilad
analogiuria federaluri prezidentis ufle-
bamosilebebic, misi kabineti agreTve Sedgeba
ministrebisagan, romlebic prezidentisa da
saxalxo warmomadgenlebis winadadebebiT in-
iSnebian. mTavrobisa da misi xelmZRvanelis
statusi, maTi urTierTobebi warmomadgenlo-
biT organoebTan ZiriTadi niSnebiT
analogiuria federaluri mTavrobisa da fed-
eraluri kancleris statusTan da maT urT-
ierTobasTan bundestagTan.
marTalia, gvxvdeba specifikuri Tavisebure-
banic. magaliTad, hamburgis senati Tavisi
rigebidan irCevs pirvel an meore burgomis-
trs 1 wlis vadiT. ar aris Zneli, am SemTx-
vevaSi paraleli gaataro Sveicariis feder-
alur sabWosTan.
miwebSi agreTve moqmedeben konstituciuri
sasamarTloebi, romelTac sxvadasxva dasax-
eleba aqvT (magaliTad, saxelmwifo sasamarT-
lo palata (Staatsgerichtshaf) baden-viuten-
bergSi, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo palata
saqsoniaSi).$4. miwebis politikur-teri-
toriuli organizaciamiwebis politikur-
teritoriuli organizaciis ZiriTad erTeuls
warmoadgens Temebi (Cemeinden).
ZiriTadi kanonis me-2 muxlis me-2 nawilis
Tanaxmad, Temebs garantirebuli unda hqon-
deT ufleba adgilobrivi sazogadoebis saqmee-
bis mogvarebisa kanonis farglebSi sakuTari
pasuxismgeblobiT. kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul
farglebSi saTemo kavSirebs TviTmmarTvelo-
bis ufleba aqvT Tavisi kompetenciis sfero-
Si (SegaxsenebT, rom saTemo kavSirebs qmnian
Tavad Temebi TavianTi kompetenciebis ukeTe-
sad ganxorcielebis mizniT da mxolod im
uflebamosilebebs ganaxorcieleben, romlebic
maT kavSirSi monawile Temebma mianiWa da
xarjaven Temebis mier gadacemul saxsrebs).
TviTmmarTvelobis garantia moicavs agreTve
sakuTari finansuri pasuxismgeblobis safuZ-
vlebs. aRniSnuli muxlis me-3 nawili avalde-
bulebs federacias uzrunvelyos miwebis
195
 konstituciur wyobasa da zemoaRniSnul
princi pebs Soris Sesabamisoba.
miTiTebuli debulebebidan SeiZleba gavake-
ToT daskvna, rom miwebis politikur-teri-
toriuli mowyoba eyrdnoba Temebis avtono-
mias maT finansur avtonomiasTan erTad da
rom Temebs, Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi,
SeuZliaT saTemo kavSirebi Seqmnan. danarCen-
Si ki es problematika regulirdeba konsti-
tuciebiTa da miwaTa kanonebiT.
magaliTad, 1946 wlis hesenis miwis konsti-
tuciis 137-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Temebi war-
moadgenen adgilobrivi sajaro administraciis
yvela gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebis ma-
tareblebs, romelic xorcieldeba maTi sak-
uTari pasuxismgeblobis safuZvelze, garda
im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac uflebamosilebe-
bi, sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare,
kanonis gansakuTrebuli miTiTebiT, sxva or-
ganos miekuTvneba. analogiuria saTemo kav-
Sirebis statusic. Temebisa da saTemo kav-
Sirebis ufleba TavianTi saqmianobis
damoukidebel marTvaSi garantirebulia sax-
elmwifos mier, romelic zRudavs Tavis
zedamxedvelobas mxolod aseTi mmarTvelo-
bis kanonebis SesabamisobasTan dakavSirebiT.
Temebsa da mis kavSirebs, agreTve maT
mmarTvelobas, SeiZleba saxelmwifo amocanebis
Sesrulebac daekisros, romlebic gadawyde-
ba umaRlesi saxelmwifo organoebis miTiTe-
bebis Sesabamisad. saxelmwifo valdebulia
garanti gaxdes Temebisa da misi kavSirebis
mier fuladi Tanxebis miRebis sakiTxSi, rom-
lebic maTi funqciebis ganxorcielebisaTvis
aris saWiro da uzrunvelyos Semosavlis
wyaroebiT, romelTac isini sakuTari pasux-
ismgeblobiT iyeneben.
Temebi warmoadgenen soflis dasaxlebul
punqtebs an maT jgufebsa da qalaqebs. miwebi
berlini da hamburgi, imavdroulad, Temebs
warmoadgenen. isini ganageben infrastruqture-
bis ganviTarebas, sazogadoebriv transports,
turizms, mSeneblobas, saskolo da skolam-
del dawesebulebebs, gzebis mdgomareobas,
saavadmyofoebs, Teatrebs, biblioTekebs,
muzeumebs, socialur da sportul dawese-
bulebebs. maT SeuZliaT daadginon da mokri-
bon kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxadebi
da mosakreblebi. 1993 wlis dasawyisisaTvis
germaniaSi iyo 16 000-ze meti Temi.
196
soflis teritoriaze Temebi gaerTianebulia
mazrebSi (Kreise), romelTac sakuTari TviT-
mmarTveloba aqvT. zogjer praqtikaSi saTe-
mo kavSirebi teritoriulad emTxveva mazrebs
da saTemo kavSiris TviTmmarTveloba, am SemTx-
vevaSi, warmoadgens mazris TviTmmarTvelo-
bas. amasTan erTad didi qalaqebi warmoad-
genen qalaqebs mazrebis gareSe (Krusfreie-
Stadte), an qalaq_mazrebs (Staltkreese),
romlebsac, warmoadgenen ra Temebs, imavdrou-
lad mazrebis uflebebic aqvT. isini SeiZle-
ba dayofil iqnen saqalaqo olqebad (Bezirke).
berlini, magaliTad, TviTmmarTvelobis 23
olqad iyofa. zogjer olqebad iyofa didi
soflis Temebic, romelTa mosaxleoba 100
000-s aRemateba. sul germaniis federaciul
respublikaSi 543 mazraa, maTSi 117 qalaqi
mazris gareSe.
Temebsa da mazrebs TavianTi wesdebebi aqvT
(Satzungen an Okdmungen). zogierT miweb-
Si mazrasa da centrs Soris aris Suale-
duri administraciul_teritoriuli erTeuli
_ saxelmwifo olqi (Keglerungsbezirk),
romlis farglebSic wydeba adgilobrivi sax-
elmwifo amocanebi da xorcieldeba saxelm-
wifo zedamxedveloba adgilobriv TviTm-
marTvelobaze. aseTi erTeuli aris 29.
$5. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba
da mmarTveloba
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organizacia
germaniaSi sakmaod sxvadasxvagvaria. germane-
li mecnierebi 4 ti pis Temebs gamoyofen. maTi
klasifikacia ganisazRvreba warmomadgenlo-
biTi organoebsa da administracias Soris
urTierTdamokidebulebiT.
samxreT germanuli modeli, romelic miRe-
bulia, kerZod, badenviutenbergSi, bavariaSi,
xasiaTdeba warmomadgenlobiTi korporaciis
zeda fenisa da administraciis SerwymiT.
warmomadgenlobiTi korporacia (saTemo sab-
Wo, deputatebis saqalaqo Sekreba da sxva)
irCeva uSualod mosaxleobis mier. aseve
irCeven administraciis xelmZRvanels _ bur-
gomistrs, romelic imavdroulad, Tanamde-
bobis mixedviT, warmomadgenlobiT korpora-
ciaSi Tavmjdomareobs. am models sabWos
konstitucias uwodeben.
sxva modeli miRebulia iseTi miwebis qalaqeb-
Si, rogorebicaa heseni da Slezvig_golSteini,
agreTve qalaq_miwebSi: berlini, bremeni da
hamburgi. igi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom xalxis
mier arCeuli warmomadgenlobiTi organo
ayalibebs Tavis kolegiur aRmasrulebel
organos _ magistrats an senats, romelic
Sedgeba burgomistrebisa da sapatio (anu
romlebic sazogadoebriv sawyisebze muSaoben)
wevrebisagan. aseTive modeli moqmedebs TviT-
mmarTvelobad saqalaqo olqebSi, magaliTad,
berlinis olqebSi irCeven deputatebis sa-
olqo krebas (Bezink-Sverordnetenven-Sam-
mlungen), TiToeuli maTgani irCevs saolqo
mmarTvelobas (Bezirhsamt) saolqo mrCev-
lebisa da burgomistris SemadgenlobiT. erT-
erTi saolqo mrCevel-burgomistris moadg-
ilea. aRniSnuli modeli iwodeba magistrat-
is konstituciad.
mesame modeli damaxasiaTebelia reinland-
pfaltis, saaris, Slezvig-golSteinis miweb-
isaTvis (soflis Temebi). igi iTvaliswinebs,
rom mosaxleobis mier arCeuli warmomadgen-
lobiTi organo, Tavis mxriv, irCevs burgo-
mistrs, romelic saTaveSi udgas warmomad-
genlobiT korporaciasac da adgilobriv ad-
ministraciasac. aRniSnul models ewodeba
burgomistris konstitucia.
da bolos, meoTxe modeli, romelic arse-
bobs CrdiloeT reinisvestfaliasa da qveda
saqsoniis miwebSi, Seiqmna britanuli oku-
paciuri xelisuflebis zegavlenis qveS da
gvaxsenebs inglisur_saqsonur sistemas
`sabWo_mmarTveli~. warmomadgenlobiTi or-
gano, rogorc yvelgan, irCeva mosaxleobis
mier, magram am organos mier Seqmnili aRmas-
rulebeli komiteti ar warmoadgens adgi-
lobriv administracias, igi mxolod warmo-
madgenlobiTi organos gadawyvetilebebs amza-
debs. aRmasrulebel komitetTan erTad war-
momadgenlobiTi organo irCevs Temis direq-
torats (qalaqebi da sxva). direqtori aris
administraciis xelmZRvaneli. es aris e.w.
CrdiloeT germaniis konstitucia, anu direq-
toris konstitucia.
mazrebSi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs war-
moadgens warmomadgenlobiTi organo _
kraistagi (mazris yriloba) an kraisrati
(mazris sabWo) da administracia landratis
(saerTo mrCevlis meTaurobiT), romelsac an
mosaxleoba, an warmomadgenlobiTi organo
irCevs.
miwebis konstituciebi, rogorc aRiniSna,
uflebas aZlevs Temebsa da mazrebs Seqmnan
TavianTi warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi say-
ovelTao, pirdapiri, Tavisufali, Tanaswori
da faruli arCeviT, kandidatTa siebSi
konkurenciis SemTxvevaSi _ proporciul
saarCevno sistemaze dayrdnobiT uzrunvely-
ofen saWiro SemTxvevebSi Temis gancalkeve-
buli nawilebis warmomadgenlobas.
samTavrobo olqebSi, moqmedeben samTavrobo
prezidiumebi, romlebsac xelmZRvaneloben
samTavrobo prezidentebi da romlebic adg-
ilze ganaxorcieleben miwebis uflebamosilebas.
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi
qmnian qveynis masStabebSi Tavis sazogadoe-
briv organizaciebs _ germaniis qalaqTa yri-
lobas, germaniis sasoflo mazraTa yrilo-
bas, germaniis qalaqTa da TemTa kavSirs da
a.S. aRniSnuli organoebi uzrunvelyofen
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis
TanamSromlobas da warmoadgenen maT feder-
aluri organoebisa da dawesebulebebis winaSe.
II. Sveicariis politikur –
teritoriuli mowyoba
Sveicaria SeiZleba CaiTvalos evropaSi, da
msoflioSic ki, yvelaze uZveles federa-
ciad, Tumca mecnierTa umetesobis azriT,
1884 wlamde Sveicaria formalurad konfed-
eracias warmoadgenda. Tumca am qveynis fed-
eraciaSi gadazrda ufro adre moxda. 1847
wlis Semodgomaze zondenbergis mcdeloba
gamosuliyo konfederaciidan ZaliT iqna damx-
obili, xolo aRsaniSnavia, rom Cveulebrivi
konfederacia aris damoukidebeli saxelmwi-
foebis kavSiri, sadac TiToeul maTgans
Tavisuflad SeuZlia kavSiri datovos nebis-
mier dros. 1848 wlis konstituciam, faqto-
brivad, daadastura faqti, rom gasuli sauku-
nis Sua xanebSi Sveicaria Camoyalibebuli
saxelmwifo iyo da ara saxelmwifoebis saer-
TaSoriso-samarTlebrivi kavSiri. Sveicariis
federaciulma xasiaTma Tavis Semdgomi gan-
viTareba hpova 1874 wlis moqmed konstitu-
ciaSi da asaxulia mis samive TavSi da agreTve
gardamaval debulebebSi.
konstituciis dRevandeli redaqciiT, pirve-
li muxlis Tanaxmad, kavSiriT gaerTianebu-
li 23 suverenuli kantoni qmnis Tavis er-
197
 TobliobaSi Sveicariis konfederacias (ger-
manulidan – Sveicariis nafici amxanagoba).
3 kantoni Sedgeba TiToeuli or-ori naxe-
varkantonisagan. untervaldeni - zeda
valdenisa da qveda valdenisagan (obvaldeni
da nidvaldeni), bazeli - saqalaqo da sof-
lis, apenceli - Sida rodenisa da gare
rodenisagan (inerrodeni da ausenrodeni).
naxevarkantonebs xelisuflebis damoukide-
beli organizacia axasiaTebs (Sesabamis kan-
tonebSi saerTo kantonebis organoebi ar aris),
magram kantonebis sabWoSi sanaxevro warmo-
madgenlobaa. untervaldeni naxevarkantoneb-
isagan Sedgeba. 1897 wels, konfederaciis
Seqmnis Semdeg, apenceli konfesionaluri
mosazrebiT daiyo, xolo bazeli - 1933 wels.
konstituciis pirvel muxlSi CamoTvlil
kantonebsa da naxevarkantonebs mivyavarT
daskvnamde, rom nebismieri cvlileba aRniS-
nul CamonaTvalSi moiTxovs mis Sesabamis
reformas. aqedan gamomdinare, reformis gareSe
erTmxrivi secesia kantonisa da naxevarkan-
tonisa an kantonebisa da naxevarkantonebis
Serwyma konstituciis sawinaaRmdego iqmne-
boda da a. S.
kantonebis teritoria sxvadasxvagvaria, 36
kv. kilometriT dawyebuli, bazelis qalaqis
naxevarkantoniT da 106 kv. kilometriT,
graubiulenis kantoniT damTavrebuli, kan-
tonebis naxevarze metis teritoria 1 aTas
kv.kilometrsac ki aRwevs. Sveicariis mosax-
leobis 65% laparakobs germanul enaze, 20%
- frangul, xolo 10% - inglisur da 1% -
rauSis enaze. moyvanili cifrebi im faqts
amtkicebs, rom mosaxleobis nawili saubrobs
aRniSnul 2-3 enaze erTdroulad. 1980 wlis
aRweris Tanaxmad, germanuli ena mSobliurad
miaCnda mosaxleobis 65%-s, franguli - 18,4%-
s, italiuri - 9,8%-s, xolo retro-romanu-
li [rauSis] - 0,8%-s. e.i mosaxleobis 6%-
Tvis arc erTi ena mSobliuri ar aris. kan-
tonebis umetesoba erTenovania: 14 - frangu-
li, 1 – italiuri. amasTan aRsaniSnavia er-
Tic: sami kantoni iTvleba orenovnad da dar-
Cenili erTi - samenovnad. amasTan erTad dad-
genilia, rom oficialuri ena moqmedebs ama
Tu im TemSi da mxolod arc Tu didi ricx-
vi Temebisa realurad orenovani aris. mo-
qalaqeebs aqvs ufleba airCion oficialuri
urTierTobebisa da ganaTlebisaTvis erTi ena.
198
enebis gamocvla arasasurvelad iTvleba.
konstituciis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad, kantonebi
suverenulia, rameTu maTi suvereniteti fed-
eraluri konstituciiT SezRuduli ar aris,
isini ganaxorcieleben yvela uflebas, rom-
lebic federalur xelisuflebaze ar aris
gadmocemuli. aqedan gamomdinare, daskvnis
gakeTebac ki SeiZleba kantonebis arasuver-
enulobis Sesaxeb, rac ganpirobebulia ara
imdenad secesiis uflebis ar arsebobiT, ram-
denadac imiT, rom kantonebi Tavisi kompe-
tenciis sakiTxebs Tavad ki ar wyveten, aramed
amomrCevelTa da kantonebis umetesobiT saer-
To-nacionalur referendumze.
me-5 muxlis Tanaxmad, konfederacia garan-
tias aZlevs kantonebs SeinarCunon Tavisi
teritoria da suvereniteti, konstitucia,
Tavisufleba, moqalaqeTa sakonstitucio ufle-
bebi, romelic xalxma xelisuflebas gadasca.
terminologia da frazeologia kantonebis
konstituciebisa xSirad orientirebulia
suverenitetze, rogorc xarisxze, romelic
zustad saxelmwifosaTvis aris damaxasiaTe-
beli. es Cans, upirveles yovlisa, kantonebis
konstituciebis ganmartebidan, sadac kantonebi
Tavis Tavs aZleven Semdeg gansazRvras: `kan-
tonebs aqvT sakuTari da mudmivi organiza-
ciebi” (bazeli), kantoni `Tavisufali demokra-
tiuli saxelmwifoa” (Jeneva, liucerni),
`Tavisufali demokratiuli saxelmwifo da
Sveicariis konfederacia’’ (sankt-kaleni), ,,su-
verenuli kantoni’’ (Jiura), ,,erT-erTi suv-
erenuli kantoni” (Jeneva), ,,suverenuli re-
spublika’’ (valisi), ,,suverenuli saxelmwifo’’
(friberi) da a.S.
kantonebs aqvT xelisuflebis sakuTari or-
ganizacia da, rogorc vnaxeT, sakuTari mo-
qalaqeoba.
rogorc aRiniSna, erTis mxriv, konstitucia
ar aZlevs uflebas kantonebs politikuri
xelSekrulebis dadebisa da politikuri kav-
Sirebis Seqmnisa, meores mxriv, uflebas aZlevs
xelSekruleba dados sakanonmdeblo, sasa-
marTlo da administraciul sakiTxebSi (me-7
muxli). marTalia, aseTi SeTanxmebebi war-
modgenil unda iqnes federalur xelisu-
flebaSi, romelsac SeuZlia xeli SeuSalos
maT Sesrulebas, Tu isini arRveven konfed-
eraciis an sxva kantonebis interesebs.
kantonebs Soris sadao sakiTxebis warmoSobis
dros konstituciis me-14 muxli moiTxovs
Tavis Sekavebas yovelgvari damoukidebeli
qmedebisagan. Tu kantons uecari saSiSroeba
emuqreba sazRvargareTidan, misi xelisufleba,
me-15 muxlis Tanaxmad, daxmarebas iTxovs
sxva kantonisagan, romelic valdebulia gaag-
zavnos daxmareba da erTdroulad saqmis
kursSi Caayenos federaluri xelisufleba.
Sesabamis danaxarjebs amasTan dakavSirebiT
konfederacia gaiRebs.
kantonSi Sida ganawesis darRvevasTan an sxva
kantonis mxridan muqaris SemTxvevaSi kanto-
ni valdebulia dauyovnebliv Seatyobinos amis
Sesaxeb federalur sabWos, raTa am uka-
nasknelma miiRos zomebi Tavisi kompetenciis
farglebSi an moiwvios federaluri kreba.
gadaudebel SemTxvevaSi kantonis mTavroba,
federaluri sabWos dauyovnebliv saqmis kurs-
Si CayenebiT, valdebulia daxmareba iTxovos
sxva kantonebisagan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,
am daxmarebas aRmouCenen: Tu kantonis
mTavrobas amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, maSin
federalur xelisuflebas SeuZlia, qveynis
uSiSroebis muqaris SemTxvevaSi, imoqmedos
damoukideblad. kantonebis saqmeebSi Carevis
dros federaciam unda gaiTvaliswinos da
daicvas kantonebisa da xalxis ufleba, romel-
ic garantirebulia konstituciis me-5 mux-
liT. danaxarjebs iRebs Sesabamisi kantoni,
magram gansakuTrebuli garemoebis dros fed-
eraluri kreba sxvagvaradac gadawyvets (me-
16 muxli).
ganxilul SemTxvevaSi, me-17 muxlis Sesa-
bamisad, kantonebi valdebulni arian Tavisu-
fali gadaadgilebis ufleba miscen jarebs,
romlebic dauyovnebliv federaluri meTau-
robis qveS gadadian.
sagareo urTierTobebs, princi pSi, konfed-
eracia ganagebs. konstituciis me-8 muxlis
Tanaxmad marto konfederacias aqvs ufleba
gamoacxados omi da zavi, Sevides saerTa-
Soriso kavSirebSi da dados xelSekrulebe-
bi sazRvargareTis qveynebTan, kerZod, savaWro
da sabaJo xelSekrulebebi. konstituciis me-
11 muxli krZalavs nebismier samxedro ka-
pitulacias. rogorc gamonaklisi, konsti-
tuciis me-9 muxli uflebas aZlevs kantonebs
sazRvargareTTan dadon xelSekrulebebi sax-
elmwifo normebis sakiTxebSi, urTierTme-
zoblur urTierTobebsa da policiasTan dakav-
SirebiT, magram es xelSekrulebebi ar unda
Seicavdes iseT rames, rac winaaRmdegobaSi
modis konfederaciisa da sxva kantonebis
interesebTan.
amasTan kantonebs, ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebsa
da maT warmomadgenlebs Soris oficialuri
urTierTobebi unda ganxorcieldes feder-
aluri sabWos SuamdgomlobiT, magram ze-
moaRniSnuli xelSekrulebebis konkretul
sakiTxebSi kantonebs SeuZliaT uSualod
daamyaron urTierToba sxva qveynebis qvemdgom
xelSekrulebasa da Tanamdebobis pirebTan
(muxli me-10).
konfederaciis kompetenciebis gansakuTrebu-
li sfero yovelTvis farTovdeboda. am pro-
cesma asaxva hpova federalur konstitucia-
Si Setanili 100-ze meti cvlilebis saxiT.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, mniSvnelovnad
gafarTovda konfederaciis uflebebi
ekonomikis sferoSi 1947 wlis konstituci-
uri gadaxedvis Sedegad, Semdgom periodSi
konfederacia iRebs uflebebs socialur
sferoSi, garemos dacvis damatebiT, teri-
toriuli infrastruqturebis regulirebis
sakiTxebSi. konfederacia dReis mdgomareo-
biT marTavs rkinigzis umetes nawils, tele-
komunikaciebs. mas miekuTvneba gansakuTrebu-
li uflebamosileba atomuri energetikisa da
mecnieruli gamokvlevebis sferoSi.
1990 wlis 23 seqtembers, konstituciuri
gadaxedvis Sedegad, konfederaciam gaafar-
Tova Tavisi kompetencia energopolitikis
gatarebaSi. imavdroulad konfederacia iRebs
ufro met uflebebs sagadasaxado sferoSi,
dRevandeli mdgomareobiT konfederacia iRebs
arapirdapiri gadasaxadis 90%-s, rac qvey-
nis SigniT amoiReba. marTalia, kantonebs
ufleba aqvT daadginon pirdapiri gadasaxa-
di, romelic ar aris konstituciiT gaTval-
iswinebuli, magram erTobliobaSi sagadasax-
ado sistema `dRevandeli mdgomareobiT Sors
aris imisgan, rom harmonizebulad gamoiyure-
bodes”. aRniSnuli garemoeba Zalian kontrastu-
lia mezobel germaniasTan SedarebiT, sadac
finansebis konstituciurad danawilebis reg-
ulireba xels uwyobs miwebsac da Temebsac.
amasTan erTad, federaluri Semosavlebis
umetesi nawili brundeba kantonebSi da ko-
munebSi, saerTo jamSi, ase gadacemuli Tanx-
199
 ebi Sveicariis biujetis erT meoTxeds Sead-
gens (26,3% 1987 wels).
dRes gansakuTrebuli federaluri kompetenci-
is sferos warmoadgens Tavdacva, sabaJo saqme,
fulis emisia, rkinigzebi da sxva mravali.
konfederaciisa da kantonebis konkurirebu-
li kompetencia vrceldeba samoqalaqo sa-
marTalze, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis CaTv-
liT, sisxlis samarTalze, ucxoelTa re-
Jimze da sxva. ganaTlebis finansirebis, erovnu-
li da regionaluri sajaro saqmianobis,
erovnuli krebebis da sxva sakiTxebSi kon-
federacia adgens saerTo regulirebis re-
Jims, xolo Sesrulebas awarmoebs kantonebi.
federaluri moTxovnebis Seusruleblobis
SemTxvevaSi kantonuri SeiZleba federalu-
riT Seicvalos.
kantonebis gansakuTrebuli kompetenciis sf-
ero vrceldeba iseT dargebze, rogoricaa
jandacva, wesrigis dacva, komunaluri meur-
neoba da a.S. konfederacias delegirebis
ufleba aqvs zogierTi Tavisi uflebamosilebis
kantonebis mier ganxorcielebaSi.
me-2 muxlSi gardamavali debulebebisa fed-
eraluri konstituciiT dadgenilia feder-
aluri samarTlis prioriteti kantonalur-
Tan SedarebiT.
konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli zedamxed-
velobis gansaxorcieleblad kantonebis moR-
vaweobaze, konfederacias ufleba aqvs fed-
eraluri inspeqtorebi gagzavnos, avalde-
bulebs kantonebs centrs gaugzavnon maT mier
miRebuli kanonebi, agreTve sxvadasxva saxis
moxsenebebi.
konfederacias SeuZlia kantonebze finansuri
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos, zogierT SemTxvevaSi
ki ganaxorcielos pirdapiri Careva Sida
uSiSroebis uzrunvelsayofad, wesrigis mx-
ardasaWerad (85-e muxli, me-6 nawili, kon-
stitucia). 1825 wlidan 1832 wlamde period-
Si aseT Carevebs adgili sul aTjer hqonda.
$1. xelisuflebis organoebi
kantonebSi
xelisufleba kantonebSi organizebulia
araerTgvarovnad. apencelis da untervalde-
nis naxevarkantoni da glasuris kantoni,
sadac mosaxleobis sul 2,5% cxovrobs,
200
mowyobilia e.w. landsgemaindes (germ. Lands-
gemeinde – pirdapir soflis Temi an qveynis
mxaris Temi) sistemiT. misi dedaazri mdgo-
mareobs imaSi, rom kantonuri gadawyvetile-
bebi miiReba kantonebis (naxevarkantonebis)
amomrCevelTa saerTo krebaze, rasac lands-
gemainde hqvia.
80-iani wlebis Sua periodSi aRniSnul krebeb-
Si amomrCevelTa donis monawileoba glarusSi
aRwevda 10 aTas amomrCevlamde. nidvaldenSi
da obvaldenSi Sesabamisad 2,5 aTassa da 1,1
aTass. bolo cifrebi Seesabameba apencelis
naxevarkantonebSi monawile amomrCevelTa dones.
saerTo wesis Tanaxmad, landsgemaindes adg-
ili aqvs weliwadSi erTxel. rogorc wesi,
yvela landsgemainde ikribeba aprilis bo-
los, gamonaklisia kantoni glarusi, sadac
es Sekrebebi maisis dasawyisSi xdeba. lands-
gemainde tardeba didi RirsSesaniSnaobiT,
raTa mxari dauWiron aRniSnuli institutis
arsebobas. magaliTad, obvaldenis naxevar-
kantonis 1968 wlis konstituciis me-6 mux-
lis Tanaxmad, romelic yvelaze ufro sru-
lad aregulirebs landsgemaindes instituts:
`musika ukravs korteJis gavlis mTeli drois
monakveTze qalaqSi, moedanze. dafdafebi
urtyamen kantonuri administraciis SenobasTan
gavlis dros~ (Landberg). moedanze dgamen
xis SemoRobil nagebobas, romelic mokrive-
Ta saasparezo rings mogvagonebs, sadac lands-
gemaindes Catarebis dros imyofebian kantoneb-
isa da naxevarkantonebis mTavari Tanamdebo-
bis pirebi. amomrCevelTaTvis dgamen ramden-
ime rigSi skamebs, danarCenebi ewyobian, rogorc
SeuZliaT”.
naxevarkantonSi obvaldeni, garda yovelw-
liuri Sekrebisa, SesaZlebelia gansakuTre-
buli SemTxvevebis drosac moxdes Sekreba
saswrafo saqmeebis gadasawyvetad, roca amas
500 deputati moiTxovs, romlebic dRis
wesrigs werilobiT warmoadgendnen, aseT
SemTxvevebSi landsgemainde ikribeba 6 TveSi.
oqmis Sedgenisa da landsgemaindes proce-
duras adgens kantonuri sabWo _ warmomad-
genlobiTi organo, romelic arsebobs erT-
droulad naxevarkantonis saerTo krebasTan
erTad. kenWisyra xelis aweviT mimdinareobs.
Tu vizualurad Sedegi orjer ar gamoCnde-
ba, maSin mimdinareobs xmebis daTvla. rome-
lime Tanamdebobis piris arCevis dros saWiroa
xmebis absoluturi umravlesoba, sxva sak-
iTxebTan dakavSirebiT xmas aZleven, e.i. mx-
ars uWeren an piriqiT.
landsgemaindes kompetencia sakmaod farToa,
yvela erTeulSi, sadac igi praqtikaSi gvx-
vdeba, irCevs mTavrobas - saxelmwifo sabWos
da mis xelmZRvanels calke (Landammann).
magaliTad, obvaldenSi, Sekrebaze, garda
zemoaRniSnulisa, umaRlesi sasamarTlos
mosamarTleebs niSnaven, agreTve kantonuri
sasamarTlos, administraciuli tribunalis
mosamarTleebs da maT moadgileebs. yovel 2
weliwadSi landsgemainde irCevs umaRlesi
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomareebsa da adminis-
traciuli tribunalebis Tavmjdomareebs. am
saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kenWi-
syra tradiciuli xelis aweviT Seicvala
mosamarTleebis daniSvnisaTvis faruli ken-
WisyriT, obvaldenis landsgemainde irCevs
agreTve kanclers, generalur prokurors,
sagamoZiebo mosamarTleebs, kantonur inten-
dants. aRniSnuli naxevarkantonis konsti-
tucia Seicavs agreTve normas Tanamdebobis
pirTa rotaciis Sesaxeb. am pirTa naxevari
tovebs dakavebul Tanamdebobas yovel 2 we-
liwadSi. yvela landsgemaindeSi iReben gada-
wyvetilebas konstituciis mTlianad da naw-
ilobriv Secvlis Sesaxeb, irCeven kantonis
sabWos wevrebs obvaldenSi, Tu amis Sesaxeb
daadgens landsgemainde, gadawyvetilebas
konstituciis mTlianad gadaxedvis Sesaxeb
orwlian vadaSi amzadebs kantonis sabWo im-
isaTvis, rom SemdgomSi gadasawyvetad ref-
erendums gadasces.
aRniSnuli naxevarkantonis landsgemainde
ixilavs kanonproeqtebs, Setanils saxalxo
iniciativis gaformebis wesiT, amasTan erTad
maT ar unda daarRvion federaluri an kan-
tonuri konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesi,
garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac saubaria TviT
kantonuri konstituciis gadaxedvaze. aseTi
iniciativis ufleba ekuTvnis 500 amomrCev-
els konstituciis mTliani an nawilobrivi
gadaxedvis SemTxvevaSi da TiToeul amom-
rCevels, roca saqme exeba romelime kanonis
gauqmebas an Secvlas, an finansur kreditebs,
romlebic landsgemaindes kompetencias exe-
ba. garda amisa, obvaldenis TiToeul mo-
qalaqes saxelmwifo sabWos wevrebTan
(mTavrobasTan) interpelaciis ufleba aqvs.
interpelacia kancelariaSi unda iqnes Setani-
li ganxilvamde 14 dRiT adre da werilobiT.
drois mixedviT ufro Zveli 1887 wels miRe-
buli glasuris kantonis konstituciaa,
romelmac sqematurad ufro zustad gamoxa-
ta Tavisi landsgemaindes uflebamosilebani.
31_1 muxlSi miTiTebulia, rom aseT Sekre-
bas aqvs uflebamosileba Secvalos konsti-
tucia, miiRos kanonebi erTobliobaSi, gada-
wyvitos 250 000-ze meti frankis kredi-
torebis sakiTxi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
miznebis gansaxorcieleblad, an 50 000
frankisa - erTi miznis gansaxorcieleblad,
romelic weliwadis ganmavlobaSi ixarjeba.
kreba agreTve adgens gadasaxadebs, irCevs
Tanamdebobis pirebs kantonis aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis ukve arCeul mTavrobis wevr-
Ta ricxvidan, irCevs mosamarTleebs, gener-
alur prokurors, sagamomZieblo mosamarTles
da mTavrobisa da sasamarTloebis intendantebs.
nidvaldenis naxevarkantonis 1965 wlis kon-
stitucia TiTqmis analogiurad gansazRvravs
landsgemaindes instituts. zogierTi gansx-
vaveba aris danaxarjebis sazRvris doneSi,
romlis zemoTac landsgemaindes Tanxmobaa
saWiro, romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc
erTjeradi danaxarji 100 000-s frankze
zemoT da perioduli danaxarji 1 wlis gan-
mavlobaSi 20 000 frankze zemoT. mTlianad
landsgemaindes instituti TandaTanobiT dace-
mas ganicdis, rac aixsneba kantonis winaSe
mdgomi amocanebis, problemebis zrdiT, ze-
moaRniSnuli organos aSkara mouqnelobiT,
romlis sakmaod iSviaTi mowveva ar iZleva
saSualebas swrafad moaxdinos reagireba
Seqmnili problemebis gadawyvetaSi. aRniS-
nul tendenciaze miuTiTebs moqmedi lands-
gemaindeebis TandaTan Semcireba. maTi Semcv-
leli institutebis moZebna arcTu Znelia,
isini kantonis parlamentSi arian.
15 kantonsa da naxevarkantonSi parlamenti
iwodeba did sabWod, eqvsSi - kantonur sab-
Wod (Kantonstat), oTxSi _ landgratebad da
Jiuris kantonSi _ parlamentad. isini yvel-
gan Sedgeba erTi palatisagan. parlamentis
wevrTa ricxvi kantonebSi icvleba 60-dan
(nekSateni, Jiura) 200-mde (berni, aprau).
parlamentebi yvelgan irCeva proporciuli
saarCevno sistemiT. saerTo wesiT legistra-
turis vada 4 welia, magram igi SeiZleba
201
 naklebi iyos (2 weli graubiundenSi) an meti
(5 weli krinerSi). kantonebis parlamentebi
ganaxorcieleben mniSvnelovan kompetencias
bevr dargSi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi Tavis
uflebamosilebebs parlamenti unawilebs amom-
rCevelTa korpuss an landsgemaindes.
sakanonmdeblo dargSi parlamentebs aqvT
federaluri xelisuflebis gamgeblobis sak-
iTxebidan gadacemuli darCenili kompeten-
ciebi. ubralo kanonebis miRebis garda, par-
lamenti saarCevno korpusTan erTad monawi-
leobs konstituciis gadasinjvaSi. kantoneb-
is parlamentebi azrs gamoTqvamen finansur
sakiTxebSi, adgenen gadasaxadebs, biujets,
agvareben sesxis sakiTxebs (rogorc aRiniSna,
rig SemTxvevaSi, amisaTvis referendumia saWiro).
12 kantonSi isini niSnaven mTavrobis Tavmj-
domareebs, xolo naxevarze met kantonebSi
_ umaRlesi sasamarTlos wevrebs. maT speci-
fikur uflebamosilebas warmoadgens gadaw-
yvetilebis miReba naturalizaciisa da Sew-
yalebis Sesaxeb. axlaxan miRebuli konsti-
tuciebi parlamentebs aniWebs uflebamosilebas
ekonomikis dagegmvis sakiTxebSi. aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebaze saparlamento kontrolis
saSualebas warmoadgens SekiTxvebi, inter-
pelaciebi, rezoluciebi.
sasamarTlo sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, par-
lamenti arCevs konfliqtebs administraciasa
da sasamarTlo organoebs Soris, warmoqm-
nils kompetenciebis ganawilebis gamo, aZlevs
saxelmwifo Cinovnikebis devnis uflebas (kan-
tonuri mTavrobis wevrebis, sakuTari wevre-
bis, mosamarTleebis, romlebmac sasamarTlo
darRvevebi Caidines). rac Seexeba sesiebisa
da Sekrebebis Catarebas, parlamentebis ume-
tesoba moqmedebs rogorc Sveicariis feder-
aluri Sekreba. aris zogierTi gansxvaveba
parlamentebs Soris, romlebic kanton-qalaqeb-
Si moqmedeben (bazeli_saqalaqo, ciurixi, Jene-
va), sadac parlamenti Tanamedrove organoa,
federaluri parlamentis magvari organizaciiT
da soflis kantonebis parlamentebi.
mTavroba aris kantonis umaRlesi aRmasrule-
beli da administraciuli organo. igi mar-
Tavs da Tvalyurs adevnebs kantonuri admin-
istraciis moRvaweobas, niSnavs Cinovnikebs,
warmoadgens kantons mis farglebs gareT,
mxars uWers konfederaciis organoebTan da
sxva kantonebTan urTierTobebs da, roca es
202
saWiroa, sazRvargareTis qveynebTanac. saer-
To wesis Tanaxmad, kantonuri mTavroba war-
moadgens Sveicariis federaluri sabWos an-
alogs. mTavroba gamoscems saWiro dadge-
nilebebs zogjer mas sasamarTlo funqcie-
bic eniWeba, gansakuTrebiT im kantonebSi, sadac
ar aris administraciuli tribunali.
kantonebis umetesobaSi mTavrobas ewodeba
samTavrobo sabWo (Regierungsrat), laTinuren-
ovan kantonebSi _ saxelmwifo sabWo (conseil
d` Etat), apencel-innerodgenis naxevarkantoneb-
Si _ kantonaluri komisia (Standes Kommmis-
sion), xolo Jiuras kantonSi isev da isev
mTavrobad (Gouvernement) iwodeba. kantonuri
mTavrobis ricxobrivi Semadgenloba arcTu
didia, 5-dan 3 kacamde. praqtikulad, yvela
kantonSi mTavrobis wevrebs irCevs xalxi.
mTavrobis formirebis aseTi wesi uzrunve-
lyofs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Zlier
pozicias kantonebis parlamentebTan mimarTebaSi.
saerTo wesiT kantonebis mTavrobas irCeven
maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemiT erT
saarCevno olqSi, romelsac TviT kantoni
Seadgens. marto ciurixsa da tiCinoSi mTavro-
bis formirebisaTvis proporciul saarCevno
sistemas iyeneben. mTavrobis uflebamosileb-
is vada emTxveva parlamentis uflebamosilebis
vadas. imisaTvis, rom piri gaxdes saxelm-
wifo mrCeveli, igi unda pasuxobdes imave
cenzebs, amomrCevlobisa da Tanamdebobis
SeuTavseblobis princi pebs, rasac kantonur
parlamentSi arCevisas, magram pasiur amom-
rCevelTan uflebebis minimumi zogjer aweulia
(25 wlamde _ friurqSi, 27 wlamde _ JenevaSi).
zogierT patara kantons aqvs policiis xas-
iaTis mTavrobebi, anu iseTi, romelic Tavis
funqciebs asrulebs saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi;
danarCen dros mTavrobis wevrebi agrZeleben
muSaobas Tavisi profesiiT.
kantonebis umetesobaSi saxelmwifo mrCev-
lebs SeuZliaT Sevidnen kantonebis sabWos
SemadgenlobaSi, magram zogjer aseTi sax-
elmwifo mrCevlebis ricxvi SezRudulia (kan-
tonebi vo da valisi). kantonebis cugisa da
apencel_innerodenis saxelmwifo mrCevlis
mandatis SeTavseba kantonis parlamentis
wevrobasTan ar aris daSvebuli.
mTavrobis yoveli wevri meTaurobs erT an
ramdenime departaments, mTavrobis Tavmj-
domares xSir SemTxvevaSi ewodeba landa-
mani: mas irCevs mTavroba, an uSualod
saarCevno korpusi (kantoni uri), an, rogorc
aRvniSneT, landsgemainde (apencelis orive
naxevarkantoni, undervaldeni, glarusi) an
yvelaze ufro didi sabWo (germanulenovani
kantonebi).
kantonebsa da naxevarkantonebSi, sadac mo-
qmedebs landsgemainde, mTavrobis Tavmjdomare
Tavmjdomareobs kantonis mcxovrebTa saer-
To krebaze. sxva kantonebSi mTavrobis Tavmj-
domaris roli SeiZleba SeuTavsebeli iqnes
konfederaciis prezidentis rolTan, im SemTx-
vevaSic ki, roca saxelmwifo sabWos (mTavro-
bis) Tavmjdomares airCeven pirdapiri arCeviT,
TviT am organos Semadgenloba asaxavs Zalebis
Tanafardobas kantonis politikur partiebs Soris.
mTliani sasamarTlo xelisufleba, feder-
aluri sasamarTlos moRvaweobis sferosa da
ramdenime iuridiuli xasiaTis federaluri
komisiis gamoklebiT, ekuTvnis kantonebis
sasamarTlo organoebs.
$2. kantonebis politikur -
administraciuli organizacia
kantonebi iyofa Temebad (komunebad). termini
“Temi” (Gemeinde) ixmareba qveynis germanu-
lenovan nawilSi, termini “komuna” - mis
danarCen nawilSi. Temad (komunad) Sveicari-
aSi miiCneven teritoriuli xasiaTis mqone
sajaro koleqtivs, romelic adgilobriv
doneze ganaxorcielebs decentralizebul
sajaro xelisuflebas. zemdgomi koleqtivis
meTvalyureobis qveS, Temebs cnoben sajaro
samarTlis korporaciebad, romlebSiac iu-
ridiuli piris status floben: maTi moR-
vaweoba Semofarglulia qveynis Sesabamisi
teritoriiT. 1850 wels iTvlidnen 3204 Tems,
Semdeg, 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi, meti dayofiT
ricxvi gaizarda 3211-mde, 80-iani wlebis
bolosaTvis isev Semcirda 190-iT da Seadg-
ina 3021. aRniSnuli raodenobidan 222 gauqmda,
magram amave dros Seiqmna axali 32.
es mcire teritoriuli erTeulebi ganawile-
bulia araTanabrad. 6 kantoni _ berni, vo,
krineri, tiCino, aprao, graunbiundeni - aer-
Tianebs Temebis 3/5 nawils, xolo yoveli
meoTxe Sedis anbernis an vos kantonSi. aRniS-
nuli mdgomareoba TiTqmis gansakuTrebulia
dasavleT evropaSi, rameTu 1950-1980 wleb-
Si evropis kontinentis am nawilSi, praq-
tikulad, yvela qveyanaSi moxda farTomas-
Stabiani gadideba qvemdgomi teritoriuli
erTeulebisa. ase, SveciaSi gauqmda yvela
komunis 89%, daniaSi 80%, belgiaSi 78%,
did britaneTSi 68%, gfr-Si 64%, avstria-
Si 43%, norvegiaSi 40%, SveicariaSi ki
Temebis ricxvTa raodenoba mxolod 2%-iT
Semcirda. marTalia safrangeTSi analogiuri
mdgomareobaa, aRniSnul periodSi komunebis
mxolod 4% gaqra.
teritoriis mixedviT Temebi sakmaod sxva-
dasxvagvaria. Temi port treze tiCinos kan-
tonSi Seadgens 28ha-s, xolo Temi manieri
vos kantonSi _ 28 322ha-s. aseTive sxva-
dasxvaoba aRiniSneba mosaxleobis raodenobaSi
_ 2-3 aTasidan dawyebuli, 300-400 aTasiT
damTavrebuli. saSualo ricxviT (2100) Svei-
caria uaxlovdeba safrangeTs (1500), amave
dros avstriaSi es ricxvi Seadgens 3300,
italiaSi 7100, gfr-Si 7300, belgiaSi 16299,
niderlandebSi 17400, daniaSi 18600, Sve-
ciaSi 29200, did britaneTSi 123000 (cifrebi
damrgvalebulia).
Temebis kompetenciaSi Sedis TavianTi fin-
ansebis marTva, sanitariisa da higienis sak-
iTxebis regulireba, saskolo saqme, wesrigis
dacva. did qalaqebSi ganageben agreTve gzeb-
sac wyal- da energomomaragebas.
Sveicariis Temebs urTierTSoris kooperire-
bis saSualeba gaaCnia. aseT kooperacias ori
forma aqvs _ Temebs Soris SeTanxmeba da
Temebis asociacia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi gamor-
icxulia romelime Temzeda organos arsebo-
ba. ufro xSirad aseT SeTanxmebebs deben
garemos dacvis, ganaTlebis, teritoriis
mowyobis, kooperirebis sakiTxebSi, meore
formis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia Temszeda
organos Seqmna, romelic masze gadacemul
sakiTxebs ganagebs. aseTi organo sajaro sa-
marTlis korporacias warmoadgens da iqmne-
ba erTi an ramdenime amocanis Sesasrule-
blad, ufro xSirad, wylis resursebis eqs-
pluataciis, wylis ganawilebis, teritoriis
mowyobis, ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebis
sakiTxebSi. kooperirebis meore forma ufro
xSirad gvxvdeba qalaqis aglomeraciebSi.
kantonebis organizaciis ZiriTad moments
warmoadgens saWiro meTodebis dadgena Teme-
bis teritoriuli arsebobis dacvisaTvis, maTi
203
 SesaZlebeli Serwymis, gayofis an STanTqmis-
agan. saukeTeso meTods warmoadgens kantonebis
konstituciaSi maTi saxelobiTi gadaTvla.
ase moiqcnen uri, obvaldeni, glarusi da
apencelis ori naxevarkantoni. erTi kantoni
_ cugi Tavis konstituciaSi ixsenebs Tavisi
Temebis raodenobas. nidvaldenisa da bazeli-
qalaqis konstituciebi Seicaven normebs,
romlebic avaldebulebs kantonebis xelisu-
flebas Temebis reorganizacia moaxdinos maTi
TanxmobiT. sxva kantonebSi Temebis gauqmebis
ufleba sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas aqvs.
magram, kantonuri konstituciis umetesoba
iTxovs Tanxmobis miRebas erTi an ramdenime
Temis reorganizaciis sakiTxSi, amasTan er-
Tad Tanxmoba gamoxatuli unda iyos adgi-
lobrivi aucilebeli referendumiT. gan-
sakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi referendums Sei-
Zleba hqondes fakultaturi xasiaTi. garda
amisa, Sveicariis federalurma sasamarTlom
rig gadawyvetilebebSi cno Temebis ufleba
arsebobisa da Tavisi teritoriis SenarCuneba-
Si. igi iRebs saCivrebs Temebisagan maTi ufle-
bebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT.
$3. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba
da mmarTveloba
umetesi qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT Sveicarias
ara aqvs adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis unificir-
ebuli sistema. praqtikulad, TiToeul kantons
Tavisi sistema da Taviseburebani axasiaTebs.
kantonebis umetesobaSi _ 26-dan 23-Si (gar-
da dasavleT frangulenovani kantonebisa: vo,
Jeneva da nevSateli), saarCevno korpusi ganix-
ileba, rogorc qvemdgomi teritoriuli er-
Teulis xelisuflebis ZiriTadi organo. adg-
ilobrivi problemebis gadawyveta Temis mo-
saxleobis mier Cveulebrivi formaa. Temis
saerTo Sekreba aerTianebs yvela mis amom-
rCevels. amomrCeveli organo iqmneba masTan
erTad TemebSi, romelTa mosaxleobac sak-
maod mniSvnelovania.
piriqiT, kantonebSi Jeneva, nevSateli da vo
Cveulebrivia adgilobrivi parlamentis ko-
munaluri sistema _ sabWo. misi arseboba
aucilebelia yvela TemisaTvis, romlebic
Jenevasa da nevSatelis kantonSi Sedis da
TemebisaTvis, romelTa mosaxleoba 800
aRemateba _ kantonSi vo. arCeviT organos
ewodeba komunaluri sabWo, kantonebSi vo
204
da tiCino; kantonebSi: berni, vriberi, nev-
Sateli, valisi da Jiura, aseT sabWos hqvia
generaluri; sabWos munici paluri ewodeba
kantonSi - Jeneva. germanulenovan Sveicaria-
Si mas hqvia saTemo sabWo an saqalaqo sabWo.
sabWoebi iReben gadawyvetilebebs saTemo
cxovrebis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan sak-
iTxebze, magaliTad, rogorebicaa biujetis
miReba, saTemo gadasaxadebis SemoReba, uZravi
qonebis marTva, sesxis aRebis ufleba,
eqstraordinaluri xarjebis gaweva. sabWo
Tvalyurs adevnebs aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
flebisa da administraciis moRvaweobas.
Sveicariis yvela TemSi aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisufleba ekuTvnis kolegiur organos,
romelsac xalxi irCevs. iq, sadac funqcion-
irebs xalxis saerTo Sekreba, am organos
Tavad irCeven; kanton nevSatelis TemebSi aseTi
organo formirdeba generaluri sabWos mier.
kantonebSi vo da tiCino aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisuflebis organos ewodeba munici palite-
ti; kantonebSi friberi, nevSateli, valisi,
berni da Jiura _ komunaluri sabWo; kanton
JenevaSi - administraciuli sabWo da sxva.
aRmasrulebeli organos Semadgenloba icv-
leba kantonidan kantonamde, Temidan Temam-
de. kantonuri kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilia am
Semadgenlobis qveda da zeda zRvari, magal-
iTad, 3-dan 9 kacamde kantonSi vo, magram
saerTo wesis Tanaxmad aRmasrulebeli orga-
no aerTianebs 5-dan 7 kacamde. aRmasrulebe-
li organos uflebamosilebis vada imdenivea,
rogorc kantonuri mTavrobis, ufro xSirad
igi Seadgens 4 wels.
aseT organoSi Tavmjdomareobs piri, romel-
ic sxvadasxva kantonebSi iwodeba sxvadasx-
vagvarad. kantonebSi vo, friberi, tiCino _
es aris sindiki, kantonebSi nevSateli da
berni _ komunaluri (saTemo) sabWos Tavmj-
domare; kantonSi vo da rig germanulenovan
kantonebSi _ komunis (Temis) prezidenti,
magaliTad kantonebSi Jeneva da Jiurameri.
germanulad molaparake kantonebSi xmaroben
agreTve dasaxelebas _ saTemo an saqalaqo
ufrosi (Gemeindea-mmann, Stadtammann) an
qalaqis prezidenti. maT Zalian xSirad sak-
maod mniSvnelovani uflebamosilebebi aqvT.
dasaxelebuli aRmasrulebeli organoebi ga-
naxorcieleben cxovrebaSi warmomadgenlobi-
Ti organosa da moqalaqeTa saerTo krebis
gadawyvetilebebs. dabolos, TemebSi SeiZle-
ba xelisuflebis sxva organoebic arsebobd-
nen, mag., komisia saskolo saqmeebze, gadasax-
adebze, saxelmwifo daxmarebaze.
Temebi Tavad qmnian xelisuflebisa da mar-
Tvis organoebs, irCeven personals, ganageben
Temis qonebas, finansebs, kerZod, wyveten
gadasaxadebis dawesebis sakiTxebs, dawyebiTi
da saSualo skolis problemebs. maTi gamge-
blobis sferos miekuTvneba policiis fun-
qciebis ganxorcieleba, am sityvis ufro
vrceli mniSvnelobiT _ sazogadoebrivi wes-
rigis mxardaWera, sagzao moZraobis regu-
lireba, sacxovrebeli adgilebis normaluri
mdgomareobis SenarCuneba, xanZarTan brZola,
mSeneblobaze Tvalyuris devneba da sxva. maT
ekisrebaT socialuri uzrunvelyofis mar-
Tva, teritoriebis keTilmowyoba, garemos
dacva, mosaxleobis wyliTa da eleqtroen-
ergiiT momarageba. maT kompetenciaSi Sedis
kulturuli da sportuli moRvaweoba. aRniS-
nuli funqciebi, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT,
iyofa Temebis sakuTar funqciebad da saxelm-
wifos da kantonebis mier delegirebulad.
saTemo avtonomia SveicariaSi srulad ar
niSnavs imas, rom qvemdgomi teritoriuli
erTeulebi saerTod damoukidebelni arian
TavianTi sakiTxebis gadawyvetis sferoSi.
Temebze dawesebulia meTvalyureoba, rogorc
saxelmwifos, aseve kantonebis mxridan.
saerTo wesiT, kantonuri kanonmdebloba ufle-
bas iZleva Temebis saqmeebSi Carevisa. umTavre-
sad, ori xerxiT xdeba aRniSnulis realiza-
cia: yvelaze xSiria Careva romelime piris
saCivris safuZvelze. aseT SemTxvevebSi, tar-
deba iuridiuli kontroli saTemo xelisu-
flebis aqtebis moqmed kanonmdeblobasTan
Sesabamisobis gansazRvris mizniT. kontroli
SeuZlia ganaxorcielos an administraciul-
ma kantonurma sasamarTlom, an kantonurma
mTavrobam. arCevis meore formaa kontroli,
romelic xorcieldeba Tanamdebobrivi ufle-
bamosilebis, an valdebulebis ZaliT; aRniS-
nuli kontroli xorcieldeba informaciis
gamoTxovis meSveobiT, saTemo organoebis
zogierT gadawyvetilebaze Tanxmobis mice-
miT da pirdapiri CareviT maT kompetenciaSi
(moRvaweobaSi). informaciis miReba SeiZleba
rogorc Sesabamisi cnobebis gamoTxoviT, aseve
inspeqtorebis adgilze gagzavniT Semowmebis
Casatareblad TemebSi. zogierTi saTemo aqti
(sesxis gamoyeneba, operaciebi uZrav qonebasTan
dakavSirebiT) saWiroebs kantonebis Tanxmobas.
da bolos, zogierT SemTxvevaSi kantonebs
pirdapir SeuZliaT Caerion Temebis saqmeeb-
Si, auqmeben ra Temebis mier gamocemul aqtebs
da maTi organoebis funqciebsac ki asrule-
ben. Tanac Secvla SeiZleba iyos nawilo-
brivi an mTliani. bolo, yvelaze ufro mkac-
ri zomebi miiReba im SemTxvevaSi, roca Teme-
bi uxeSad arRveven kanonebs, an xelisufleb-
is borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi Tanamde-
bobis pirTa mxridan. amasTan erTad, kanton-
ma unda gamoiyenos Tanazomierebis princi pi
iZulebiTi xasiaTis zomebis ganxorcielebi-
sas, Sesabamisi Sedegis misaRebad gamoyeneb-
ul saSualebebSi. kantoni kontrols uwevs
Temuri TviTmmarTvelobis moRvaweobas
umTavresad prefeqtebis an saTemo saqmeebze
Tavisi departamentis meSveobiT da Zalian
iSviaTad TviTon kantonis mTavroba pirdapir
ereva Sesabamis garCevaSi. kantonebis umete-
sobaSi arsebobs prefeqtis Tanamdeboba, ma-
gram ara rogorc centrsa da adgilebs Soris
SemakavSirebeli saSualeba, safrangeTis an
italiis msgavsad, aramed rogorc organize-
buli rgoli, romelic uzrunvelyofs kan-
tonuri organoebis moRvaweobisa da adgi-
lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis koordinacias.
prefeqtis erTiani statusi ar arsebobs,
zogjer mas irCevs saarCevno korpusi (kan-
tonebi berni da vriberi), zogjer igi iniS-
neba (kantoni vo). prefeqtis kompetenciac
metad gansxvavebulia, sakmaod vrceliT daw-
yebuli (vriberi, vo an verni), sakmaod SezRu-
duliT damTavrebuli (kantoni sanvel-galeni).
Sveicariis praqtikaSi gvxvdeba ori ZiriTa-
di meTodi TviTmmarTvelobaze kontrolis
ganxorcielebisa, romelic Zalian waagavs
franguli praqtikis Sesabamis meTodebs: kon-
troli wesdeba an aqtebis kanonierebaze, an
ama Tu im zomebis miRebis mizanSewonileba-
ze. kontrolis meore saxe mniSvnelovnad
zRudavs saTemo avtonomias. am SemTxvevaSi
kantonis makontrolebeli organoebi mTli-
anad saxelmwifos interesebidan gamomdinar-
eoben. aseTi kontroli, magaliTad, regularu-
lad xorcieldeba teritoriis mowyobasTan
dakavSirebul miRebul zomebze.
205
 ÉÀÐÏÍÉÉÓ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÃÀ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÉ
ÉÀÐÏÍÉÉÓ ÓÀÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ
1991 wels damoukideblobis mopovebasTan
erTad saqarTvelo dadga damoukidebeli ar-
sebobis gzis arCevis winaSe. Cveni arCevani
(albaT sruliad bunebrivad) dasavlur kul-
turasa da mis faseulobebze, maT Soris
samarTalze, SeCerda.
saqarTvelom axal kanonmdeblobaSi gaiTavi-
sa evropisa da amerikis samarTlis ZiriTadi
princi pebi, da rom ara es garemoeba, Cvens
dRevandel samarTlebriv sistemas sruliad
sxva saxe eqneboda. Tumca am evro-ameri-
kanizaciis (dadebiTi gagebiT) fonze sain-
formacio-samarTlebriv TvalTaxedvis miRma
rCeba, bevrisaTvis ki saerTod ucnobia azi-
uri samarTlis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze
ganviTarebuli _ iaponuri samarTlis siste-
ma, misi fenomeni da misi TviTmyofadoba,
romlis mTavari normatiuli aqtis _ kon-
stituciis, mixedviT ganvixilavT am qveynis
saxelmwifo da samarTlis safuZvlebs, xSir
SemTxvevaSi mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel
mraval saintereso Taviseburebas.
iaponiis konstitucia, saxelmwifo da samar-
Tali, iseve, rogorc qveyana mTlianobaSi,
Zalian specifikuri da sainteresoa. aRsaniS-
navia, rom, dasavluri sazogadoebrivi Seg-
nebisa da mentalitetisagan gansxvavebiT, sa-
dac samarTali ganixileba, upirvelesad,
rogorc konfliqtebis momgvarebeli saSu-
aleba, iaponiaSi, iseve, rogorc sxva aziur
qveynebSi (miuxedavad iaponiis maRalganviTare-
bisa), sazogadoebis wyobasa da samarTals
safuZvlad udevs konfliqtebisagan Tavis
acilebis mizanswrafva, prevenciulobis Se-
darebiT meti xarisxi. saxelmwifos marTvac,
am mxriv, xSirad ganisazRvreba garkveuli
206
ÆÅÉÀÃ ÌÀÈÉÀÛÅÉËÉ
tradiciuli faseulobebiTa da moralur-
zneobrivi valdebulebebiT, romlebsac dRes-
dReobiT, ultraTanamedrove iaponiaSi sak-
maod myari safuZveli aqvT.vfiqrob, aRniSnu-
li Tema mravalmxriv saintereso iqneba, gan-
sakuTrebiT saqarTveloSi, vinaidan, rogorc
aRvniSne, yuradRebis miRma rCeba, bevrisaTvis
ki saerTod, ,,ucnobi xilia", iaponiis sax-
elmwifoebrioba da samarTali. saqarTvelos
msgavsad iaponia tradiciuli da konservati-
uli qveyanaa, magram, miuxedavad amisa dRem-
de rCeba erT-erT yvelaze maRalganviTare-
bul da Tanamedrove saxelmwifod. iaponia,
mmarTvelobis formiT, konstituciuri monar-
qiaa, politikur-teritoriuli mowyobiT ki
- unitaruli saxelmwifo. konstituciis miRe-
ba iaponiaSi meore msoflio omis Semdgom
periodSi xdeboda da, faqtobrivad, konsti-
tucia daiwera amerikis saokupacio jarebis
StabSi (muSaobda asevedamoukidebel iaponel
eqspertTa jgufi), Tumca konstitucias se-
riozuli mowinaaRmdegeebi mxolod Sedare-
biT mcirericxovani reaqciuli jgufebis saxiT
hyavda, romlebic msgavsi liberaluri kon-
stituciis miRebaSi mxolod damarcxebulis
poziciis dafiqsirebas xedavdnen.
iaponiis konstitucia warmoadgens erTgvar
kompromiss, romelic sakuTar TavSi moicavs
sakmaod mravalferovan speqtrs politikuri
Zalebisa, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve mis
farglebs gareT. sxvadasxva mxareTa intere-
sebis dafiqsireba konstituciaSi erT-erTma
Tanamedrovem aRwera, rogorc ,,...konservan-
tebsa da okupantebs Soris Tokis gadaqaCva,
romlis dabalansirebac xdeba qveynis Sida
da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis azris
mier".konstituciaSi iyo gamoyenebuli an-
glosaqsuri samarTlisa da asevemTels msof-
lioSi aRiarebuli sakonstitucio samarT-
lebrivi princi pebi. konstitucia ZalaSi Sev-
ida (gamarjvebul qveyanaTa Soreuli aRmo-
savleTis komisiis TanxmobiT) 1947 wels.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom konstituciis
miRebis dRidan TviT iaponiam da mTlianad
msofliom sakmaod bevri cvlileba ganicada,
magram, miuxedavad amisa, dRemde iaponiis
mTavar normatiul dokumentSi arc erTi
cvlileba ar Sesula, misi normebs ar daukar-
gavT is Rrma nacionaluri da, imavdroulad,
globaluri faseulobebi, romlebzec dayrd-
nobiT Seiqmna es normebi,miuxedavad maTi xSir
SemTxvevaSi araordinalurobisa (Tumca es
ukanaskneli ufro gansxvavebuli samarT-
lebrivi Tu saerTo cxovrebiseuli Segnebis,
mentalitetis bralia). konstituciis mimox-
ilviT SesaZlebeli xdeba qveynis saxelmwi-
fos, samarTlisa da sazogadoebis ZiriTadi
safuZvlebis gacnoba.
Tanamedrove parametrebiT, iaponiis konsti-
tucia sakmaod demokratiuli normatiuli
aqtia, romelic Seqmnilia amerikisa da didi
britaneTis konstituciuri modelis mixed-
viT. konstitucia acxadebs saxalxo suve-
renitetis princi ps, farTod iziarebs sax-
alxoobis, adamianis uflebaTa da Tanamed-
rove msoflios sxva faseulobebs.
preambula _ konstituciis sakmaod did
preambulaSi saubaria mTeli kacobriobisaTvis
saerTo Rirebulebebze, politikuri moralis,
sxva princi pebis dacvis aucileblobaze.
saubaria imaze, rom arc erTi saxelmwifo
ar unda xelmZRvanelobdes mxolod saku-
Tari interesebiT da ar unda ukeTebdes ig-
norirebas sxvebs; rom iaponel xalxs miznad
aqvs dasaxuli ar dauSvas "omis saSineleba-
Ta ganmeoreba". warmodgenil formulirebeb-
Si SesaZloa davinaxoT iaponiis, rogorc
meore msoflio omSi damarcxebuli qveynis,
ganwyoba, axlo warsulSi agresori qveynis
pozicia. daaxloebiT imave Sinaarsis debule-
bebi iyo Cadebuli aseve damarcxebuli ger-
maniis 1949 wlis konstituciaSi. es liber-
aluri debulebebi SeiZleba yofiliyo nakar-
naxevi gamarjvebul mxareTa mier, an Sedegi
orive mxaris ,,omisa da mSvidobis" sakiTxeb-
Si Tanxvedrisa, Tumca mas Semdeg am mxriv
TiTqmis araferi Secvlila.
preambulasa da mTlianad konstituciaSi
Zalian farTodaa gatarebuli saxalxoobis
princi pi. preambula sruldeba ficiT _ ,,vfi-
cavT Cveni qveynis RirsebiT," rom yvela Zalas
vixmarT raTa miRweul iqnas dasaxuli miznebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom konstituciaSi TiTqmis
yvelgan iaponia Tavisi xalxis saxeliT fig-
urirebs.
imperatori -miuxedavad imisa, rom iaponia-
Si, iseve, rogorc didi britaneTSi,imperatori
warmoadgens qveynis simbolos da, faqtobri-
vad, realuri Zalaufleba ar gaaCnia, kon-
stituciis pirveli Tavi mas Seexeba. am Tav-
Si CamoTvlili uflebebi, realurad, mxolod
formalobas warmoadgens. imperatorze vi-
saubrebT, rogorc aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
flebis Semadgenel nawilze.
omze uaris Tqma - konstituciis meore
Tavi pacifisturidebulebebiT grZeldeba,
romlebic (amjerad aSkarad) omisdroindeli
iaponiisgamoZaxilia, pasuxia Tavis Secdomebsa
da moralurad mZime (iaponiisaTvis yvelaze
rTul da mtkivneul) tragikul mdgomare-
obaze. konstituciaSi aris specialuri Tavi
– “omze uaris Tqma”, sadac dafiqsirebulia
sakmaod saintereso da erTmxriv gabeduli
debuleba, romelSiac naTqvamia, rom iaponiis
xalxi “samudamod uars ambobs omze,
rogorc naciis suverenul uflebaze”,
ZaliT damuqrebasa da SeiaraRebuli Zalis,
rogorc saerTaSoriso davis mogvarebis sa-
Sualebis, gamoyenebaze. arsebuli antisaomari
ideologiis praqtikul ganxorcielebad Cai-
Tvleba is, rom iaponia uars ambobs samxedro
saxmeleTo, sazRvao Tu sahaero Zalebze. es
norma konstituciaSi iqna Setanili iaponel mil-
itaristTa nebis winaaRmdeg. isini am normas ganix-
ilavdnen, rogorc iZulebiT droebiT zomas.
me-9 muxlis gamo iaponias formalurad ar
gaaCnia SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da iZulebulia
Secvalos igi “Tavdacvis” ZalebiT. qveyanaSi
arsebobs samxedro korpusi, romelic finan-
sirdeba biujetis mxolod 1%-iT, rac Tan-
amedrove saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi-
saTvis minimaluri Tanxaa. iaponiis mTavro-
bis SemadgenlobaSi ar Sedis aRniSnuli
samxedro korpusis meTauri, radganac, kon-
stituciis mixedviT, ministrTa kabineti unda
Sedgebodes mxolod samoqalaqo pirebisagan.
207
 pirovnebis statusze saubaria TavSi, romelsac
ewodeba “xalxis uflebebi da movale-
obebi”.
iaponiis konstituciaSi adamianis ZiriTad
uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa regulirebaze
aisaxa e. w. “miniWebul uflebaTa” koncef-
cia. pirovnebis statusi, ZiriTadad, emyareba
adamianis bunebriv, ganusxvisebel uflebebs,
romlebic garantirebulia saxelmwifos mier
da warmodgenilia, rogorc samudamo, ucv-
leli uflebebi, magram, meores mxriv, kon-
stituciaSi gatarebulia adamianis ufleba-
Ta dacvis demokratiuli, saxalxo politi-
ka, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxelmwifos
mier garantirebuli uflebebs mxardaWeras,
maT Tavisufal ganxorcielebas konstitucia
(saxelmwifo)mniSvnelovnad ukavSirebs xalxis
rols, “adamianis uflebebi unda iyos dacu-
li xalxis mudmivi ZalisxmeviT”.
iaponia Zveli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebel tradiciaTa daZleviT aRiarebs Ta-
nasworobisa da sxva sayovelTaod aRiare-
bul ufleba-Tavisuflebebs. am mxriv, re-
aluri nabijebis gadadgma mTlianad qveyni-
saTvis sakmaod did cvlilebebTan iyo dakav-
Sirebuli. konstituciaSi aris debuleba imis
Sesaxeb, rom yoveli jildo (wodeba) mo-
qmedebs mxolod sicocxlis manZilze da
likvidirebulia yvela saTavadaznauro wodeba,
imperatoris garda.
socialur-ekonomikur uflebebSi aRsaniSna-
via kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba, romelic, iapo-
niis konstituciis mixedviT, ar unda ewi-
naaRmdegebodes sazogadoebrivkeTildReobas.
konstituciaSi aseve Cadebulia sakmaod mniS-
vnelovani, erTgvarad ,,nacionaluri" norma,
romlis mixedviTac kerZo sakuTreba SeiZle-
ba gamoyenebul iqnes saxalxo interesebis
Sesabamisad, mesakuTrisaTvis samarTliani
kompensaciis gadaxdiT. es norma kargad asax-
avsmis erT-erT mizans, iaponiis saxelmwifo
ekonomikur politikas, romelic cdilobs
naklebad dauSvas ucxo saxelmwifos savaWro-
ekonomikuri kapitalis Semodineba qveyanaSi.
iaponiis mxriv amgvari nabiji gasagebia, miT
umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maT tradici-
ul ,,qsenofobias".
kidev erTi Tavisebureba _ stabilurobis
moyvarul da erTgulebis damfasebel iaponias
208
axasiaTebs TanamSromelTa ,,samudamo daqirave-
bis" sistema.ar arsebobs sapensio limiti,
damqiravebeli muSaobis garantias aZlevs
momsaxures,sanam am ukanasknels muSaoba Seu-
Zlia. xelfasi ganisazRvreba momsaxuris
muSaobis staJiTa da misi damsaxurebebiT
samsaxuris winaSe. gansazRvrulia mTeli
sistema premiebisa da SeRavaTebisa, romlebic,
realurad, amarTleben ,,keTil" ganwyobas
samsaxuris mimarT.
konstituciaSi SeiZleba calke gamovyoT
debulebebi, rolebic Seexeba pirTa pirad
uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs. mocemuli Tavis
me-13 muxlSi aRiniSneba, rom yoveli piri
pativcemuli unda iyos, rogorc pirovneba.
esfraza sakmaod mniSvnelovani da mravlis
aRmniSvnelia.aSkaraa saxelmwifos damokide-
buleba adamianis mimarT ara mxolod rogorc
politikuri Tu sxva uflebebis matarebeli
moqalaqisadmi, aramed rogorc suverenuli
meobis mqone individisadmi, rac, Tanamedro-
veobis fonze, aucilebeli da faseuli gare-
moebaa.
saxelmwifo Cveuli Sromis uflebis gver-
diT adgens Sromis valdebulebasac.
iaponia msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze nakle-
bad religiuri qveyanaa da aman, Tavis mxriv,
realuri gamoxatuleba hpova konstitucia-
Sic, kerZod, skolebsa da sxva saswavlo
dawesebulebebSi Tavi unda Seikavon nebis-
mieri saxis religiuri swavlebisagan. sax-
elmwifom da misi organoebma aseve Tavi unda
Seikavon nebismieri ,,religiuri moRvaweobis-
agan". arc erTi religia ar flobs privile-
gias da arc sargeblobs raime politikuri
ZalauflebiT. ase rom, iaponia namdvilad ar
iziarebs saqarTvelos mTavari sakanonmdeb-
lo dokumentis me-9 muxlidan gamomdinare
Sexedulebebs, radganac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
Cveni konstituciis me-9 muxli arasrulad,
magram ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlebrivi saxelm-
wifosaTvis msgavsi, damaxasiaTebeli konsti-
tuciis saxes (wminda sakanonmdeblo, samarT-
lebrivi gagebiT), miT umetes, rom igi sax-
elmwifos umaRles normatiul aqtSia dafiq-
sirebuli da TviT es faqti, garkveulwilad,
ver esadageba saerTo aRmsareblobis mxriv
aRiarebul Tanasworobis princi pebs, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom am muxlidan Znelad Tu
SeiZleba raime iuridiuli Sedegis miReba an
imis dadgena, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
umravlesoba marTlmadidebluri aRmsareblo-
bisaa. xolo iaponiis konstituciiT, rogorc
vxedavT, uaryofilia, Zvel tradiciaTa da
CveulebaTa daZleviT, msgavsi fiqciebi, Tan-
amedroveobis progresuli princi pebis
dafuZnebis gziT.
sayovelTaod aRiarebul politikur ufle-
baTa gverdiT (saarCevno ufleba, gaerTianebaTa
Tavisufleba, gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba da
sxva) me-156 muxlSi gamyarebulia saxalxo
neba, xalxis uflebebi. saerTod, iaponiis
konstitucia erT-erTi yvelaze demokrati-
ulia am TvalsazrisiT. konstituciis mixed-
viT, amomrCevels aqvs ufleba airCios da,
imavdroulad, gadaayenos sajaro Tanamdebo-
bis pirebi. am mxriv arsebobs gansazRvruli
wesi, roca amomrCevelTa mier xdeba adminis-
traciul-teritoriul erTeulebis Tavmjdom-
areTa daTxovna (,,gamoTxovna") dakavebuli
Tanamdebobidan. konstituciaSi pirdapiraa
miTiTebuli, rom nebismier sajaro Tanamde-
bobaze momuSave pirebi arian mTlianad sa-
zogadoebis, da ara (servants),mxolod, misi
romelime nawilis, “mosamsaxureebi” (termins
– “mosamsaxure” iaponiaSi gansxvavebuli
datvirTva aqvs, kerZod, xSir SemTxvevaSi
igi pativis niSania).
konstituciiT gansazRvrulia ufleba, rom-
lis mixedviTac yvelas SeuZlia mimarTos
sasamarTlos mSvidobiani peticiiT, zianis
anazRaurebis Taobaze. termini - ,,mSvidobi-
ani peticia", garkveuli novaciis saxiT Se-
modis iaponiis konstituciaSi.
konstitucia adgens kidev erT valdebule-
bas _ gadasaxadTa gadaxdas.
pirovnebis swrafvas bednierebisaken, rogorc
naTqvamia konstituciaSi, saxelmwifo Tavis
mTavar sazrunavad acxadebs. saxelmwifo
valdebulia gamoiyenos yvela Zala sazoga-
doebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da keTildRe-
obisaTvis. SeiZleba iTqvas, iaponiam am mxriv
miaRwia mizans.
ZiriTadad, maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi poli-
tikur partiaTa raodenoba mcirea, am mxriv
iaponia kvlavac gamonaklisia. arCevnebis dros
iaponiaSi 10.000-mde partia iqmneba, ZiriTad
adgilobrivi. partiis wevrTa raodenoba
SezRuduli ar aris. iyo SemTxveva, roca
politikuri partia Sedgeboda mxolod col-
qmrisagan. iaponiis yvelaze didi partia Sedgeba
daaxloebiT 3.000.000 wevrisagan, danarCe-
nebi mas sakmaod CamorCebian (sididiT meore
partia mxolod 70.000 wevrisagan Sedgeba).
konstituciaSi Semdgom saubaria qveynis par-
lamentze. iaponiaSi parlamenti (erTaderTi
kanonSemoqmedi organo) orpalatiania, war-
momadgenlobiTi (qveda) palata 500 wevriT
da mrCevelTa (Councillors) palata orjer
naklebi, 250 wevriT (zeda palata). qveda
palatas, rogorc wesi, meti Zalaufleba aqvs,
zeda palatasTan SedarebiT. 1946 wlis kon-
stituciis miRebamde iaponiaSi arsebobda
araarCeviTi perTa palata.
imperatormaparlamenti SeiZleba vadamde adre
daiTxovos mTavrobis moTxovniT, am SemTx-
vevaSi imperatori mxolod formaluri Sua-
mavlis rolis matarebelia.
deputatebi kvalificirebuli parlamentare-
bi arian. isini yovelwliurad ,,kanonis Sesa-
bamisad" iReben jildos saxelmwifo xazinidan.
am debulebidan gamomdinare, sajaro Tanam-
debobaze myofi piri xalxis msaxuria,
risTvisac igi jildos iRebs.
parlamentis saerTo struqturis Sinaarsi
mimarTulia imisaken, rom deputatebma maqsi-
malurad sruladganaxorcielon TavianTi
samuSao.yoveli deputati valdebulia iyos
minimum erTi an ori mudmivi saparlamento
komisiis wevri, komisiebisa, romlebic Seesi-
tyvebian sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva
sferoebs, isini TanamSromloben da, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, erTad muSaoben Sesabamis samin-
istroebTan da ufleba aqvT gaakontrolon
isini (komisiebis raodenoba qveda palataSi
aris 18, zeda palataSi - 16). kanonproeqtis
parlamentis mier miReba-armiRebis bedi xSirad
naxseneb komisiaTa muSaobazea damokidebuli.
maTi muSaoba metwilad gansazRvravs kanon-
proeqtis momzadebasa da ganxilvas. es gan-
pirobebulia rigi garemoebebiT. deputatebs
kanonproeqtis yoveli nawilis detalurad
ganxilvis SesaZlebloba arasrulad aqvT,
radgan kanonis safuZvlianad ganxilva ver
xerxdeba dRis wesrigis SezRudul fargleb-
Si. skrupulozurobisadmi midrekilebis mqone
iaponelebs saSualeba eZlevaT detalurad
209
 daamuSaon proeqti saparlamento komisiebSi,
romlebic ver iReben monawileobas kanon-
proeqtTa ganxilvaSi sxdomebis dros. samag-
ierod maT, Tavisi saqmianobisaTvis aqvT
rogorc sakmarisi dro, aseve sakmao dax-
mareba, sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi wreebisa-
gan (magaliTad, mewarmeTa warmomadgenlebi,
profkavSirebi, akademiuri wreebi).
palatebSi Seqmnilia sakmaod Zlieri damx-
mare struqturebi, romlebic deputatebs
exmarebian TavianTi saqmianobis
ganxorcielebaSi.mag., daaxloebiT 750 depu-
tatze modis 847 marto biblioTekis Tanam-
Sromeli (msoflioSi yvelaze maRali Tana-
fardoba), maTgan 155 muSaobs specialur
sakvlev ganyofilebebSi, romlebic deputatebis
TxovniT amuSaveben sxvadasxva masalebs, weren
moxsenebebs da sxva.
miRebuli kanonis vetos ufleba aravis aqvs
(qveda palatas SeuZlia daZlios zeda pala-
tis veto kanonproeqtis xmaTa 2/3-iT meored
miRebiT, iaponiaSi parlamentis kvorumi sru-
li Semadgenlobis 1/3-ia). Tu amowurulia
konsensusis miRwevis yvela gza, miRebulad
iTvleba qveda palatis kanonproeqtis redaqcia.
iaponiaSi kanonis miRebas, sxva qveynebisagan
gansxvavebiT, Zalian skrupulozurad udge-
bian, kanonproeqtis miRebis procesi xor-
cieldeba zedmiwevniT biurokratuli siste-
miT, romlis meSveobiTac proeqti maqsimalu-
rad ixveweba parlamentSi pirvel mosmenamde.
kanonproeqti SemuSavdeba saministroTa de-
partamentebSi, Semdeg gadaecema saministros
xelmZRvanelobas, midis ministramde, aqedan
gadaigzavneba premier-ministris kancelaria-
Si, amis Semdeg premier-ministrTan da mx-
olod amis Semdeg, saministros saxeliT,
gadaecema parlaments, magram kanonproeqti
jer kidev ar ganixileba palataSi pirveli
mosmenis saxiT, masze jer muSaoben palatis
sakanonmdeblo biuroSi da Sesabami palatis
mudmiv (zemoaRniSnul) komisiaSi. aqve kanon-
proeqti gadis Seswavlisa da sxva normati-
ul aqtebTan Sesabamisobis grZel proceduras.
Semdeg iqmneba specialuri qvekomisiebi proeq-
tis SeswavlisaTvis da mxolod mas Semdeg,
rac komisia miiRebs dadebiT gadawyvetile-
bas, kanonproeqti ganixileba qveda palata-
Si, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mas zeda palatas
210
gadascems, romelmac an unda uaryos, an
daeTanxmos warmomadgenlobiTi palatis gada-
wyvetilebas. yoveli zemoT CamoTvlili or-
gano maqsimalur "kontrols" ganaxorcielebs
kanonproeqtis srulyofis mizniT, Tavisi
kompetenciis mixedviT.
palataTa sxdomebi Riaa. biujetis ganxilvas
unda eswrebodes mTeli ministrTa kabineti
premier-ministriTurT, amasTanave, ganxilva-
Si monawileobis miReba SeuZliaT sazoga-
doebis warmomadgenlebsa da ubralo mo-
qalaqeebs. yovel moqalaqes aqvs ufleba Seit-
anos gancxadeba imisaTvis, rom monawileoba
miiRosbiujetis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebul
debatebSi da, ZiriTadad, sabiujeto komisi-
is Tavmjdomare maTi ricxvidan arCevs ram-
denimes sesiaze sityviT gamosvlisaTvis.
kenWisyra parlamentSi SeiZleba ganxor-
cieldes sxvadasxva xerxiT: fexze adgomiT,
biuletenebiT (TeTri _ momxre, cisferi _
winaaRmdegi), am biuletenebze sakuTari gvaris
dafiqsirebiT, gamokiTxviT. kenWisyra da de-
batebi mimdinareobs ufro daZabulad, vidre
saqarTvelos parlamentSi, ramdenadac para-
doqsuli ar unda iyos, xSiria erTmaneTis
sityvieri da fizikuri Seuracxyofa.
miRebul kanons xels awers is ministri,
romelic pasuxismgebelia mis Sesrulebaze,
aseve premieri da imperatori.
interpelaciis (deputatis werilobiTi moTx-
ovna mTavrobis romelime saqmis an faqtis
Taobaze) ufleba yovel deputats aqvs, kab-
ineti Tu calkeuli ministri valdebulia, 7
dRis ganmavlobaSi gasces deputats pasuxi
werilobiT an zepiri formiT.
sakmaod efeqturad moqmedeben specialurad
Seqmnili palataTa sagamoZiebo komisiebi,
romelTa muSaobis Sedegad, magaliTad, meqr-
Tameobasa da Tanamdebobis borotad gamoy-
enebaSi araerTi premier-ministri amxiles,
rasac Sedegad maTi gadayeneba mohyva, rom
aRaraferi vTqvaT sxva Tanamdebobis pirebze.
konstituciasTan erTad palataTa saarCevno
proceduras awesrigebs 273-muxliani saarCevno
kanoni. warmomadgenlobiTi palatis deputa-
tobis yovel kandidats arCevnebSi monawi-
leobisaTvis ekisreba 25.000-mde aSS dola-
ris ekvivalenti fuladi Tanxa (qveda pal-
ataSi 17.000 aSS dolaramde) da Tu kandi-
datma xmaTa 1/5-ze naklebi raodenoba miiRo,
gadaxdili Tanxa ukan ar ubrundeba. aRniS-
nuli Tanxa ormagdeba, Tu kandidatebi wamoy-
enebulni arian siiT.
evropis saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT,
iaponiaSi akrZalulia agitaciis zogierTi
forma. sagulisxmo da yuradsaRebia iseTi
SezRudva, rogoricaa agitaciis akrZalva sxva
kandidatebis winaaRmdeg.
arCevnebze, rogorc wesi, iaponelebi ar akeTe-
ben individualur politikur arCevans, aramed
kandidats xmas aZleven sxva, moraluri,raRac
pativiscemis msgavsi damokidebulebis gamo
(,,giri"), axlobelTa TxovniT. xSiria SemTx-
vevebi, rocacoli ,,memkvidreobiT" ikavebs
gardacvlili meuRlis adgils. magaliTad,
25% saparlamento adgilebisa ojaxis Sesa-
bamis memkvidreze gadadis. liberalur-demokra-
tiuli partiis (erT-erTi udidesi partiis)
yovel mesame wevrs parlamentSi hyavs Tavisi
naTesavi.
kabineti - ase uwodeben iaponiaSi mTavrobas
(aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba). Teoriulad,
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebad iaponiaSi, xe-
lisuflebis dayofis princi piT, SeiZleba
miviCnioT imperatori (saxelmwifos meTau-
ri) da mTavroba (ministrTa kabineti), ma-
gram, rogorc aRvniSne, realuri Zalaufle-
ba mxolod mTavrobas aqvs, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, pasuxismgebelia parlamentis winaSe.
imisaTvis, rom imperatoris realuri Zalau-
fleba davinaxoT, mis moRvaweobas unda Sevxe-
doT ara mxolod iuridiuli, aramed faqto-
brivi rakursiTac.
iaponiaSi moqmedebs imperatorTa salikuri
(frankuli) dinastia (taxti gadaecema ufros
Svils, qalebi ki taxtis memkvidreebi ver
gaxdebian). yoveli axali imperatoris ,,aRzeve-
bisTanave" cxaddeba axali era da, amasTan
dakavSirebiT, axali oficialuri kalendaruli
welTaRricxva (1989 wlidan imperator aki-
hitos eraa).
tradiciiT imperatoris, romelic iTvlebo-
da RvTiuri warmomavlobis pirad (RvTiur
warmomavlobaze pirvelad uari Tqva impera-
torma xirohitom 1946 wels), aseve misi
ojaxis cxovreba mudam saidumloebiT iyo
garemoculi. es tendencia bolo wlebSi aRar
SeimCneva, maTi cxovreba SedarebiT gaxsnili
gaxda sazogadoebisaTvis. amis faqtobrivi
magaliTia is, rom dRevandeli imperatoris
coli warmomavlobiT ubralo ojaxidanaa.
imperatori xelSeuxebelia, igi piradad arc
erT SemTxvevaSi aris pasuxismgebeli da mas
ar daekisreba samoqalaqo, sisxlis Tu ad-
ministraciuli pasuxismgebloba, misi qmedeb-
isaTvis pasuxismgebelia mTavroba da minis-
trebi.
arc imperators da arc misi ojaxis wevrebs
ar SeiZleba gadaeces raime saxis qoneba an
saCuqari parlamentis Sesabamisi nebarTvis
gareSe, magram maTi piradi saWiroebisaTvis
biujetidan gamoyofili saxsrebi sakmaod
didia (saimperatoro karis personali daax-
loebiT 1200 kacamde aRwevs).
arc konstituciurad da arc faqtobrivad
imperators ar gaaCnia e. w. piradi Zalau-
fleba. mas ar gaaCnia uflebamosileba mima-
rTuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ganxor-
cielebisaken. igi mxolod simboloa da Tavi-
si uflebebiT igi valdebulia xalxis winaSe,
igi, ZiriTadad, asrulebs Sidasaxelmwifoe-
briv, ceremonialur funqciebs, sxva moqmede-
bebs, magaliTad, elCebisagan sigelis miRebas
da sxva, iaponiis imperatoris SemTxvevaSi -
misi piradi iniciativis gareSe, es misi valde-
bulebaa. yvelaze didi zegavlena, rac man
SeiZleba realurad moaxdinos qveynis cx-
ovrebaze, mxolod da mxolod ideologiuri
xasiaTis aris. praqtikulad, iaponiis imper-
ators ufro mcire uflebebi aqvs, vidre
didi britaneTis monarqs.
iaponiis ministrTa kabineti sakmaod rTuli,
didi da biurokratuli meqanizmia. kabineti,
dResdReobiT, Sedgeba premier-ministris, 12
ministrisa da 8 saxelmwifo ministrisagan,
es ukanasknelni, rogorc wesi, premier-minis-
tris mrCevlebi arian (premiers SeuZlia maT
misces calkeuli mmarTvelobebi sazogadoe-
bis sferoebis mixedviT an imave premieris
kancelariaSi SeiZleba sxvadasxva ganyofile-
bebs xelmZRvanelobdnen). kabinetis Semadgen-
lobaSi, aseve, Sedian kabinetis ministri da
sakanonmdeblo biuros xelmZRvaneli. am uka-
nasknelis xelSi gadis mTavrobis yvela kanon-
proeqti.
211
 yovel ministrs hyavs 2 moadgile, saparla-
mento (romelic ministrTan erTad modis da
ministrTan erTad tovebs Tanamdebobas) da
administraciuli. es ukanaskneli ar aris
maRal CinovnikTa rigebidan. igi inarCunebs
Tavis posts, miuxedavad ministris gadadgo-
misa, rac iaponiaSi sakmaod xSirad xdeba.
ministris postze yofnis saSualo xangr-
Zlivoba erTi welia da amis gamo ministreb-
isafuZvlianad ver erkvevian TavianTi sfer-
os saqmianobaSi. ministrTa saqmianobas, rogorc
wesi, mxolod premieri Tu akontrolebs.
administraciuli ministrebi warmoadgenen im
ZiriTad SedarebiT mudmiv berkets, romelic
"dominirebulad" uZRveba saministros saqmianobas.
konstituciis mixedviT, kabinetis ministreb-
is naxevari mainc unda iyvnen deputati par-
lamentarebi da, faqtobrivad, kabinetSi
aradeputatebi naklebad arian, ZiriTadad,
esenia araprofesionali specialistebi, rom-
lebic damokidebulni arian TavianT qveSevr-
domebze. ministrTa aparatis "namdvili" xe-
lmZRvaneli aris administraciuli moadgile,
profesionali Cinovniki specialuri ga-
naTlebiT. TviT ministri ki, upirveles yov-
lisa, Tavisi partiis warmomadgenelia da,
rogorc wesi, moqmedebs partiuli interese-
bis Sesabamisad da sakmaod did dros uTmobs
am interesTa ganxorcielebas.
iseve, rogorc, magaliTad, kancleri germa-
niaSi, iaponiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani figu-
ra premier-ministria. magram axali konsti-
tuciis miRebis Semdeg, realurad saxelisu-
flebo Zalaufleba erTi konkretuli
pirovnebis xelSi arasdros yofila. premieri
akontrolebs da warmarTavs kabinetis
muSaobas.
kabinetSi sxdomebi daxurulia da mimdinar-
eobs tradiciebis dacviT, risi erT-erTi
gamovlena gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaa konsen-
susiT, sadac Tavis Sekaveba, faqtobrivad,
Tanxmobis niSania.
kabineti Tavis funqciebs ganaxorcielebs
CveulebaTa safuZvelze. sxdomaTa procedura
ar regulirdeba dawerili samarTlis norme-
biT. sakiTxTa gadawyvetilebebis momzadeba
xdeba saidumlo pirobebSi. kabinetSi gada-
wyvetilebas iReben erTxmad da ara kenWisyriT.
212
konsensusiT gadawyvetilebaTa miReba xSir
SemTxvevaSi sakiTxisadmi gacilebiT awonil,
gamozomil midgomas gulisxmobs, ministreb-
isagan moiTxovs ufro met momzadebasa da
SeTanxmebul moqmedebas.
iaponiis mTavrobis muSaobaSi ZiriTadi prob-
lema, xSir SemTxvevaSi, swraf da efeqtur
(politikurad mniSvnelovan) gadawyvetile-
baTamiRebis SeuZleblobaSi mdgomareobs.
iaponias survili aqvs hyavdes Zlieri lideri,
magram maTi Cveuleba, gadawyvetileba
yovelTvis konsensusiT miiRon, SeiZleba iTqvas,
uzrunvelyofs imas, rom is, rac msgavsi
saparlamento sistemis mqone did britaneT-
Si amarTlebs, naklebad efeqturia iaponiaSi.
sanam iaponias ar surs cvlilebebi Seitanos
Tavis CveulebebSi, rig mecnierTa azriT, ga-
mosavali SeiZleba iyos is, rom parlamentma
cvlileba konstituciaSi Seitanos da misces
xalxs ufleba pirdapiri arCevnebiT airCion
Tavisi premier-ministri, rac, Tavis mxriv,
daabalansebs ZalauflebaTa gadanawilebas
mTavrobis moqmedebebSi. britanul samTavro-
bo sistemaSi samoqmedo Zalaufleba aqvs kab-
inets da ara mis premier-ministrs da misi
SesaZleblobebi didadaa damokidebuli misi
da kabinetis urTierTdamokidebulebaze (roca
margaret tetCerma an jon meijorma ,,dakarges"
kabineti, maT avtomaturad dakarges saSu-
aleba, raime arsebiTi zegavlena moexdinaT
mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebze). iaponiaSi
ki arian pirebi(,,Crdilovani Sogunebi", rogorc
maT uwodeben), romelTac ufro meti Zalau-
fleba da SesaZlebloba aqvT, vidre arsebul
premiersa Tu mis kabinets. iaponiisaTvis (iseve,
rogorc qarTuli realobisaTvis) ar aris
ucxo, yofil premiers, an sxva yofil maRal
Cinosans, meti Zalaufleba hqondes, vidre
misi mmarTvelobis dros, maTi mizeziT praq-
tikulad SeuZlebeli xdebaswrafi da mniS-
vnelovani gadawyvetilebis miReba, Tu igi ar
eTanxmeba romelime ,,didi avtoritetis" mqone
piris gadawyvetilebas Zalaufleba daqsaq-
sulia gavlenian politikosTa da biurokratTa
Soris da yovelive es mniSvnelovani xelis
SemSleli faqtoria qveynis Tanamedrove,
demokratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis. sabolood
ki iaponiaSi ar aris pirovneba, romelic
erTpirovnulad warmoadgenda qveyanas.
sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, sakmaod
mravalmxrivi funqciebiT da uflebamosilebiT,
saTaveSi udgas 15-wevriani uzenaesi sasa-
marTlo, romlis kvorumi plenarul sxdome-
bze 9, xolo calkeuli saqmeebisaTvis - 3
mosamarTlea.
ministrebi pasuxs ageben koleqtiurad.
konstitucia uzenaes sasamarTlos uflebam-
osils xdis ganaxorcielos sakonstitucio
kontroli da, imavdroulad, iyos qveynis
samarTalwarmoebis bolo instancia, (pasux-
ismgebeli rogorc sisxlis, ise samoqalaqo
saqmeebze da uflebamosili, ilaparakos Tu
imoqmedos iaponiis saxeliT).
sasamarTlo mowyobilia anglosaqsuri siste-
mis – praqtikis, mixedviT, sasamarTlo gada-
wyvetilebebi da calkeul mosamarTleTa (mx-
olod uzenaesi sasamarTlos) gansakuTrebu-
li mosazrebebi eqvemdebareba gamoqveynebas.
imavdroulad, misi uflebamosilebis qveSmoiaz-
reba sasamarTloTa mmarTvelobis uflebam-
osilebebis gansazRvra, sasamarTlo central-
izaciis tradiciebze dayrdnobiT (am tradicie-
bidan gamomdinare), igi ganazogadebs sasa-
marTlo praqtikas, gamoscems saxelmZRvane-
lo miTiTebebsa da aqtebs sasamarTlo dis-
ci plinis Sesaxeb.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom, arsebobis pirveli
25 wlis manZilze, arakonstituciurad scno
mxolod erTi normatiuli aqti, maSin, roca
weliwadSi 5000-mde saqmes ganixilavda, amis
gamo iaponeli iuristebi uzenaes sasamarT-
los konservatulobaSi sdebdnen brals.
konstitucia, garkveulwilad, ayalibebs mo-
samarTleTa sareferendumo pasuxismgeblo-
bis instituts. kerZod, yovel aT weliwadSi
(qveda palatis arCevnebis dros) amomrCev-
lebi xmas aZleven TiToeuli uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos mosamarTles, “momxre an mowinaaRm-
dege” sistemiT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelime
mosamarTles mxars ar dauWers amomrCevel-
Ta umravlesoba, mosamarTle tovebs Tanam-
debobas. am debulebiT konstitucias mosa-
marTlis saqmianoba, misi pirovneba da pro-
fesionalizmi gamoaqvs sazogadroebrivi Se-
fasebis arenaze, uqvemdebarebs mis saqmianobas
saxalxo kontrols, es kidev erTi magali-
Tia demokratiisa, am sityvis pirdapiri gage-
biT. aRsaniSnavia, rom jerjerobiT am
meqanizmiT arc erT mosamarTles ar dau-
tovebia Tanamdeboba.
iaponiaSi aris eqvsi umaRlesi sasamarTlo
(saapelacio samkaciani kolegia), romlebic
ganixilaven sxvadasxva saxis saqmeebs.
moqmedebs, aseve, 50-mde saolqo sasamarTlo.
maT axasiaTebT e. w. disci plinaruli (sa-
zogado xasiaTis) elementebi. saolqo sasa-
marTloebi, ZiriTadad, saqmeebs ganixilaven
erTpirovnulad (an samkaciani kolegiebiT).'''
sasamarTlo sistemaSi ierarqiulad yvelaze
dabla dganan disci plinaruli sasamarTloe-
bi. aq saqmeebs ganixilavs erTi mosamarTle,
romelsac SesaZloa, arc hqondes iuridiu-
li ganaTleba. es faqti miuTiTebs sazoga-
doebis maRal urTierTndobaze, TviTSegnebasa
da samarTlebrivi sistemis demokratiuloba-
ze. disci plinarul sasamarTloebSi ganix-
ilavenwvrilman sisxlisa da samoqalaqo
saqmeebs (11 000 dolarze qvemoT).
gansakuTrebul sistemas warmoadgens saojaxo
sasamarTloebi, romelTa kompetenciis qveS,
Cveul saojaxo saqmeebTan erTad, ganixilaven
rogorc samemkvidreo, aseve arasrulwlo-
vanTa sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs, gamomdinare
iqidan, rom arasrulwlovani ar moiazreba,
rogorc damoukidebeli, sruliad qmedunari-
ani piri, aramed rogorc ojaxis ganuyofeli
wevri. saojaxo sasamarTloebi, xSir SemTx-
vevaSi, asruleben SuamavalTa funqciebs.
iaponiaSi ar arsebobs calke administraciu-
li sasamarTloebi (msgavsad anglosaqsuri
samarTlis sistemisa). am saxis kontrols
iaponiaSi ganaxorcieleben saerTo sasamarT-
loebi, oRond specialuri proceduriTa da
specialuri saCivrebis, maT Soris e.w. "sax-
alxo saCivrebis gziT".
213
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW III

LIST OF ARTICLES IN THE PRESENT

"ALMANAKHI" – CONSTITUTIONAL LAW III
1. Resolution of the Parliament of Georgia on Ratification of the First Protocol on
“European Convention on Protection of Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms”

Protection of Property Rights According to the First Article of the First Protocol of
European Convention on Protection of Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms

2. Calumny and Democracy

Herman Shvarts

3. How can Free Media Support Justice

Herman Sharvts

4. Liberalism and Constitution

Alexander Orakhelashvili

5. Importance of Freedom of Speech and the Level of its Protection in Georgia and
some other Countries
Nino Suknidze

6. Existential Philosophy of Justice

Eka Gachechiladze

7. Jan-Jak Russo’s Theory of Social Compact

Grigol Eremov

8. Ideal Metamorphoses of Constitutional State

Otar Macharashvili

9. Principles of Democracy and Constitutional State in Georgian Constitution

Konstantin Kublashvili

10. Georgian Constitution – the Result of Compromise?

(History of Creation of Georgian Constitution)
Giorgi Chkheidze

11. The Main Principles of Democratic Governing and Georgian Constitution of 1995
Mariam Khoperia

12. Forms of Governing, Republic as one of the Forms of Governing, Contemporary

Georgia and its Future Perspectives
Imedo Ardjevanidze

214
 LIST OF ARTICLES

13. Parliamentary Control in Georgia

Irina Tsakadze

14. Submission of Common Court to Constitutional Court – Practice and Legislative

Dilemma
Tamar Kaldani

15. Protection of Human Rights at the Apparatus of National Security Council

Givi Mikanadze

16. Military Governor of Kutaisi, Mikheil Shalikov

Mindia Berekashvili

17. Some Issues of American Constitutionalizm

Bakar Berekashvili

18. Constitutional-Legal Characteristics of Federal and Unitarian (Decentralized) States

Givi Amiranashvili

19. Political-Territorial Arrangement of Public Powerty in the Countries of West Europe

Dimitri Baramia

20. State of Japan and Justice According to the Constitutional Law of Japan
Zviad Matiashvili

215

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ
ÌÉÄÒ ÂÀÌÏÝÄÌÖËÉ ÌÀÓÀËÄÁÉ:
“ÀËÌÀÍÀáɔ
N1 “ÓÀÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ
N2 “ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ
N3 “ÌÀÒÈËÌÓÀãÖËÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ
N4 “äÖÌÀÍÉÔÀÒÖËÉ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ
N5 “ÓÀÌÏØÀËÀØÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ
N6 “ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀÈÀ ÃÀÝÅÉÓ
ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ(I)
N7 “ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀÈÀ ÃÀÝÅÉÓ
ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ(II)
ÑÖÒÍÀËÉ “ÊÏÃÉÊÏ Î” (3 ÍÏÌÄÒÉ)
ÐÉÒÀÃ ÌÏÍÀÝÄÌÈÀ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÄÁÒÉÅÉ ÃÀÝÅÀ
N8 “ÓÉÓáËÉÓ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ(I)
N9 “ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ(II)
N10 “ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ(II)
N11 “ÓÀÌÏØÀËÀØÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ(II)
N12 “ÓÉÓáËÉÓ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ(II)
N13 “ÓÉÓáËÉÓ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÉÓÀ ÃÀ
ÊÒÉÌÉÍÏËÏÂÉÉÓ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÄÁɔ
N14 “ØÀÒÈÖËÉ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÉÓ
ÓÀÊÉÈáÄÁɔ
N15 “ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ(III)
N16 “ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ(III)
N17 “ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÖËÉ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËɔ(III)

ßÉÂÍÄÁÉ ÃÀ ÁÒÏÛÖÒÄÁÉ:
1. ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÃÀÝÅÉÓ ÄÅÒÏÐÖËÉ ÌÄØÀÍÉÆÌÄÁÉ;
2. ÓÀÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËßÀÒÌÏÄÁÉÓ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀ ÃÀ ÐÒÀØÔÉÊÀ (I);
3. ÓÀÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËßÀÒÌÏÄÁÉÓ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀ ÃÀ ÐÒÀØÔÉÊÀ (II);
4. ÍÏÒÌÀÔÉÖËÉ ÀØÔÄÁÉÓ ÊÒÄÁÖËÉ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÈÅÉÈÌÌÀÒÈÅÄËÏÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ
ÌÌÀÒÈÅÄËÏÁÉÓ ÏÒÂÀÍÏÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ;
5. ÍÏÒÌÀÔÉÖËÉ ÀØÔÄÁÉÓ ÊÒÄÁÖËÉ ÌÉßÉÓ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÐÒÉÅÀÔÉÆÀÝÉÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ;
6. ÓÀÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏ ÊÒÄÁÖËÉ ËÔÏËÅÉËÈÀÈÅÉÓ;
7. ÓÀÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏ ÊÒÄÁÖËÉ ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÃÀÍ ÃÄÐÏÒÔÉÒÄÁÖËÉ ÌÄÓáÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ;
8. ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀÈÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÁÉËÉ;
9. ÂÀÄÒÈÉÀÍÄÁÖËÉ ÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀÈÀ ÃÏÊÖÌÄÍÔÄÁÉ;
10. ÌÀÒÈËÌÓÀãÖËÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÍáÏÒÝÉÄËÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉ ÀÙÌÏÓÀÅËÄÈ ÄÅÒÏÐÉÓ
ØÅÄÚÍÄÁÛÉ;
11. ÐÒÀØÔÉÊÖËÉ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÉ;
12. ÁÀÅÛÅÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉ;
13. ØÀËÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉ;
14. ÓÀáÄËÌÞÙÅÀÍÄËÏ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÄÁÉ ÉÞÖËÄÁÉÈ ÂÀÃÀÀÃÂÉËÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ;
15. ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÖÒÉ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÉ (ÆÀÆÀ ÒÖáÀÞÄ);
16. ÐÀÓÖáÉÓÌÂÄÁËÏÁÀ ÓÀÌÄßÀÒÌÄÏ ÃÀ ÓáÅÀ ÄÊÏÍÏÌÉÊÖÒÉ ÃÀÍÀÛÀÖËÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÓÉÓáËÉÓ
ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÊÏÃÄØÓÉÓ ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ (ÍÉÍÏ ÂÅÄÍÄÔÀÞÄ, ÂÏÜÀ ÌÀÌÖËÀÛÅÉËÉ);
17. ×ÄÃÄÒÀËÉÆÌÉ ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÍÏÒÌÀÔÉÖËÉ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÉ ÃÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ßÄÓÒÉÂÉ (ÂÉÀ áÖÁÖÀ);
18. ÓÀÂÀÃÀÓÀáÀÃÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÓÀ×ÖÞÅËÄÁÉ (Æ. ÒÏÂÀÅÀ);
19. ÓÀÀÅÔÏÒÏ ÃÀ ÌÏÌÉãÍÀÅÄ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÒÄÂÖËÉÒÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÌÀÒÈÅÀ (ÍÉÍÏ
ÊÖÍÝÄÅÀ-ÂÀÁÀÛÅÉËÉ).
20. ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÉ;
21. ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÀÍÉ ÓÀÓÀÌÀÒÈËÏÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀ;
22. áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÉ (ÉÒÏÃÉÏÍ ÓÖÒÂÖËÀÞÄ);
23. ÉÖÒÉÓÔÉÓ ÒÜÄÅÄÁÉ;
24. ÛÄÓÀÅÀËÉ ËÔÏËÅÉËÈÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÛÉ;

ÌÓÖÒÅÄËÄÁÌÀ ÛÄÂÉÞËÉÀÈ ÌÉÀÊÉÈáÏÈ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ÁÉÁËÉÏÈÄÊÀÓ

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÓÀÉÀ GYL A ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÀ

216