.Qtuswgnguejcuugwtuewgknngwtu Fgxkgppgpvuãfgpvcktgungueqpuãswgpegurqwt Ngtãikogcnkogpvcktggvncucpvã

26
.QTUSWGNGUEJCUUGWTUEWGKNNGWTU
FGXKGPPGPVUÃFGPVCKTGUNGUEQPUÃSWGPEGURQWT
NGTÃIKOGCNKOGPVCKTGGVNCUCPVÃ
E. Dounias et A. Froment
L
Le régime alimentaire et la santé ŏCXGPKT FGU ÃEQU[UVÂOGU HQTGU- OCVKQPTCRKFGFGNŏWVKNKUCVKQPFGUVGTTGU
sont des indicateurs sensibles des VKGTUGUVKPUÃRCTCDNGFGEGNWKFGU FCPUNGUTÃIKQPUHQTGUVKÂTGU
réactions humaines d’adaptation RQRWNCVKQPUSWKXKXGPVFCPUEGU .GU EJCPIGOGPVU FG TÃIKOG CNKOGP-
au changement. HQTÄVU&GEGHCKVKNKORQTVGFGTGEGPUGT VCKTGGVNŏGZRQUKVKQP´FGPQWXGNNGUOCNC-
EQPLQKPVGOGPVVQWVGUNGUOGPCEGURGUCPV FKGU UQPV FGU KPFKECVGWTU UGPUKDNGU FGU
UWTNCUCPVÃFGUHQTÄVUEQOOGFGUÄVTGU EQÖVU ÃEQNQIKSWGU GV EWNVWTGNU SWG NGU
JWOCKPU/CNJGWTGWUGOGPVNCTGEJGT- CPEKGPUEJCUUGWTUEWGKNNGWTUUWRRQTVGPV
EJGEQPUCETÃGCWZEQPUÃSWGPEGUFGNC RQWT QDVGPKT NGWT RCTV FG OQFGTPKVÃ
RGTVGFGDKQFKXGTUKVÃUWTNCUCPVÃJWOCKPG %GUKPFKECVGWTUOGVVGPVGPÃXKFGPEGFGU
UŏGUVNQPIVGORURGPEJÃGUWTNGUU[UVÂOGU RTQDNÂOGU UQEKQRQNKVKSWGU ÃRKPGWZ SWK
ÃEQNQIKSWGU GV OQPFKCWZ GV RGTUKUVG ´ CRRGNNGPV FGU KPVGTXGPVKQPU EQPEGTVÃGU
PÃINKIGT NGU HCEVGWTU UQEKQNQIKSWGU GV GVWTIGPVGURQWXCPVUCVKUHCKTGCWZKPVÃ-
RU[EJQNQIKSWGU.GUURÃEKCNKUVGUFGNŏGP- TÄVU VCPV FW FÃXGNQRRGOGPV SWG FG NC
XKTQPPGOGPVNGUÃEQNQIKUVGUNGUCPVJTQ- EQPUGTXCVKQP.GUPQWXGCWZEJCUUGWTU
RQNQIWGUGVNGUUEKGPVKHKSWGUOÃFKECWZ EWGKNNGWTUHQWTPKUUGPVFGUKPFKECVKQPUUWT
FGXTQPVUŏCUUGQKTCWVQWTFGNCOÄOGVCDNG NCOCPKÂTGFQPVXKXCKGPVNGUÄVTGUJWOCKPU
RQWTGZCOKPGTNGUOGPCEGUSWKEQORTQ- NQTUSWGNGWTUOQFGUFGXKGGVNGWTFQVC-
OGVVGPVUKOWNVCPÃOGPVNCUCPVÃFGUIGPU VKQPIÃPÃVKSWGÃVCKGPVRNWUEQORCVKDNGU
GV NC FWTCDKNKVÃ FG NGWTU ÃEQU[UVÂOGU .ŏGZRÃTKGPEG EWOWNÃG FGU UQEKÃVÃU FG
.GU COÃPCIKUVGU GV NGU FÃEKFGWTU QPV EJCUUGWTUEWGKNNGWTURGWVUGTXKTFGOQFÂNG
DGUQKPFGUQNWVKQPUSWKCUUQEKGPVNCIGU- CWZGHHQTVUCEVWGNUXKUCPV´RTQOQWXQKTNC
VKQPFGNŏÃEQU[UVÂOGCWZKPVGTXGPVKQPU UCPVÃGVRTÃXGPKTNCOCNCFKGOÄOGFCPU
FCPUNGUGEVGWTUCPKVCKTGCHKPFŏCOÃNKQTGT NGURC[UKPFWUVTKCNKUÃUFWOQPFG
la santé et le bien-être humains, tout .G RTÃUGPV CTVKENG GZCOKPG NGU EJCP-
GPOCKPVGPCPVWPÃEQU[UVÂOGUCKP.C IGOGPVUFGTÃIKOGCNKOGPVCKTGGVFŏÃVCV
UKVWCVKQPFTCOCVKSWGFGUTCTGUITQWRGU FG UCPVÃ SWK UG RTQFWKUGPV NQTUSWG NGU
FG EJCUUGWTUEWGKNNGWTU TGUVCPVU SWK habitants nomades de la forêt se sédenta-
TGRQUGPVGPEQTGFCPUWPGNCTIGOGUWTG TKUGPV.GUGZGORNGUUQPVVKTÃUFGITQWRGU
UWT NGU TGUUQWTEGU HQTGUVKÂTGU OQPVTG FGR[IOÃGUCHTKECKPUEQOOGNGU-QNC
ENCKTGOGPVNGUTGVQODÃGUFŏWPGVTCPUHQT- NGU /GFLCP GV NGU $CMC FW %COGTQWP
Un nouveau mode
de vie: une équipe
de pygmées
Kola employés
FCPUNGRTQLGVFG
construction de
l’oléoduc Tchad-
Cameroun, qui
traverse leur forêt
dans la zone côtière
du Cameroun
méridional
Edmond Dounias et Alain Froment sont des

UEKGPVKſSWGUVTCXCKNNCPVŃŏ+PUVKVWVHTCPÁCKU
F. NKOUMBELE
FGTGEJGTEJGRQWTNGFÃXGNQRRGOGPV
+4&GZ
14561/'FOQPF&QWPKCUGUVÃICNGOGPV
CHHGEVÃCW%GPVTGRQWTNCTGEJGTEJGHQTGUVKÂTG
KPVGTPCVKQPCNG
%+(14$QIQT+PFQPÃUKG
Unasylva 224, Vol. 57, 2006
Unasylva224_french.indb 26 21/12/2006 14:06:31

27
NGU #MC FG 4ÃRWDNKSWG EGPVTCHTKECKPG

GVNGU'HGGVNGU/DWVKFGNC4ÃRWDNKSWG
FÃOQETCVKSWG FW %QPIQ GV GP #UKG
RTQXKGPPGPVFGNŏGZRÃTKGPEGFGU2WPCP
autrefois habitants nomades des forêts du
Bornéo, notamment des Tubu Punan, du
DCUUKPXGTUCPVVWDWFW-CNKOCPVCPQTKGP-
VCN +PFQPÃUKG %GU ITQWRGU CPEKGPPG-
OGPVPQOCFGUQPVVQWUÃVÃGPEQWTCIÃU´
UŏÃVCDNKTFCPUFGUXKNNCIGURGTOCPGPVUCW
EQWTUFW::eUKÂENGOCKUKNUUQPVGPEQTG
VQWU VTKDWVCKTGU FG NC EJCUUG GV FG NC
EWGKNNGVVGRQWTNGWTUOQ[GPUFŏGZKUVGPEG
GVEQPVKPWGPV´RTCVKSWGTWPGOKITCVKQP
UCKUQPPKÂTGFCPUNCHQTÄVGPSWÄVGFGU
TGUUQWTEGUFGEGVVGFGTPKÂTG
E. DOUNIAS
UNE BIODIVERSITÉ ÉLEVÉE
SIGNIFIE AUSSI UNE ABONDANCE L’élimination des poux est
D’AGENTS PATHOGÈNES Néanmoins, la sédentarisation des une pratique sociale répandue
chez les pygmées Baka du
.GPQODTGFŏGURÂEGUXÃIÃVCNGUGVCPKOC- RQRWNCVKQPU PQOCFGU GPEQWTCIÃG RCT Cameroun méridional, qui quittent
NGUFKOKPWGCXGENCFKUVCPEGRCTTCRRQTV FGUHCEVGWTUÃEQPQOKSWGUÃEQNQIKSWGU temporairement leurs villages
ŃŏÃSWCVGWT%GOQFÂNGCÃICNGOGPVÃVÃ GV RQNKVKSWGU EQORTQOGV NGWT ÃVCV FG permanents pour des campements
saisonniers dans la forêt; l’excès de
FQEWOGPVÃTÃEGOOGPVRQWTNGUGURÂEGU UCPVÃECTGNNGGZGTEGWPGÃPQTOGRTGU- parasites dans un campement incite
RCTCUKVGU GV KPHGEVKGWUGU .GU HCEVGWTU UKQPUWTNGWTGPXKTQPPGOGPVPCVWTGNGV souvent les habitants à se
ENKOCVKSWGU UŏCXÂTGPV FŏWPG GZVTÄOG NGWTU U[UVÂOGU EWNVWTGNU 7PG HQKU SWG déplacer ailleurs
KORQTVCPEG RQWT GZRNKSWGT NG NKGP GPVTG EGU ITQWRGU UG UÃFGPVCTKUGPV GV XKXGPV
NCNCVKVWFGGVNŏCDQPFCPEGFŏCIGPVURCVJQ- CW UGKP FG RQRWNCVKQPU RNWU PQODTGW- GVFŏQTKIKPGCNKOGPVCKTGGVŃCRQNNWVKQP
IÂPGU JWOCKPU
)WGTPKGT *QEJDGTI GV UGUUŏÃVCDNKVWPTÃUGTXQKTHCXQTKUCPVNC HÃECNG ÃVCKV TÃFWKVG 2NWU SWG NC TCTGVÃ
)WÃICP.ŏÃVTQKVGEQTTÃNCVKQPGPVTG RTQNKHÃTCVKQPGVNGOCKPVKGPFŏWPGCDQP- FGUCNKOGPVUNŏGZEÂUFGRCTCUKVGU
RWEGU
NCFKXGTUKVÃFGUOCNCFKGURCTCUKVCKTGUGV FCPVG EJCTIG RCVJQIÂPG 'P QWVTG NGU RQWZGVVKSWGUFCPUNGECORGOGPVHQWT-
KPHGEVKGWUGU GV NC TÃRCTVKVKQP FGU HQTÄVU EJCPIGOGPVU GPXKTQPPGOGPVCWZ SWK PKUUCKVWPGHQTVGKPEKVCVKQPÚGFÃRNCEGT
VTQRKECNGUJWOKFGUCCNKOGPVÃNCETQ[CPEG UWTXKGPPGPVFCPUNŏWVKNKUCVKQPNQECNGFGU CKNNGWTU.COQTVFŏWPOGODTGFGNCEQO-
RGTUKUVCPVGSWGNGUHQTÄVUUQPVFGUGPXK- VGTTGUCRTÂUNŏKPUVCNNCVKQPFGUPQOCFGU OWPCWVÃGPEQWTCIGCKVCWUUKNGUJCDKVCPVU´
TQPPGOGPVUKPJQURKVCNKGTURQWTNŏJQOOG RGWXGPVUŏCNNKGTCWZCNVÃTCVKQPUFWENKOCV UGFKXKUGTGVÚŏKPUVCNNGTFCPUFGPQWXGNNGU
%GVVGRGTEGRVKQPQOGVVQWVGHQKUFGVGPKT OQPFKCNRQWTDQWNGXGTUGTNŏÃEQU[UVÂOG CIINQOÃTCVKQPUTÃFWKUCPVGPOÄOGVGORU
EQORVGFGUPQODTGWZUGTXKEGURTQEWTÃU PCVWTGNRTQFWKUCPVFGPQWXGCWZJCDKVCVU NG TKUSWG SWŏWP HCEVGWT NÃVCN EQPVCOKPG
RCTNGUÃEQU[UVÂOGUPCVWTGNURQWTEQPVTÏNGT HCXQTCDNGU´FGUXGEVGWTUGVECWUCPVWP NGUCWVTGUOGODTGUFWITQWRG
NŏCRRCTKVKQPGVNCRTQRCICVKQPFGOCNCFKGU TKUSWG CEETW FG VTCPUOKUUKQP FŏKPHGE- .CITCPFGOQDKNKVÃÃVCKVHCXQTKUÃGRCT
KPHGEVKGWUGU.CHQPEVKQPFGRTQVGEVKQPFG VKQPUXKTCNGUGVRCTCUKVCKTGUCWZJWOCKPU NC NÃIÂTGVÃ FGU HCTFGCWZ GV NG PQODTG
NCDKQFKXGTUKVÃRCTGZGORNGEQORTGPFNG (Patz et al. NKOKVÃFŏGPHCPVUUWTXKXCPVU.GUITQWRGU
OCKPVKGP FG NŏÃSWKNKDTG GPVTG NGU RTÃFC- OKITCKGPVNGNQPIFGRKUVGUVGTTKVQTKCNGU
VGWTUGVNGWTURTQKGUGVGPVTGXGEVGWTUGV LES ANCIENS CHASSEURS- ÃVGPFWGU GV NKPÃCKTGU .GU OKITCVKQPU
RCTCUKVGUEJG\NGUXÃIÃVCWZNGUCPKOCWZ CUEILLEURS ONT PERDU LES TÃIWNKÂTGU NG NQPI FG EGU RKUVGU PQP
GVNGUJWOCKPU
%JKXKCP AVANTAGES ÉCOLOGIQUES DU UGWNGOGPVTÃFWKUCKGPVNGUQDUVCENGUŃC
&CPU NG OQPFG FÃXGNQRRÃ NŏKOCIG NOMADISME TÃEQNVGFŏCNKOGPVUŌECTNGUEJCUUGWTU
FWDQPUCWXCIGFG4QWUUGCWXKXCPVGP .GPQOCFKUOGGVNGOCKPVKGPFGRGVKVGU EWGKNNGWTU RQUUÃFCKGPV GV IÃTCKGPV NGU
JCTOQPKGCXGEUQPGPXKTQPPGOGPVCRGT- EQOOWPCWVÃUQPVTGRTÃUGPVÃWPGTÃCEVKQP TGUUQWTEGU HQTGUVKÂTGU ´ NŏKPVÃTKGWT FG
UKUVÃCWNQPIFGUUKÂENGUOCKUNŏGZEÂUFG FŏCFCRVCVKQPGHſECEGŃCFKXGTUKVÃÃNGXÃG EGU VGTTKVQKTGU NKPÃCKTGU KPHNWGPÁCPV
TQOCPVKUOGCTGPHQTEÃPÃICVKXGOGPVNC FGUOCNCFKGURCTCUKVCKTGUGVKPHGEVKGWUGU NGWTTÃRCTVKVKQPURCVKCNGGVNGWTFGPUKVÃ
EQPXKEVKQPEJG\FGPQODTGWZCOÃPCIKU- #WVTGHQKUNGUEJCUUGWTUEWGKNNGWTUPQOC-
&QWPKCUŌOCKUCUUWTCKGPVCWUUK
VGUGVÃEQNQIKUVGUUGNQPNCSWGNNGNCHQTÄVU FGUXKXCKGPVFCPUFGRGVKVUITQWRGOGPVU FG DQPPGU EQPFKVKQPU RJ[UKSWGU CÃTQ-
GUVKPUCNWDTGRQWTNŏJQOOG.GUHQPE- FKUUÃOKPÃUUWTFGXCUVGUVGTTGUHQTGUVKÂ- DKGU HCXQTKUCPV WPG HCKDNG VGPGWT GP
VKQPPCKTGUIQWXGTPGOGPVCWZRQWTTCKGPV TGU HCKDNGOGPV RGWRNÃGU
PQTOCNGOGPV OCVKÂTGUITCUUGUEQTRQTGNNGUWPGDCUUG
GZRNQKVGTEGVVGEQPXKEVKQPRQWTLWUVKHKGT OQKPUFŏWPJCDKVCPVRCTMKNQOÂVTGECTTÃ VGPUKQPCTVÃTKGNNGFGUPKXGCWZNKOKVÃUFG
NGWTUFÃEKUKQPUFŏGZRWNUGTNGUJCDKVCPVU )T¸EG CW ECTCEVÂTG VTCPUKVQKTG FG NGWTU EJQNGUVÃTQNGVWPGRTÃXGPVKQPEQPVTGNG
FGUHQTÄVUFGNGWTOKNKGWRTÃVGPFWOGPV KPUVCNNCVKQPUNŏGZRQUKVKQPCWZOCNCFKGU ECPEGTGVNGUEQORNKECVKQPUECTFKQXCU-
RQWTNGWTRTQRTGDKGP VTCPUOKUUKDNGUCWZRCTCUKVGUCÃTQIÂPGU EWNCKTGU
'CVQPGV'CVQP

28
Pygmées Kola, Cameroun Punan, Kalimantan de l’Est (toutes les communautés)

n=2878 en 2004 n=8956 en 2002
80–90 80–90
70–80 70–80
60–70 60–70
50–60 50–60
40–50 40–50
30–40 30–40
20–30 20–30
10–20 10–20
0–10 0–10
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Tubu Punan périurbains seulement

n=951 en 2002
85–90
80–84
75–79 Femmes Hommes
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54 Les bases larges des deux diagrammes du haut indiquent
45–49 un taux de naissance élevé qui contrebalance la haute
40–44
mortalité infantile. En revanche, la base plus étroite de la
35–39
30–34 pyramide des âges des Tubu Punan périurbains exprime un
25–29 taux de naissance plus faible, qui dérive d’une baisse de la
20–24
mortalité infantile due à un meilleur accès aux soins de santé.
15–19
10–14
5– 9
0–4
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
Pyramides des âges

$KGPSWŏGNNGUQKVGPEQTGQDLGVFGEQPVTQ- ÃNGXÃGUQPVFGUHCEVGWTUFGTÃIWNCTKUCVKQP récentes relatives aux
pygmées Kola, aux
XGTUGUNŏJ[RQVJÂUGFWnRCNÃQTÃIKOGCNK- PÃEGUUCKTGUFCPUWPRTQEGUUWUFGUÃNGE- Punan en général et
OGPVCKTG
9KUUUQWVKGPVSWGNGU VKQPFCTYKPKGPSWKCCUUWTÃNCUVCDKNKVÃ aux Punan périurbains
EJCUUGWTUEWGKNNGWTU LQWKUUCKGPV FŏWPG FÃOQITCRJKSWGGVNCFWTCDKNKVÃTGNCVKXG en particulier
CNKOGPVCVKQPUCKPGTKEJGGPRTQVÃKPGUGV FWOQFGFGXKGRCTTCRRQTVŃCFKURQPK-
ſDTGUGVRCWXTGGPUGNNCKVGVUWETG DKNKVÃ FGU TGUUQWTEGU
(TQOGPV ŃŏJGWTGCEVWGNNGFŏWPGVTCPUKVKQPUQEKQ
%GRGPFCPVEGUEQPFKVKQPURJ[UKSWGU NQIKSWG 'NNGU FQKXGPV HCKTG HCEG ´ FGU
TGNCVKXGOGPVDQPPGUÃVCKGPVEQPVTGDCN- LES NOUVEAUX MODES DE VIE GZRCPUKQPUFÃOQITCRJKSWGUSWKOGVVGPV
CPEÃGURCTWPGOQTVCNKVÃRNWVÏVÃNGXÃG SÉDENTAIRES EXPOSENT LES ´ FWTG ÃRTGWXG NC ECRCEKVÃ FG EJCTIG
FWGCWZCEEKFGPVUFGEJCUUGCWZEJWVGU POPULATIONS À DE NOUVELLES FGU TGUUQWTEGU EQOGUVKDNGU UCWXCIGU
FŏCTDTGUÓKGNGV´HTWKVUCWZOQTUWTGU MALADIES…
EŏGUV´FKTGNŏCRVKVWFGFGNCTGUUQWTEG
FGUGTRGPVUGVCWZEQPHNKVUJWOCKPU.C $KGP SWG EGTVCKPU CWVGWTU UQWVKGPPGPV ´ TÃRQPFTG CWZ DGUQKPU FW ITQWRG FG
FWTÃG FG XKG FGU EJCUUGWTUEWGKNNGWTU SWGNCUÃFGPVCTKUCVKQPRQWTTCKVCOÃNKQTGT EQPUQOOCVGWTU UCPU GHHGV RTÃLWFKEKC-
TGUVCPVU GUV TGNCVKXGOGPV DTÂXG EJG\ NCUCPVÃFGUKPFKECVKQPURTQDCPVGUOQP- DNGUWTUCUWTXKGGVNGUEQPVTCKIPGPV´
NGUR[IOÃGU-QNCGVNGU2WPCPNGURGT- VTGPV SWG NG RCUUCIG FG NC XKG PQOCFG FGXGPKTRNWUUÃFGPVCKTGU
UQPPGU FG RNWU FG CPU TGRTÃUGPVGPV CWOQFGFŏGZKUVGPEGUÃFGPVCKTGEQORTQ- 'PEQTGRNWUOGPCÁCPVRQWTNCUWTXKG
OQKPUFGRQWTEGPVFGNCRQRWNCVKQP OGVFŏWPGOCPKÂTGIÃPÃTCNGNCUCPVÃGV FGU JCDKVCPVU FG NC HQTÄV SWG NŏKPUÃEW-

XQKTNCHKIWTG NG DKGPÄVTG #WLQWTFŏJWK NGU RQRWNC- TKVÃ CNKOGPVCKTG GUV NG FCPIGT EQPUVK-
#WLQWTFŏJWK NC OQTVCNKVÃ KPHCPVKNG VKQPU HQTGUVKÂTGU UQPV RQWT NC RNWRCTV VWÃ RCT NGU OCNCFKGU VTCPUOKUUKDNGU
GUV EQORCTCDNG ´ EGNNG GPTGIKUVTÃG GP FGU CITKEWNVGWTU .GU RQRWNCVKQPU FG RCTVKEWNKÂTGOGPV XCTKÃGU FCPU NGU ÃEQ-
'WTQRGKN[CSWGNSWGUUKÂENGU7PGEQWTVG EJCUUGWTUEWGKNNGWTUSWKEJQKUKUUGPVFG U[UVÂOGUJWOKFGUGVEJCWFU
FWTÃGFGXKGGVWPGOQTVCNKVÃKPHCPVKNG PGRCURCUUGTŃŏCITKEWNVWTGHQPVNŏQDLGV %KFGUUQWU UQPV FÃETKVU EGTVCKPU FGU

29
TABLEAU 1. Comparaison de la charge parasite entre divers groupes d’anciens chasseurs-cueilleurs forestiers
actuellement sédentarisés (pourcentage de la population infestée)
Chasseurs-cueilleurs Pays Ankylostomes Trichures Ascaris Amibes
sédentaires (Ankylostoma (Trichuris (Ascaris spp.)
spp. et Necator spp.) Pathogènes Non-
spp.) pathogènes
Groupes d’Asie du Sud-Est
Tubu Punan Indonésie 35 9 60 5 6
Semang Malaisie 93 56 12 9 30
Temiar Malaisie 78 23 2 3 18
Jahut Malaisie 52 29 20 8 28
Semai Malaisie 74 12 13 10 39
Jakun Malaisie 64 62 65 3 31
Semelai Malaisie 70 72 71 6 17
Temuan Malaisie 79 91 59 12 37
Pygmées africains
Mbuti République 85 70 57 36 –
démocratique du Congo
Aka République 71 – – – –
centrafricaine
Kola Cameroun – 85 51 – –
Medjan Cameroun – 83 90 – –
Amérindiens
Yanomami Brésil 59 80 86 49 85
Ticuna Colombie 83 77 76 69 55
Palikur Guyane française 90 19 76 31 16
Campa Pérou 45 20 28 21 37
Xingu Brésil 81 – 18 61 87
Note: – = pas de données disponibles
GHHGVUFÃHCXQTCDNGUFKTGEVUUWTNCUCPVÃ FŏQTKIKPGJWOCKPG.CRQNNWVKQPHÃECNG FKUUÃOKPÃGURCTNCHCWPGUCWXCIGOCKU

SWGTGRTÃUGPVGNCVTCPUKVKQP´WPOQFG GUV CWUUK WPG UQWTEG FŏKPHGEVKQPU DCE- SWŏGNNGU PŏCKGPV RCU RW UG RTQRCIGT ´
FGXKGUÃFGPVCKTG VÃTKGPPGU GV XKTCNGU FG NŏKPVGUVKP SWK RCTVKT FW HQ[GT FŏKPHGEVKQP ECT XKXCPV
.GUVGTTGUFÃHTKEJÃGUQÔUŏÃVCDNKUUGPV EQPUVKVWGPVNGURTKPEKRCNGUECWUGUFGNC FCPU FG RGVKVU JCOGCWZ FKURGTUÃU NGU
NGU XKNNCIGU RGTOCPGPVU UWDKUUGPV WPG OCNPWVTKVKQPFGNCFKCTTJÃGKPHGEVKGWUG XKEVKOGU KPHGEVÃGU RÃTKUUCKGPV QW IWÃ-
ICOOGRNWUÃNGXÃGFGXCTKCVKQPULQWTPC- et de la mortalité infantile. TKUUCKGPVCXCPVFŏGPVTGTGPEQPVCEVCXGE
NKÂTGUFGNCVGORÃTCVWTGGVFGNŏJWOKFKVÃ .G RQTV FG XÄVGOGPVU GWTQRÃGPU GUV FGU RQRWNCVKQPU JWOCKPGU RNWU PQO-
.ŏCNVGTPCPEGFGUPWKVURNWUHTQKFGUGVRNWU HQTVGOGPVGPEQWTCIÃRCTNGUOKUUKQPPCK- DTGWUGU &CPU NGU VGORU OQFGTPGU NC
JWOKFGU CXGE FGU LQWTPÃGU RNWU EJCW- TGUGVNGUCWVQTKVÃUNQECNGU6QWVGHQKUGP JCWUUG GZRQPGPVKGNNG FW EQOOGTEG GV
FGUGVRNWUUÂEJGUHCXQTKUGNGUOCNCFKGU NŏCDUGPEGFGUCXQPNGUOÄOGUXÄVGOGPVU FGUXQ[CIGUGPVGTOGUFGXQNWOGGVFG
RWNOQPCKTGU UGRQTVGPVUQWKNNÃULWUSWŏŃGWTFGUVTWE- TCRKFKVÃ C VTCPUHQTOÃ NŏÃRKFÃOKQNQIKG
.G OCPSWG FG UGTXKEGU FŏCUUCKPKUUG- VKQPHQTOCPVWPVGTTCKPHGTVKNGRQWTNGU FGUPQWXGNNGUOCNCFKGUKPHGEVKGWUGUNGWT
OGPVGVNCRTQOKUEWKVÃCEETWGOWNVKRNKGPV OCNCFKGUEWVCPÃGU EQPHÃTCPVWPGGPXGTIWTGOQPFKCNGGVPQP
NGUEQPVCEVUCXGENGUFÃEJGVUFŏQTKIKPG .GTKUSWGFGEQPVTCEVGTFGU\QQPQUGU NQECNG8KXCPVFCPUFGUXKNNCIGURGTOC-
CPKOCNG GV JWOCKPG GPEQWTCIGCPV NC (maladies transmises entre animaux et PGPVU GV RNWU GPEQODTÃU NGU CPEKGPU
RQNNWVKQPHÃECNGGVCWIOGPVCPVNCEJCTIG JWOCKPUGUVÃNGXÃFCPUWPGHQTÄVJCDK- EJCUUGWTUEWGKNNGWTU SWK EQPVKPWGPV
RCTCUKVG .GU VCWZ FG XGTU KPVGUVKPCWZ VÃGRCTNGUJQOOGUQWFQOGUVKSWÃGGP FŏÄVTGVTKDWVCKTGUFWIKDKGTŌRQWTNGWT
Ō SWK ECWUGPV NŏCPÃOKG GV TCNGPVKUUGPV TCKUQPFGNCRTQNKHÃTCVKQPFGXGEVGWTUFG RTQRTGCNKOGPVCVKQPGVRQWTNGEQOOGTEG
RCTHQKU NC ETQKUUCPEG CXGE FGU EQPUÃ- OCNCFKGURTQRCIÃURCTNGUTQPIGWTUECT Ō UQPV RNWU GZRQUÃU CWZ \QQPQUGU GV
SWGPEGURQVGPVKGNNGUFTCOCVKSWGUUWTNG EGUFGTPKGTUUQPVCVVKTÃURCTNGUQTFWTGU RNWU UWUEGRVKDNGU FG EQPVTKDWGT ´ NGWT
FÃXGNQRRGOGPV RU[EJKSWG FGU GPHCPVU OÃPCIÂTGUGVNGUFÃRÏVUFŏCNKOGPVU.G FKHHWUKQP+NUQPVFGUPKXGCWZRNWUÃNGXÃU
Ō UG UQPV IÃPÃTCNGOGPV CEETWU CXGE NG EQPVCEVHTÃSWGPVCXGEWPGICOOGRNWU FŏKOOWPQINQDWNKPGUFCPUNGWTUCPISWG
OQFG FG XKG UÃFGPVCKTG %GRGPFCPV NCTIGFŏCPKOCWZFQOGUVKSWGUCWIOGPVG NGUCITKEWNVGWTUEGSWKKPFKSWGWPGRTQ-
les Punan sédentaires ont des taux de CWUUKNCRTQDCDKNKVÃFŏWPVTCPUHGTVRCVJQ- RGPUKQPRNWUOCTSWÃGŃŏKPHGEVKQP%GVVG
EJCTIGRCTCUKVGKPHÃTKGWTURCTGZGORNG IÂPGGPVTGNGUGURÂEGU'PQWVTGNGUGCWZ FGTPKÂTGOÂPGUQWXGPVŃCOCNPWVTKVKQP
ÉGWZFGPQODTGWZITQWRGUFGR[IOÃGU UVCIPCPV RTÂU FG NŏJCDKVCV CVVKTGPV NGU SWK ´ UQP VQWT FKOKPWG NC TÃUKUVCPEG
CHTKECKPUECTKNUUGUQPVÃVCDNKUNGNQPI KPUGEVGURQTVGWTUFGOCNCFKGU FÃVGTOKPCPVRCTN´WPGPQWXGNNGKPHGE-
FGUDGTIGUFGUEQWTUFŏGCWSWŏKNUWVKNKUGPV .ŏCRRCTKVKQP FG PQWXGNNGU \QQPQUGU VKQPUGNQPWPEGTENGXKEKGWZ
´FGUHKPUUCPKVCKTGU
XQKTNGVCDNGCW UG HCKV RNWU CKIWÅ CXGE NC UÃFGPVCTKUC- .ŏGZRQUKVKQP CEETWG CWZ OCNCFKGU
.C TKEJG HCWPG CSWCVKSWG CUUWTG WP VKQP +N GUV RTQDCDNG SWG EGU OCNCFKGU VTCPUOKUUKDNGU
XCTKQNG TQWIGQNG
TGE[ENCIGTCRKFGGVGHHKECEGFGUFÃEJGVU UQKGPVUQWXGPVCRRCTWGUFCPUNGRCUUÃ QTGKNNQPU EJQNÃTC TWDÃQNG FKRJVÃTKG

30
Vivant dans des villages

permanents et plus
encombrés, les anciens
chasseurs-cueilleurs
VQWLQWTUVTKDWVCKTGUFW
gibier contribuent à la
diffusion de zoonoses
sauvages, comme les
virus Ebola auxquelles
les carcasses de
gorilles fournissent des
réservoirs
E. DOUNIAS
GV ITKRRG RCT GZGORNG GUV NKÃG ´ FGU VKQP CEVWGNNGOGPV RCTOK NGU CPEKGPU SWKUWKXGPVIÃPÃTCNGOGPVNCETQKUUCPEG
EQPEGPVTCVKQPUFGPUGUFŏÃVCDNKUUGOGPVU EJCUUGWTUEWGKNNGWTUNCVWDGTEWNQUGGUV ÃEQPQOKSWGFCPUNGUHQTÄVUVTQRKECNGU
JWOCKPU&CPUFGRGVKVUITQWRGUKUQNÃU EGNNGSWKEQPVTKDWGNGRNWUŃCOQTVCNKVÃ GPVTCÉPGPV FCPU NGWT UKNNCIG FGU EJCP-
FGRGTUQPPGUEGUCIGPVURCVJQIÂPGUPG humaine (Barrett et al. IGOGPVU FW TÃIKOG CNKOGPVCKTG GV FG
RGWXGPV FWTGT NQPIVGORU KNU RCUUGPV .CHCKDNGFGPUKVÃFÃOQITCRJKSWGGVNC NŏÃVCVPWVTKVKQPPGNFGNCRQRWNCVKQP.G
TCRKFGOGPV´VTCXGTUNGITQWRGGVEJCSWG FKURGTUKQP FGU ÃVCDNKUUGOGPVU NKÃU ´ NC RCUUCIG ´ WP OQFG FG XKG UÃFGPVCKTG
RGTUQPPGGUVKPHGEVÃGNGUUWLGVURÃTKUUGPV XKG PQOCFG RTQVÃIGCKGPV GHHKECEGOGPV KPHNWGPEG NC FKURQPKDKNKVÃ GV NC FKUVTK-
QW RTQFWKUGPV WPG KOOWPKVÃ FWTCDNG NGUJCDKVCPVUEQPVTGNGUOCNCFKGU´VTCPU- bution des aliments, et notamment la
GV NŏCIGPV RCVJQIÂPG OGWTV FÂU SWŏKN OKUUKQPXGEVQTKGNNGECTNGUJÏVGUJWOCKPU UCPVÃGVNŏÃVCVPWVTKVKQPPGNFGUGPHCPVU
Pŏ[ C RNWU RGTUQPPG ´ KPHGEVGT /CKU RQVGPVKGNUÃVCKGPVENCKTUGOÃUFCPUNŏGPXK- .GU 2WPCP RÃTKWTDCKPU UÃFGPVCTKUÃU GV
NQTUSWGNGUJWOCKPUUGTÃWPKUUGPVRQWT TQPPGOGPVGVFQPEOQKPUXKUKDNGURQWT NGUR[IOÃGU-QNCGV$CMCUÃFGPVCKTGU
HQTOGTWPGITCPFGRQRWNCVKQPEQPEGP- NGUXGEVGWTU.GU2WPCPGVNGUR[IOÃGU RCTGZGORNGVGPFGPV´KPIÃTGTWPGZEÂU
VTÃGEGUOCNCFKGUQPVWPGOCUUGETKVKSWG PQOCFGUÃVCKGPVGZGORVUFWRCNWFKUOG FŏCNKOGPVU´HQTVGFGPUKVÃÃPGTIÃVKSWGSWK
FŏJCDKVCPVUUWHHKUCPVGRQWTRGTOGVVTGNC RWKUSWŏKNUUGFÃRNCÁCKGPVEQPUVCOOGPV UQPVTKEJGUGPOCVKÂTGUITCUUGUGVUWETGU
RTQRCICVKQP .ŏCIGPV RCVJQIÂPG RGWV JQTU FW TC[QP FG XQN FGU OQWUVKSWGU NKDTGU OCKU RCWXTGU GP INWEKFGU .GU
RGTUKUVGTOÄOGCRTÂUWPGÃRKFÃOKGECT CXCPVSWGNGURCTCUKVGUTGURQPUCDNGUFGNC ÃVWFGUÃRKFÃOKQNQIKSWGUQPVOQPVTÃWP
NGUPCKUUCPEGUGVNŏKOOKITCVKQPHQWTPKU- maladie (PlasmodiumURRPGRWKUUGPV NKGPGPVTGWPVGNTÃIKOGCNKOGPVCKTGGVNGU
UGPVEQPVKPWGNNGOGPVCUUG\FGPQWXGCWZ UGTGRTQFWKTG TKUSWGUFGOCNCFKGUFÃIÃPÃTCVKXGUEJTQ-
JÏVGU+NRGWVRTQURÃTGTKPFÃHKPKOGPVGV .GUCNVÃTCVKQPUFWRC[UCIGGVNGUEJCP- PKSWGUFGNŏ¸IGCFWNVGOQ[GPGVCXCPEÃ
WPGPQWXGNNGÃRKFÃOKGRGWVUŏGPUWKXTG IGOGPVUSWKCEEQORCIPGPVNCTÃKPUVCN- PQVCOOGPVNGUOCNCFKGUECTFKQXCUEWNCK-
NQTUSWG NG PQODTG FG PQWXGCWZ JÏVGU NCVKQPFGUUQEKÃVÃUPQOCFGUEQOOGNC TGUGVEGTVCKPUV[RGUFGECPEGT&ŏCWVTGU
UŏGUVUWHHKUCOOGPVCEETW#W-CNKOCP- EQPUVTWEVKQP FG TQWVGU NŏGZVTCEVKQP FG VTQWDNGUPWVTKVKQPPGNUEQOOGNŏCPÃOKG
VCPNCXCTKQNGCECWUÃFGUTCXCIGURCTOK DQKUNŏGZRNQKVCVKQPOKPKÂTGGVNGURNCP- NŏQDÃUKVÃ NŏJ[RGTVGPUKQP NGU PKXGCWZ
NGUCITKEWNVGWTU&C[CMOCKUNGUPQOCFGU VCVKQPUCITQKPFWUVTKGNNGUGPVTCÉPGPVFGU ÃNGXÃUFGEJQNGUVÃTQNGVNGFKCDÂVGCRRC-
2WPCPQPVÃVÃTCTGOGPVCVVGKPVUECTKNU ƀCODÃGUFGRCNWFKUOG.GUVTCXCKNNGWTU TCKUUGPVCWUUKEJG\EGUCPEKGPUEJCUUGWTU
RTCVKSWCKGPVNGVTQEUKNGPEKGWZRQWTÃXKVGT VGORQTCKTGUFCPUNGU\QPGUQÔNCOCNCFKG EWGKNNGWTU.GWTUDQPPGUEQPFKVKQPURJ[-
NG EQPVCEV RJ[UKSWG FKTGEV RGPFCPV NGU GUVGPFÃOKSWGGVVTÂUTÃRCPFWG
EJCPVKGTU UKSWGUNÃIGPFCKTGUUQPVEQORTQOKUGUGV
ÃRKFÃOKGUKNUQPVFÃNKOKVÃWPG\QPGQÔ FŏGZRNQKVCVKQPXKNNCIGUCITQKPFWUVTKGNU ŃŏJGWTGCEVWGNNGKPHÃTKGWTGUÉGNNGUFG
NGU EQOOGTÁCPVU GZVÃTKGWTU RQWXCKGPV HCXQTKUGPV RCTHQKU NG TGVQWT FG HQTOGU NGWTUXQKUKPUCITKEWNVGWTU
FÃRQUGTNGWTUOCTEJCPFKUGUGVCRTÂUNGWT CKIWÅU FG Plasmodium URR CRVGU ´ .ŏKPFKEGFGOCUUGEQTRQTGNNGŌWPGGUVK-
FÃRCTVKNUTGVKTCKGPVNGUDKGPUGVNCKUUCKGPV FÃENGPEJGTWPGÃRKFÃOKG%ŏGUVEGSWKGUV OCVKQPFGURQWTEGPVCIGUTGNCVKHUFGOCVKÂ-
CW OÄOG GPFTQKV NGWT RCKGOGPV UQWU CTTKXÃGPFCPUFGWZXKNNCIGURWPCP TGUITCUUGUGVFGOCUUGOWUEWNCKTGFCPU
HQTOG FG RTQFWKVU HQTGUVKGTU
-PCRGP TGEWNÃUFWDCUUKPXGTUCPVVWDWNQTUSWG NGEQTRUJWOCKPDCUÃGUWTWPGÃSWCVKQP
#WLQWTFŏJWK VQWVGHQKU KN PŏGUV NGUVTCXCKNNGWTUTGXGPCPVFG/CNCKUKGQPV TGNKCPVNGRQKFUGVNCJCWVGWTŌGUVNCTIG-
RNWURQUUKDNGFGTGEQWTKTCWVTQEUKNGP- TCOGPÃWPGHQTOGITCXGFGRCNWFKUOG OGPVWVKNKUÃRQWTÃXCNWGTNŏÃVCVPWVTKVKQP-
EKGWZGPIWKUGFGRTQVGEVKQPQWFGVQWV SWKCECWUÃNCOQTVFGGPHCPVU
NCOQKVKÃ PGNFŏWPGRQRWNCVKQPFQPPÃG.GUKPFKEGU
UKORNGOGPV VTQWXGT TGHWIG FCPU WPG FGNCRQRWNCVKQPCWFGUUQWUFGCPUGP RQWTNGUEJCUUGWTUEWGKNNGWTUUÃFGPVCK-
\QPG RNWU TGEWNÃG 2CTOK NGU FKHHÃTGP- NŏGURCEGFGSWGNSWGUOQKU´RGKPG TGUUQPVVTÂUKPHÃTKGWTUÉGWZFGNGWTU
VGU KPHGEVKQPU SWK HQPV NGWT TÃCRRCTK- .ŏKPFWUVTKCNKUCVKQP GV NŏWTDCPKUCVKQP XQKUKPUCITKEWNVGWTU
XQKTNGVCDNGCW

31
%GRGPFCPV EJG\ NGU 6WDW 2WPCP SWK TABLEAU 2. Indice de masse corporelle de quelques anciennes sociétés de
QPV EJQKUK FG FGOGWTGT FCPU NC HQTÄV chasseurs-cueilleurs comparé à celui de certains de leurs voisins pêcheurs

FÃUKIPÃURCTNGVGTOGnÃNQKIPÃUFCPU et agriculteurs
NGVCDNGCWEGVKPFKEGGUVDKGPOGKNNGWT
Population Hommes Femmes Source
SWGEJG\NGWTURCTGPVUSWKQPVÃVÃGPEQW-
Kola de la côte, Cameroun
TCIÃURCTNGUCWVQTKVÃUKPFQPÃUKGPPGU´
Pygmées 20.2 19.7 Froment et al., 1993
UŏKPUVCNNGT RTÂU FG NC XKNNG FG /CNKPCW Pêcheurs Yasa 22.3 21.9 Froment et al., 1993
CWFÃDWVFGUCPPÃGU
FÃUKIPÃURCTNG Agriculteurs Mvae 22.0 22.5 Froment et al., 1993
VGTOGnRÃTKWTDCKPUFCPUNGVCDNGCW
Kola continentaux, Cameroun
Pygmées 20.0 19.8 Kesteloot et al., 1996
… ET CAUSENT DE NOUVEAUX Agriculteurs Bulu et Ngumba 20.7 21.0 Kesteloot et al., 1996
TROUBLES SOCIAUX
Efe, République démocratique
.COQFGTPKUCVKQPŌUQWXGPVCEEÃNÃTÃGRCT du Congo
NGUKPEKVCVKQPUFGUIQWXGTPGOGPVUŌGUV Pygmées 20.2 20.2 Bailey et al., 1993
IÃPÃTCNGOGPV CUUQEKÃG ´ WPG RCWXTGVÃ Agriculteurs Lese 21.6 21.7 Bailey et al., 1993
CEETWG'NNGEQPVTKDWG´WPGUÃTKGFGVTQW- Bornéo, Indonésie

DNGUUQEKCWZSWKVQWEJGPVKPFKTGEVGOGPV Tubu Punan (éloignés) 20.6 19.9 Dounias et al., 2004
NCUCPVÃFGUJCDKVCPVUFGNCHQTÄV
.GXCPI Tubu Punan (périurbains) 19.9 19.6 Dounias et al., 2004
&QWPKCUGV5KVQTWU Agriculteurs Iban 20.9 22.2 5VTKEMNCPFGV&WHſGNF
.ŏCEEÂUHCEKNKVÃŃŏÃFWECVKQPCWZOCT-
EJÃU GV CW EQOOGTEG CWZ RQUUKDKNKVÃU EQPUÃSWGPEGFKTGEVGFGNGWTCEEÂUKPÃICN PQOCFG %ŏGUV CKPUK SWG RCT TCRRQTV
FŏGORNQKGVCWZUGTXKEGUFGUCPVÃNQECWZ CWZUGTXKEGUFGUCPVÃ.GUHQPEVKQPPCKTGU ŃGWTUXQKUKPUCITKEWNVGWTU&C[CMNGU
GUV NŏCTIWOGPV CFQRVÃ JCDKVWGNNGOGPV FQPVWPITCPFPQODTGEQPUKFÂTGPVGPEQTG 2WPCPPŏQPVSWŏWPGEQPPCKUUCPEGNKOKVÃG
RQWT KORQUGT CWZ EJCUUGWTUEWGKNNGWTU EQOOGRTKOKVKHUNGUJCDKVCPVUFGNCHQTÄV FGURNCPVGUC[CPVFGURTQRTKÃVÃUCPVKRCNW-
NCUÃFGPVCTKUCVKQP%GRGPFCPVRQWTRNW- TGHWUGPV UQWXGPV FŏÄVTG CHHGEVÃU ´ FGU FKSWGU
.GCOCPet al..GUIWÃTKU-
UKGWTUTCKUQPURTCVKSWGUEGUCXCPVCIGUUG XKNNCIGUTGEWNÃUQWNGUSWKVVGPVCWDQWV UGWTUGVNGUCÉPÃUUCIGURGTFGPVFQPENGWT
EQPETÃVKUGPVTCTGOGPV.GUÃVCDNKUUGOGPVU FGSWGNSWGUOQKU2QWTNGURQRWNCVKQPU KPHNWGPEGRQNKVKSWGGVNGEQPHNKVUQEKCN
RGTOCPGPVUUQPVPQTOCNGOGPVUKVWÃUNQKP HQTGUVKÂTGUNŏKNNWUKQPFWFÃXGNQRRGOGPV GPVTGIÃPÃTCVKQPUFGXKGPVRNWUHTÃSWGPV
FGUXKNNGUGVNŏÃNQKIPGOGPVRCTTCRRQTV FQPPGNKGW´FGUUGPVKOGPVUFGHTWUVTCVKQP .GOCPSWGFGEQPVTÏNGUUQEKCWZFÃVGT-
CWZUGTXKEGUTGUVGWPGEQPVTCKPVG#KPUK GVFGFÃNCKUUGOGPV.GUCRRWKUUQEKCWZ OKPGWPWUCIGKORTQRTGFTCOCVKSWGFG
NGUR[IOÃGU$CMCUÃFGPVCKTGUUQPVDGCW- EQOOG NŏGPVTCKFG NGU CEVKXKVÃU EQNNGE- OÃFKECOGPVUOCPWHCEVWTÃUEQOOGNGU
EQWRRNWUVQWEJÃURCTNGRKCPWPGHQTOG VKXGUGVNGRCTVCIGFGUCNKOGPVUUQPVGP EQORTKOÃUCPCNIÃUKSWGUSWKUQPVXGPFWU
FG U[RJKNKU PQP XÃPÃTKGPPG SWG NGWTU DCKUUG EQPUVCPVG GV TGORNCEÃU FG RNWU UCPU TGUVTKEVKQP FCPU NGU OCICUKPU FG
XQKUKPUCITKEWNVGWTU
TGURGEVKXGOGPV GP RNWU UQWXGPV RCT FGU CVVKVWFGU RNWU FÃVCKNNQECWZGVNGUCPVKDKQVKSWGUŃCTIG
RQWTEGPVEQPVTGRQWTEGPVEQOOG KPFKXKFWCNKUVGU URGEVTG SWK UQPV UQWXGPV KPIÃTÃU UCPU
.G UVTGUU GV NC FÃRTGUUKQP UQPV FGU VGPKTEQORVGFGUKPUVTWEVKQPUFŏGORNQK
L’alcoolisme est une nouvelle
OCNCFKGU OGPVCNGU CUUG\ TÃRCPFWGU .ŏCWVQOÃFKECVKQPGVNGUCEEQWVWOCPEGU
pathologie en augmentation parmi
les villageois sédentaires Baka SWKRGWXGPVOGPGTŃCXKQNGPEGEQPLW- TGNCVKXGUUQPVFÃUQTOCKUWPITCXGRTQ-
ICNGGV´FKXGTUV[RGUFŏCEEQWVWOCPEG DNÂOG FG UCPVÃ RQWT NGU UQEKÃVÃU LCFKU
.ŏCNEQQNKUOGGVNGVCDCIKUOGCPETÃUUQPV nomades.
TGURQPUCDNGUFŏWPGKPVQZKECVKQPFKTGEVG
GVRGWXGPVÄVTGNGUECWUGUKPFKTGEVGUFG CONCLUSION
RCVJQNQIKGU EQOOG NC VWDGTEWNQUG .C 5KNGUÃEQU[UVÂOGUHQTGUVKGTUUQPVF[PC-
EQPXGTUKQPCWEJTKUVKCPKUOGFGU2WPCP OKSWGUNGUUQEKÃVÃUJWOCKPGUSWKGPUQPV
CNKOKVÃNŏKORCEVFGNŏCNEQQNKUOGOCKU tributaires le sont aussi. Les habitants
NŏGORJ[UÂOGGVNGECPEGTQPVCWIOGPVÃ FGNCHQTÄVQPVFÖUŏCFCRVGT´FGUEJCP-
FWURTQDCDNGOGPVŃŏWUCIGGZCIÃTÃFGNC IGOGPVUEQPVKPWGNUFGEGUÃEQU[UVÂOGU
EKICTGVVG
5VTKEMNCPFGV&WHHKGNF %GRGPFCPVEGWZCWZSWGNUKNUHQPVHCEG
.CRTÃXCNGPEGGPJCWUUGTCRKFGFGUOCNC- CWLQWTFŏJWKUQPVDGCWEQWRRNWUDTWVCWZ
FKGU VTCPUOKUGU UGZWGNNGOGPV EQOOG GV TCFKECWZ SWG FCPU NG RCUUÃ &GXCPV
NG U[PFTQOG FŏKOOWPQFÃHKEKGPEG WP FÃDQKUGOGPV FŏWPG TCRKFKVÃ ETQKU-
CESWKU
5+&#GUVWPCWVTGGZGORNGFG UCPVGWPGOQFKHKECVKQPFTCEQPKGPPGFG
NŏnCVVTCEVKQPHCVCNGFWFÃXGNQRRGOGPV NC FKURQPKDKNKVÃ FGU TGUUQWTEGU GV WPG

(TQOGPV KPHNWGPEG GPXCJKUUCPVG FG NŏÃEQPQOKG
.GURTCVKSWGUFGIWÃTKUQPVTCFKVKQPPGN- OQPÃVCKTGEGUITQWRGUQPVFGRNWUGP
NGUUQPVKPGHHKECEGUFCPUNGVTCKVGOGPVFGU RNWUFGFKHHKEWNVÃUĆFCRVGTNGWTUU[UVÂ-
A. FROMENT
OCNCFKGU SWG NGU EJCUUGWTUEWGKNNGWTU OGUUQEKCWZEWNVWTGNUÃEQPQOKSWGUGV

PŏQPV RCU EQPPWGU RGPFCPV NGWT XKG RQNKVKSWGU.GUEJQKZQRÃTÃUCWLQWTFŏJWK

32
.GULGWPGU2WPCP
qui grandissent près
FGUXKNNGUDÃPÃſEKGPV
de l’électricité et de
la télévision, mais
ils sont victimes de
discrimination sur le
marché des emplois; ainsi
des troubles nutritionnels
et des pathologies
sociales croissantes
traduisent-ils leur manque
d’adaptation écologique
et socioculturelle
P. LEVANG
Cultural Survival Quarterly

&KURQPKDNGUWT+PVGTPGV
RWDNKECVKQPUEUSEUSCTVKENGEHO!KF
RCTNGUCPEKGPPGUUQEKÃVÃUFGEJCUUGWTU Eaton, S.B. et Eaton, S.B. III.
EWGKNNGWTUPGUQPVRNWUXCNKFÃURCTNŏGZ- *WPVGTICVJGTGTUCPFJWOCPJGCNVJ&CPU
RÃTKGPEGGVNGRCUUCIGFGNCXKGPQOCFG R.B. Lee et R. Daly, éds. The Cambridge
´ NC XKG UÃFGPVCKTG UŏCXÂTG EQÖVGWZ GP Bibliographie encyclopedia of hunters and gatherers,
VGTOGUFGUWEEÂUÃEQNQIKSWG RR . %CODTKFIG 4Q[CWOG7PK
.GEJCPIGOGPVUQEKCNPŏGUVRCUPÃEGU- Bailey, R.C., Jenike, M.R., Ellison, P.T., %CODTKFIG7PKXGTUKV[2TGUU
UCKTGOGPVCEEQORCIPÃRCTWPÃSWKNKDTG Bentley, G.R., Harrigan, A.M. et Peacock, Froment, A. 'XQNWVKQPCT[ DKQNQI[
DKQNQIKSWG+NRGWVRCTHQKUKPXCNKFGTNGU N.R. 5GCUQPCNKV[QHHQQFRTQFWEVKQP CPFJGCNVJQHJWPVGTICVJGTGTRQRWNCVKQPU
OÃECPKUOGUFGFÃHGPUGGVEQORTQOGV- PWVTKVKQPCN UVCVWU QXCTKCP HWPEVKQP CPF Dans % 2CPVGT$TKEM 4* .C[VQP GV 2
VTG NŏÃVCV PWVTKVKQPPGN %G FÃUÃSWKNKDTG HGTVKNKV[KP%GPVTCN#HTKEC&CPU%/*NCFKM Rowley-Conwy, éds. Hunter-gatherers: an
DKQNQIKSWG RGWV ´ UQP VQWT OGVVTG GP # *NCFKM 1( .KPCTGU * 2CIG\[ # interdisciplinary perspectiveRR
FCPIGT NŏKPVÃITKVÃ UQEKCNG GV EWNVWTGNNG 5GORNGGV/*CFNG[ÃFUTropical forests, %CODTKFIG 4Q[CWOG7PK %CODTKFIG
FGNCUQEKÃVÃ people and food. Biocultural interactions 7PKXGTUKV[2TGUU
6QWVGHQKU FGU TÃIKOGU CNKOGPVCKTGU and applications to developmentRR Froment, A. &Q RGQRNG DGNQPI KP
SWKUGFÃITCFGPVGVWPPQODTGETQKUUCPV .2CTKU(TCPEG1TICPKUCVKQPFGU0CVKQPU VJG HQTGUV! Cultural Survival Quarterly,
FGOCNCFKGUPGUQPVSWGFGUCXGTVKUUG- 7PKGU RQWT NŏÃFWECVKQP NC UEKGPEG GV NC
Ō &KURQPKDNG UWT +PVGTPGV
OGPVU U[ORVQOCVKSWGU FG NC OCWXCKUG EWNVWTG
70'5%1 RWDNKECVKQPUEUSEUS
CFCRVCVKQPÃEQNQIKSWGGVUQEKQEWNVWTGNNG Barrett, R., Kuzawa, C.W., McDade, T. CTVKENGEHO!KF
FGU CPEKGPPGU UQEKÃVÃU FG EJCUUGWTU et Armelagos, G.J. 'OGTIKPI CPF Froment, A., Koppert, G.J.A. et Loung,
EWGKNNGWTU2NWUITCXGUSWGNCOCNPWVTK- TGGOGTIKPIKPHGEVKQWUFKUGCUGUVJGVJKTF J.-F.ő'CVYGNNNKXGYGNNŒPWVTKVKQPCN
VKQPGVNGUOCNCFKGUUQPVNŏKPUÃEWTKVÃGVNC GRKFGOKQNQIKE VTCPUKVKQP Annual Review UVCVWU CPF JGCNVJ QH HQTGUV RQRWNCVKQPU KP
FKUETKOKPCVKQPECWUÃGURCTNGURTÃLWFKEGU of Anthropology southern Cameroon. Dans C.M. Hladik, A.
UQEKCWZ .ŏCXGPKT UCKP FG EGU ITQWRGU Chivian, E.'PXKTQPOGPVCPFJGCNVJ *NCFKM1(.KPCTGU*2CIG\[#5GORNG
FÃRGPFFGHCEVGWTUUQEKQÃEQPQOKSWGUGV 5RGEKGUNQUUCPFGEQU[UVGOFKUTWRVKQPŌVJG et M. Hadley, éds. Tropical forests, people
UQEKQRQNKVKSWGUEQOOGNŏCEEÂUŃŏÃFWEC- KORNKECVKQPUHQTJWOCPJGCNVJCanadian and food. Biocultural interactions and
VKQPGVNCTGEQPPCKUUCPEGFGUFTQKVUVTCFK- Medical Association Journal
applications to developmentRR.
VKQPPGNU.ŏCUUKUVCPEGOÃFKECNGXKUCPV´ &KURQPKDNG UWT +PVGTPGV EJIG 2CTKU (TCPEG 1TICPKUCVKQP FGU 0CVKQPU
LWIWNGTNCOCNPWVTKVKQPGVNGUOCNCFKGUFG OGFJCTXCTFGFWRWDNKECVKQPULQWTPCNU 7PKGU RQWT NŏÃFWECVKQP NC UEKGPEG GV NC
EGURQRWNCVKQPUFKUUKRGTCKVNGUU[ORVÏ- FQEWOGPVUEJKXKCPECPRFH EWNVWTG
70'5%1
OGUOCKUPGFGXTCKVRCUGZENWTGFŏCWVTGU Dounias, E. 6JG OCPCIGOGPV QH Guernier, V., Hochberg, M.E. et
KPVGTXGPVKQPU FŏWPG RNWU XCUVG RQTVÃG YKNF [CO VWDGTU D[ VJG $CMC 2[IOKGU Guégan, J.-F. 'EQNQI[ FTKXGU
EQORVGVGPWFGUHCEVGWTUFGEJCPIGOGPV KP 5QWVJGTP %COGTQQP African Study the worldwide distribution of human
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26

Edmond Dounias et Alain Froment sont des

Unasylva 224, Vol. 57, 2006

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Pygmées Kola, Cameroun Punan, Kalimantan de l’Est (toutes les communautés)

Tubu Punan périurbains seulement

Pyramides des âges

Unasylva 224, Vol. 57, 2006

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Note: – = pas de données disponibles

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Unasylva 224, Vol. 57, 2006

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Vivant dans des villages

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Cultural Survival Quarterly

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