1.

Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of

Ballistic Projectile
are rocks that an erupting volcano may
hurl into the air. These blocks and bombs
travel like cannonballs and usually land
within 2km of the vent (but can travel as
far as 5km, or even further, if the eruption
is very explosive.)
 Volcanic Hazard Map in the Philippines
Tsunami
A tsunami is a series of waves in a water
body caused by the displacement of a
large volume of water, generally in an
ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions and other underwater
explosions above or below water all have
the potential to generate a tsunami.
volcanic tremors.
2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to gray
due to entrained ash.
3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater.
4. Ground swells, ground tilt grounds fissuring due to magma intrusion.
5. Localized landsides, rockfalls and landslides from the summit area not attributable to
heavy rain.
6. Noticeable increase in the extent of dying up of vegetation around the volcano’s
upper slopes.
7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs and crater lake near the volcano.
8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the vicinity
of the volcano.
9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano.
10. Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones; appearance of
solfataras.

Parameters Observation
Ground deformation  Some subtle ground movements (in millimeters) may be
detected by sensitive instruments and equipment.
Geochemistry  Changes in temperature (higher than usual)
 Changes in pH (more acidic)
 Changes in the concentration of gasses (sudden abrupt
increase in levels)
Seismic activity/  Increase in number of volcanic earthquakes recorded
Volcanic earthquakes
Sensory observations
a. Visual  intensified steaming activity
 changes from slow white to gray steam
 drying up of vegetation, streams, and water wells
 crater glow at the summit area
 increasing frequency of rolling rocks from the summit; localized
landslide not related to heavy rains
b. Auditory  hearing rumbling sound
c. Olfactory
 smelling sulfur (rotten egg)
d. Tactile
 ground movement/volcanic earthquake increasing become felt

 Signs of Volcanic Eruptions

- From DOST-PHIVOLCS, the following are commonly observed signs that a volcano is
about to erupt. These precursors may vary from volcano to volcano.
 VOLCANO HAZARDS
BROCHURES

Pyroclastic Flow
 LAVA FLOWS  is a dense, fast-moving flow of
solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash,
 ASHFALL and hot gases. It occurs as part of
certain volcanic eruptions.
 PYROCLASTIC FLOWS A pyroclastic flow is extremely hot,
 LAHARS burning anything in its path.

 VOLCANIC GASES
 VOLCANIC LANDSLIDE
 BALLISTIC PROJECTILE
 TSUNAMI Volcanic Gases
are gases given off by active volcanoes.
These include gases trapped in cavities
in volcanic rocks, dissolved
By: Kryzll Jaile C. Patual Grade 12 DEWEY dissociated gases in magma and lava,
Lesson 6: VOLCANO HAZARD (Activity 6.5) or gases emanating from lava,
from volcanic craters or vents.
Volcanic Landslide
are common on volcanic cones because
they are tall, steep, and weakened by the
rise and eruption of molten rock. Magma
or releases volcanic gases that partially
dissolve in groundwater, resulting in a hot
acidic hydrothermal system that weakens
rock by altering minerals to clay.

Lava flows
Ashfalls
 is an outpouring of lava created
Explosive eruptions produce ash. All
during an effusive eruption. Explosive
explosive volcanic eruptions generate
eruptions produce a mixture of
tephra, fragments of rock that are
volcanic ash and other fragments
produced when magma or or rock is
called tephra, rather than lava flows.