ENGLISH 1

UNIT 1

ASIGNATURA

Inglés I
GRADO EN ADMINISTRACION Y DIRECCIÓN DE EMPRESAS
GRADO EN INGENIERÍA DE ORGANIZACIÓN INDUSTRIAL
GRADO EN PERIODISMO
GRADO EN PUBLICIDAD Y RELACIONES PÚBLICAS

UNIT 1

Prof: Amaya M. Barrio Velasco

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Unit 1:
INDICE

I. PRESENTACIÓN ............................................................................................. 3
II. OBJETIVOS ................................................................................................. 3
III. ESQUEMA .................................................................................................. 4
IV. CONTENIDOS .............................................................................................. 4
1. GRAMMAR .................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Present Simple .......................................................................................... 4
1.2 Present Continuous .................................................................................... 6
1.3 Past Simple ............................................................................................... 8
1.4 Past Continuous ........................................................................................ 10
1.5 Future ‘going to’ ...................................................................................... 11
1.6 Future WILL/SHALL .................................................................................... 12
1.7 Present Continuous for future events ............................................................ 13
1.8 RELATIVE CLAUSES .................................................................................... 13
1.8.1 Types of Relative Clauses ......................................................................... 14
2. VOCABULARY: ............................................................................................ 17
2.1 Comparative and Superlative Adjectives ......................................................... 17
2.1.1 Comparative Adjectives ........................................................................... 17
2.1.2 Superlative Adjectives ........................................................................ 18
2.2 Describing People physically ..................................................................... 19
2.3 Describing character .................................................................................. 21
2.4 Possessive Pronouns and other Pronouns ........................................................ 22
3. WRITING/SPEAKING: ..................................................................................... 23
3.1 How to write an e-mail ............................................................................... 23
3.2 Agreeing and disagreeing ............................................................................ 25
3.2.1 Agreeing ........................................................................................... 25
3.2.2 Disagreeing ....................................................................................... 26
3.3 Questions ............................................................................................... 27
V. EXERCISES ................................................................................................. 29
VI. KEY......................................................................................................... 38

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I. PRESENTACIÓN

In this first unit we are going to revise tense structures, from Present Simple to Future
tenses, we are going to study Reported Speech. About vocabulary, we are going to go deeper
in comparative and superlative adjectives and pronouns. We are learning about descriptions
(physical and character). We are going to see the system to write an e-mail correctly,
agreeing, and disagreeing politely in a work environment and also about types of questions.

II. OBJETIVOS

The aim of this first unit is to learn how to use Intermediate English Tenses in our writings, to
understand English and to be able to communicate. As well as to be able to be correct in
English in our daily working life.

Hopefully, after finishing this unit you will be able to:

 Use intermediate tenses correctly.

 Understand and use Relative Clauses and Relative Pronouns

 Understand and use adjectives properly.

 Write an e-mail or other business communication correctly.

Reading is key: Almost all your information will come in the form of words. The teaching style
used in online courses may be different from the traditional model. Communication is key: As
always, effective communication is critical to success.

Remember to: Take time to review all the help files available. Do not read material just
once. Multiple reading, line-by-line reading are among the keys to understand. Study and
then re-study. Manage your time. Download or print out pages for reference and review away
from the computer.

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III. ESQUEMA

UNIT 1

1. Grammar:

1. Present Simple vs. Present Continuous

2. Past Simple vs. Past Continuous

3. Future Tenses: ‘going to’, will/shall, Present Continuous

4. Relative Clauses and Relative Pronouns

2. Vocabulary:

1. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives: describing people

2. Possessive Pronouns and other Pronouns

3. Writing/Speaking:

3.1 How to write an e-mail

3.2 Agreeing and disagreeing

3.3 Questions: questions, questions without auxiliaries and questions tags

IV. CONTENIDOS

1. GRAMMAR

1.1 Present Simple

Past Now Future

This is Present Simple, although it is called ‘Present’, it really does not show or express present
event, indeed, it shows ‘repetitions’. So that, these events are not always developed in the
present, they happened in the past, they may happen today, and probably they will keep on
happening in the future.

USE
1. To express habits, general truths, repeated actions

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Habit: I smoke 12 cigarettes a day

Repeated action: I work in London

General truth: London is a large city

2. To give instructions or directions:

You walk for two hundred metres, then you turn left.

3. To express fixed arrangements, present or future:

Your exam starts at 09.00

4. To express future time, after some conjunctions:

after, when, before, as soon as, until

He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

STRUCTURE
Present Simple Example

Positive Subject + Verb(s)1 + Complements She walks to work everyday

Negative S+ don’t/doesn’t + V + C She doesn’t walk to work every day

Question Do/does + S + V + ? Does she walk to work every day?

(1)The verb in the present simple adds a ‘-s’ whenever the subject corresponds to the 3rd person
singular (he/she/it).

1. If the root (original verb form) ends in consonant or vowel, adding ‘-s’ is enough:

He wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.

2. Verbs ending in -y: the third person changes the -y to -ies:

I often fly to NY They cry a lot

She often flies to NY He cries a lot

But if the root verb and there is a vowel before the –y, we treat this situation as in option 1.

I pray every night They always play together

She prays for her family She plays alone

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3. Those root verbs whose final sound is similar to ‘s’ add ‘-es’, for instance:
-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:

He passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

1.2 Present Continuous

Past Now Future

As it was said before, Present Simple is not a real present tense, but on the contrary Present
Continuous is. Present Continuous is the tense that we are going to use to show and express the
things or events that are happening exactly in the moment you are speaking.

USE
1. To describe an action that is going on at this moment.

You are using the Internet.

You are studying English grammar.

2. To describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend.

Are you still working for the same company?
More and more people are becoming vegetarian.

3. To describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared
(see explanation about future).
We're going on holiday tomorrow.
I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight.
Are they visiting you next winter?

4. To describe a temporary event or situation.

He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight.
The weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the moment.

5. To describe and emphasise a continuing series of repeated actions with 'always, forever,
constantly',
Harry and Sally are always arguing!
You're forever complaining about your mother-in-law!

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BE CAREFUL! Some verbs cannot be used in the continuous form

SENSES: feel, hear, see, smell, taste

OPINION: assume, believe, consider, doubt, feel (= think), find (= consider), suppose, think

MENTAL STATES: forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, recognise, remember, understand

EMOTIONS: envy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love, mind, prefer, regret, want, wish

MEASUREMENTS: contain, cost, hold, measure, weighers

STRUCTURE

Present Continuous Example

Positive Subject + am, is, are + V-ing(2) + Complements She is working now

Negative Subject + am, is, are + NOT + V-ing +C She isn’t working now

Question Am, is, are + S+ V-ing + C? Is she working now?

(2) Doubling consonants

Every time we add some letters to a ‘base’ word (-ing, -ed, -er, -est …) we must pay attention

to ‘doubling consonants’.

When is it obligatory to double consonants??

RULE:

1st – if the ‘base’ word is 1syllabled

AND

2nd – if the last three letters of the ‘base’ word follow this pattern

CONSONANT + VOWEL + CONSONANT

So that, we say:

Bigger < big

Planned < to plan

Stopping < to stop

Fattest < fat

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3rd – sometimes this also happens if the ‘base’ word is 2 syllabled, and the stress is on the

second syllable

Begin > beginning

Control > controlling

4th – there is an “exception to the exception” (*US English does not follow this)

Travel: - 2 syllables and stressed on the first BUT we write

Travelling, travelled, traveller

1.3 Past Simple

Past Now Future

Past Simple is used to express about all those event that happened before now, before the
moment in which the speaker is talking.

USE
1. The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now.
Columbus discovered America in 1492.
My father died last year.
He lived in Northampton in 1997
We finished our lesson yesterday.

2. You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is
associated with certain past time expressions:

- Frequency: often, sometimes, always;

My family usually had lunch in this restaurant

- A definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago.
Last week I worked until late

- An indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.
I didn’t go for a swim a long time ago

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Note: the word ‘ago’ is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past.
It is placed after the period of time for example: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.

STRUCTURE
Past Simple Example

Positive Subject + V (-ed or irreg) + Complements She forgot to go to the meeting

Negative Subject + didn’t + V + C She didn’t forget to go the meeting

Question Did + S + V + C? Did she forget to go to the meeting?

When we are building positive sentences, we have to write the verb in the past. In this moment,
we can find that the verb is REGULAR or IRREGULAR.
- If the verb is regular:
We only have to add ‘+ed’, but paying attention to the particularities of ‘doubling
consonants’ explained above.
We also have to be very careful about how to pronounce this ending ‘-ed’ after being placed
at the end of the root verb.

HOW TO PRONOUNCE ‘–ED’

the root verb ends in … example example- Pronounce ed extra
ed as syllable?

unvoiced /p/ hope hoped /t/ No

/f/ laugh laughed

/s/ fax faxed

/ʃ/ (air –s) wash washed

/ʧ/ (as ch) watch watched

/k/ like liked

voiced all other consonant play played /d/

sounds,
allow allowed
and vowels
beg begged

/t/ want wanted /ɪd/ yes

/d/ end ended

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- If it is irregular:

There are lots of verbs whose past and participle form are irregular; the only option of being

able to work properly with them is to study them ‘by heart’. This means that you should take

the list and study them word-by-word. There is an Appendix with the list of the most frequent

irregular verbs in English.

1.4 Past Continuous

Past Now Future

Past Continuous speaks about the past. About an event developed along the time in a moment
before the present moment.

USE
1.- To describe the background in a story written in the past tense,

"The sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the

jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant

moved very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter

who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running

towards the river..."

2.- To describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action:

"I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."

3.- To express a change of mind

"I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion
instead."

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STRUCTURE
Past Continuous Example

Positive Subject + was/were + V-ing + C I was working when the light went off

Negative Subject + wasn’t/weren’t + V-ing + C They weren’t studying when their parents arrived

Question Was/were + S + V-ing + C? What were you doing???

FUTURE TENSES
In English we have several systems to express the future. It depends on how far in time this
future event is, or the high or low probability of happening.

1.5 Future ‘going to’

USE
1.- We use 'going to' to refer to future events with a very strong association with the present,
because it is very near or because the probability to happen is very high.

After class I’m going to do the shopping

2.- to refer to our plans and intentions:

We're going to open a new branch of our office in London next year.
(= the plan is in our minds now.)

3.- to make predictions based on present evidence:

Look at those clouds - it's going to rain!

Stop swinging in the chair, you are going to fell down

STRUCTURE
Future ‘going to’ Example

Positive S+ am, is, are + GOING TO+ V + C I’m going to buy a new dress

Negative S+ am, is, are NOT+ GOING TO + V+ C She’s not going to arrive on time

Question Am, Is, Are +S+ GOING TO+ V+C + ? Are you going to come tomorrow?

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1.6 Future WILL/SHALL

‘Will’ is the easiest to recognize form as future in English. ‘Shall’ can be used instead of ‘Will’
with I and WE, although in modern English we prefer ‘will’.

USE
1.- To predict a future event:

It will rain tomorrow.

2.- To express a spontaneous decision, a decision made while speaking:

I'll pay for the tickets by credit card.

3.- To make an offer or a suggestion:

Shall I open the window?

Shall we go to the cinema tonight?

4.- To ask for advice or instructions:

What shall I tell the boss about this money?

5.- To give orders (with you):

You will do exactly as I say.

6.- To give an invitation (with you):

Will you come to the dance with me?

Will you marry me?

FUTURE EXPRESSIONS

There are several options to express future, these are the most common expressions:

Tomorrow The day after tomorrow

Soon In a minute, in an hour…
Later on In several hours, days, years….
In the future In the year 2000
Next week, month, year In the next generation
...

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STRUCTURE

Future Simple Example

Positive S+ will + V + C I’ll meet him next week
Negative S+ will NOT (won’t)+ V+ C She won’t leave soon
Question Will + S + V + C ? Will you marry me?

1.7 Present Continuous for future events

The present continuous is used:

1.- To talk about the future when the probability of happening is very high, we can speak about
100%.

2.- For arrangements for events at a time later than now.

3.- when speaking about future event, more than one person is aware of the event, and some
preparation has already happened.

I'm meeting Peter at the airport

(= and both Peter and I have spoken about this.)

1.8 RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative Clauses and Relative Pronouns

What is a Relative CLAUSE?

- It is a complete sentence (subject+verb) that adds information to a noun.

- It is a sentence INSIDE a sentence
- It is ‘an enormous adjective’. It makes the noun special, separates this noun from the rest.

We use relative clauses for definitions

A nurse …. Is the person WHO helps doctor to heal ill people
A hotel …. Is the place WHERE you can sleep if you pay

This is the house > this is the big house > this is house that I bought last year. (From all the
houses in this street, this is special because it is the one that I paid for)

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….To introduce a Relative Clause we need RELATIVE PRONOUNS…..

What is a relative PRONOUN?

It is a pronoun (referring the antecedent) that helps us to introduce the new sentence; the
pronoun has a function in the sentence, it can be SUBJECT or OBJECT (if object, they can be
crossed out)

This is the car WHICH I saw at the parking lot

He is the boy WHO goes with me to tennis class

In these two examples ‘car’ and ‘boy’ are the antecedents and ‘which’ and ‘who’ are the
relative pronouns; ‘which’ has the function of Object (as ‘I’ is the subject of the in-between
sentence) so, we could omit it without any grammatical problem, and ‘who’ is the subject of
the verb.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

PRONOUN and meaning Example

WHICH – thing This is the car which I saw in the parking lot

WHO – person He is the boy who I like most

WHOM—person (prep) He is the person whom I work with

old-fashioned
THAT – thing & person This is the car that I want / this is the girl that I like

1.8.1 Types of Relative Clauses

There are 2 types:

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES:

He is the driver who/that won the race last Sunday morning

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- They give essential information to understand the main sentence; indeed, they are part of
the main sentence. If you omit this clause, your sentence has NO meaning
- We can use THAT instead of WHO or WHICH
- Used in both writing and speaking

‘ADDING EXTRA’ or non-defining RELATIVE CLAUSES:

The football match, which was watched by 3 million people, was very exciting.

- They add extra-information to the main sentence. If we omit this clause the sentence is
COMPLETE. (the football match was very exciting)
- We cannot use THAT instead of WHO or WHICH
- Used mainly in writing
- It is written BETWEEN commas.

When can I omit the Relative Pronoun?

Sometimes, we can cross out the RELATIVE PRONOUN, but when?

We should analyze the sentence and realize which words have the function of subject, of verb,
of object, or complement...
Have a look:

This is the house which my parents bought

‘this’ subject which object
is  verb my parents  subject
house  object bought  verb

‘which’ is object, so we can omit it.

 This is the house my parents bought

Peter is the person who I told about my problems in the office

Peter  subject who object

is  verb I  subject
the person  object told  verb
...

‘who’ is object, so we can omit it.

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Peter is the person I told about my problems in the office

I don’t know who bought that car

I  subject who subject

Don’t know  verb bought  verb
that car object

‘who’ is the subject of the verb ‘bought’ so, as every subject in English it is compulsory and we
cannot omit it.

The factory which dismissed all its workers produced very little

The factory  subject which subject

produced  verb dismissed  verb
...

‘which’ is the subject of the verb ‘produced’ so, as every subject in English it is compulsory
and we cannot omit it.

Relative Pronouns can be SUBJECT or OBJECT in the sentence, so if they are OBJECT can be
omitted. Logically if they are SUBJECT, they are compulsory as every subject in English.

WHO, WHICH, THAT are the most common pronouns but we also have

RELATIVE ADVERBS:
o Whose: who+’s>whose speaks about possessions
o There are many workers + their debts are rising
 There are many workers WHOSE debts are rising

o What: means ‘the thing that…’

o He doesn’t know WHAT I think about him

o When: referring to a time

o My father goes to the barbers’ WHEN he needs

o Where: referring to a place

o I remember WHERE I went to dance WHEN I was a teenager

o Why: referring to a reason

o He doesn’t know WHY I am going to Madrid next weekend

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2. VOCABULARY:

2.1 Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

2.1.1 Comparative Adjectives

As (so) ……………as

We use this structure when the point of comparison is at the same level in both units.

Peter has $8 million in the bank  he is rich

Mary has $8 million in the bank  she is rich
As they both have the same quantity of money
Peter is as (so) rich as Mary
-You can say it in the negative and questions
 My mother isn’t as tall as my father
 Are you as beautiful as your sister?

-to introduce the second unit of the comparison you can need:
 A noun: I am as clever as my sister
 A pronoun (object): Peter is as intelligent as me
 A possessive: This car is as fast as mine
 A Saxon Genitive: This car is as fast as Peter’s (car)
 A complete sentence: He is not as clever as he thinks

+er than / more …… than:

We use this structure when the point of comparison is different in both units. We have to
distinguish between SHORT and LONG adjectives.

SHORT ADJECTIVES:
Inside the group of Short adjectives we can find:
o 1 syllabled adjectives (short, fat, long, cheap….)
o 2 syllabled adjectives ending in –y (happy, noisy, heavy …)

Short Adj Adjective + -er + than shorter than, cheaper than, bigger than ….*

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Short adj -y Adjective + -ier + than happier than, noisier than, heavier than…

* In case of adjectives following this pattern (consonant+vowel+consonant) CVC we must add

an extra Consonant (remember (2) Doubling consonants rules)

 Fat+t+er than big+g+er than mad+d+er than

LONG ADJECTIVES:
o All adjectives that don’t belong to the previous cases: 2 or more syllables

In these cases we add:

In case of negative
…
This film was more boring than I expected
Positive MORE + adj + THAN more intelligent than, more clever than, more dangerous than
Negative LESS + adj + THAN This hotel was less expensive than the one last year

‘THAN’: is an exclusive word, this means that you will only find this word in comparison
sentences.

2.1.2 Superlative Adjectives

We use this structure when there is no point of comparison, because one (article, person...)
stands out.
SHORT ADJECTIVES:
Short adj The + adjective + -est The biggest, the richest, the poorest ...

Short adj -y The + adj + iest The happiest, the noisiest, the heaviest ...

LONG ADJECTIVES:

Positive The most +adj The most intelligent, the most clever*, the most dangerous ...
Negative The least + adj We chose the least expensive hotel

* ‘Clever’ can be considered short in UK or long in US, so that, both, cleverer and cleverest
can be correct

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IRREGULAR ONES

There are some adjectives that have an irregular form to build comparative and superlative
forms:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Good Better than The best
Bad Worse than The worst
Far Farther than The farthest

2.2 Describing People physically

We can describe people in many ways; this is only a division to make easier your learning.
We can start speaking about how tall people are, and we can say that they are:

height  Short
 Tall
 Average
 Normal
 Medium height

When we speak about the complexion, we must be very careful because some of the
adjectives that we already know and use can be considered offensive. In that way we have to
be careful.

Low weight: complexion

 skinny
 anorexic
 underweight
 thin
 slim
 slender

Well-built:

 bonny

Over weight:
o plump
o stocky
 fat

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 tubby
 overweight

To describe someone’s hair we have to pay attention first to colour, so we can say:
My/your … hair is …
 Blonde/fair
 Brown/brunette hair
 Red
 Black
 Grey

Or we can use the expression:

I am red-haired
My father is blonde-haired but my hair is brown.

If we pay attention to the length, we use the same structures and system using the following
vocabulary:
 Long hair
 Short hair
 Medium length
 Bald
 Curly / wavy
 Straight

To speak about the color of the eyes we use, as we do to describe the hair, this expression:

 Green-eyed eyes
 Blue-eyed
 Brown-eyed
 Dark-eyed

Be careful when you speak about a person whose eyes are black you cannot say it like that as
‘black eye’ means this:

Finally, to speak about skin colour we can use:

 Light  Tan
 Fair skin  Brown
 Medium  Dark brown
 Olive  Black

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2.3 Describing character

modest arrogant thoughtful impulsive polite rude

aggressive happy
altruist selfish peaceful violent cheerful sad

sociable shy attentive absent-minded deep superficial

generous mean pleasant / nice unpleasant reliable unstable

pessimist optimist
fun boring negative positive mature immature

demanding flexible tolerant intolerant strong weak

honest liar tidy messy talkative quiet

serious hard-working lazy distant

funny affectionate

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calm nervous good bad angry confused

attractive creative stressed jealous surprised

sorry)

https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables

2.4 Possessive Pronouns and other Pronouns

Here you are a list summing up and revising the pronouns; Possessive Articles are also included
for you to compare and descriptions.

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE

ARTICLES PRONOUNS

I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
+ verb verb+ +noun
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

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3. WRITING/SPEAKING:

3.1 How to write an e-mail

E-mail: Inbox

To: Who? The person/s who will receive the message

From: From Who? You or your company

Date: When?

Subject: What about? (1&2)

1. Subjects
Give the message a subject/title. E-mail messages without a subject may not be
opened because of a fear of viruses and especially note that it is very easy to forget to
type this important information. Although most programs warns you about forgetting
it.

2. Subject contents
Keep the subject short and clear but avoid such headings as:
‘Good News’, ‘Hello’, ‘Message from Mary’. These headings are common in messages
containing viruses and, indeed they mean nothing, there is nothing in this type of
subject that awakens my interest in reading them.

Short but specific headings are needed,

For - Order No. 2348X

example: - Delayed Shipment
- Laboratory Equipment Order
- meeting cancelled

3. Greetings
Start the message with a greeting so as to help create a friendly but business-like
tone. The choice of using the other name versus the surname will depend on who you
are writing to. If you have communicated with the receiver previously and he/she is at

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a similar level to you, then the use of the other name would be appropriate. If the
receiver is more senior to you, or if you are in doubt, it would be safer (particularly in
the first communication) to use the person’s surname/family name together with a
title,
e.g. Dear Mr Simpson, or Dear Ms Smith,

It is also becoming quite common to write the greeting without a comma,

e.g. Dear Miss Lawson
e.g. Dear Mr. Law
 Dear does not mean that you love this person, it is a fixed sentence.

Start writing
1. Purpose
Start with a clear indication of what the message is about in the first paragraph.
Give full details in the following paragraph(s).
Make sure that the final paragraph indicates what should happen next.
e.g. I will send a messenger to your office on Tuesday morning to collect the
documents I need
e.g. Please let me have your order by the beginning of the month.

2. Action
Any action that you want the reader to do, should be clearly described, using
politeness phrases. Use expressions such as 'Could you...' or ' I would be grateful
if...'. Superior staff should also use polite phrases, for example, 'Please...'.

3. Attachments
Make sure you refer, in the main message, to any attachments you are adding and
of course, make extra sure that you remember to include the attachment(s). As
attachments can transmit viruses, try not to use them, unless you are sending
complicated documents. Copy-and-paste text-only contents into the body of the e-
mail. If you use an attachment, make sure the file name describes the content,
and is not too general; e.g. 'message.doc' is bad, but ‘Quality report 2015.doc' is
good.

4. Endings
End the message in a polite way. Common endings are:
Yours sincerely, Best regards, Best wishes, Regards,
If you did not put a comma after the greeting at the beginning of the message,
then do not put a comma after the ending either,
e.g. Best wishes

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e.g. Regards

5. Names
Include your name at the end of the message. It is most annoying to receive an
email that does not include the name of the sender. The problem is that often the
email address of the sender does not indicate exactly who it is from, e.g.
0385915d@jcyl.edu.com

Please follow these guidelines with all e-mail messages that you send.

Kind regards
Javier Calvo
Human Resources Manager

3.2 Agreeing and disagreeing

3.2.1 Agreeing

‘To agree’ means:

 to have the same opinion: we don’t agree on politics

 to be other person’s mind: he agrees with me completely

We have several ways to express your agreement, depending on the environment in

which you have to express yourself you have to choose one or the other. Taking into
account things such as:
 who are you speaking with
 personal relationships
 formal or informal meeting
 your position towards the rest of the people
 …

a.1.- SHORT EXPRESSIONS TO AGREE

 Of course.
 No doubt about it.
 Exactly
 Absolutely.
 That's (so) true.
 That's for sure.

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a.2.- SENTENCES TO AGREE

 Yes, I agree.
 You're absolutely right
 I agree with you entirely.
 I agree with you 100 percent (%).
 I couldn't agree (with you) more.
 I think so too.
 I don't think so either.
 So do I.
 Neither do I.
 (agree with negative statement) Me neither.

3.2.2 Disagreeing
If your opinion is different from other person’s opinion, you should use one of the
following:

 That's different.
 I don't think so.
 I'm afraid I disagree.
 I beg to differ.
 I don't agree with you.
 That's not entirely true.
 I'm sorry to disagree with you
 I'm afraid I have to disagree.
 I'm not so sure about that.

Be careful, sometimes your expression can be too strong or even impolite and rude.

 I totally disagree.
 No way
 I'd say the exact opposite.

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3.3 Questions

3.3.1 Yes/No questions

Is he a teacher? Yes he is.

Can you swim? No, I can’t.

Have they got a car? Yes they have.

To form yes/no questions where there is an auxiliary verb or a modal verb, we invert the
word order of a positive sentence. (He is a teacher > Is he a teacher?)

Do you eat fish? No I don’t.

Does she know you? Yes she does.

(When there is no auxiliary verb, and the questions is in the present simple we use ‘do’ to
form the question).

3.3.2 With question words

The same rules apply when there is a question word (‘what’, ‘where’, ‘when’, ‘why’,
‘who’, ‘which’, ‘how’, ‘how much’, ‘how many’)

Where is the hotel?

What can you smell?

Who has just arrived?

Where there is an auxiliary or modal verb, that verb is used to form the question.

How did you get here?

When do your parents get back?

How much does it cost?

3.3.3 Subject/Object questions

Sometimes you might see questions like this.

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Who broke the window?

What happened next?

Who told you that?

There is no auxiliary verb and the word order is not inverted.

These are called subject questions – because the question word is the subject of the
sentence.

Look at these two questions.

Who does Romeo love? Romeo loves Juliet.

Who loves Romeo? Juliet loves Romeo.

In the first question, Romeo is the subject of the verb.

In the second question ‘who’ is the subject and Romeo is the object

3.3.4. Question tags

What is a Question Tag (QT)?

A QT is a short question placed at the end of the sentence formed by an auxiliary verb and a
subject.
What are they used for?
If your intonation goes UP it is a real question and the person who is with you has to
answer it.
= is this correct?
You left the lights on, didn’t you? No, I didn’t/ Yes, I did, sorry.
You aren’t going to the party, are you? I am/I am not.
If your intonation goes DOWN you want your listener to agree with you, no answer is
required.
You locked the door, didn’t you? So let’s go to the cinema.
You can do it by yourself, can’t you? So I can leave

STRUCTURE
S + V + C, AUX (opposite form) + S +
?
Exception: when the subject is 1st person singular ‘I’, in a positive QT the structure follows
the rules so,
I am not happy with this situation, am I?

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But, if the QT is negative the expression AM NOT I? is not correct, as we cannot contract AM
NOT, and this expression is changed by AREN’T
I am very clever, aren’t I?

V. EXERCISES

Present Simple vs. Present Continuous

#1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong.

1. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. RIGHT

2. The water boils. Can you turn it off? WRONG: is boiling
3. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car.
4. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about?
5. The moon goes round the earth.
6. I must go now. It gets late.
7. I usually go to work by car.
8. 'Hurry up! It's time to leave.' 'OK, I come.'
9. I hear you've got a new job. How do you get on?

#2 Put the verb in the correct form, present continuous or present simple.

1. Let's go out. It isn't raining (not/rain) now.

2. Julia is very good at languages. She ___________________- (speak) four languages very well.
3. Hurry up! Everybody ___________________- (wait) for you.
4. '___________________- (you/listen) to the radio?' 'No, you can turn it off.'
5. '___________________- (you/listen) to the radio every day?' 'No, just occasionally.'
6. The River Nile ___________________ (flow) into the Mediterranean.
7. Look at the river. It ___________________ (flow) very fast today much faster than usual.
8. We usually ___________________(grow) vegetables in our garden but this year we
___________________(not/grow) any.
9. 'How is your English?' 'Not bad. It ___________________(improve) slowly.
10. Ron is in London at the moment. He ___________________(stay) at the Park Hotel. He
___________________ (always/stay) there when he's in London.
11. Can we stop walking soon? I ___________________ (start) to feel tired
12. 'Can you drive?' 'I ___________________ (learn). My father ___________________ (teach)
me.'
13. Normally I __________________ (finish) work at 5.00, but this week I
___________________ (work) until 6.00 to earn a bit more money.
14. My parents __________________(live) in Bristol. They were born there and have never
lived anywhere else. Where ___________________ (your parents/live)?
15. Sonia ___________________ (look) for a place to live. She ___________________ (stay)
with her sister until she finds somewhere.
16. 'What ___________________ (your father/do)?' 'He's an architect but he

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___________________ (not/work) at the moment.'

17. (at a party) Usually I ___________________ (enjoy) parties but I ___________________
(not/enjoy) this one very much.
18. The train is never late. It ___________________ (always/leave) on time.
19. Jim is very untidy. He ___________________ (always/leave) his things all over the place.

Past Simple vs. Past Continuous

#1 What were you doing at the following times? Write one sentence as in the examples. The
past continuous is not always necessary (see the second example).
1. (at 8 o'clock yesterday evening)
I was having dinner with some friends.
2. (at 5 o'clock last Saturday)
I was on a train on my way to London.
3. (at 10.15 yesterday morning)………………………………………………………………………………
4. (at 4.30 this morning) )………………………………………………………………………………
5. (at 7.45 yesterday evening) )………………………………………………………………………………
6. (half an hour ago) )………………………………………………………………………………0.

#2 Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.
1. I saw (see) Sue in town yesterday but she ……………………… (look) the other way.
2. I ……………………… (meet) Tom and Ann at the airport a few weeks ago. They ………………………
(go) to Berlin and I ……………………… (go) to Madrid. We ……………………… (have) a chat while we
……………………… (wait) for our flights.
3. I ……………………… (cycle) home yesterday when suddenly a man ……………………… (step) out
into the road in front of me. I ……………………… (go) quite fast but luckily I ……………………… (manage)
to stop in time and ……………………… (not/hit) him.

#3 Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.
1. Jane was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive).
2. 'What ……………………… (you/do) this time yesterday?' 'I was asleep.'
3. '……………………… (you/go) out last night?' 'No, I was too tired.'
4. 'Was Carol at the party last night?' 'Yes, she ……………………… (wear) a really nice dress.'
5. How fast ……………………… (you/drive) when the accident ……………………… (happen)?
6. John ……………………… (take) a photograph of me while I ……………………… (not/look).

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7. We were in a very difficult position. We ……………………… (not/know) what to do.

8. I haven't seen Alan for ages. When I last ……………………… (see) him, he ……………………… (try)
to find a Job in London.
9. I ……………………… (walk) along the street when suddenly I ……………………… (hear) footsteps
behind me. Somebody ……………………… (follow) me. I was frightened and I ……………………… (start)
to run.
10. When I was young, I ……………………… (want) to be a bus driver.

Future tenses

#1 Complete the conversations. Use the correct form of will or going to.
1 ‘I’ve decided to go to university.’
‘Really? Which subject ……………… you ……………… (study)?’
2 ‘Do you think that computers ……………… (control) our lives in the future?’
‘No, of course not!’
3 ‘Why are you wearing a tracksuit?’
‘I ……………… (play) tennis in the park with David.’
4 ‘It’s very cold in here.’
‘Yes, you’re right. I ……………… (close) the window.’
5 ‘That woman looks very pale.’
‘Yes, I think she ……………… (faint).’
6 ‘Why are you turning on the radio?’
‘I ……………… (listen) to the news.’
7 ‘I can’t work out this maths problem.’
‘I ……………… (help) you with it.’

# 2 Choose the correct tenses.

1 In a hundred years time I think people will live / are living on the moon.
2 Who are you meeting / will you meet this evening?
3 ‘What are you going to wear for the party?’
‘I haven’t decided yet. Maybe I’ll wear / I’m wearing my new jeans.’
4 Greg passed his driving test last week. He told me he’s going to buy / he’ll buy a car.
5 I feel terrible. I think I’ll be / I’m going to be sick.
6 ‘Where are you going for your summer holidays?’
‘I don’t know yet. Perhaps I’ll go / I’m going to go to Torremolinos.’

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#3 Choose the correct tenses.

Hi Pablo!
How are you? A lot has happened since I last wrote. The good news is that I’ve passed all my exams,
and 1 I’ll start / I’m starting university in September. 2 I’m going to study / I’ll study Spanish and
Catalan at Middlesex University in London, so 3 I’ll be able to / I’m being able to write e-mails in
Catalan soon!
I’ve also got a new boyfriend called Matthew. He’s a year older than me and he’s really nice.
Next week 4 we’ll go / we’re going to a Blur concert in Manchester. Matthew queued for six hours
for the tickets!
Unfortunately 5 I’m not seeing / I won’t see Matthew very often after I start university.
6
I’ll probably find / I’m probably finding a flat in London, and 7 he’ll definitely stay / he’s definitely
going to stay in Manchester. But 8 we’re seeing / we’ll see each other at weekends. 9 Are you coming
/ Will you come and visit me in London? I hope so.
Love
Clare

Relative Clauses and Relative Pronouns

#1 In this exercise you have to explain what some words mean. Choose the right meaning
from the box and then write a sentence with’ who’. Use a dictionary if necessary.

he/she steals from a shop

he/she designs buildings
he/she doesn't believe in God
he/she is not brave
he/she buys something from a shop
he/she pays rent to live in a house or flat
he/she breaks into a house to steal things
he/she no longer works and gets money from the state

1. (an architect) _Architect is someone who designs buildings._

2. (a burglar) _A burglar is someone………………………………………………………………………………..

3. (a customer) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

4. (a shoplifter) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. (a coward) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6. (an atheist) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..

7. (a pensioner) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..

8. (a tenant) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………..

#2 Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which.

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1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.

_The girl who was injured in the accident is now in. hospital._
2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away.
The man ………………………………………………………………………………..
3. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient.
The ………………………………………………………………………………..
4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Some people were arrested. They have now been released.
The ………………………………………………………………………………..
6. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.
………………………………………………………………………………..

#3 Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending from the box and make it
into a relative clause.

he invented the telephone

she runs away from home
hey are never on time
they were on the wall
it makes washing machines
it gives you the meaning of words
it won the race
they stole my car
it can support life
it cannot be explained

1. Barbara works for a company _that makes washing machines._

2. The book is about a girl ………………………………………………………………………………..
3. What was the name of the horse ………………………………………………………………………………..
4. The police have caught the men ………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Alexander Bell was the man ………………………………………………………………………………..
6. What's happened to the pictures ………………………………………………………………………………..
7. A mystery is something ………………………………………………………………………………..
8. A dictionary is a book ………………………………………………………………………………..
9. I don't like people ………………………………………………………………………………..
10. It seems that Earth is the only planet ……………………………………………………………………………….

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#4 In some of these sentences you don't need who or that. If you don't need these words,
put them in brackets like this: (who) (that).
1. The woman who lives next door is a doctor. ('who' is necessary in this sentence)
2. Have you found the keys (that) you lost. (in this sentence you don't need 'that')
3. The people who we met at the party were very friendly.
4. The people who work in the office are very friendly.
5. The people who I talked to were very friendly.
6. What have you done with the money that I gave you?
7. What happened to the money that was on the table? Did you take it?
8. It was an awful film. It was the worst film that I've ever seen.
9. It was an awful experience. It was the worst thing that has ever happened to me.

#5 Make one sentence from two. Use the sentence in brackets to make a relative clause.
Sometimes the clause goes in the middle of the sentence, sometimes at the end. You will
need to use who(m)/whose/which/where.
1. Ann is very friendly. (She lives next door.) _Ann, who lives next door, is very friendly._
2. We stayed at the Grand Hotel. (Ann recommended it to us.) _We stayed at the Grand Hotel,
which Ann recommended to us._
3. We went to Sandra's party. (We enjoyed it very much.) We went to Sandra's party
………………………………………………………………………….
4. I went to see the doctor. (He told me to rest for a few days.)
………………………………………………………………………….
5. John is one of my closest friends. (I have known him for a very long time.)
John ………………………………………………………………………….
6. Sheila is away from home a lot. (Her job involves a lot of travelling.)
…………………………………………………………………………..
7. The new stadium will be opened next month. (It can hold 90,000 people.)
The ………………………………………………………………………….
8. We often go to visit our friends in Bristol. (It is only 30 miles away.)
………………………………………………………………………….
9. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. (My brother lives there.)
………………………………………………………………………….

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

#1 Complete the sentences using a comparative form (older/more important etc.).
1. It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere _quieter?_
2. This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit ……………………………….

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3. The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be ……………………………….

4. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be ……………………………….
5. The weather is too cold in this country. I'd like to live somewhere ……………………………….
6. My job is a bit boring sometimes. I'd like to do something ……………………………….
7. I was surprised how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be …………………
8. Your work isn't very good. I'm sure you can do ……………………………….
9. Don't worry. The situation isn't so bad. It could be ……………………………….
10. I was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to take …………………………
11. You're talking very loudly. Can you speak a bit ……………………………….
12. You hardly ever phone me. Why don't you phone me ……………………………….
13. You're standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit ……………………………….away?
14. You were a bit depressed yesterday but you look ……………………………….today.

#2 Complete the sentences. Use a superlative (~est or most ... ) + a preposition.

1 It's a very nice room. It _is the nicest room in_ the hotel.
2. It's a very cheap restaurant. It's ………………………………………. the town.
3. It was a very happy day. It was ………………………………………. my life.
4. She's a very intelligent student. She ………………………………………. the class.
5. It's a very valuable painting. It ………………………………………. the gallery.
6. Spring is a very busy time for me. It ………………………………………. the year.
In the following sentences use one of + a superlative + a preposition.
7 It's a very nice room. It _is one of the nicest rooms in_ the hotel.
8. He's a very rich man. He's one ………………………………………. the world.
9. It's a very old castle. It ………………………………………. Britain.
10. She's a very good player. She ………………………………………. the team.
11. It was a very bad experience. It ………………………………………. my life.
12. He's a very dangerous criminal. He ………………………………………. the country.

#3 Complete the sentences. Use a superlative (~est or most ...) or a comparative (~er or
more ...).
1. We stayed at _the cheapest_ hotel in the town. (cheap)
2. Our hotel was _cheaper_ than all the others in the town. (cheap)
3. The United States is very large but Canada is ………………………………………. (large)
4. What's ………………………………………. river in the world? (long)
5. He was a bit depressed yesterday but he looks ………………………………………. today. (happy)
6. It was an awful day. It was ………………………………………. day of my life. (bad)
7. What is ………………………………………. sport in your country? (popular)
8. Everest is ………………………………………. mountain in the world. It is than any other mountain.

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(high)
9. We had a great holiday. It was one of the ………………………………………. holidays we've ever had.
(enjoyable)
10. I prefer this chair to the other one. It's ………………………………………. (comfortable)
11. What's ………………………………………. way of getting from here to the station? (quick)
12. Mr and Mrs Brown have got three daughters ………………………………………. is 14 years old. (old)

Describing people

Personality
#4 Search 17 adjectives about character

I M P A T I E N T Y O B E P H
S E H R R T M S Z R U S Z Y I
A T V H E J A A Y E J T C A P
X M J I N V L Y S L I U H M Q
M R F V S F E P U I Z P A B U
Z K S D E S J L W A Z I R I N
B A T B N S E K C B K D M T T
A Y A H S C E R Y L G A I O I
T O L O I S T X G E Y H N U D
W H K K T H E N G G V K G S Y
D P A Y I D E Z I N A G R O H
G D T Y V S E N S I B L E U S
E N I F E E O Z W C Y S S O B
B I V G S E X T R O V E R T A
L K E J H F Q D X T P Q O H L

Question Tags
#1. Complete the following sentences with a question tag.

1. She is late,……………….? 10. She isn’t late,,……………….?

2. They’re on holiday, ,……………….? 11. We aren’t silly people, ,……………….?
3. I’m early, ,……………….? 12. I’m not happy, ,……………….?
4. Carla was at home, 13. Carla wasn’t here, ,……………….?
,……………….?
5. We were all ill, ,……………….? 14. We weren’t working, ,……………….?
6. You’ve finished, 15. You haven’t been
,……………….? there,,……………….?
7. Marc has gone out,,……………….? 16. We will arrive late, ,……………….?
8. I always do the wrong thing,……………….? , 17. She is going to go there,
,……………….? ?
9. Tessa works hard,,……………….? 18. I would go,
,……………….?

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#2_Ex: questions: Write a question for the underlined words in these sentences
1. Queen Elizabeth I became queen of England in 1558.
2. Queen Elizabeth I became queen of England in 1558.
3. Sarah was Adam's first wife.
4. The Athenians sentenced Socrates to death in 399 BC.
5. The Athenians sentenced Socrates to death in 399 BC.
6. Aristotle taught Alexander the Great.
7. Aristotle taught Alexander the Great.
8. Apollo and Artemis were born in Delos, according to legend.
9. The archbishop of Valencia ordered the execution of an innocent schoolteacher in
1826.
10. Gema saw a fox.
11. Gema saw a fox cub.
12. Tony broke the video.

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VI. KEY

Present simple vs. Present continuous

#1
3 wrong--is trying
4 wrong--are they talking
5 right
6 wrong--'s getting/is getting
7 right
8 wrong--'m coming/am coming
9 wrong--are you getting

#2
3 's waiting/is waiting
4 Are you listening
5 Do you listen
6 flows
7 's flowing/is flowing
8 grow ... aren't growing/'re not growing/are not growing
9 's improving/is improving
10 's staying/is staying ... always stays
11 'm starting/am starting
12 'm learning am learning ... is teaching
13 finish ... 'm working/am working
14 live ... do your parents live
15 is looking ... 's staying/is staying
16 does your father do ... isn't working/'s not working/is not working
17 enjoy ... 'm not enjoying/am not enjoying
18 always leaves
19 's always leaving/is always leaving (always leaves is also possible)

Past simple vs. Past continuous

#1 Example answers:
3 I was working.
4 I was in bed asleep.
5 I was having a meal in a restaurant.
6 I was watching TV at home.
#2
1 didn't see ... was looking
2 met ... were going ... was going ... had ... were waiting/waited
3 was cycling ... stepped ... was going ... managed ... didn't hit
#3
2 were you doing
3 Did you go
4 was wearing (wore is also possible)
5 were you driving ... happened
6 took ... wasn't looking
7 didn't know
8 saw ... was trying
9 was walking ... heard ... was following ... started
10 wanted

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Future tenses

#1
1 are you going to study
2 will control
3 ’m going to play
4 ’ll close
5 ’s going to faint
6 ’m going to listen
7 ’ll help

#2
1 will live
2 are you meeting
3 ’ll wear
4 he’s going to buy
5 I’m going to be
6 I’ll go

#3
1 I’m starting
2 I’m going to study
3 I’ll be able to
4 we’re going
5 I won’t see
6 I’ll probably find
7 he’s definitely going to stay
8 we’ll see
9 Will you come

Relative Clauses and Relative Pronouns

#1
2 A burglar is someone who breaks into a house to steal things.
3 A customer is someone who buys something from a shop.
4 A shoplifter is someone who steals from a shop.
5 A coward is someone who is not brave.
6 An atheist is someone who doesn't believe in God.
7 A pensioner is someone who no longer works and gets money from the state.
7 A tenant is someone who pays rent to live in a house or flat.

#2
2 The man who/that answered the phone told me you were away.
3 The waitress who/that served us was very impolite and impatient.
4 The building that/which was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilt.
5 The people who/that were arrested have now been released.
6 The bus that/which goes to the airport runs every half hour.

#3
2 who/that runs away from home
3 that/which won the race
4 who/that stole my car
5 who/that invented the telephone
6 that/which were on the wall
7 that/which cannot be explained
8 that/which gives you the meaning of words
9 who/that are never on time
10 that/which can support life

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#4
3 (who) 4 who 5 (who) 6 (that) 7 that 8 (that) 9 that

#5
3 which we enjoyed very much.
4 I went to see the doctor, who told me to rest for a few days.
5 John, who/whom I have known for a very long time, is one of my closest friends.
6 Sheila, whose job involves a lot of travelling, is away from home a lot.
7 The new stadium, which can hold 90,000 people, will be opened next month.
8 We often go to visit our friends in Bristol, which is only 30 miles away.
9 Glasgow, where my brother lives, is the largest city in Scotland.

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

#1
2 stronger
3 smaller
4 more expensive
5 warmer
6 more interesting
7 more difficult
8 better
9 worse
10 longer
11 more quietly
12 more often
13 further
14 happier/more cheerful

#2
2 It's the cheapest restaurant in the town.
3 It was the happiest day of my life.
4 She is the most intelligent student in the class.
5 It is the most valuable painting in the gallery.
6 It is the busiest time of the year.
8 He's one of the richest men in the world.
9 It is one of the oldest castles in Britain.
10 She is one of the best players in the team.
11 It was one of the worst experiences of my life.
12 He is one of the most dangerous criminals in the country.

#3

3 larger 8 the highest ... higher

4 the longest 9 most enjoyable
5 happier 10 more comfortable
6 the worst 11 the quickest
7 the most popular 12 The oldest or The eldest

#4Personality
I M P A T I E N T Y O B E P H EXTROVERT-
S E H R R T M S Z R U S Z Y I CHARMING-
A T V H E J A A Y E J T C A P AMBITOUS-
X M J I N V L Y S L I U H M Q TALKATIVE-
M R F V S F E P U I Z P A B U IMPATIENT-
Z K S D E S J L W A Z I R I N LAZY-

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 ENGLISH 1
UNIT 1

B A T B N S E K C B K D M T T SHY-
A Y A H S C E R Y L G A I O I CLEVER-
T O L O I S T X G E Y H N U D UNTIDY-
W H K K T H E N G G V K G S Y AGGRESSIVE-
D P A Y I D E Z I N A G R O H STUPID-
G D T Y V S E N S I B L E U S SENSITIVE-
E N I F E E O Z W C Y S S O B SENSIBLE-
B I V G S E X T R O V E R T A ORGANIZED-
L K E J H F Q D X T P Q O H L BOSSY-
KIND-
RELIABLE-

#1. Complete the following sentences with a question tag.

She is late, isn’t she? 10. She isn’t late, is she ?
They’re on holiday, aren’t they 11. We aren’t silly people, are we
? ?
I’m early, aren’t I? 12. I’m not happy, am I
?
Carla was at home, wasn’t she 13. Carla wasn’t here, was she
? ?
We were all ill, weren’t we 14. We weren’t working, were we
? ?
You’ve finished, haven’t you 15. You haven’t been there, have you
? ?
Marc has gone out, hasn’t he 16. We will arrive late, won’t we
? ?
I always do the wrong thing, don’t I 17. She is going to go there, isn’t she
? ?
Tessa works hard, doesn’t she ? 18. I would go, wouldn’t I
?

#2. Questions
1. When did Queen Elizabeth I become queen of England?
2. Who became queen of England in 1558?
3. Who was Adam's first wife?
4. Who sentenced Socrates to death in 399 BC.
5. Who was sentenced to death by the Athenians in 399 BC.
6. Who taught Alexander the Great?
7. Who did Aristotle teach?
8. Where were the gods Apollo and Artemis born, according to legend?
9. Who ordered the execution of an innocent school teacher in Valencia in 1826?
10. What did Gema see?
11. Who saw the fox cub?
12. Who broke the vide

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