b U GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

uvan TAP HAI

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VI^T NAM

 BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO
PHAN TRONG L U A N (T6ng Chu bien)
LA N H A M T H I N (Chu bien phan Van) - BUI MINH T O A N (Chu bien phin Tieng Vi$t)
L £ A (Chu bien phan Lam van)
NGUYfiN T H A I H O A - D6 KIM H 6 I - NGUYfiN X U A N NAM
VU DUONG QUY - DANG DUC SifiU - TR A N NHO THIN
LUONG DUY THU - DOAN THI THU VAN

Ngu: van
(Tdi bdn ldn thii tu)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VI^T NAM

 Ban quyen thuoc Nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam - Bo Giao due va Dao tao.

01-2010/CXB/557-1485/GD Ma sd: CH012T0

P H U S O N G BACH D A N G TRUONG HAN smu
[Bach Ddng giang ph u)

KET QUA CAN OAT -^

• Qua nhOng hoai niem ve qua khCr, thay dugc
niem t u hao ve truyen thong cua dan toe va
t u tuang nhan van cua tac gia vai viec d& cao
vai tro, vi trf cua con nguai trong lich su.
• Nam dugc dac trung c a ban cua the phu ve
cac mat ket cau, hinh tugng nghe thuat, lai
van, dong thai thay dugc nhung dac sic nghe
thuat cua PInu song Bach Dang.

TIEU DAN

Truong Han Sieu (? - 1354) tu la Thang Phu, nguoi lang Phiic Am, huyen Yen Ninh (nay
thuoc thanh pho Ninh Binh), vdn la mon khach (khach trong nha) cua Tr4n Hung Dao, doi
Tran Anh Tong glQ chuc Han lam hoc si. Nam 1351, ong dugc thang Tham tri chfnh su. Khi
mat, ong duoc vua tang tuoc Thai bao. Thai pho va dugc tha a Van Mieu (Ha Ngi). Truong
Han Sieu tfnh tinh cuong true, hgc van uyen tham, dugc cac vua Tran tin cay, nhan dan kinh
trgng. Tac pham hien con lai khong nhieu, trong do c6 bai Phii song Bach Ddng.
Bach Ding la mgt nhanh song dd ra bien Ddng, nam giiia Quang Ninh va Hai Phdng, noi
ghi dau nhifeu chien cdng trong lich su giu nudc ciia dan tdc. Dang nhd nhat la cac tran thuy
chien : nam 938, Ngd Quyen pha tan quan Nam Han; nam 1288, Tran Qud'c Tuan danh tan
quan Mdng - Nguyen. Nhieu tac gia da viet ve de tai sdng Bach Ding nhu: Tran Minh Tdng
{Bach Ddng giang), NguySn Sudng {B^h Ddng giang], NguySn Trai {Bach Ddng hdi khdu),
NguySn Mgng Tuan {Hau Bach Dang giang phii,...). Trong do ndi tieng nhat la Truong Han
Sieu vdi Bach Ddng giang phii (Phii song Bach Ddng). Chua ro bai phii dugc viet nam nao, cd
le vao khoing 50 nam sau cudc khang chien chdng giac Mdng - Nguyen thing Igi.
Pha song Bach Ddng mang nhung dac trung co ban cua the phii. Phii la mdt the van cd
van hoac xen lan van van va van xudi, dting de ta canh vat, phong tuc, ke su viec, ban chuyen
ddi,... Mdt bai phii thudng gdm4 doan : doan md, doan giai thi'ch, doan binh luan va doan
ket. Bd cue baf Phii song Bach Ddng cua Truong Han Sieu cung gidng bd cue ciia bai phii nd'i
chung. Nd dugc lam theo ldi phii cd the (loai phii cd trudc thdi Dudng, cd van, khdng nhat
thie't phai cd ddi, cud'i bai thudng dugc ket lai bang tha). Ban dich dudi day ndi chung theo
nguyen dieu, chi hai bai ca cudi dugc chuyen sang the luc bat.
VAN BAN

K h a c h ' " CO k e :
Gluong buom giong gio chai voi,
Luot be choi trang mai miet.
Sam go thuyen chu'^) Nguyen, Tuang,
Chieu lan tham chir Vu Huyet'^^.
Cuu Giang, Ngu Ho^), Tam Ngo, Bach Viet'S),
Noi CO nguoi di, dau ma chang biet.
Dam Van Mpng'^' chiia vai trSm trong da cung nhieu.
Ma trang chi bon phuang van con tha thiet.
Ben giiia dong chir buong cheo.
Hoc Tir Truong'^' chir thti tieu dao'^^
Qua cira Dai Than, ngugc ben Dong Trleu'^^
Den song Bach Dang, thuyen boi mot chieu.
Bat ngat song kinh'^"' muon dam,
Thuat tha duoi tri'i ^^ mot mau.
Nuoc.troi : mpt sic, phong canh : ba thu'^^',
Ba lau san sat, ben laeh diu hiu.
Song chim giao gay, go day xuang kho,
Buon vi canh tham, diing lang gia lau.

(1) Khdch: phii cd the thudng dung Idi "chu - khach ddi dap", co nhan vat "khach" ke chuyen cho
hap din. O day cd the la tac gia tu xung.
(2) Cfiie: dich chu "he" trong nguyen tac. Chii "he" la mgt tii d0m cd trong S& tic cua Trung Qude,
thudng diing xen vao trong nhieu bai phii.
(3) Nguyen, Tuong, Vu Huyet: song Nguyen, song Tuong d tinh Ho Nam va Vu Huyet d niii Cdi Ke,.
tinh Chie't Giang, dSu la phong canh dep cua Trung Quoc.
(4) Ciru Giang: ten song, sd dl ggi la Ciiu Giang vi con song do do chin con song nhd hgp thanh.
Ngu Ho: cd hai nghla: Ngu Ho la biet danh ciia Thai Ho; Ngu Ho la nam ho (hai khu vuc nSm
hd, mgt lay hd Dgng Dinh lam trung tam, mSt lay Thai Ho Iam trung tam).
(5) Tam Ngo : ten mgt vdng dat cu ciia nudc Ngo bao gom ba dia phuong. Bach Viet: ten chung
chi cac bg tgc ngudi Viet cd sdng d phia nam song Truong Giang (Trung Quoc).
(6) Vdn Mong: vung dam nudc rgng Idn cua Trung Qude.
(7) Tic Trudng: ten chu cua Tu Ma Thien, mdt stt gia ndi tieng cua Trung Quoc thai Han, ngudi da
tung du Iich nhieu thing canh va di ti'ch lich sii.
(8) Tieu dao : thanh thoi di day di dd, khdng chiit ban tam.
(9) Dai Than, Dong Trieu: ten ciia bien, ten huyen viing song Bach Ding, Quang Ninh hifin nay.
(10) Song kinh : {kinh : ca voi) sdng ldn.
(11) Duoi tri: duoi chim tri cd hinh dai nhu banh lai thuyen. Y ta nhung con thuyen ndi duoi nhau
di tren song.
(12) Bathu: co ba each hieu: ba mda thu (ba nam), ba thang cua miia thu, thing thii ba cua mua
thu ; d day theo nghia thii ba.
 Thuang n6l anh himg dau vang ta'",
Tig'c thay dau vet luong con Itru!
Ben song cac bo lao, h6i y ta sa cau'^' ?
Co ke gay le'^' chong truac, co nguoi thuyen nhe boi sau,
Vai ta ma thira ring:
Day la noi chien dia buoi Trimg Hung nhi thanh^' bat 6 Ma'^',
Cting la bai dat xua, thua tnrac Ngo chiia'^' pha Hoang Thao''^'.
Duong khi ay:
Thuyen be muon dpi, tinh ki'^^ phap phdi.
Hung ho sau quan'^', giao guam sang choi.
Tran danh duac thua chua phan,
Chien luy bae nam chong doi.
Anh nhat nguyet chir phai mo,
Bau trdi dat chir sap ddi.
Kia: Tat Liet the cuang, Luu Cung'^"' chuac ddi,
Nhiing tuong gieo roi'^" mpt lan,
Quet sach Nam bang bdn coi!
Thd nhtmg: Trdi ciing chieu ngudi,
Hung do het ldl!
Khae nao nhu khi xua :
Tran Xich Bich quan Tao Thao tan tac tro bay'^^',
Tran Hpp Phi giac Bo Kien hoan toan chet trui'^^^.

(1) Td:t\i viia co nghia nghi v&, vira co nghla cam than, nay it diing.
(2) S&cdu: dieu mudn cd, mudn tim.
(3) Gay le: gay lilm bang gd cay le.
(4) Trung Hung ntii tlidnfi: Triing Hung: mgt trong hai nien hieu ciia Tran Nhan Tong ttr nam
1285 den 1293 ; nhi thdnh: Tran Thinh Tong (thai thugng hoang) va Tran Nhan Tdng (vua).
(5) O'Md: tuc 6 Ma Nhi, ttrdng giac Nguyen bi bit sdng d tran Bach Ding nam 1288.
(6) Ngo chiia: Ngo Quyen.
(7) Hodng Thao (co each dgc khae la Hoing Thdo): con Ltru Cung, vua Nam Han. Hoing Thao bi
thua tran va chet d song Bach Ding nam 938.
(8) Tinh ki: cd.
(9) Sdu qudn : theo cich to chuc quin ddi xua d Trung Quoc. 6 day y ndi quan dgi hung manh.
(10) Tdt Liet: tiic Hdt Tat Liet. Luu Cung: vua Nam Han. '
(11) Gieo roi: Bo Kien ntr6c Tan khi vao danh nu6c Tin co noi: "Cii nhu sd quan cua ta thi chi nem
roi ngua xudng song cung ngan dong ntr6c lai dugc". Tac gia mugn y nay de noi quan Nguyen
vao danh nudc ta cflng y th^ quan dong tuang manh.
(12) Xich Bich : day mii ben ba song Duong Tu. Thai Tam quoc, Chu Du diing ke hoa cong cua
Gia Cat Lugng ddt thuyen dinh tan 82 van quan Tao Thao tren quang song nay.
(13) Hop Phi: ten mgt huy?n thugc tinh An Huy, Trung Quoc, nai song Hoai hgp vai song Phi.
Ta Huyen da danh tan 100 van quan Bo Kien d day.
 Den nay nuae song tuy chay hoai.
Ma nhuc quan thu khon rira ndi!
Tai tao cong lao'", nghin xua ca nggi.
Tuy nhien : Tir co vii tru, da co giang san.
Qua la : Trdi dat cho noi hiem tra,
Cdng nhd: Nhan tai giir cupc dien an'^'.
Hpi nao bang hpi Manh Tan : nhu vuong su hp La'^',
Tran nao bang tran Duy Thuy: nhu qude si hp Han<'*\
Kia tran Bach Dang ma dai thang,
Boi dai vuong coi the giac nhan'^'.
Tieng thom cdn mai, bia mieng khong mdn.
Den ben sdng chir hd mat,
Nho ngudi xua chir le chan'^'.
Rdi vira di vira'ca rang :
Song Ddng mot ddi ddi ghe,
Luong to song lon don ve bien Dong.
Nhiing nguai bdt nghia ti§u vong,
Nghin thu chico anh hung luu danh.
Khach ciing ndi tiep ma ca rang:
Anh minh hai vi thdnh qudn^^\
Song ddy rua sack mdy ldn gidp binh^^\
Giac tan muon thua thdng binh.
Bai ddu ddt hiem cdt minh dice cao^^^.
Theo ban dich cua DONG CHAU NGUYfiN HUU TIEN, BIJI VAN NGUYEN chinh Ii
{H(/p tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II - Vdn hqc the kiX - the ki XVII
NXB van hgc. Ha Ngi, 1976)

(1) Tdi too cong lao-.yea nggi cac vua Tran da mgt Ian nua lap nen chien cong treii song Bach Ding.
(2) Dien an : hoa binh, an ninh vung ben.
(3) O day tac gia vi viec Tran Quoc Tuan hoi quan tai ben Binh Than nhu viec La Vgng giiip
Vu Vuong hgi quan d ben Manh Tan.
(4) Buy Thuy: mgt con song d tinh Son Dong, Tmng Quoc, noi Han Tin - mgt tuong gidi cua Han
Cao To - dung meo thao nuoc danh thing quan Tg. Hai cau nay y noi trong tran giao tranh vdi
giac Mong - Nguyen, ta co cac tudng vtra gidi chien tran vua muu lugc.
(5) The gidc nhdn: the giac dk pha. Dai vuong: chi Htmg Dao Dai Vuong Tran Quoc Tuan. Sau hai
Ian tha't bai, nam 1287, giac Mong - Nguyen lai sang xam lugc nuoc ta, vua Tran Nhan Tong
hoi Tran Quoc Tuan : "Giac den Iam the nao ?". Ong tau : "Nam nay the giac nhan".
(6) Hai cau nay trong nguyen van la : "Hoai cd nhan he vin the - Lam giang Iuu he hau nhan",
cin tranh hieu Iam la Iai nhan vat khach tu n6i ma vin la lai cac bo lao noi voi khach.
(7) Hai vi thdnh qudn : tiic Tran Thanh Tong va Tran Nhan Tong.
(8) Gidp binh : ao giap va binh khf.
(9) Dtic cao: dich y cau "y diic mac kinh", sach Td truyen cd cau "mac chi du kinh", nghia la khong
gi lan bing.
HimNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Dpe Tieu ddn de ndm dugc bd circ bai phii, vi tri ctia chien thang Bach Dang
trong lich sii va de tai song Bach Dang trong van hpe. Dpe kl cac chii thich de
hieu dugc cac tir kho, cac dien tich, dien cd.
2. Mo dau bai phii, ndi bat len la hinh tugng nhan vat "khach". Anh (chi) hay lim hieu:
- Muc dich dao choi thien nhien, chien dia cua "khach" ?
- "Khach" la ngudi cd trang chi (chi lon), co tam hon nhu the nao qua viec nhac
den nhiing dia danh lich sii cua Trung Quoc va mieu ta nhirng dia danh lich su
ctia dat Viet ?
3. Cam xuc cua "khach" trud€ khung canh thien nhien sdng Bach Dang : Phan
khoi, tu hao ? Budn thuong, nudi tiec vi nhiing gia tri dang liii vao qua khii ?
Ii giai each lira chpn cua anh (chi). (Luu y dac diem hinh anh thien nhien va
gipng van trong doan "Qua cua Dai Than... da'u vet ludng cdn luu".)
4. Vai trd cua hinh tugng cac bo lao trong bai phii ? Chien tich tren sdng Bach
Dang da dugc gpi len nhu the nao qua ldi ke ciia cdc bd lao ? Thai dp, gipng
dieu cua hp trong khi ke chuyen ?
Qua ldi binh luan cua cac bo lao (doan "Tuy nhien : Tir cd vii tru... Nho ngudi
xua chir le chan"), trong cac yeu td: dia the sdng niii, con ngudi, theo anh (chi),
yeu td nao giir vai trd quan trpng nhat lam nen chien thang Bach Dang ?
5. Ldi ca cua cac vi bd lao va ldi ca ndi tiep ciia "khach" nhim khang dinh dieu ^ ?
6. Phat bleu ve gia tri npi dung va nghe thuat cua bai phii.
^ GHI NHO .
• Qua nhCmg hoai niem ve qua khir, Phu song Bach Ding da the hien Idng
yeu nudc va niem tu hao dan tpc truac chien cdng tren sdng Bach Dang,
ddng thdi ca nggi truyen thdng anh hung bat khuat, truyen thdng dao li nhan
nghTa ciia dan tdc Viet Nam. Tac pham cung chua dung tu tudng nhan van
cao dep qua viec de cao vai trd, vi tri cua con ngudi trong Ijch sir.
• Phii song Bach Dang la dinh cao nghe thuat cua the phu trong van hgc
trung dai Viet Nam.

LUYEN TAP
1. Hpe thudc mpt sd cau trong bai phu ma anh (chi) thich.
2. Phan tich, so sanh ldi ca cua "khach" ket thuc bai Phd song Bqch Ddng vai bai
tho Song Bqch Ddng {Back Ddng giang) cua Nguy§n Strong (ban dich) :
Mo thil nhu nui, co cdy tuai.
Song bien gdm vang, dd ngdt trai.
Su nghiep Trting Hung ai di biet,
Nua do song nui, nua do nguai.
DAI CAO BlNH NGO NGUYfiN T R A I

[Binh Ngo dqi cda)

K^T QUA CAN OAT _

Nam dugc nhung net chinh ve cudc ddi va

su nghiep van hgc cua Nguyen Trai - mdt
nhan vat Ijch sir, mdt danh nhan van hoa the
gidi; thay dugc vj tri to Idn ciia Nguyen Trai
trong Ijch sir van hgc dan tdc : nha van
chinh luan kiet xuat, nha tha khai sang van
hgc tieng Vift.
Hieu rd Dai cao binh Ngd cd y nghla trgng
dai cua mdt ban tuyen ngdn ddc lap, khing
dinh sire manh cua Idng yeu nudc va tu
tudng nhan nghTa ; la kiet tac van hoc, ket
hgp hai hoa giua yeu td chfnh lucln va ch^t
van chuang.
N i m vung nhCrng dac trung ca ban ciia the
cao, dong thdi thay dugc nhirng sang tao
ciia Nguydn Trai trong Dai cao binh Ngd.

Nguyin Trai
(Tranh chdn dung)
Phan mot: TAC GIA ^ I S f f i ^ ^ S S

I - code DOl

Nguyin Trai (1380 - 1442) hieu la Uc Trai, que gdc d lang Chi Ngai (Chi Linh,
Hal Duong) sau ddi ve Nhi Khe (Thirdng Tin, Ha Tay, liay thudc Ha Ndi). Than
sinh la Nguyin tJng Long (sau ddi la Nguyin Phi Khanh), mdt nho sinh ngheo,
hpe gidi, dd Thai hpe sinh (Tien si) thdi Tran. Me la Tran Thi Thai, con quan
Tu do (ngang Te tudng) Tran Nguyen Dan.
Nguyin Trai sinh ra trong mdt gia dinh ma ben ndi cdng nhu ben ngoai deu cd
hai truyin thdng ldn : yeu nudc va van hoa, van hoc.
Thud thieu thdi, Nguyin Trai da phai chiu nhirng mat mat dau thuong: tang me
liic 5 tudi, sau do dng ngoai qua ddi khi Nguyin Trai mdi vira 10 tudi. Nam 1400,
Nguyin Trai dd Thai hpe sinh va hai cha con ciing ra lam quan dudi trieu nha Ho.
Nam 1407, giac Minh eudp nudc ta, Nguyin Phi Khanh bi chung dtra sang
Trung Qude. "Ng nudc, thil nha", Nguyin Trai khic sau ldi cha dan : "Con trd ve
lap chi, rua nhuc cho nudc, tra thu cho cha, nhu the mdi la dai hieu". Sau khi thoat
khdi su giam long cua giac Minh, Nguyin Trai da tir Ddng Quan (Ha Ndi ngay nay)
tim vao Lam Son theo Le Lpi tham gia khdi nghla. Ong da gdp phan to ldn vao
chien thing ve vang cua dan tdc.
Cudi nam 1427 dau nam 1428, cudc khdi nghia Lam Son toan thing,
Nguyin Trai thira lenh Le Lpi viet Dqi cao binh Ngo. Ong ham hd tham gia vao
cdng cupc xay dung lai dat nudc. Nhung rdi nhirng mau thuan ndi bd trieu dinh
phong kien dan den viec sat hai cac cdng than, ban than Nguyin Trai bi nghi oan,
bi bat giam. Sau dd dng dugc tha nhung khdng cdn dugc tin diing nhu trudc.
Nam 1439, Nguyen Trai xin vi d an tai Cdn Son. Nam 1440, dng lai dugc
Le Thai Tdng mdi ra giup viec nudc. Nam 1442, giiia luc Nguyin Trai dang ganh
vac trgng trach vdi dan vdi nudc thi oan an Le Chi vien (Trai Vai) bdng dd ap
xudng gia dinh, ddng hp dng. Nhan cai chet dot ngdt eua Le Thai Tdng d Le Chi
vien (Dai Lai, Gia Luong, Bic Ninh), bpn gian than trong trieu vu cho dng am muu
giet vua, khep vao tdi "tru di tam tdc" (giet ca ba hp). Nam 1464, Le Thanh Tdng
minh oan cho Nguyin Trai, sau dd cho suu tam lai tho van cua dng va tim con
chau cdn sdng sdt de bd lam quan.

Nguyin Trai la mdt bae anh hung dan tdc, mdt nha van hoa ldn. Nam 1980,
To chiic Giao due, Khoa hpe va Van hoa cua Lien hgp qud'c (UNESCO) da cdng
nhan Nguyin Trai la danh nhan van hoa the gidi.
I I - s o NGHIEP THO VAN
1. Nhirng tac pham chinh
Nguyen Trai la tac gia xua't sic vi nhieu the loai van hgc, trong sang tac chu
Han va chil Ndm, trong van chinh luan va thg tru tinh. Ong de lai mdt khdi lugng
sang tac ldn vdi nhiiu tac pham cd gia tri.
Nhiing tac pham chinh vie't bing chir Han : Qudn trung tie menh tap, Binh Ngo
dqi edo, Uc Trai thi tap, Chi Linh son phu, Bdng Ho di su luc. Lam San thuc luc,
Vdn bia Vinh Ldng, Vdn loqi. Sang tac chii Ndm cd Quoc dm thi tap gdm 254 bai
tho vie't theo the Dudng luat hoac Dudng luat xen luc ngdn (sau chii). Ngoai sang
tac van hgc, Nguyin Trai cdn de lai cudn Du dia chi, mdt bd sach dia li cd nhat
ciia Viet Nam.
Sau tham hoa tru di tam tpc, tac pham cua Nguyin Trai bi tha't lac hoac bi thieu
huy nhieu. Nam 1467, vua Le Thanh Tdng da ra lenh suu tap lai trudc tac cua dng
va phai de'n the ki XDC, tac pham cua Nguyin Trai mdi dugc suu tam tuong ddi day
du. Tuy nhien, di san van hgc Nguyin Trai cdn de'n ngay nay chic chin chua phai
la toan bd su nghiep van hpe vT dai cua dng.

2. Nguyen Trai - nhd van chinh luan l(iet xuat

Trong van hpe trung dai Viet Nam, Nguyen Trai la nha van chinh luan ldi lac
nhat. Ong da de lai khd'i lugng kha ldn van chinh luan : Qudn trung tic menh tap,
Binh Ngo dqi cao, chie'u bieu viet dudi trieu Le,... Tu tudng chu dao xuyen sudt cac
ang van chinh luan cua Nguyin Trai la tu tudng nhan nghia, yeu nudc, thuang dan.
Qudn trung tii menh tap gdm nhiing thu tir giii cho tudng giac va nhiing giay
td giao thiep vdi triiu dinh nha Minh,... Tac pham la tap van chie'n da'u "cd siic
manh cua mudi van quan" (Phan Huy Chu). Siic inanh ay cd dugc tir sir ket hgp
tuyet dieu giira tu tudng nhan nghia, tu tudng yeu nudc vdi nghe thuat viet van
luan chie'n bae thay. Binh Ngo dqi edo la ang van yeu nude Idn cua thdi dai, la ban
tuyen ngdn vi chu quyen ddc lap dan tdc, ban cao t r ^ g tdi ac ke thu, ban hung
ca ve cudc khdi nghla Lam Son. 6 Binh Ngo dqi ado, siic manh cua tu tudng nhan
nghla va tu tudng yeu nudc da hoa lam mdt:
Viec nhdn nghla cdt a yen ddn,
Qudn dieu phqt truac lo trie bqo.
Nguyin Trai quan niem khi dat nudc cd ngoai xam thi yeu nudc, nhan nghia,
anh hiing la chdng xam luge. Trong^canh thai binh, dng vin udc vpng nha nudc
phong kien dung nhan nghia de "tri" dan, "khoan" dan,...
van chinh luan cua Nguyin Trai dat tdi trinh dp nghe thuat mau muc tir viec
xac dinh dd'i tugng, muc dich de su dung but phap thich hgp den ke't cau chat che,
lap luan sic ben.

10
3. Nguyin Trai - nha tha triif tinh sdu sac

Hal tap tho Uc Trai thi tap va Quoc dm thi tap ghi lai hinh anh Nguyin Trai vira
la ngudi anh hung vT dai vira la con ngudi tran the.
Ll tudng eua ngudi anh hung la su quyen hoa gitia nhan nghia vol yeu nudc,
thuong dan. Li tudng ay luc nao cung thiet tha, manh liet: "Bui 'i' mdt tac ldng uu
aif2) cu - Dem ngay cudn cudn nudc triiu ddng." [Thudt hieng-hm 2).

Pham cha't, y chi cua ngudi anh hung ludn ngdi sang trong chie'n da'u chdng
ngoai xam cung nhu trong dau tranh chdng cudng quyen, bao ngugc vi chan li:
"Vudn quynh dau chim keu hdt - Cdi tran cd tnic diing ngan." [Tu thdn - bai 40).

Dang ngay thang, cting cdi ciia cay tnic, ve thanh tao, trong tring cua cay mai,
siic sd'ng khoe khoin cua cay tiing - nhiing pham chat td't dep tupng trung cho
ngudi quan tii - deu cd d Nguyin Trai. Dieu dang quy la tat ca nhiing pham chat
ay khdng phai de lam dep cho rieng ban than ma la de giup dan, giup nudc "Danh
cdn d i trg dan nay" [Tiing).
La bae ajih hung ydi li tudng cao ca, Nguyin Trai ciing la mdt con ngudi tran
the. Ong dau ndi dau eua con ngudi, yeu tinh yeu ciia con ngudi. Nguyin Trai dau
khi chiing kien nghich canh eo le cua xa hdi cu: "Phupng nhiing tiec cao dieu hay
lugn -Hoa thudng hay heo cd thudng tuoi." [Tu thudt- bai 9).

Tir ndi dau trudc thdi ddi den bae "Bui mdt ldng ngudi cue hiem thay", nha tho
khao khat su hoan thien cua con ngudi va mo udc xa hdi thai binh, thinh tri "Dan
Nghieu Thuan, vua Nghieu Thuan".
Tinh yeu cua Nguyen Trai danh nhieu cho thien nhien, da't nudc, con ngudi,
cudc sd'ng.
Tinh yeu thien nhien eua Nguyin Trai the hien qua mang tho thien nhien rat
cd gia tri d Uc Trai thi tap va Quoc dm thi tap. Trong tho chir Han cd nhiing buc
tranh thien nhien hoanh trang: "Kinh ngae bam vam non may khue - Giao guom
chim gay bai bao tang" [Cua bien Bqch Ddng-ban dich). Thien nhien trong tho
Ndm cd nhiing buc tranh lua xinh xin, phang phat phong vi tho Dudng : "Nudc
biec non xanh thuyen gdi bai - Dem thanh nguyet bae khach len lau" [Bdo kinh
cdnh giai - bai 26). Thien nhien binh di, dan da, tir qua nuc nac, lanh mdng toi, be
rau mudng, den "ngd cay da't ai", con ddng dong,... deu di vao tho Nguyin Trai
mdt each tu nhien, tao nen nhiing rung ddng tham mi. Thien nhien trd thanh mdi
trudng sdng thanh tao, con ngudi ging giir gin ve dep nguyen so, khdng lam tdn

(1) Bui: duy chi.

(2) Uu di: uu quoc, ai dan (Io nuoc, yeu dan).

11
thuong de'n canh vat. Nha tho khdng nd tha mai cheo vi sg lam tan vd bdng trang
in tren nudc : "Nudc cdn nguyet hien xa^^^ thdi cheo" ; hdp chen rugu in bdng
trang ma tudng dang hdp anh trdng : "Dem thanh hdp nguyet nghieng chen" ;
ganh nudc vi pha tra, nudc in bdng trang tudng mang ca trang vi theo :
"Che tien(2' nudc ghin'^' nguyet deo vi". Cd the ndi, d Nguyin Trai "long yeu thien
nhien van vat la mpt kich thudc de do mdt tam hdn" (Xuan Dieu).
Tho Nguyin Trai cd nhirng cau ndi vi nghia vua tdi, ve tinh cha con xiet bao
earn dpng: "Quan than^^' chua bao ldng canh canh -Tinh phu com trdi ao cha."
[Ngon chi-hai 7).

Uc Trai thudng hay ndi tdi ldng ban. Ldng ban bao gid ciing sang trong nhu
vang nguyet: "Ldng ban trang ving vac cao".
Nguyin Trai gin bd tha thie't vdi que huong. Ndi nhd que trong tho Uc Trai cu
the, sau sic. Que ay la Chi Ngai, Cdn Son, noi Nguyin Trai sdng vdi dng ngoai tir
thud thieu thdi. Que ay cdn la canh ddng Nhi Khe ma tudi tha Nguyen Trai cung
ban timg dpi ndn, vac cudc lam ddng trong ngay xuan.
Nhirng van tho Nguyin Trai viet ve thien nhien dat nudc, vi tinh cha con, tinh
ban,... xiet bao gan gui, than thuang. Khia canh "con ngudi" trong ngudi anh hung
Nguyin Trai chinh la ve dep nhan ban da gdp phan nang ngudi anh hung dan tdc
len tam nhan loai.

Ill - KET LUAN

Xuat hien d nua dau the ki XV, thien tai van hpe Nguyin Trai trd thanh mdt
hien tupng van hpe ket tinh truyin thd'ng van hpe LI - Tran, ddng thdi md dudng
cho ca mdt giai doan phat trien mdi.
Ve ndi dung, van chuong Nguyin Trai hdi tu hai ngudn cam hung ldn cua van
hpe dan tpc la yeu nudc va nhan dao.
v i hinh thiic nghe thuat, van chuang Nguyin Trai cd ddng gdp ldn d ca hai
binh dien co ban nha't la the loai va ngdn ngur. Nguyin Trai la nha van chinh luan
kiet xua't, nha tho khai sang van hpe tieng Viet. Ong dem de'n cho nen van hpe dan
tdc tho Dudng luat viet bing chii Ndm, gdp phan lam cho tie'ng Vi$t trd thanh
ngdn ngii van hpe giau va dep.
(1) Xd: hay.
(2) Tien: nau.
(3) Ghin: ganh.
(4) Qudn thdn : vua, cha.

12
HOIOMG D A N HOC BAI
1. Vi sao cd the ndi Nguyin Trai la mdt nhan vat lich su vT dai ?
2. Anh (chi) da dpe nhiing tac phim nao ciia Nguyin Trai ? Hay gidi thieu so lugc
mdt vai tac pham tieu bieu.
3. Phan tich ve dep tam hdn Nguyin Trai qua mdt sd cau tho ma anh (chi) cam
nhan sau sic nhat.
4. Neu khai quat nhiing gia tri co ban vi ndi dung va nghe thuat ciia tho van
Nguyin Trai.

, GHI NHO ^

Nguyin Trai la bae anh hiing dan tdc, mdt nhan vSt toan tai hiem cd nhung
lai la ngudi phai chju nhCrng oan khien tham khdc dudi thdi phong kien. Ong
la nha tha, nha vSn kiet xuat, la danh nhan van hoa the gidi, cd nhCrng ddng
gdp to Idn cho su phat trien cua van hoa, van hgc dan tpc.

13
VliT BAI LAM VAN SO 4 : VAN THUYET MINH
(Bai iam dnha) ..-.-• „..^
KET QUA CAN OAT -
Bie't van dung nhung ki^n thirc va kT nang da
hgc ve van ban thuyet minh de viet dugc mdt
bai van nhim trinh bay mgt each chuan xac
mgt su vat, su viec, hien tugng quen thudc
trong thuc te ddi song.

I - HOtiTNG DAN CHUNG

De lam td't bai van nay, anh (chi) can :
1. On lai nhirng kien thiic va ki nang da hpe ve van thuye't minh d cac ldp 8, 9.
Chu y ren luyen them nhiing mat ma anh (chi) thay minh dang cdn yeu (hieu
bie't thtrc te, van dung cac phuong phap thuye't minh, lap dan y, hoac nang luc
diin dat,...).
2. On luyen nhiing kien thiic va ki nang vi tieng Viet, dac biet la vi each dimg tir,
dat cau, de ldi van ciia bai lam phu hpp vdi yeu cau thuyet minh.
3. Quan sat, tim hieu, hpe tap de nim dugc nhiing tri thiic chuan xac, khach
quan, khoa hpe vi ddi sdng, vi viec hpe van va tap lam van.
II - GOI Y DE BAI
Hay vie't mdt bai vaa de thuyet minh mdt trong cac van de sau :
1. Vai trd cua cay cdi (hoac eua rimg, cua cac loai ddng vat hoang da, cua nhien
lieu sach,...) trong viec bao ve mdi trudng sdng.
2. Tac hai eua ma tuy (hoac cua rugu, thud'c la,...) ddi vdi ddi sd'ng cua con ngudi.
3. Mdt kinh nghiem hpe van hoac iam van.
III - GOI Y CACH LAM BAI
1. Tim hieu kl de bdi de xac dinh rd cac yeu cau ve muc dich thuye't minh,
ndi dung thuye't minh.
2. Cd gIng van dung nhiing tri thiic tich luy dugc qua viec hpe hdi, tim hieu thuc
te ddi sdng de tim duge :
- Noi dung thuyet minh chuan xac, khoa hpe, khach quan va phong phu.
- Cdch thdc thuyet minh thich hpp, giup ngudi dpe cd nhirng hieu bie't dung
din va can thie't ve su vat (hien tugng) dugc thuye't minh.
3. My dimg bo cue sao cho ndi dung thuye't minh dugc trinh bay rd rang, khue chie't.
4. Chu y de khdng mic ldi ve diin dat, chinh ta, tu ngu, ngu phap. Ldi van can
rd y, trong sang, mach lac de ngudi dgc tiep thu dugc di dang.

14
ODOC THEM

CHIEC NOI XANH

{Lug€ trich)

Chiing ta luon ludn nim trong long chiec noi xanh cua cay cdi - do la cai may dieu
hoa khi hau vT dai cua chiing ta.
Nhirng sd lieu dang tin cay cua cdc nha ve sinh hoc ket luan ring ngoi dudi tan cay
bang, ta bdt dugc 4 lan cai nong chay da budi trua he tren dudng nhua.
Dien tich vo cung to ldn cua cac tang la triing diep da can 50% bui dudng, tinh ra
trong mot vu he, mpt hang 100 cay d dudng phd da giii lai 340 kg bui, de giu xudng mat
dudng sau moi tran mua.
Cay cdi cdn la hang rao each li tie'ng dong, ha'p thu va hat lai nhirng sdng am thanh
hdn tap de khoi lam chan dong than kinh. Mot vdng dai cay day 17 - 20 m du dam bao
an toan cho nha d chdng tie'ng on. Neu trong cay sat nha d hay dudng di, noi phat ra
tieng dpng, thi mot vdng dai cay day 7 - 10 m la dii.
Ngudi ta vi rat dung: cay xanh la la phoi cua hanh tinh chiing ta. Tat ca cac sinH vat
deu thd, va lien tuc hut dudng khi, thai than khi. Nha may lai tudn ra khi doc va khdi lam
d nhiim khdng khi. Dat cung "thd", nhat la dat toi, xd'p, am, canh la cay muc, cac chat
hiru ca phan giai, nam mdc va vi khuan hd hap da tha ra rat nhieu than khi.
Khdng cd cay x£uih thi chang may chdc mudn loai se ngat thd. Tuy ban dem cay ciing
hd hap, nhung ban ngay cay lai hap thu than khi, ket hgp vdi anh ning de tra lai dudng
khi va tao nen chat bdt dudng. Cho nen khdng khi ban ngay d nha cd cay xanh bao boc
chiia rat it than khi, chimg 0,02% (dat tieu chuan ve sinh). Mdi nam tat ca cay cdi tren
mat dat va dudi bien da hap thu 175 ti tan tiian khi va mdi tan than khi lai bien thanh
2,7 tan dudng khi.
Cay cdi ngan can va loc khi doc trong khdng khi. Trong rimg thdng, rimg ba
huang, khdng khi hau nhu vd trung. Lugng vi triing gay benh trong khdng khi d ndng
thdn hay rimg it hon thanh phd 10 lan. Chang ban vi miia he tren dudng phd Pa-ri,
mdi phan khdi khdng khi chiia 5.500 vi khuan cac loai, nhung cac lang mac ngoai d
chi cd 550 vi khuan trong moi phan khdi khdng khi. Dieu do chiing minh ring
cay xanh da tha ra cac chat thanh triing khdng khi de tu bao ve, ma khoa hoc gpi la
cha't phi-tdn-xit.

(Nguyin Bat Can - La VTnh Quyen,

SUc khoe thanh nien, NXB Thanh nien. Ha Npi, 1968.
Ten doan trich do NBS dat.)

15
DAI CAO BlNH NGO NGUY£NTRAI
(Tie'p theo)

Phan hai: TAG PHAM

TIEU DAN

Sau khi quan ta dai thSng, tieu diet va lam tan ra 15 van vien binh ciia giac, Vuang Thdng
budc phai giang hoa, chap nhan nit quan ve nudc, Nguydn Trai thtra lenh Le Lpi viet Dqi edo
hinh Ngo.
Dqi cao binh Ngo cd y nghTa trpng dai cua mdt ban tuyen ngdn ddc lap 6.uqc cdng bd vao
thang Chap, nam Dinh Mui (tiic dau nam 1428). Bai dai cao nay mang dac trung ca ban cua
the cao ndi chung, ddng thdi cd nhiing sang tao rieng cua Nguydn Trai.

Cda la the van nghi luan cd ttr thdi co d Trung Qud'c, thudng duac vua chiia hoac thu Unh
dung de trinh bay mdt chu truong, mdt su nghiep, tuyen ngdn mdt su kien de moi ngudi cimg
biet. Trong the cao, cdloai van cao thudng ngay nhu chieu sach cua vua truyen xud'ng ve mdt
van de nao dd, cd loai van dai cao mang y nghia mdt su kidn trpng dai, cd tinh chat quoc gia.
Cap cd the duac vie't bang van xudi hay van vin nhung phan nhieu dugc vid't bing van bien
ngSu, khdng cd van hoac cd van, thudng cd dd'i, cau dai ngan khdng gd bd, mdi cap hai ve dd'i
nhau. Cung nhu hich, cao la the van hiing bien, do dd ldi le phai danh thep, Ii luan phai sic
ben, ket cau phai chat che, mach lac.

Dqi cao binh Ngo do Nguyin Trai thira lenh Le Lai soan thao la bai cao cd y nghTa trpng
dai cua qud'c gia, duac cdng bd rdng khap ve viec dep yen giac Ngo (d day, chu Ngo chi giac
Minh xam luac). Bai dai cao nay dupc vie't theo Idi van biln ngSu, cd van dung the tu luc (timg
cap cau, mdi cau mudi chu nglt theo nhip 4/6), hinh tupng nghe thuat sinh ddng, gpi cam.
Bd cue bai Dqi cao binh Ngo gdm bd'n phan (NBS da danh sd de tien theo doi):
- Neu luan de chinh nghia.
- Vach ro tdi ac ke thu.
- Ke Iai qua trinh chinh phat gian kho va ta't thang cua cudc khdi nghla.
- Tuyen bd chien qua, khang dinh su nghiep chinh nghia.

16
VAN BAN

1. Timg nghe:
Viec nhan nghla cdt d yen dan,
Quan dieu phat'^' trudc lo trir bao.
Nhu nudc Dai Viet ta tir trudc,
Vdn xung n i n van hien da lau.
Nui sdng bd cdi da chia,
Phong tuc Bic Nam ciing khae.
Tir Trieu, Dinh, Li, Tran bao ddi gay nen ddc lap,
Cimg Han, Dudng, Td'ng, Nguyen mdi ben xung de mdt phuong.
Tuy manh yeu timg luc khae nhau.
Song hao kiet ddi nao cung cd.
Vay nen:
Luu Cung tham cdng nen that bai,
Trieu Tiet'^^ thich ldn phai tieu vong.
Cua Ham Tu'^' bit sdng Toa Dd,
Sdng Bach Ding giet tuoi O Ma'^'.
Viec xua xem xet,
Chiing cd cdn ghi.
2. Vira rdi:
Nhan hp Hd chinh su phien ha,
De trong nudc long dan oan ban.
Quan cudng Minh thira co gay hoa,
Bpn gian ta ban nudc cau vinh.
Nudng dan den tren ngpn lua hung tan,
Viii con dd'^^ xud'ng dudi ham tai va.
Ddi trdi lira dan du mudn nghin ke.
Gay binh ke't oan trai hai muoi nam.
Bai nhan nghla nat ca da't trdi,
Nang thue khoa sach khdng dam nui.
Ngudi bi ep xudng bien ddng lung md ngpc, ngan thay ca map, thudng ludng.
Ke bi dem vao nui dai cat tim vang, khdn ndi rimg sau, nudc ddc.

(1) Dieu phqt: {dieu : thuang, phqt: triing tri) nit tir y "Dieu dan phat toi" trong Kinh Thu
noi ve viec Thang, Vu vi dan ma danh ke co toi la Kiet, Tru.
(2) Trieu Tiet: tuang nha Tdng ciing Quach Quy dem quan xam luac nuae ta, bi Li Thuang
Kiet danh duoi.
(3) Hdm TH: (thuoc Hung Yen) noi Tran Nhat Duat pha quan Toa Do.
(4) Toa Do, 6 Md: hai tuang nha Nguyen.
(5) Con dd : con mai d§ (nghia den); a day chi nhan dan, theo nghia : nha vua chan chinh
yeu dan nhu con mai d6.

2-NVip/2A 17
 Vet san vat, bit chim tra, chdn chdn ludi chang,
Nhiiu nhan dan, bay huou den'^^ noi noi cam dat.
Tan hai ca gidng cdn trung cay cd,
Nheo nhde thay ke goa biia khdn cung.
Thing ha mieng, dua nhe rang, mau md bay no ne chua chan ;
Nay xay nha, mai d i p dat, chan tay nao phuc dich cho vira.
Nang ne nhiing ndi phu phen,
Tan tac ca nghi canh cui.
Ddc ac thay, truc'^' Nam Son khdng ghi het tdi,
Do ban thay, nudc Ddng Hai khdng nia sach miii.
Le nao trdi dat dung tha,
Ai bao than nhan chiu dugc ?
3. Taday:
Nui LamSon day nghia,
Chdn hoang da nuong minh.
Ngim thil ldn ha dpi trdi chung,
c a m giac nudc the khdng cung sdng.
Dau long nhuc dc, chdc da mudi may nam trdi ;
Nem mat n i m gai, ha phai mpt hai sdm tdi.
Quen an vi gian, sach lugc thao'^' suy xet da tinh ;
Ngim trudc den nay, le hung phe'^' d i n do cang ki.
Nhiing trln trpc trong con mpng mi,
Chi ban khoan mpt ndi do hdi'^'.
Vua khi cd nghla day len,
Chinh luc quan thu duong manh.
Lai ngat vi:
Tuan kiet nhu sao budi sdm,
Nhan tai nhu la mua thu.
Viec bdn tau thie'u ke dd dan,
Noi duy ac'^' hiem ngudi ban bae.
Tam long ciiu nudc, van dam dam mud'n tien vi ddng'^^;
Cd xe cau hien, thudng cham cham cdn danh phia ta'^'.

(1) Chim trd, huou den : hai loai vat deu quy, long chim tra mau tim lam ao va dem, nhung
huau lam vi thudc bo.
(2) Trite: thoi xua chep su sach bang each dung dao khSe chu tren the true, rdi quet son len.
(3) Sdch luac thao : sach day each dung binh, danh tran.
(4) Hung phe: hung: noi mot trieu dai dang len, phe: noi mpt triiu dai dang xudng va bi lat do.
(5) Do hoi: muu tinh viec khdi phue Iai.
(6) Duy dc (hay oc): man che, eho bo tham muu trong quan dpi xua, nai ban bae viec quan.
(7) Ve dong: ehu lay tu Hdn thu, tu cau noi cua Luu Bang (Han Cao Td). Khi bi Hang Vu day
vao da't Tay Thue, Luu Bang hue tiic noi: "Du diec due dong nhi, an nang uat uat cuu
eu thli hd" (Ta eung mudn trd vl dong, sao chiu chet ai d chdn nay).
(8) Phia td: Tin Lang Quan nudc Nguy, nghe tieng Hau Doanh la mpt hiln si, minh ngdi phi'a
huu, danh phia ta cho Hau Doanh, t^ duoc coi nhu tren huu, eo y ton trpng nguai hien.

18 2-NV10/2B
The m a :
Trdng ngudi ngudi cang ving bdng, mit mu nhu nhin chdn be khoi,
Tu ta ta phai dd'c ldng, vdi va hon ciiu ngudi chet dudi.
Phan thi gian hung do ngang dpe,
Phan thi lo van nudc khd khan.
Khi Linh Son'^' luong het may tuan,
Khi Khdi Huyen'^' quan khdng mpt dpi.
Trdi thu long trao cho menh ldn,
Ta gIng chi khic phuc gian nan.
Nhan dan bdn cdi mpt nha, dung can truc'^' ngpn cd phap phdi ;
Tudng si mpt ldng phu tii, hoa nudc sdng''*' chen rugu nggt ngao.
The tran xuat ki, lay ye'u chdng manh ;
Dung quan mai phuc, lay it dich nhieu.
Trgn hay:
Dem dai nghia de thing hung tan.
Lay chi nhan de thay cudng bao.
Tran Bd Dlng'^' sam vang chdp giat,
Mien Tra Lan'^' true che tro bay'^'.
SI khi da hang,
Quan thanh cang manh'^'.
Tran Tri, Son Thg nghe hoi ma mat via,
Li An, Phuong Chinh'^' nin thd cau thoat than.

(1) Linh Son : niii Chi Linh, mpt ngpn nui hiem trd d xa Giao An, huyen Lang Chanh,
Thanh Hoa.
(2) Khoi Huyen : lau nay nguoi ta vin cho rang day la vung Khoi Sach, gan Nho Quan,
Ninh Binh, giap Thanh Hoa ; gan day co y kien cho ring Khoi Huyen d man Ba Thuae,
Thanh Hoa.
(3) Dung cdn trdc : lay dien cu noi vl Tran Thang, Ngo Quang do khdi nghia qua gap
khong kip may ed, gio can tnic Iam ca (yet can vi ki).
(4) Hod nuae song: lay dien trong Vdn tuyen chep ldi Hoang Thach Cong : "Xua co vien
tuang gidi, kheo dimg binh, nhan co nguai bie'u chai ruau, vien tuong do truyin tap
hpp quan dpi ben dong song, rdi do ehai ruau xudng dong song de mpi ngudi d i u
nhap, gpi la chia ngpt se biii, cimg nhau chien dau mpt long". Ve dien nay, theo
truyen thuyet, d huyen Lang Chanh, Thanh Hoa co truyen Suoi ruou ; a huyen
Thuang Xuan, Thanh Hoa co truyen Hon dd khao d i u noi Le Lpi xua c6 lam dpng tac
do rupu xudng song khao quan.
(5) Bo Ddng: ten mpt ngpn niii, con gpi la Bo Liet, B6 Cii thupe Quy Chau, Nghe An.
(6) Trd Ldn : mpt dia diem thupe xa Bong Khe, huyen Con Cuong, Nghe An.
(7) Tnic che tro bay: quan giac bi tan nhanh d l nhu the che tre, hay nhu tro bay.
(8) sr khi, qudn thanh : tinh than va thanh the cua quan dpi.
(9) Trdn Tri, San Tho, Li An, Phuang Chinh : bdn vien tuang cua quan Minh.

19
 Thira thing rudi dai, Tay Kinh'i' quan ta chie'm lai;
Tuyen binh tien danh, Ddng Dd'^' dat cu thu ve.
Ninh Kieu mau chay thanh sdng, tanh trdi van dam ;
Tdt Ddng'^' thay chat day npi, nho de ngan nam.
Phuc tam quan giac, Tran Hiep da phai beu dau ;
Mpt gian ke thu, LI Lugng cung danh bd mang.
Vuong Thdng gd the nguy, ma dam lira chay lai cang chay;
Ma Anh'*' Cliu tran danh, ma quan ta hang lai cang hang.
Bd tay de dpi bai vong, giac da tri cimg liic kiet;
Ching danh ma ngudi chiu khuat, ta day muu phat, tam cdng'^'.
Tudng chung biet le an nan, nen da thay ldng ddi d a ;
Ngd dau vin duong muu tinh, lai cdn chude tdi gay oan.
Giir y kie'n mpt ngudi, gieo va cho bao nhieu ke khae ;
Tham cdng danh mpt luc, de cudi cho ta't ca the gian.

Bdi the:
Thing nhai con Tuyen Duc'^', ddng binh khdng ngimg;
Dd nhut nhat Thanh, Thang'^', dem dau chiia chay.
Dinh Mui thang chin Lieu Thang dem binh tir Khau On tien lai;
Nam ay thang mudi, Mdc Thanh chia dudng tir Van Nam tien sang.
Ta trudc da diiu binh thii hiem, chat mui tien phong;
Ta sau lai sai tudng chen dudng, tuyet ngudn luong thuc.
Ngay mudi tam, tran Chi Lang'^', Liiu Thang tha't the,
Ngay hai muoi, tran Ma An'^', Liiu Thang cut dau,
Ngay ham lam, ba tude Luang Minh bai tran tir vong,
Ngay ham tam, thugng thu Li Khanh ciing ke tu vin.
Thuan da ta dua ludi dao tung pha,
Bi nudc giac quay mui giao danh nhau.
Lai them quan bd'n mat vay thanh.
Hen de'n giira thang mudi diet giac.

(1) Tdy Kinh : Tay Nhai, hoac Tay Giai do nha Ho xay dung, di tieh hien con d huyen
Vinh Loc, Thanh Hoa (khong nen nham lin vai Lam Kinh d Lam San).
(2) Dong Do : Ha Npi ngay nay.
(3) Ninh Kieu, Tot Dong: hai dia diem d Chuang MI, Ha Tay (nay thupe Ha Npi)
(4) Trdn Hiep, Li Luang, Vuong Thong, MdAnh : eung la eae vien tuang eiia quan Minh.
(5) Muu phqt, tdm cong : danh bang muu, danh bang tam (danh bang nhan nghla,
dung nhan nghla de thuyet phue, cam hoa).
(6) Tuyen Dice: nien hieu vua Tuyen Tong nha Minh, d ngoi tii 1426 de'n 1435.
(7) Thqnh, Thang: Mpc Thanh, Lilu Thang - hai tuang nha Minh din hai dao vien binh sau
Cling va diu that bai.
(8) Chi Ldng: dia diem xua la eua ai, noi Lilu Thang bi giet (gan ga xe lira Chi Lang hien nay d
Lang Son).
(9) MdAn : mpt dia diem d Lang Son.

20
Sl td't ken ngudi hung hd,
Be tdi chgn ke vudt nanh.
Guam mai da, da nui cung mdn,
Voi udng nudc, nudc sdng phai can.
Danh mpt tran, sach khdng kinh ngae,
Danh hai tran'^', tan tac chim mudng.
Ndi gid to trut sach la khd,
Thdng td kien pha toang de vd.
Dd ddc Thdi Tu le gdi dang td ta tdi,
Thupng thu Hoang Phuc trdi tay de tu xin hang.
Lang Giang'2', Lang Son, thay chat day dudng;
Xuong Giang, Binh Than'^', mau trdi do nudc.
Ghe gdm thay sic phong van phai ddi,
Tham dam thay dnh nhat nguyet phai md.
Bi ta chen d Le Hoa'*', quan Van Nam nghi ngd khiep via ma vd mat;
Thua quan ta d Can Tram'^', quan Mpc Thanh xeo len nhau chay de thoat than.
Sudi Lanh Cau'^' mau chay trdi chay'^', nudc sdng nghen ngao tieng khdc ;
Thanh Dan Xa thay chat thanh nui, cd ndi dam dia mau den.
Cliu binh hai dao tan tanh, quay gdt chang kip ;
Quan giac cac thanh khdn dd'n, cdi giap ra hang.
Tudng giac bi cam tu, nhu hd ddi viy dudi xin ctiu mang;
Than vii chang giet hai'^', the ldng trdi ta md dudng hie'u sinh.
Ma Ki, Phuong Chinh, ca'p cho nam tram chiec thuyin,
ra de'n be ma vin hdn bay phach lac ;
Vuong Thdng, Ma Anh, phat cho vai nghin co ngua,
vi den nude ma vin tim dap chan run.
Hp da tham sdng sg chet, ma hoa hieu thuc ldng;
Ta lay toan quan la hon, de nhan dari nghi sue.
Chang nhiing muu ke ki dieu,
Cung la chua thay xua nay.

(1) Ddnh mot trdn, ddnh hai trdn: dieh thoat chu nhdt Co (danh hdi trd'ng thii nhat), tdi cd
(danh hdi trdng thii hai).
(2) Lqng Giang: mpt dia diem thuoc Bdc Giang.
(3) Xuang Giang: song chay qua phu Lang Thuang. Thanh Xuang Giang cdn di tich gan
thanh phd Bic Giang. Binh Than : thupe viing Pha Lai hien nay.
(4) Le Hoa : mpt ciia ki 5cua kia, giap ranh huyen Bat Xat, Lao Cai va huyen Mong Tu, Van
Nam (Tmng Quoc). O do co song Le Hoa. Nay viing nay khong cd ciia ai.
(5) Cdn Tram : vung Kep, Lang San.
(6) Ldnh Cdu, Dan Xd: hai dia diem giap ranh giua Van Nam va nuoc ta. Chua ro dich xac
hai dia diem nay d vCing Lai Chau hay vung Ha Giang.
(7) Mdu chdy troi chdy: do chu "huyet Iuu phieu chir" trong thien Vu thdnh {Kinh Thu),
y noi mau chay nhilu, troi ca chay (chay la m6t loai vu khi).
(8) Thdn vu chdng giet hqi: uy vu thieng lieng khong giet hai ma vin thing.

21
 xa tic tir day vting bin,
Giang son tir day ddi mdi.
Kien khdn bl rdi lai thai'^',
Nhat nguyet hdi rdi lai minh'2'.
Mudn thud nen thai binh virng chic,
Ngan thu vet nhuc nha sach lau.
Au cung nhd trdi dat td tdng khdn thieng ngam giup dd mdi dugc nhu vay.
Than di!
Mdt cd nhung y'^' chien thing, nen cdng oanh lift ngan nam ;
Bdn phuang bien ca thanh binh, ban chieu duy tan'*' khip chdn.
Xa gan ba cao
Ai nay diu hay.
Theo ban dich cua BUI Kl'^', BUI VAN NGUYEN chinh Ii
(Hpp tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II - Vdn hoc thekiX- theki XVII, Sdd.
Cd tham khao mpt sd ban dich khae.)

HOdNG D A N HOC BAI

1. Bai Dqi edo binh Ngo gdm 4 doan. Hay tdm lugc npi dung cua timg doan.
Npi dung ciia timg doan hudng vao chu d i chung cua bai cao la neu cao tu
tudng nhan nghia va tu tudng ddc lap dan tdc nhu the nao ?
2. Tim hieu doan md dau ("Timg nghe... chiing cd cdn ghi"):
a) Cd nhirng chan li nao dugc khang dinh de lam chd dua, lam can cii xac dang
cho viec trien khai toan bd ndi dung bai cao ?
b) Vi sao doan md dau cd y nghla nhu ldi tuyen ngdn ddc lap ?
c) Tac gia da cd each viet nhu the nao de lam ndi bat niem tu hao dan tdc ?
(Luu y each dung tir, sii dung nghe thuat so sanh, cau van biin ngiu sdng
ddi, can xiing, each neu d i n chiing tir thirc tiin,...)
3. Tim hieu doan 2 ("Vira rdi... Ai bao than nhan chiu dugc") :
a) Tac gia da td cao nhiing am muu, nhiing hanh ddng tdi ac nao cua giac
Minh ? Am muu nao la tham ddc nha't, tgi ac nao la man rg nhat ?
b) Nghe thuat cua doan cao trang tdi ac ke thu cd gi dac sic ? (Luu y nhirng cau
van giau hinh tupng; gipng van thay ddi linh hoat, phu hpp vdi cam xuc.)

(1) Kien khon : {kien hay cdn chi trai, khon chi da't) trai dat. Bl, thdi: dich hai que biva thdi trong
Kinh Dich {bi: be tic, thdi: thong sudt).
(2) Hoi roi lqi minh : tdi rdi Iai sang.
(3) Nhung y: ao giap mac de ra tran, day chi viee danh giac, y nay cung nit tu thien Vu thdnh da
neu d tren, tiic noi viec Vu Vuang danh Tru : "Chi mpt ed nhung y ma thien ha thu ve dupe"
(Nha't nhung y, thien ha dai dinh). 6 day, chi Le Lpi.
(4) Duy tdn : doi mai; y noi cupc khdi nghla Lam San da md ra mpt ki nguyen mai - ki nguyen xay
dung mpt nha nuoc Dai Viet tu chu va thinh vuang, duai triiu vua moi.
(5) Gan day eo y kie'n eho ring ban dieh nay la cua Tran Trpng Kim.

22 ,
4. Tim hieu doan 3 ("Ta day... Cung la chua thay xua nay"):
a) Giai doan dau cua cudc khdi nghia Lam Son dugc tac gia tai hien nhu the
nao ? (Cd nhirng khd khan gian khd gi ? Ngudi anh hung Le Lgi tieu bleu cho
cugc khdi nghia cd y chi, quye't tam nhu the nao ? Sue manh nao giup quan
ta chie'n thing ?)
b) Khi tai hien giai doan phan cdng thing lpi, bai cao mieu ta buc tranh toan
canh cudc khdi nghia Lam Son :
- Cho bie't cd nhirng tran danh nao, mdi tran cd dac diem gi ndi bat ?
- Phan tich nhirng bien phap nghe thuat mieu ta the chie'n thing ciia ta va sir
that bai cua giac.
- Phan tich tinh cha't hung trang ciia doan van dugc ggi len tir ngdn ngir, hinh
anh, nhip dieu cau van.
5. Tim hieu doan ket ("Xa tic tir day virng ben... Ai nay deu hay") :
- Gigng van d doan nay cd gi khae vdi nhirng doan tren ? Do dau cd sir khae
nhau dd ?
- Trong ldi tuyen bd n i n ddc lap dan tpc da dugc lap lai, Dqi ado binh Ngo
ddng thdi neu len bai hoc lich sit. Theo anh (chi), cd nhiing bai hgc lich sir
nao va y nghia cua bai hoc lich sii dd ddi vdi chung ta ngay nay nhu the nao ?
6*. Rut ra nhiing gia tri chung ve mat npi dung va nghe thuat cua Dqi edo binh
Ngo, ddng thdi phan tich nhiing gia tri dd.
a) Dqi edo binh Ngo dugc coi la ban tuyen ngdn ddc lap, tac pham cd mang y
nghia tuyen ngdn vi quyin sd'ng cua con ngudi hay khdng ? Hay 11 giai.
b) Dqi edo binh Ngo cd sir ket hgp hai hoa yeu td ehinh luan va ye'u td van
chuong, anh (chi) hay phan tich de lam sang td dac diem nay vi cac mat f
ke't ca'u, lap luan, nghe thuat sir dung tir ngir, xay dung hinh tugng, nghe
thuat sir dung cau van, nhip dieu.

, GHI NHO ,

Vdi nghe thuat chfnh luan tai tinh, vdi cam hung trCr tinh sau sic, Dai cao binh
Ngd to cao tgi ac ke thii xam lugc, ca nggi cugc khdi nghTa Lam San. Bai cao
dugc coi la ban tuyen ngdn dgc lap, mgt ang "thien cd hung van" ciia dan tgc ta.

LUYEN TAP
1. Lap sg dd ket ca'u cua Dqi edo binh Ngo va phan tich tac dung cua nghe thuat
ke't eau dd.
2. Hgc thudc doan md dau bai Dm edo Mn/z Ngd.

23
TiNH CHUAN XAC, HAP D A N
CUA VAN BAN THUYET MINH

K^TQUACANOAT-

Hieu va budc dau viet dugc van ban thuyet

minh chuan xac, hap d i n .

I - TINH CHUAN XAC TRONG VAN DAN THUYET MINH

1. Tinh chuan xac vd mot so bien phap Aim hao tinh chuin x^c cua vdn ban thuyd't minh
Muc dich cua van ban thuye't minh la cung cap nhiing tri thiic vi su vat khach
quan nhim giup cho hieu biet cua ngudi dpe (ngudi nghe) them chfnh xac va
phong phu. Cdng viec thuye't minh se khdng cdn y nghia, rnuc dich ciia thuyet
minh se khdng dat dugc neu ndi dung cua van bin khdng chuan xac (nghla la
khdng dung vdi chan li, vdi chuan muc dugc thira nhan). Chuan xac, do vay, la yeu
eau diu tien va cung la yeu ciu quan trgng nhat ciia mpi van ban thuyet minh.
De dat duge su chuan xac, can ehu y nhiiu diem, nhu mpt sd diem sau day:
- Tim hieu thau dao trudc khi vie't. Vi du : de thuyet minh mdt thing cinh,
nen den tan noi quan sat, ghi nhan ; de thuye't minh mpt cudn sach,
phai dpe di dpe lai nhiiu lan.
- Thu thap day du tai lieu tham khao, tim dugc tai lieu cd gia tri cua cac
chuyen gia, cac nha khoa hgc cd ten tudi, cua eg quan cd tham quyen vi
van de cin thuye't minh.
- Chu y de'n thdi diem xua't ban cua cac tai lieu de cd the cap nhat nhimg
thdng tin mdi va nhiing thay ddi thudng cd (vi du : ve sd dan, san lugng
hing nam,...).

2. Luyen tap
Tra ldi cac cau hdi sau day de kiem tra tinh chuan xac cua van ban
thuyet minh:
a) Trong mpt bai thuye't minh vi chuong trinh hpe, cd ngudi viet: "6 ldp 10
Trung hpe phd thdng, hpe sinh chi dugc hpe van hpe dan gian (ca dao, tuc
ngii, cau do)". Viet nhu the cd chuan xac khdng ? Vi sao ?

24
 b) Trong cau sau cd diem nao chua chuan xac :
Goi "Dqi edo binh Ngo" Id dng thien co hung vdn vi do la bdi vdn hiing
trdng da duac viet ra tii nghin ndm trudc.
c) Cd nen sii dung van ban dudi day de thuyet minh ve nha tho Nguyin Binh
Khiem khdng ? Neu khdng thi vi li do gi ?
Nguyin Binh Khiem (1491 -1585) Id mot trong nhitng ong trqng noi tieng
nhdt cua khoa cu Viet Nam. Ong Id ngucri ldng Trung Am, huyen Vinh Lqi,
tinh Hdi Duang, nay la xd Li Hoc, huyen Vinh Bdo, Hdi Phong. Ndm 1535,
thai Mqc Ddng Doanh, ong dd ddu cd ba ki thi. Nhung ong chi ldm quan vai
nhd Mqc co 7 ndm, vd sau khi ddng sa xin chem 18 ten quyen thdn md khong
duac, ong xin tri sl a que nhd. O qui, ong md truang dqy hoc ben song Hdn -
tiec song Tuy^t - hen khi mdt, hoc trd ton ong ldm Tuyet Giang Phu Tii. Mac
ddu ong dd ve tri sl, nhd Mqc vdn kinh trong vd vdn hoi ong ve viec nuoc. Khi
dng sdp mdt, nhd Mqc c6 phong cho ong tude Trinh Quoc cong. Vi the, nguai
ddi sau goi ong Id Trqng Trinh.
Tren co sd tra ldi nhiing cau hdi da neu, hay cho bie't: Mpt van ban thuyet
minh chuan xac can dap iing nhiing yeu ciu nao ?

II - TiNH HAP D A N C U A V A N BAN THUYET MINH

1. Tinh hd'p din vd mfit stf bien phdp tao tinh hd'p ddn ciia vdn bdn thuyd't minh
van ban thuyet minh khdng hap din (nghla la khdng cd siic ldi cudn,
thu hut su chu y) ngudi ta se khdng doc. Va mdt khi ngudi ta khdng dpe, thi van
ban thuyet minh ciing khdng cd<tac dung gi. Vay tinh hap din ciing vd cung
quan trpng.
Cd the ke mpt so bi^n phap lam cho van bin thuye't minh hap din :
- Dua ra nhimg chi tie't cu the, sinh dpng, nhiing con sd chinh xac de bai van
khdng trim tupng, mo hd.
- So sanh de lam ndi bat su khae biet, khic sau vao tri nhd ngudi dpe
(dgudi nghe).
- Ket hgp va sd dung cac kieu cau lam cho bai van thuyet minh bie'n hoa linh
hoat, khdng don di$u.
- Khi can, nen phdi hpp nhieu loai kien thiic de ddi tupng can thuyet minh
(mdt thing cinh, mpt di tich, mpt su vat,...) dugc soi rpi tir nhiiu mat.

25
2. Luyen tap
(1) Hay dpe doan van sau day va thuc hien yeu ciu neu d dudi.
Ne'u bi tude di mdi trucmg kich thich, bo ndo cda dua tre se phdi chiu dung kim
hdm. Vi du, cdc nhd nghien cuu tqi Trudng Dqi hoc Ykhoa Bai-lo dd phdt hien ra
rdng nhitng diia tre it dugc choi diia hoqc it duac tiep xuc se co bo ndo be hon binh
thudng 20 - 30% so vai lua tuoi cua chung. Cdc vdt nuoi a trong phdng thi nghiem
cung cho thdy dieu xdy ra tuang tu. Cdc nhd nghien cdu tqi Trudmg Dqi hoc I-li-noi
6 Ur-ba-na Sam-pa dd phdt hien ra rdng nhitng con chuot con duac nuoi trong cui
CO rdi do choi khong nhiing bieu hien su dng xu phuc tqp hon nhiing con chuot
nhdt trong nhiing hop rdng khong co gi hdp ddn, md bo ndo cua nhting con chuot
ndy cdn co so tiep diem thdn kinh cho moi na-ron nhiiu han (tdi 25%) so vdi nhiing
con chuot kia. Noi cdch khdc, cdng trdi qua nhieu kinh nghiem cdng ldm cho bo
ndo gidu hon. /
^ fVu Dinh Cu (Chu bien),
Gido due huong toi theki XX]

Phan tieh bien phap lam cho luan diem Neu bi tuac di moi trudng kich thich,
bo ndo cua dua tre se phdi chiu dung kim hdm trd nen cu the, d i hieu, hap din.

(2) Hay dpe doan trich sau day va phan tich tac dung tao hiing thu cua viec ke
lai truyin thuye't ve hdn dao An Ma :
Ho Ba Be tie Idu dd noi tieng la danh lam thdng cdnh bdc nhdt a Viet Nam...
Chuyen kerdng: Ngdy xua ngdy xua, dd Idu ldm rdi, cd khu vuc hd Ba Be ngdy
nay la mot vting trti phu... Rdi bdng mot dem trdi ndi con thinh no, mua do dm dm,
nuoc sdng ddng len, mat ddt nut ne vd sup xudng ldm cho cd vung ddn cu diu bi
cudn theo ddng nuoc. Duy chi cd mot ngudi ddn bd sdng cd dan, hiin ldnh, chdn
that Id thodt nqn, vi bd dd dugc bdo truac trdn hdng thuy sexdy ra. Theo lai dan,
bd god dd lay tro rdc quanh nhd vd lay hqt thdc bd tien delqi cdn ddi thd xudng hd,
vd thdc bien thdnh nhting chiec thuyen decieu ngudi gap nqn. Cd vung thung liing
tru phu dd tra thdnh bien nuae menh mdng. Chi cdn mdt mdnh ddt nhd nhoi Id
khu nhd ciia ngudi ddn bd sd'ng hiin ldnh due do, ngudi ta goi dd Id Pd Gid Mdi
(ddo bd god)... Mdnh ddt cudi ciing cdn sdt lqi ndm giua hd Hai ddt dai mdu ma Id
nai an nghi cua nhiing ngudi xdu sd trong trdn hdng thuy ndm xua. Nhdn ddn
trong vung dd lap mdt din thd d ddo ndyde tuang nho den nhiing nguai dd khudt.
Vl vdy hdn ddo cd ten Id An Mq (nai an nghi cua ddn ldng).
Dd Id truyin thuyet gdn liin vai su hinh thdnh hd Ba Be theo cdch li gidi
cua ngudi xua. . —
(TIzeoBmVanDirjh,
BaBe- huyen thoai va su that)

26
 GHI NHO.

Van ban thuyet minh can phai chuan xac. Oe dam bao yeu cau nay, nhung
tri thuc trong van ban phai cd tinh khach quan, khoa hgc, dang tin cay. Cd
the mdi thuc su cd ich cho ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe.
Van ban thuye't minh can phai ha'p d i n de thu hut su chu y theo doi ciia
ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe. Mud'n the can su dung nhieu hinh tugng sinh dgng,
nhieu so sanh cu the, va cau van phai bien hoa linh hoat. Nhung su tich,
nhCrng truyen thuyet thich hgp cung lam cho van ban thuye't minh them ha'p
d i n va sau sic.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

Dgc doan trich sau va phan tieh tinh hap din cua nd.
/.../ That the, phd ddi vdi mdt hqngngudi, khdng cdn la mot mdn dn ntia, md Id
mdt thli nghien, nhu nghien nudc trd tuai...
Ngay tit a ddng xa, mui phd cdng dd cd mdt sue huyin bi quyen ru ta nhu mdy
khdi chua Huong ddy budc chdn ta, thuc bdeh ta phdi treo len dinh nui devdo chda
trong, rdi lqi ra chua ngodi. Ta tien lqi gdn mdt ciia hdng bdn phd: that Id cd mdt
bdi tri nen tha.
Qua ldn cua kinh ta dd thdy gi ? Mdt bd hdnh hoa xanh nhu Id mq, ddm qud dt
dd budc vdo mdt cdi ddy, vdi mieng thit bd tuai vd mim, chin cd, tdi cd, sun cd, ma
gdu cd, ve cting cd,... Nguai bdn hdng ddng thdi bdnh, thdi thit ludn tay, thinh
thodng lqi md ndp mdt cdi thung sdt ra delay nudc dung chan vdo bdt. Mdt ldn
khdi tod ra khdp gian hdng, bao phu nhiing nguai ngdi dn d chung quanh trong
mdt ldn suong mong, ma hd nhu mdt buc tranh tdu ve nhiing dng tien ngdi ddnh
cd a trong rieng mua thu.
Trdng md them qud '.Nhdt Id vi miia ret, cd gid bdc thdi hiu hiu, md thdy ngudi
ta dn phd nhu the, thi chinh minh dimg d ngodi cUng thdy dm dp, ngon ldnh.
Cd ai lqi dung vdo dn cho duac. [...] ^__
{Theo Vu Bang, Mieng ngon Hd Noi)

(Khi phan tich, nen luu y mdt sd diem :

- Sir linh boat trong viec sir dung cac kieu cau.
- Viec dung tir ngir giau tinh hinh tupng.
- Sir ket hpp nhieu giac quan va hen tudng khi quan sat.
- Cach bdc Id true tiep cam xuc khi ndi ve ddi tugng.)

27
TUA'^' ''TRiCH D l i M THl''^ TAP" HOANGDUC LUONG

K^T QUA CAN OAT

• Hieu dugc niem tu hao sau sic va y thuc trach

nhiem ciia Hoang Due Luang trong viec bao
tdn di san van hgc ciia tien nhan, tu dd cd.thai
do tran trgng va yeu quy di san van hgc dSn tdc.
• N i m duoc nghe thuat lap luan ciia tac gia.
^

TIEUDAN
Trich diim thi tap (Tuyen tap nhimg bai tho hay) do Hoang Diic Luang (chua ro nam sinh
va nam mat) sim tam, tuyen chpn, bien soan. Hoang Diic Luang nguyen quin d'huyen
van Giang (tinh Hung Yen), tni quan a huyen Gia Lam (Ha Npi), thi d6 Tien sT nam Mau Tuat
(1478). Khong ro ong soan Trich diim thi tap tir khi nao, chi bie't bai tua tap tha dugc ong viet
nam 1497.
d the ki XV, sau khi chien thang quan Minh xam lugc, nhieu nha van hod nudc ta da tien
hanh suu tam tdc pham van tho cua tri thiic Viet Nam tir cac thdi ki truoc. Trich diim thi tap
la mpt trong sd cac bp suu tap ay. Tuyen tap nay bao gom tha cua cac nha tha ttr thdi Tran
den thai Le the ki XV (cudi tap la tha cua Hoang Diic Luang). Viec bien soan Trich diim
thi tap nim trong trao luu chung cua thai dai phuc hung dan tpc d the ki XV.

VAN BAN
Tho van khdng luu truyen het d ddi la vi nhieu li do :
Ddi vdi tho van, cd nhan vi nhu khoai cha^^', vi nhu gam vdc; khoai cha la vi rat
ngon tren ddi, gam vdc la mau rat dep tren ddi, pham ngudi cd mieng, cd mit.

(1) Tua (nguyen van la tu): bai viet dat ddau sach do tac gia hoac nguai khae dupe tac gia moi viet.
Bai tua thudng neu nhung quan diem cua nguai vi^t vl nhieu v^n dl lien quan den cudn sach
nhu li do va phuang phap Iam sach, dac di^m ciia sach. Thdi xua, khi phe binh van hpe chua
phat trien thi cac bai tua thudng thuc hien chiic nang phe binh nky.
(2) Diim thi: {diim : dep, thi: tho) tha hay.
(3) Khodi: goi; chd : thit nudng. Day la nhimg mdn an ngon.

28
ai cung quy trgng ma khdng viit bd khinh thudng. Den nhu van tho, thi lai la sic
dep ngoai ca sac dep, vi ngon ngoai ca vi ngon, khdng the dem m i t tam thudng
ma xem, mieng t i m thudng ma nem dugc. Chi thi nhan la cd the xem ma bie't
dugc sic dep, dn ma bie't dugc vi ngon ay thdi. Day la li do thu nhat lam cho tho
van khdng luu truyen het d tren ddi.
Nudc ta tir nha Li, nha Trin dung nude den nay, vin cd tie'ng la nudc van hien,
nhirng bae thi nhan, tai tii diu dem sd trudng'^' cua minh thd Id ra ldi ndi, le nao
khdng cd ngudi hay ? Nhung bae danh nho lam quan to d trong quan, cac'^^ hoae
vi ban viec khdng rdi thi gid de bien tap, cdn vien quan nhan tan chiic thap cung
nhiing ngudi phai lan dan ve khoa trudng'^^ thi deu khdng de y den. Day la li do
thli hai lam cho tho van khdng luu truyin het d tren ddi.
Thinh thoang, cung cd ngudi thich tho van, nhung lai ngai vi cdng viec nang
ne, tai luc kem cdi, nen deu lam dugc nira chimg rdi lai bd dd. Day la li do thii ba
lam cho fho van khdng luu truyin het d tren ddi.
Sach vd vi ddi LI - T r a n p h i n nhiiu chi thay cdng viec nha chua la duge luu
hanh, nhu the dau phai vi long tdn sung Nho hpe khdng sau sic b i n g tdn sung
Phat hpe, ma chi vi nha chua khdng ngan cam, cho nen sach dugc khic vao van
de truyin mai lai ddi sau, cdn nhu tha van, neu chua dugc lenh vua, khdng dam
khic van luu hanh. Day la 11 do thii tu lam cho thg van khdng luu truyin het d
tren ddi.
Vi bd'n ll do ke tren bd budc, trai qua may triiu dai lau dai, diu den nhiing vat
ben nhu da, nhu vang, lai dugc quy thin phu hp, ciing cdn tan nat trdi chim.
Huong chi ban thao sdt lai, td giay mdng manh de trong cai nip^^^ cai hdm, trai
qua may lin binh lira, thi cdn giir mai the nao dugc ma khdng rach nat tan tanh ?
Diic Luong nay hpe lam tha, chi trdng vao tho bach gia'^^ ddi nha Dudng, cdn
nhu tho van thdi Li - Trin, thi khdng khao ciiu vao dau dugc. Mdi khi nhat nhanh
d giay tan, vach nat dugc mpt vai cau, thudng cam sach than thd, cd y do ldi bay
cho hien nhan quan tii'^' luc bay gid. Than di! Mpt nudc van hien, xay dung da
may tram nam, chang le khdng cd quyen sach nao cd the lam can ban, ma phai
tim xa xdi de hpe tho van ddi nha Dudng. Nhu the cha dang thuong xdt lim sao !

(1) Sa truang: diem manh, diem gioi, su thanh thao.

(2) Qudn, cdc: qudn : mpt loai eong sd nhu Quoc sii qudn, sau ddi la Quoc su vien ; cdc: mot loai
cong sd khae nhu Dong cdc, nai soan cong van, giay td cho vua, ddng thdi la noi giang sach cho
cac vi vua edn tre va con em vua ehiia.
.(3) Ve khoa trudng: vl viee thi cu.
(4) Nip: dung eu dan bang tre, mia,... dung de dung do vat.
(5) Tha bach gia: tho eua trSm nha, y ndi tho cua nhilu nha tha.
(6) Hien nhdn qudn tu: a day chi nhung ngudi tri thuc ed dao diic.

29
 Tdi khdng tu lupng siic minh, mudn sira lai dieu ldi cu, quen ring sach cii
khdng cdn bao nhieu, trach nhiem nang n i ma tai hen sue mpn, tim quanh hdi
khip nhung sd tho thu lutrni dugc cung ehi la mdt hai p h i n trong sd mudn nghin
bai. Tdi cdn thu lugm them thg eua cac vi hien dang iam quan trong triiu, chpn
lay bai hay, chia xe'p theo timg loai, dugc 6 quyen, dat ten sach la Trich diim.
6 cudi cac quyen ay, man phep phu them nhiing bai vung vi do tdi viet, edt de
lam sach day trong gia dinh. Rdi nhiing ngudi thich binh pham tho ca se dem
truyin rdng, may ra tranh dugc ldi che trach cua ngudi ddi sau, chang khae gi hien
nay ta che trach ngudi xua vay.
Nien hieu Hong Due nam thii hai muoi tam, miia xuan, Hoang Diic Luang ngudi
Gia Lam, dd Tien si Hoa lang, chiic tham nghi viet Bdi tua nay.
PHAM TRONG DIEM dich
{Kien vdn tieu luc, NXB Khoa hpe xa hpi. Ha Npi, 197
Cd bd sung them ban dich cua Tran Van Giap)

HUlOrNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Theo Hoang Due Luong, ed nhung nguyen nhan nao khie'n sang tac tho van
cua ngudi xua khdng dugc luu truyin day du cho ddi sau ? Cho bie't nghi thuat
lap luan eua tac gia.
2. Hoang Diie Luong da lam gi de suu t i m tho van cua tiin nhan ?
3. Dieu gi thdi thue Hoang Due Luong vugt khd khan de bien soan tuyen tap
thg nay ? Anh (ehi) ed cam nghi gi ve cdng viee suu tim, bien soan thg van
cua dng ?
4. Anh (ehi) eho bie't, trude Trich diim thi tap da cd y kie'n nao ndi vi van hien
dan tdc.

^ GHI NHO .

B i n g mdt nghe thuat lap luan chat che, Idi le thiet tha, Trich didm thi tap
the hien niem t u hao, su tran trpng va y thuc bao tdn di san van hgc dan tgc.

LUYEN TAP
Tim cac din chiing chiing td cae nha van, nha tho thdi xua rat tu hao vi n i n
van hien dan toe [Gai y: dpe lai p h i n mdt cua tac pham Dqi edo binh Ngd).
1

30
 (2)
DocTHEM^ HIEN T A I ' LA NGUYEN KHI THAN NHAN TRUNG

LCQJ CUA QUOC G I A

(Jnch Bdi kidi danh tiensP^ khoaNhdm Tuat, nien hieuDqiBdo thuba^'^^)

TIEU DAN
Than Nhan Trung (1418-1499), tu la Hau Phu,
ngudi lang Yen Ninh, huyen Yen Dung (Bdc Giang).
Ong dd Tie'n sT nam 1469, la ngudi ndi tieng van
chuang, dup€ Le Thanh Tdng tin dimg, thudng cho
vao hau van biit. Khi thanh lap hpi Tao dan, Le Thanh
Tdng ban cho dng va Do Nhuan (1446 - ?) la Tao dan
phd nguyen suy.
De phat trien giao due, khuye'n khich nhan tai, tir
nam 1439 tra di, nha nudc phong kie'n trieu Le dat ra
le xudng danh, yet bang, ban mu ao, cap ngua, dai
yen va vinh quy bai to cho nhiing ngudi dd dat cao.
Bai Dqi Bdo tam nien Nhdm Tudt khoa tien si de danh
ki - Bai ki de danh tie'n sT khoa Nham Tuat, nien hieu
Dai Bao thu ba (1442) - do Than Nhan Trung soan
nam 1484 thdi Hong Diic. Day la mpt trong 82 bai van
bia d Van Mieu (Ha Npi).
Bia Tien si. Van Mieu, Ha Ndi

VAN BAN

Tdi d i u ndng can viing v i , n h u n g dau d a m tir ehdi, xin kinh can c h i p tay cui
d i u m a lam bai ki r i n g :
"Hiin tai la nguyen khi cua qud'c gia", nguyen khi thinh thi the n u d c m a n h , rdi
len cao, nguyen khi suy thi the n u d c ye'u, rdi xudng thap. Vi vay cac dang t h a n h de
minh vuong'^' chang ai khdng lay viec bdi dudng n h a n tai, ken chpn ke si, vun
trdng nguyen khi iam viec d i u tien. Ke si q u a n he vdi qud'c gia trpng dai n h u the,
cho n e n quy chudng ke si khdng biet the nao la cung. Da yeu m e n eho
khoa danh'^', lai de cao b i n g tude trat''''. Ban an rat ldn m a v i n eho la chua du.

(1) Hien tdi: ngudi tai cao, hoc rdng va cd dao diic.
(2) Nguyen khi: khi cha't ban dau lam nen su sd'ng edn va phat trien cua su vat.
(3) De danh tien si: ghi hp ten ngudi dd tien si.
(4) Dqi Bdo : nien hieu vua Le Thai Tdng nhung nam 1440 - 1442. Dqi Bdo thd ba : nam 1442.
(5) Thdnh deminh vuong: vua tai nang, chiia sang sudt.
(6) Khoa danh : danh tieng cua ngudi thi dd.
(7) Tuac trat: chiic tude va cap bae.

31
Lai neu ten d thap Nhan'^', ban cho danh hieu Long hd'^', bay tiec Van hi'^'.
Triiu dinh mimg dugc ngudi tai, khdng cd viec gi khdng lam den miic cao nhat.
Nay thanh minh lai cho ring, chuyen hay viec tdt tuy cd mdt thdi limg liy,
nhung ldi khen tieng thom chua du luu ve sang lau dai, cho nen lai dimg da de
danh dat d cira Hiin Quan'"*', khie'n cho ke si trdng vao ma pha'n chan ham mp,
ren luyen danh tiet, gIng sue giup vua. Ha chi la chudng van sudng, ham tie'ng hao
ma thdi dau.
01, ke si chdn trudng dc'^' leu tranh, phan that nhd mpn ma dugc trieu dinh
di cao rat muc nhu the, thi hp phai lam the nao de tu trpng tam than ma ra siic
bao dap ?
Hay dem hp ten nhirng ngudi do khoa nay ma diem lai. Cd nhiiu ngudi da dem
van hpe, chinh su ra td diem cho canh tri binh sudt may chuc nam, dugc qude gia
tin dung. Ciing khdng phai khdng cd nhiing ke vi nhan hdi Ip ma hu hdng, hoac
roi vao hang ngu bpn gian ac, cd le \d luc sd'ng hp chua dugc nhin tam bia nay. Vi
thu hdi dd dugc mit thay thi ldng thien tran diy, y xau bi ngan chan, dau cdn dam
nay sinh nhu vay dugc ? The thi viec dung tam bia da nay Ich lpi rat nhiiu : ke ac
lay dd lam ran, ngudi thien theo dd ma gIng, din vi^e dl vang, chi ldi tuong lai,
vira de ren giua danh tieng cho si phu, vira de cung cd menh mach'^' cho nha
nudc. Thanh thin'^' dat ra dau phai la vd dung. Ai xem bia nen hieu y sau nay".
{Theo ban dich cua Vien Sir hoc, ed tham khao ban dich ciia NGUYEN VAN TO,
Vdn bia Hd Noi, t^p I, NXB Khoa hpe xa hdi, Ha Ndi, 1978)

HUdNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Hiin tai cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi da't nudc nhu the nao ?
2. Y nghla, tac dung cua viec khic bia ghi ten tien si ddi vdi duong thdi va cac the
he sau ?
3. Theo anh (ehi), bai hpe lich sir nit ra tir viec khic bia ghi ten tie'n si la gi ?
4. Lap mdt so dd ve ket ca'u cua bai van bia ndi tren.

(1) Thdp Nhqn : ten mdt ngpn thap d Trung Hoa, tir dau the ki VIII, nha Dudng diing de khae ten
nhung ngudi dd tien si.
(2) Long hd: nhiing ngirdi dd tien si duoc ghi ten d bang Long ho. Ban cho danh hieu Long hd: ban
cho dd tien sT.
(3) Tiec Vdn hi: tiec mimg ngudi mdi thi dd tie'n si.
(4) COa Hien Quan : b day chi trudng Qud'c Tii Giim.
(5) Trudng dc: noi hpe hanh, thi eu.
(6) Menh mqch : tinh menh va huyet m^ch, hai diii trpng yeu nhai cua con ngudi ; d day,
menh mqch duoc dCing de chi van menh dat nudc.
(7) Thdnh thdn : a day chi Le Thanh Tdng.

32
KHAI QUAT LiCH SU TIENG VllT

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• N i m dugc mdt each khai quat nguon gdc, cac
mdi quan he hg hang, quan he tiep xuc, tien
tnnh phat trien cua tieng Viet va he thdng c h u
vie't cua tieng Viet.
• Thay rd lich su phat trien cua tie'ng Viet gan bd
vdi Ijch su phat trien ciia dat nudc, cua dan tgc.
• Bdi dudng tinh cam quy trgng tie'ng Viet - tai
san lau ddi va vd ciing quy bau ciia dan tdc.

I - LjCH sur PHAT TRIEN CUA TIENG VIET

Tie'ng Viet Id tieng ndi cua dan tdc Viet - dan tdc chiem da sd trong dai gia dinh
54 dan tdc anh em tren dat nude Viet Nam, ddng thdi la ngdn ngii dugc dung
chinh thiic trong cdc Hnh vuc hanh chinh, ngoai giao, giao due,... Tieng Viet cung
dugc cac dan tdc anh em sii dung nhu ngdn ngu chung trong giao tiep xa hdi.

1. Tieng Viet trong thei ki dimg nudc

Tieng Viet cd lich su phat trien lau ddi. Cung vdi nin van minh lua nudc cd
ngudn gdc tir xa xua, phat trien them mdt budc dudi thdi Van Lang - Au Lac, tieng
Viet duong thdi chic ban da cd mdt kho tir vung phong phu va nhiing hinh thuc
diin dat uyen chuyen, dap iing yeu ciu giao tiep xa hdi ma dau vet md nhat edn
cd the thay dugc qua nhirng thien truyen thuyet ed xua dugc luu truyin rdng rai
de'n tan ngay nay n h u : Bdnh chimg, bdnh gidy; Thdnh Gidng,...
Vi gidi nghien eiiu chua tim dugc nhirng chiing tich chir viet rd rang nen dien
mao tieng Viet thdi ki nay chimed the tim hieu mdt each khai quat qua mdt sd van
di ehu yeu n h u : ngudn gde, quan he hg hang, tie'p xuc vdi ngdn ngu van tu Han
d thdi ki dau.
a) Ngudn gdc tieng Viet
Nhiing ket qua nghien ciiu gin day cua nhiiu nha Viet ngir hpe da chiing minh
tieng Viet ed ngudn gdc ban dia: Ngudn gdc va tien trinh phat trien cua tieng Viet
gin bd vol ngudn gd'c va tien trinh phat trien eua dan tdc Viet - cdng ddng ngudi
da cd nhirng ddng gdp to ldn vao edng cudc kie'n tao nen van minh lua nudc tren
dia ban Ddng Nam A tien sir, dac biet la d vung ddng bing Bic Bd va Bic Trung
Bp hien hay. Tieng Viet dugc xac dinh thudc hg ngdn ngii Nam A.

3-NV10/2A ^^
 b) Quan he ho hdng cua tieng Viet
Trong nhiiu thien nien ki, qua su tiep xuc vdi nhiiu ngdn ngii thudc cac hp
ngdn ngii khae, hp ngdn ngir Nam A da phan chia thanh mdt sd ddng, trong dd co
ddng Mdn - Khmer phan bd d viing cao nguyen Nam Ddng Duong va miin phu
can vimg nui Bic Ddng Duong. Hai ngdn ngir Mdn va Khmer dugc lay lam ten gpi
cho ddng vi dd la hai ngdn ngir sdm cd chir vie't; nhiing dan tpc ndi hai ngdn ngir
nay da .xay dung nen nhiing n i n van hoa kha phat trien. Tir ddng Mdn - Khmer
da tach ra tieng Viet Mudng chung (tieng Viet cd) va cud'i eung tach ra thanh
tieng Viet va tieng Mudng. Qua trinh nay de lai nhieu dau vet cd the khao sat dugc
qua viec ddi chie'u tieng Viet vdi tieng Mudng, tieng Khmer va vdi mdt sd ngdn ngir
Mdn - Khmer khae nhu tieng Ba-na, tieng Co-tu,... Trong tieng Viet hien dai,
nhiing tir nhu chim, sdng, cd, chdn, tay,... da duoc chung minh la cd ngudn gdc
Mdn - Khmer. Ddi chieu tieng Viet vdi tieng Mudng, cd the tim thay sir tuong iing
ve ngii am, ngu nghla cua nhiiu tir. VI du :

Viet Mudng
ngdy ngdi
mua mua
trong tiong
Theo cac nha nghien ciiu, tieng Viet thdi xua chua cd thanh dieu ; trong he
thdng am diu, ngoai phu am don cdn ed phu am kep nhu tl, kl, pi,... trong he
thdng am eudi cdn cd cac am nhu -I, -h, -s,... Ve mat ngir phap, tir dugc han dinh
dat trudc, tir ban dinh dat sau (vi du n h u : cdy cao, hoa dep, cd xanh,...). Dd la mpt
net rieng biet cua tieng Viet khi dem so sanh vdi tieng Han - mpt thii tieng co
quan he giao luu tie'p xue kha sau rdng vdi tie'ng Viet qua hang ngan nam lich su.
Van d i ngudn gdc tieng Viet va dien mao tie'ng Viet d thdi ki d i u hien dang
dugc gidi nghien eiiu trong va ngoai nudc tie'p tuc di sau tim hieu. Tuy nhien, co
the khing dinh r i n g : Ngay tir thdi dimg nudc, trong qua trinh giao hoa vdi nhiiu
ddng ngdn ngir trong viing, tieng Viet vdi cdi ngudn Nam A da sdm tao dung dugc
mgt CO sd viing chic de cd the tiep tuc tdn tai va phat trien trudc sir xam nhap
d at cua ngdn ngii van tu Han d nhiing the ki diu Cdng nguyen.

2. Tieng Viet trong thoi k\ Bae thuoc va chong Bae thuoc

Nhu da trinh bay d p h i n tren, trong qua trinh phat trien, tieng Viet da cd quan
he tiep xuc vdi nhieu ngdn ngir khae trong khu vuc. VI dtJ nhu vdi tie'ng Thai chang
ban, nhiing tir nhu ddng, rdy, budc, ngdt, ngon,... da duge chirng minh la cd su
gid'ng nhau d muc dp nha't dinh vi ngii dm va ngii nghla vdi nhimg tir tuong iing
trong tieng Thai.

^^ 3-NV10/2B
 Tuy nhien, do hoan canh lich su, su tiep xuc giira tie'ng Viet va tie'ng Han da
diin ra lau dai nha't va sau rdng nha't. Thdi Bic thudc, tieng Han theo nhiiu nga
dudng da truyen vao Viet Nam. Vdi chinh sach ddng hoa cua phong kie'n phucmg
Bic, tieng Viet bi chen ep nang ne. Nhung, thdi gian gin mdt nghin nam Bic
thudc va chd'ng Bic thudc, xet rieng ve niat ngdn ngii, cung la thdi gian dau tranh
de bao tdn va phat trien tie'ng ndi cua dan tdc.
Tieng Viet, vdi ngudn gdc Nam A, cd nhieu dac tnmg khae tieng Han vdn khdng
eung ngudn gdc va khdng cd quan he hp hang. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh tiep
xuc, de tiep tuc phat trien manh me, tie'ng Viet da vay mupn rat nhiiu tir ngii Han.
Chieu hudng chu dap cua viec vay mugn nay la Viet hoa, trudc het la vi mat am
dgc, sau dd la vi mat y nghla va pham vi sir dung. Vdi hudng Viet hoa mat am dpe
cua chii Han, d i n dan qua nhiiu the ki, ngudi Viet da xac lap dugc each dgc chii
Han rieng biet, ggi la each dgc Han Viet (hoac am Han Viet cua chii Han). Vdi each
dpe nay, ve nguyen tic, cd the mupn bat cu tir Han nao thay cin thie't, khdng gap
khd khan ve mat cau am, phat am. Nhu vay, cd the vay mugn trgn ven nhiing tir
ngir Han, chi Viet hoa vi am dpe, cdn y nghia va ke't ca'u thi vin giii nguyen n h u :
tdm, tdi, due, menh, ddc lap, tudo, gia dinh, hqnh phuc,... Day la phuang thiic vay
mupn phd bie'n nhat; ngoai ra, tir ngir Han cung dugc vay mugn bing nhiiu each
khae nhu: rut ggn, dao lai vi tri cae yeu td, ddi yeu td (trong cac tir ghep), ddi nghla
hoac thu hep, md rpng nghla,...
Dac biet, nhiiu tir ngir Han dugc Viet hoa dudi hinh thuc sao phdng, dich
nghla ra tieng Viet. Vi du: dan tdm thanh ldng son, cuu trung thanh chin ldn, chin
tdng; hdng nhan thanh md hdng; thanh thien thanh trdi xanh ; thanh su thanh
sd xanh,... Nhiiu tir ngii Han da chuyen ddi sic thai tu tir khi dung trong tieng
Viet. Vl du : tir thu. doqn, trong tieng Han vdn khdng ed nghla xau, nhung vi sau
lai cd nghla xau trong tie'ng Viet.
Nhieu tir Han da dugc dung nhu yeu td' tao tir de tao ra nhiiu tir ghep chi thdng
dung trong tie'ng Viet.
Vidu:
Sl dien (Han + Han)
hao gdm (Han + Viet)
sdng ddng (Viet + Han)

Trong thdi ki Bic thudc, tie'ng Viet da phat trien manh me, mgt p h i n la nhd
nhiing each thiic vay mupn theo hudng Viet hoa ndi tren. Nhiing each thuc Viet
hoa dd da lam phong phu cho tie'ng Viet ca d nhiing thdi ki sau nay va cho den tan
ngay nay.

35
3. Tieng Viet dudii thdi l(i doc lap tu chii
Bit dau tir the ki XI, cimg vdi viec xay dung va cung cd them mdt budc nha
nudc phong kien ddc lap d nudc ta, Nho hgc dan dan dugc di cao va giii vi tri dpe
tdn. Viec hpe ngdn ngii - van tu Han dugc cac trieu dai Viet Nam chu ddng day
manh. Mdt nin van chuong chii Han mang sic thai Viet Nam hinh thanh va phat
trien. Diiu can chu y la, nhiing sir viec ke tren, nhin chung, tren thuc te da khdng
ngan chan su trudng thanh va phat trien cua tieng Viet. Trai lai, chinh nhd nhimg
boat ddng ngdn ngii - van hoa dugc day manh, trong dd cd viec vay mugn tir ngir
Han theo hudng Viet hoa, tieng Viet ngay cang them phong phu, tinh te, uyen
chuyen. Dua vao viec vay mugn mdt sd yeu td van tu Han, mdt he thdng chir viet
da dugc xay dung nhim ghi lai tie'ng Viet. Dd la chii Ndm. Nhd'cd chii Ndm, ngay
nay chiing ta cd the thay dugc kha cu the dien mao cua tieng Viet van hoc, mupn
nha't la tir the kl XIII trd di.
Vdi chii Ndm, tieng Viet ngay cang khang dinh nhiing uu the cua minh trong
sang tac tho van, ngay cang trd nen tinh te, trong sang, uyen chuyen, phong phti.
Cd the thay rd dieu nay qua nhiing vin tha tuyet dieu, diy mau sic, am thanh,
hinh anh, ham chua nhiing tinh cam ldn lao, sau sic, vi du nhu:
Ngdi dau cdu nudc trong nhu loc,
Dudng ben cdu cd moc cdn non.
Dua chdng long ddc ddc budn,
Bd khdn bdng ngua, thuy khdn bdng thuyin.
{Chinh phu ngdm, ban dich)
Hoac nhu:
Long lanh ddy nuoc in trdi,
Thdnh xdy khdi biec non phai bdng vdng.
(Nguygn Du, Truyen Kieu)

Tieng Viet d thdi ki sau nay da rat gin vdi tieng Viet thdi hien dai.

4. Tieng Viet trong thdi ki Phap thuoc

Dudi thdi Phap thudc, mac dii chti Han mat dia vi chinh thd'ng, nhung tieng
Viet vin tiep tuc hi chen ep. Ngdn ngii hanh chinh, ngoai giao, giao due luc nay la
tie'ng Phap. Nhung cung vdi su thdng dung ciia chii qud'c ngii va viee tiep nhan
nhiing anh hudng tieh cue ciia ngdn ngii - van hoa phuong Tay (chii yeu la ngdn
ngii - van hoa Phap), van xudi tie'ng Viet hien dai da nhanh chdng hinh thanh va
phat trien. Bao chi, sach vd tie'ng Viet (chu qude ngii) ra ddi va ngay cang nhieu.
Nhimg cau van vie't theo kieu bien ngiu hoac gd bd trong nhirng khudn khd chat

36
hep da dugc md rdng ra, trd nen ranh mach, trong sang hon. Nhiiu the loai mdi
nhu van xudi nghi luan chinh tri - xa hdi, van xudi phd bie'n khoa hgc - kl thuat,
tieu thuyet, kich da xuat hien va dan d i n chie'm Hnh nhiing vi tri ma trudc day vin
la vi tri cua van xudi chir Han va thg phu cd dien. Nhiiu tir ngu, thuat ngu mdi da
duge Sli dung, tuy chu ye'u vin la tir Han Viet (nhu chinh ddng, giai cap, kinh te,
hien thuc, ldng mqn,... bdn kinh, dn sd), hoac tir gdc Phap (nhu sdm, ldp, axit,
bada, dxi,...). Tho mdi xua't hien vdi hinh thirc ngdn tir khdng hi rang budc vi sd
chii, sd cau, vi bing trie, niem luat, dd'i ngiu,.,. ; tieu thuye't lang man va hien
thue nd rg vao khoang nhiing nam 30 cua the ki XX. Nhiing boat ddng sdi ndi cua
van chuong, bao chi iam cho tieng Viet cang them phong phu, uyen chuyen.
Tir khi Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong ra ddi va nha't la sau khi ban Di cuang vdn hod
Viet Nam dugc cdng bd vao nam 1943, tieng Viet cdn gdp p h i n tich cue vao cdng
cupe tuyen truyin each mang, keu gpi toan dan doan ke't da'u tranh tien len gianh
ddc lap, tu do cho da't nudc. Cung tir dd, tie'ng Viet ngay cang td rd tinh nang ddng
va tiim nang phat trien ddi dao, du sue vuon len dam duong trach nhiem nang ne
trong giai doan mdi.
Rieng trong Hnh vuc khoa hgc tu nhien va cdng nghe, tieng Viet cung td rd kha
nang thich iing cao. Cd the neu van d i xay dung thuat ngu khoa hpe iam vi du de
minh chimg.
Xay dung he thdng thuat ngii khoa hpe la nhiem vu vd cung quan trpng ddi vdi
viec nghien eiiu, giang day va phd bie'n khoa hpe bing tieng Viet. Trudc nam 1945,
nhiiu nha tri thiic da quan tam den cdng viec nay, vi du nhu : GS. Hoang Xuan
Han cdng bd quyen Danh tii khoa hoc nam 1942.

5. Tig'ng Viet tuf sau Cach mang thdng Tdm den nay
Sau each mang thang Tam, dac biet la sau khi miin Bic dugc hoan toan giai
phdng (nam 1954), cdng cupc xay dung he thdng thuat ngir khoa hpe ndi rieng va
chuan hoa tieng Viet ndi chung da dugc tien hanh mpt each manh me hon.
Ke't qua la hiu he't cac nganh khoa hpe - ki thuat hien dai diu da bien soan dugc
nhimg tap sach thuat ngii chuyen dimg, chu yeu dua tren ba each thiic sau day:
- Phien am thuat ngii khoa hpe cua phuong Tay (chu ye'u la qua tieng Phap).
Vi du : acide —> axit (a-xit), amibe -> amip (a-mip).
- Vay mupn thuat ngii khoa hpe - kl thuat qua tieng Trung Qude (dpe theo am
Han Viet). Vi du : sinh quyen, mdi sinh.
- Dat thuat ngii thuin Viet (dich y hoac sao phdng). VI du : vung trdi (thay cho
khdngphqn); thieu mdu (thay cho bdn huyet); dm gdc ludi, ndi hoi, mdy thdi Id cao,...
Nhin chung, nhirng thuat ngii khoa hpe hien dang thdng dung trong tieng Viet
deu dat dugc tinh chuan xdc, tinh he thd'ng, gian tien, phu hgp vdi tap quan sir
dung ngdn ngii cua ngudi Viet Nam.

37
 Vdi ban Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap do Chu tich Hd Chi Minh dgc trudc ddng bao ca
nudc va nhan dan toan the gidi vao ngay 2 - 9 - 1945, tieng Viet da cd dugc vi tri
xiing dang cua minh trong mgt nudc Viet Nam ddc lap, tu do. Chuc nang xa hpi
cua tieng Viet dugc md rdng. Nd da thay the hoan toan tieng Phap trong cac Hnh
vuc boat ddng cua nha nudc va cua toan dan, ke ca Hnh vue ddi ngoai. Tie'ng Viet
dugc dung d mpi bae hpe (tir phd thdng eho tdi dai hpe, va sau nay la tren dai hpe)
va d mpi Hnh vuc nghien ciiu khoa hpe tir tha'p tdi eao. Dugc coi nhu ngdn ngii
qud'c gia, tieng Viet trd thanh mdt ngdn ngii da chuc nang nhu ngdn ngir cua cac
nude tien tien tren the gidi, gdp p h i n tich cue vao nhirng boat ddng rdng ldn,
n h i m nang cao dan tri, phat trien van hoa, khoa hpe - kl thuat chung cho ca khdi
cdng ddng nhieu dan tdc, giu vai trd quan trpng trong su nghiep xay dung mpt
Viet Nam "dan giau, nude manh, xa hdi cdng bing, dan chu, van minh".

GHI NHO-

Lich su tie'ng Viet g i n bdvdi Ijch suhinh thanh va phat trien ciia dan tgc Viet Nam.
Tieng Viet thugc hg ngdn ngu Nam A, ddng M d n - Khmer va cd quan he g i n
gui vdi tieng Mudng. Qua hang ngan nam phat trien, tie'ng Viet ngay cang trd
nen phong phii, tinh te, uyen chuyen, cd day dii kha nang dam duang vai trd
ngdn ngir qud'c gia trong qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa da't nudc.

II-CHUfVIET CUA TIENG VIET

Chii viet la cdng cu die luc cho boat ddng ngdn n g i i - van hoa. Chinh vi vay, de
dap ling nhiing yeu ciu cua xa hdi tren con dudng phat trien, cac dan tgc diu cd
gIng xay dtmg mdt he thdng chii vie't, hoac tu sang tao ra, hoac vay mupn, cai tien
chir vie't cua cac ngdn ngir khae, de ghi lai ngdn ngii eua dan tdc minh.
Theo truyen thuyet va da sir, tir thdi xa xua, ngudi Viet cd da cd chii vie't rieng.
Sir sach Trung Qud'c da md ta hinh dang thii ehii viet nay trdng nhu "dan ndng
npc dang boi". Vdi trinh dp phat trien eua qud'c gia Van Lang - Au Lac, viec ngudi
Viet cd cd the da su dung mpt he thdng chir vie't rieng trong Hnh vuc quan 11, diiu
hanh xa hdi la mdt dieu hpp II. Tuy nhien, do nhiiu nguyen nhan, cho de'n nay,
chung ta chua tim thay da'u tich rd rang cua thu chii vie't ay. The rdi, eung vdi su
du nhap va truyen ba ngdn ngii - van tu Han, chii Ndm da xua't hien. Cha Ndm Id
mdt he thdng chti viet ghi dm, dung cha Hdn hodc bd phdn cha Hdn duac cdu tqo
lqi de ghi tieng Viet theo nguyen tdc ghi dm tiet, tren casa cdch doc cha Hdn cua
ngudi Viet (dm Hdn Viet). Nhd cd chu Ndm, nhiiu chiing tich cua tie'ng Viet cd xua
da dugc bao tdn, nhiiu tac pham van hgc cd gia tri da dugc luu truyin. Cd the
khang dinh rang ehii Ndm la mpt thanh qua van boa ldn cua dan tdc. Tuy nhien,
he thdng chii viet nay cdn cd nhugc diem: khdng the danh vin duge, hgc chii nao
biet chir ay ; mudn hpe chu Ndm mdt each thuan lpi thi lai phai cd mdt vdn chii
Han nha't dinh.

38
 Vao niia d i u the ki XVIl, mdt sd giao si phuong Tay da dua vao bd chu cai
La-tinh de xay dung mdt thu chii mdi ghi am tieng Viet, nhim phuc vu cho viec
truyen giang dao Thien Chua, sau nay duge ggi la ehii qud'c ngu. Cdng viec nay
chic b i n do nhiiu ngudi phuong Tay thudc cac qud'c tich khae nhau cung lam va
da phai trai qua mpt qua trinh tim tdi, nghien ciru kha lau dai. Nhiiu the he ngudi
Viet Nam eung da gdp p h i n quan trpng vao viec xay dung va hoan thien he thd'ng
chii viet mdi me nay.
Chii qud'c ngir d thai ki d i u chua phan anh mpt each khoa hpe co' cau ngii am
tieng Viet, cdn chiu nhiiu anh hudng cua each ghi am theo tieng nudc ngoai.
Vl du : de ghi tir sdch trong tieng Viet, ngudi ta da timg viet sayc ; de ghi tir dng
nghe, ngudi ta da vie't theo nhieu each khae nhau : ungne, ounghe, ounguch,...
Tuy nhien, nhd cd chii qud'c ngir ciia thdi dd, chung ta eiing da dugc thay mdt sd
net cd xua cua tie'ng Viet. Vi du :
xua nay
bd ngua vd ngua
bldi nui trdi nui
mldt chem nhdt (ldt) chem
mldi ldi
Trong vdng gin hai the ki tiep theo, chii qude ngir dugc cai tien timg budc va
cudi ciing da dat tdi hinh thue dn dinh va hoan thien ngay nay. Chii quoc ngu la
thu chii don gian ve hinh the ket eau, su dung cac chii cai La-tinh vdn rat thdng
dung tren toan the gidi. 6 chii qud'c ngir, giira chii va am, giiia each viet va each
dpe ed sir phu hpp d miic dd kha cao. Dd la uu diem ma mpt sd he thdng chii viet
khae khdng cd, tuy cung su dung bd chii cai La-tinh (vl du, vdi chii viet eua tie'ng
Anh chang ban, nhieu khi vie't gidng nhau ma dpe khae nhau). Vdi chii qude ngii,
chi cin hpe thudc bang chii cai va each ghep vin la cd the dpe duge ta't ca mgi ehii
trong tie'ng Viet.
Lue diu, chii qud'c ngii chi la mpt cdng cu truyen giao, dugc dung de ghi chep
cdng viec trong nha thd, in kinh bdn giao II. Pham vi sii dung chi ban che trong
cac xii dao. Dau thdi ki Phap thugc, mdt sd nha nho da bay td sir ac cam ddi vdi
thu ehii cua phuong Tay nay. Tuy nhien, do nhiiu nguyen nhan khae nhau, chu
qud'c ngir vin tiep tuc dugc phd bie'n va ngay cang sau rdng. Vao cudi the ki XK
da thay xua't hien cac van ban chii qud'c ngii ghi lai cac truyen Ndm nhu Truyen
Kiiu, Truyen Luc Vdn Tien,... Mdt sd sach kinh dien Nho hgc dich ra tie'ng Viet nhu
Trung dung, Dqi hoc,... eung da duge in bing chti qude ngir. Cung vao thdi ki nay,
mgt vai tdc pham viet bing chii qude ngii da duge luu hanh nhu Chuyen dai xua,
Chuyen khdi hdi, Chuyen di thdm Bdc Ki ndm At Hgi (1876). Diu the ki XX,
chii Han va chir Ndm bi gat bd khdi Hnh vuc hanh chinh, hpe hanh thi cii. Viec sir
dung chii qude ngii duge day manh. Trai vdi nhiing si phu ldp trudc, nhiing ngudi

39
yeu nudc trong phong trao Duy tan da thay dugc d chir qude ngii nhiing kha nang
to ldn ciia mdt phuong tien md mang dan tri. Tren bao chi tbdi dd da thay xuat
hien nhiing vin tho ed ddng cho thu ehii nay:
Trudc het phdi hoc ngay qud'c ngu
Khdi ddi dudng tieng cha khdc nhau.
Cha ta ta dd thudc Idu
Ndi ra nen tieng nen cdu nen ldi...
Ddng Kinh nghia thuc - mpt td chuc van ddng each mang hdi diu the ki XX -
da ra siic cd dpng cho viec bpe tap va phd bien chii qud'c ngii. Trong tai lieu
Vdn minh tdn hoc sdch do td ehirc nay xuat ban, khi neu sau viec cin phai xuc tien
de md mang dan tri, viee phd bien rdng rai chu qud'c ngii dugc dua len hang dau.
Trong qua trinh da'u tranh each mang de gianh lai ddc lap, tu do cho dan tpc,
Dang ta rat chu y de'n viee phd cap chir qude ngii. Dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang,
phong trao "Truyin ba qude ngii" vdi td chiic la Hdi truyin ba qud'c ngii dugc
trien khai rgng rai va thu dugc nhieu ke't qua kha quan.
Thang Tam nam 1945, Cach mang Viet Nam gianh dugc thing lpi rue rd. Nudc
Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa ra ddi. Td dd, cung vdi tieng Viet, chii qude ngir cung
da gianh dugc dia vi xiing dang trong mgi Hnh vuc boat ddng cua dat nudc ta.

GHI NHO
Chu Ndm la mdt thanh qua van hoa Idn lao, bieu hien y thuc ddc lap tu chii
cao ciia dan tgc va la.phuang tien sang tao nen mgt nen van hgc chu Ndm
. uu tii, nhung do cd nhieu ban che nen da dugc thay the bang chir quoc ngir,
mgt he thd'ng chii viet uu viet, cd vai trd quan trgng trong ddi sdng xa bdi va
su phat trien ciia da't nudc ta.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

1. Hay tim vi du de minh boa cho cac bien phap Viet boa tir ngii Han dugc vay
mupn da neu trong bai.
2. Anh (chi) cho biet cam nhan cua minh vi nhung uu diem cua chii qud'c ngii vdi
tu each la cdng cu phu trg cua tieng Viet.
3. Hay tim them vl du de minh hoa cho ba each thiic dat thuat ngir khoa hgc da
neu trong bai.

40
H U N G D A O DAI V U O N G NGO si LIEN
TRAN QU6C TUAN
(Trich Dqi Vietsu ki todn thu)

KET QUA CAN DAT

Tha'y dugc cai hay, sue hap din ciia mgt tac
pham Ijch su nhung dam chat van hgc qua
nghe thuat ke chuyen va khic hoa chan dung
nhan vat Ijch su.
Cam phuc va tu hao v i tai nang, due do ciia
ngudi anh hung dan tgc Tran Qud'c Tuan,
ddng thdi hieu dugc nhung bai hgc dao li quy
bau ma dng de lai cho ddi sau.
S^

TIEU D A N
Ngd Sl Lien, chua rd nam sinh va nam mat, ngudi lang Chiic Li, huyen Chuong Diic,
nay thudc xa Chiic Son, huyen Chuang Mi, Ha Ndi. Ong dd Tien si nam 1442 dudi trieu
Le Thai Tdng, dugc cu vao Vien Han lam. De'n ddi Le Thanh Tdng, dng giu chiic Hiiu thi lang
bp Le, Trieu liet dai phu kiem Tu nghiep Qud'c Tir Giam, Tu soan Qude su quan. Ong da vang
lenh Le Thanh Tdng bien soan bd Dqi Viet sic ki todn thu.
Dqi Viet sU ki todn thu la bd chinh su Idn ciia Viet Nam thdi trung dai do Ngd Si Lien bien
soan, hoan tat nam 1479, gom 15 quyen, ghi chep lich su tir thdi Hong Bang cho den khi
Le Thai To Ien ngdi (nam 1428). Theo ldi tua cua chinh tac gia d dau tap sach tlii Dqi Viet sii:
ki todn thu dugc bien soan dua tren ca sd sach Dqi Viet sii ki ciia Le Van Huu a thdi Trln va
Sic ki tuc bien cua Phan Phu Tien d dau thdi Hau Le. Tac pham the hien tinh than dan tdc
manh me, vira cd gia tri su hoc vira cd gia tri van hpe.

VAN BAN
Thang 6, ngay 24, sao sa.
H u n g Dao Dai Vuong dm. Vua ngu tdi n h a tham, hdi r i n g :
- Neu cd d i i u c h i n g may m a giac p h u o n g B i c lai sang xam lugc thi ke sach n h u
the nao ?

41
 Vuong tra ldi:
- Ngay xua Trieu Vu'^' dung nudc, vua Han cho quan danh, nhan dan lam ke
"thanh da"'^', dai quan ra Kham Chau, Liem.Chau ddnh vao Trudng Sa, cdn doan
binh thi danh up phia sau. Dd la mdt thdi. Ddi Dinh, Le dung dugc ngudi tai gidi,
dat phuong Nam mdi manh ma phuong Bic thi met mdi suy yeu, tren dudi mdt
da, ldng dan khdng lia, xay thanh Binh Ld'^' ma pha duge quan Tdng. Dd lai la mdt
thdi. Vua Li md nen, nha Tdng xam pham dia gidi, dung Li Thudng Kiet danh
Kham, Liem, den tan Mai Llnh'^' la vi cd the. Vira rdi Toa Dd, O Md Nhi bdn mat
bao vay, vi vua tdi ddng tam, anh em hoa muc, ca nudc nha gdp siie, giac phai bi
bit. Dd la trdi xui nen vay. Dai khai, nd eay trudng tran, ta dua vao doan binh.
Diing doan (binh) che trudng (tran) la su thudng cua binh phap. Neu chi thay
quan nd keo de'n nhu liia, nhu gid thi the d i che ngu. Ne'u nd tie'n cham nhu each
t i m an, khdng ciu thing chdng, thi phai chpn dimg tudng gidi, xem xet quyin
bie'n, nhu danh ed vay, tuy thdi tao the, cd dugc ddi quan mdt long nhu cha con
thi mdi dung dugc. Va lai, khoan thu sue dan de lam ke sau r i b i n gdc, dd la
thugng sach giii nudc vay.
Qud'c Tuan la con An Sinh Vuong, luc mdi sinh ra, cd mgt thiy tudng xem cho
va bao : "Ngudi nay ngay sau cd the giup nudc ciiu ddi". Den khi ldn len, dung
mao khdi ngd, thdng minh hon ngudi, dpe rpng cac sach, cd tai van vd. An Sinh
Vuong trudc day vdn cd hiim khich vdi Chieu Lang^^', mang long ham hue,
tim khip nhdng ngudi tai nghe de day Qude Tuan. Luc sip mat. An Sinh cim tay
Qud([; Tuan gidi giang ring :
- Con ma khdng vi cha lay dugc thien ha thi eha dudi sudi vang cung khdng
n h i m m i t dugc.
Qud'c Tuan ghi de diiu dd trong ldng, nhung khdng cho la phai.
Den khi van nudc d trong tay, quyin quan quyin nudc deu do d minh, dng dem
ldi eha dan ndi vdi gia nd la Da Tupng, Yet Kieu. Hai ngudi gia nd can dng:
- Lam ke ay tuy dugc phu quy mpt thdi ma de lai tieng xa'u ngan nam. Nay dai
vuong ha chang du phu va quy hay sao ? Chung tdi the xin chet gia lam gia nd, chii
khdng mudn lam quan ma khdng cd trung hie'u, chi xin lay ngudi lam thit de la
Duyetf^' lam thiy ma thdi!

(1) Trieu Vu.: Trieu Vu De, tiic Trieu Da, ed liie dupe coi la vua nudc ta tii nam 208 de'n nam 137 tr. CN.
(2) Thanh dd: lam vudn khdng nha trd'ng, khien quan xam luoc tdi khdng ed mdt nguon hau can
tai chd nao.
(3) Binh Ld : thanh luy xua thudc tinh Thai Nguyen.
(4) Mai Linh : deo d phia nam Trung Qud'c.
(5) Chieu Ldng: tiie Tran Thai Tdng.
(6) Sd Chieu Vuang chay loan ra nude ngoai, cd ngudi lam thit de ten la Duyet di theo. Sau Chieu
Vuong phuc nghiep, trd ve nudc, ban thudng eho Duy6t. Duyet ttr choi va ndi: "Nha vua mat
nudc, tdi khdng dupe giet de, nay vua ve nudc, tdi Iai dupc Iam nghe giet de, tude lpe the la dii,
cdn thudng gi nua".

42
 Qud'c Tuan cam phuc den khdc, khen ngpi hai ngudi.
Mpt hdm Qude Tuan vd hdi eon dng la Hung Vu Vuong :
- Ngudi xua ed ea thien ha de truyen cho con chau, con nghi the nao ?
Hung Vu Vuong tra ldi :
- Diu khae hp eung cdn khdng nen, hudng ehi la cimg mpt hp !
Qud'c Tuan ngim cho la phai.
Lai mpt hdm Qude Tuan dem chuyen ay hdi ngudi eon thu la Hung Nhupng
Vuong Qud'c Tang. Qude Tang tien len thua :
- Tdng Thai Td'^' vd'n la mdt dng lao lam rudng, da thira eo day van nen ed
dugc thien ha.
Qud'c Tuan rut guom ke tdi:
- Ten loan thin la tir dua con bat hieu ma ra.
Dinh giet Qude Tang. Hung Vu Vuong hay tin, vol chay tdi khdc Idc xin chiu tdi
thay, Qud'c Tuan mdi tha. Den day dng dan Hung Vu Vuong :
- Sau khi ta chet, day n i p quan tai da rdi mdi cho Qud'c Tang vao vieng.
Miia thu, thang 8, ngay 20, Hung Dao Vuong Qud'c Tuan mat d phu de Van Kiep,
dupc tang Thai su Thupng phu Thupng qud'c cdng Nhan Vu Hung Dao Dai Vuong.
Thanh Tdng cd soan bai van bia d sinh tir'^' ciia Qud'c Tuan, vi dng vdi Thugng
phu'^' ngay xua. Lai vi dng cd cdng lao ldn, gia phong la Thupng qude cdng, cho
phep dng duge quyin phong tude cho ngudi khae, tir Minh tu trd xud'ng, chi cd
tude Hiu thi phong trudc rdi tau sau. Nhung Qud'c Tuan chua bao gid phong tude
cho mgt ngudi nao. Khi giac Hd vao eudp, Qud'c Tuan lenh cho nha giau bd thdc
ra cap luong quan, ma cung chi cho hg lam lang tudng gia chu khdng dam cho hg
tude lang tudng thue, dng kinh can giir tiet lam tdi nhu vay day.
Qud'c Tuan lai timg soan sach de khich le tudng si dudi quyin, din ehuyen
Ki Tin chet thay de ciiu thoat Han Cao'^', Do Vu gio lung chiu giao de ciiu
Sd Tu'^^ The la day dao trung dd.

(1) Thai To nha Hau Td'ng ten la Luu Du, vdn la ngudi lam rudng, sau nhan dip loan lac noi len
gianh dupe thien ha.
(2) Sinh tic: den thd ngudi cdn sdng, danh eho nhung ngudi cd cdng lao diic dp ldn trong viec ciiu
nudc, giup dan.
(3) Thuang phu: La Vpng tuc Thai Cdng Vpng, hp Khuang ten Thuang, ngudi cd nhi6u muu lupc giup
Chu Van Vuang lam nen nghiep ldn. Vu Vuong len ngdi, tdn Thai Cdng Vpng lam Thupng phu.
(4) Han Cao To bi Hang Vu bao vay, be tdi la Kl Tin gia lam Han Cao To ra hang, bi Hang Vu giet,
Cao To nhd dd thoat nan.
(5) Do Vu : be tdi eua Sd Chieu Vuang thdi Xuan Thu. Sa Tii: Sd Chieu Vuang, liic lanh nan d trp,
bi ke eudp dam. Do Vu da gia lung ra chiu dam de eiiu Sd Chieu Vuang.

43
 Khi sip mat, dng dan con ring :
- Ta chet thi phai hoa tang, lay vat trdn dung xuong, bl mat chdn trong vudn
An Lac, rdi san da't va trdng cay nhu cu, de ngudi ddi khdng biet chd nao, lai phai
lam sao cho mau muc.
Qude Tuan giii Lang Giang, ngudi Nguyen hai lan vao eudp, dng lien tiep danh
bai chung, sg sau nay cd the xay ra tai hoa dao ma chang. Ong lo nghi tdi viec sau
khi mat nhu the day.
Ong lai kheo tien cir ngudi tai gidi cho da't nudc, nhu Da Tugng, Yet Kieu la gia
thin cua dng, cd du cdng dep 6 Ma Nhi, Toa Dd. Bpn Pham Ngii Lao, Tran Thi
Kien, Truong Han Sieu, Pham Lam, Trinh Dii, Ngd SI Thudng, Nguyin The True
vdn la mdn khach cua dng, deu ndi tieng thdi do vi van chuong va chinh su, bdi
vi dng cd tai muu luge, anh hung, lai mdt ldng giii gin trung nghla vay. Xem nhu
khi Thanh Tdng vd bao Qud'c Tuan ring : "The giac nhu vay, ta phai hang thdi",
Qude Tuan tra ldi : "Be ha chem diu tdi trudc rdi hay hang". Vi the, ddi Trung
Hung lap nen edng nghiep hie'm cd. Tieng vang den giac Bic, chung thudng gpi
dng la An Nam Hung Dao Vuong ma khdng dam gpi ten. Sau khi mat rdi, cac chau
huyen d Lang Giang h i cd tai nan, dich benh, nhiiu ngudi cau dao dng. Den nay,
mdi khi dat nudc cd giac vao eudp, den li d d i n dng, h i trap dung kie'm cd tieng
keu thi the nao eung thing ldn.
Qude Tuan timg soan sach Binh gia dieu li yeu luac de day cac ti tudng [...].
Qude Tuan lai suu tap binh phap cac nha, lam thanh Bat qua! ciru cung dd, dat
ten la Vqn Kiep tdng bi truyin thu.
H O A N G VAN LAU dich
{Dqi Viet sic ki todn thu, tap II, NXB Khoa hpe xa hdi, Ha Ndi, 1985)

HirOTNG D A N HOC BAI

1. Anh (ehi) rut ra dugc diiu gi qua ldi trinh bay cua Trin Qud'c Tuan vdi vua vi
ke sach giii nudc ?
2. Chi tiet Trin Qud'c Tuan dem ldi cha dan ra hdi y kien hai ngudi gia nd cdng
hai ngudi con va nhiing phan iing cua dng khi nghe eau tra ldi eua hg ed y
nghla nhu the nao ?
3. Doan trich da lam ndi bat nhiing dae diem gi vi nhan each cua Trin Quoc
Tuan ? Chi ra su kheo leo trong nghe thuat khic boa chan dung nhan vat cua.
tac gia. (Nhan vat dugc dat trong nhung mdi quan he va nhiing tinh hudng nhu
the nao ?)
4. Anh (chi) cd nhan xet gi vi nghe thuat ke chuyen d:ong doan trich ?

44
 Chi tie't vi ldng tin ciia dan chung vao sir hien linh cua Hung Dao Vuong, dac
biet la hinh anh "trap dung kie'm cd tie'ng keu" cd y nghla gi ?
a) Cho thay tin ngudng va nhiing tap tue thd cung cua nhan dan ta thdi xua.
b) Cho thay ldng cam phuc va ngudng md cua nhan dan ddi vdi Hung Dao
Vuong sau sic den miic hg da thin thanh hoa dng, cho ring dng da
trd thanh thin linh de giup dan, giu nudc.
c) Chi la nhiing truyin thuye't de lam ndi bat tam ldng thuong dan yeu nudc
va khi phach anh hiing cua dng - nhirng net dep da trd thanh bat tii trong
ldng ngudi.

d) Y kie'n khae. '

r GHI NHO _,
Bang nghe thuat ke chuyen hip d i n , vdi nhung chi tie't chgn Igc va xiic ddng,
doan trfch khae hoa dam net hinh anh Tran Quoc Tuan, mgt nhan each vT dai,
bat tu trong Idng dan tgc.
^

LUYEN TAP
1. Tir nhirng ehi tiet trong doan trich, anh (chi) hay tdm tit lai cau chuyen vi Trin
Qud'c Tuan (khdng qua 20 ddng).
2. Stru tam nhirng cau chuyen cd lien quan den Trin Qude Tuan hoac nhiing
bai thg viet vi dng (tir eae tai lieu lich sii, tai lieu van hgc, cac giai thoai trong
dan gian).

TRA BAI LAM VAN SO 4

Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sd 1.

45
DOC THEM THAI SU TRAN THU DO NGO si LIEN
Li (Trich Dqi Viet su ki todn thu)

VAN BAN

Giap Tl, nam thu bay'^l

Mua xuan, thang gieng.
Thai su'2) Trin Thii Dp chet (tudi 71); truy tang Thupng phu Thai su Trung Vu
Dai Vuong.
Thu Do tuy khdng cd hgc van, nhung tai lugc hon ngudi, iam quan triiu LI
dugc mgi ngudi suy tdn. Thai Tdng^^' lay dugc thien ha deu la nhd muu sue cua
Thu Do ca, cho nen nha nudc phai nhd cay, quyin hon ca vua.
Bay gid cd ngudi hacf'*^ vao ra m i t Thai Tdng, khdc ndi r i n g :
- Be ha tre tho ma Thu Dp quyen hon ea vua, ddi vdi xa tie se ra sao ?
Vua lap tiic ha lenh xa gia den nha Thii Dd va dem ca ngudi hac dd dl theo.
Vua dem ldi eua ngudi hac ndi ta't ca cho Thu Dp bie't. Thu Dd tra ldi :
- Dung nhu ldi ngudi ay ndi.
Rdi lay tien lua thudng eho anh ta.
Linh Tir Qude Miu'^' cd lin ngdi kieu di qua chd thim cam, ngudi quan hieu'^'
ngan lai khdng eho di. Ve nha, khdc bao Thu Dp r i n g :
- Mu nay lam vg dng ma bpn quan hieu khinh nhdn nhu the.
Thil Dp gian, sai di bit. Ngudi quan hieu kia chic minh phai chet. Khi den noi,
Thu Dd van hdi trudc mat. Anh ta dem su thue tra ldi. Thii Dd ndi:
- Nguoi d chuc thap ma biet giii phep nhu the, ta cdn trach gi niia ?

(1) Nam thic bdy: tiic nam thii bay nien hieu Thieu Long, ddi vua TrSn Thanh Tdng, vua thii hai
trieu nha Tran.
(2) Thdi su: chiic quan eao nhat trong trieu, cd quyen tham gia y kie'n trong mpi viee ehinh su.
(3) Thdi Tong: tiic Tran Thai Tdng, vua dau tien trieu nha Tran.
(4) Nguai hqc: ngudi vach tdi ldi cua vi quan nao do trong trieu.
(5) Linh Tu Qude Mdu : vo Tran Thu Dp.
(6) Qudn hieu : chiic quan vd nhd.

46
 Ben lay vang lua ban thudng rdi cho vi.
Thli Do timg duyet dinh sd hd khau, Qude Miu xin eho rieng mdt ngudi lam
cau duong'^'. Thu Dp gat dau va bien lay hp ten que quan cua ngudi dd. Khi xet
duyet den xa np, hdi ring, ten kia dau. Ngudi ay mimg, chay den. Thu Dp ndi:
- Nguoi vi cd Cdng chua'^^ xin cho dugc lam cau duong, khdng vi nhu ngudi
cau duong khae dugc, phai chat mdt ngdn chan de phan biet.
Ten kia keu van xin thdi, hdi lau mdi tha eho ; tir day khdng ai dam den nha
tham rieng niia.
Thai Tdng timg mud'n cho ngudi anh cua Thu Dp la An Qude lam tudng.
Thd Dd ndi:
- An Qude la anh thin, ne'u la ngudi hiin^^^ thi thin xin nghi viec, cdn nhu cho
thin la hiin hon An Qud'c thi khdng nen cu An Qud'c. Ne'u anh em eung la tudng
thi viec trong trieu se ra sao ?
Vua ben thdi.
Thu Dp tuy lam Te tudng ma pham cdng viec khdng viec gi la khdng de y.
Vl the ma giiip nen nghiep vuong, giii dugc tie'ng tdt eho den chet. Thai Tdng ed
iam bai van bia d sinh tir de td quy men khae ngudi [...].

CAO HUY GIU dich

{Dqi Vietsu ki todn thu, tap II,
NXB Khoa hpe xa hdi. Ha Ndi, 1971)

HU6NG DAN DOC THEM

1. Neu nhirng tinh tiet lien quan den Trin Thu Dp. Mdi tinh tiet da bde Id mdt
khia canh nao vi tinh each cua dng ? Tir do, anh (ehi) ed nhan xet gi vi nhan
each ciia Trin Thu Dp ?
2. Neu nhiing net dac sic trong nghe thuat ke ehuyen va khic boa nhan vat cua
nha viet sii (chu y nhiing xung ddt kich tinh, nhirng bude ngoat bat ngd, thu vi
trong eae tinh tie't lam ndi bat tinh each nhan vat).

(1) Cdu ducmg: chiic dich nhd trong xa, Io viee bat giu va ap giai pham nhan.
(2) Cdng chua : chi Linh Tir Qud'c Mau. Ba nguyen la hoang hau cua vua Li Hue Tdng, khi nha Li
mai, hi giang lam Thien Cue Cdng chiia, roi lay Tran Thu Dp.
(3) Ngudi hien : ngudi cd tai diic han ngudi.

47
PHUONG PHAP THUYET M I N H

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Hieu ro tam quan trgng ciia phuang phap

thuye't minh va nhtrng yeu cau ddi vdi viec van
dung phuang phap thuye't minh.
• N i m dugc mdt so phuang phap thuyet minh
cu the.

I - TAM QUAN TRQNG CUA PHUONG PHAP THUYET MINH

De lam tdt mdt bai van thuyet minh thi diiu quan trgng nha't la phai bleu biet
rd rang, chinh xac, diy du ve su vat, hien tupng cin dugc thuye't minh, va phai
thuc ldng mong mudn truyin dat nhiing tri thuc ay eho ngudi dpe (ngudi nghe).
Nhung neu chi cd tri thuc vi su vat, hien tupng cin thuye't minh va ldng mong
mudn truyin dat nhimg tri thuc dd thdi thi da du de lam tdt bai van thuye't minh
chua ? Hay thir dat minh vao dia vi cua mpt ngudi biet rat rd mdt dieu gi dd va rat
mud'n ndi dieu dd ra cho mpi ngudi cung rd, nhimg lai chua n i m dugc cac
phuong phap (eae each thiic) trinh bay. Lieu ta cd the dat dugc mue dich cua
minh khdng ?
Tir dd, anh (chi) hay rut ra ket luan vi vai trd cua phuong phap trong viec lam
bai van thuyet minh va mdi quan he giiia phuong phap thuyet minh vdi muc dich
thuyet minh.

II - MOT SO PHUONG PHAP T H U Y I T MINH

1. On tap cac phuong phap thuyet minh da hoc
6 THCS, anh (chi) da biet sir dung cac phuong phap thuyet minh : neu dinh
nghla; Uet ke; neu vi du; dimg sd Ueu; so sanh; phan loai, phan tich. Anh (chi) hay:
a) Cho biet tac gia mdi doan trich dudi day da sir dung nhiing phuong phap nao.
- Ong (Trin Qud'c Tua'n - NBS) lqi kheo tien cu ngudi tdi gidi cho ddt
nudc, nhu Dd Tuong, Yet Kieu la gia thdn cua dng cd du cdng dep 6 Md Nhi,
Toa Dd. Bon Phqm Ngu Ldo, Trdn Thi Kien, Truong Hdn Sieu, Phqm Ldm,
Trinh Du, Ngd Si Thudng, Nguyin The True vdn Id mdn khdch cua dng, diu
ndi tieng thdi dd vi vdn chuang vd chinh su [...].
{Theo Ngd SI Lien, Dqi Vi$t sii ki todn thu, tap II,
NXB Khoa hpe xa hdi. Ha Ndi, 1985)

48
 Ba-sd Id mdt thi si - ngudi hdnh huang danh tieng sdng a Nhdt vdo theki XVIL
Ba-sd Id but danh. Trong thuc te, ddy la but danh thu ba cua dng.
Dudi nhitng vdn tha ddu tien, dng ki Id Mu-ne-phu-sa. Mudi ndm sau, dng
chon cdi ten Td-sdy, cd nghia Id "Ddo xanh", de td ldng ngudng md nhd tha
Trung Hoa ddi Dudng danh tieng Li Bqch (705 - 762) - vi hai cha
"LiBqch" vdn cd nghla Id "Man trdng". Mdi cho den ndm 36 tudi, khi dd Id mdt
nhd thacd uy tin vd nhiiu ngudi theo hoc, dng mdi ddi but danh Id Ba-sd.
{Theo Han Thuy Giang, Thi si Ba-sd vd "Con dudng hep thien li",
Bao Vietnamnet, ngay 20 - 11 - 2005)

Trung binh, ngudi ta cd tu 40.000 den 60.000 ti tebdo, nghla Id 10.000 ldn
nhiiu hon sdcu ddn sdng tren Trdi Ddt hien nay. Nhung tebdo ndy dugc cdu
tqo bdi 6 trieu ti tiphdn tie, nghla Id 60 ldn nhiiu han sdtinh tu trong vu tru.
Nhting phdn tu lqi duac tqo thdnh tu 1 ti ti nguyen td. Mdt con sd khdng Id,
tuang duang vdi sdtinh tu cd trong 10.000 vu tru nhu vU tru cua chung ta.
Neu mdi nguyen tu ddi 1 mm, mdt tebdo se ddi 10 cm, thi mdt ngudi cao
1,75 m se bien thdnh ngudi khdng Id vdi chiiu cao 1.750 km ! May thay,
dieu ndy khdng xdy ra vi nguyen tu Id cue nhd.

(Theo Con ngudi vd con so.

Tap ehi Kien thiic ngdy nay, so 327)

Nhqc cu cua dieu hdt ndy (hdt trdng qudn - NBS) gidn di khdng chd ndi: dan
kim, ddn nhi, ddn sen,... het thdy diu Id dd bd. Tdt cd nhqc cu chi gdm mdt
cdi hdsdu, cd cdi thung bdng thiec up tren, tren thung cd mdt sai ddy kem ddi
chimg ndm sdu thudc cdng giUa hai cdi coc. Cdm mdnh gd, gd khe mdt chut
vdo ddu ddy, cdi ddy bat vdo thung phdt ra mdt thu dm thanh gidn gid nhip
theo tieng hdt that duyen ddng:
Thinh thung thinh
Mot ddn cd trdng bay tung,
Ben nam ben nd ta cung cdt len,
Cdt len mdt tieng linh dinh,
Cho loan sdnh phuang, cho minh sdnh ta...
{Theo Vu Bang, Thuang nha mudi hai,
NXB van hpe. Ha Ndi, 1993)

b) Phan tich tac dung cua timg phirong phap trong viec lam cho su vat hay hien
tugng duge thuye't minh cang them chuan xac, sinh ddng va hap din.

4 • NVIO/2 A 49
2. Tim hieu them mot so phuong phap thuyet minh
Trong thuc te, eae phuang phap de thuyet minh cdn da dang, phong phu hon
nhiiu so vdi nhiing gi da neu trong diem 1. Dudi day, ta hay tim hieu them mpt sd
phuang phap thuyet minh khae ntia.
a) Thuyet minh bdng cdch chu thich
Hay dpe lai cau van "Ba-sd la but danh." da d i n d tren.
- Vl sao khdng the cho ring tac gia cau dd da thuye't minh bing each dinh
nghla ? [Gai y: Hay xet xem thdng tin "Id but danh" cd neu len dugc nhiing
dac diem ban chat giup ngudi dpe phan biet duge Ba-sd vdi cac nha thg,
nha van khae hay khdng ?)
- Trong cau van "Ba-sd la but danh.", tac gia da thuye't minh bing each chii
thich. Vay the nao la thuyet minh bing each chu thich ? So vdi each thuc
thuyet minh bing dinh nghla, each thuc thuye't minh bing chu thich co
nhiing ban che va nhiing uu diem gi ? Hay tim them 1 - 2 vl du khae vi each
thiic thuyet minh nay.

b) Thuyet minh bdng cdch gidng gidi nguyen nhdn - ket qud
Dudi day la doan van dugc viet de tie'p tuc gidi thieu vi thi si Ba-sd :
Mdt de tu mang den cho dng mot cdy Iq nhdp gidng tu xu Trung Hoa. Ddy Id
cdy chudi, gidng chudi tieu. Vd ngay tuc thi, nhd tha say me nd. Ong bi nhung
tdu Id ddi vd rdng kia quyen ru, tdu Id "du ldn deche cho mot dn sl". Trong con
gid, tdu Id kia rdch tudp gai cho dng nghi den cdi dudi lodi phuang hodng trong
huyin thoqi, hodc mdt chie'c quqt mdu xanh td toi vi gid. Ong viet: "Tdi thich
dugc ngdi dudi gdc cdy chudi cua tdi vd ldng nghe thanh dm cua gid, cua mua
vang len phia tren tdu la". [...].
Trong tieng Nhdt, ten cdy chudi Id ba-sd, vd khdng Idu sau, cdc de tie dd goi
nai dn cu quqnh vdng cua dng Id Ba-sd-an, hay Liu Cdy Chudi, hay Am Ba
Tieu. Cdn cdi ten ndo thich hgp cho dng lay ldm but danh hem ten lodi cdy md
dng yeu men ? ,
/ (Tfteo Han Thuy Giang,
Thi si Ba-sd vd "Con dudng hep thien li", Tldd)

- Doan van dugc vie't de ndi vi : (1) niim say me cay chudi cua Ba-sd ; (2) lai
lich cua but danh Ba-sd. Theo anh (chi), trong hai muc dich a'y, muc dich
nao la chu yeu ? Vi sao ?
- Cac y cua doan van cd quan he nhan - qua vdi nhau khdng ? Ne'u cd thi dau
la nguyen nhan va dau la ket qua ? Vi sao cd the ndi ring md'i quan he ay da
dugc trinh bay mdt each hgp li va sinh ddng, de nhd dd, hinh anh cua thi si
Ba-sd cd the hien len cu the, ha'p din hon ?

50 4 • NVIO/2 B
I l l ' YEU CAU DOI von VIEC VAN DUNG PHUONG PHAP THUYET MINH
1. Tu nhiing d i n chiing trong bai bgc, anh (ehi) nhan thay, ngudi lam van can cii
vao dau de quye't dinh nen chgn phuong phap thuyet minh nao trong bai ndi
hoac bai viet eua minh ?
2. Viee van dung phucmg phap thuyet minh phai nham dat tdi muc dich chu yeu
la ndi cho that rd ve su vat hay hien tugng. Nhung do cd phai la muc dich duy
nhat khdng ? Nhimg din chiing dugc neu trong bai hgc eho thay : phuong
phap thuyet minh cdn dugc van dung de dat tdi muc dich nao khae niia ?
. ^ GHI NHO

• Mud'n lam bai van thuye't minh cd ke't qua, ngudi lam bai phai nam dugc
phuang phap thuye't minh.
• Nhtrng phuang phap thuye't minh thudng gap la : djnh nghla, chu thich,
phan tich, phan loai, liet ke, giang giai nguyen nhan - ket qua, neu vi du,
so sanh, dung sd lieu,...
• Viec lua chgn, van dung va phdi hgp cac phuang phap thuyet minh can tuan
theo cac nguyen tac : khdng xa rdi muc dich thuye't minh ; lam ndi bat ban
chat va dac trung ciia su vat, hien tugng ; lam cho ngudi dgc (ngudi nghe)
tie'p nhan d i dang va hung thu.

IV-LUYEN TAP
1. Nhan xet vi su ehpn lira, van dung va phdi hpp cac phuong phap thuyet minh
trong doan trieh sau :
Trong mudn vdn lodi hoa md thien nhien dd tqo ra tren the gian ndy, hiem
cd lodi hoa ndo md su ddnh gid vi nd lqi dugc thdng nhdt nhu la hoa lan.
Hoa lan dd dugc ngudi phuong Ddng tdn la "Lodi hoa vuong gid" (Vuang gid
chi hoa). Cdn vdi ngudi phuang Tdy thi lan la "Nu hodng cua cdc lodi hoa".
Ho lan thudng dugc chia thdnh hai nhdm : Nhdm phong lan bao gdm tdt cd
nhang lodi sdng bdm tren da, tren cdy, cd ri ndm trong khdng khi. Cdn nhdm
dia lan lqi gdm nhang lodi cd ri ndm trong ddt hay ldp thdm muc.
Cd the ndi trong the gidi cua hoa, chua cd lodi ndo dqt den su phong phu
tuyet vdi nhu lan, vdi nhiing su bien thdi rdt da dqng ve ri, thdn, la vd ddc biet
Id hoa. Chi rieng 10 lodi cua chi lan Hdi Ve nu dd cho thdy su da dqng tuyet vdi
cua hoa vd cua la vi hinh ddng, sdc mdu. Vdi cdnh mdi cong lugn nhu gdt hdi,
cdnh hoa trong mdnh vd mang hod sdc tuyet dieu cua trdng, vdng, phdt tim,
ndu, khi cd ldn gid nhe, hoa Hdi Ve na rung rinh, tudng nhu cdnh budm mdnh
mai dang bay lugn. .
/ {Theo Le Hoang, Hoa lan Viet Nam,
Tap chi ^ C r - Tri thUc Id sice mqnh, sd 5, 1997)

51
2. Trong mdt budi giao luu vdi ban be qud'c te, anh (chi) mudn gidi thieu vdi cac
ban mdt trong nhiing nghi truyin thdng ciia da't nudc minh (trdng lua, nudi
tim, lam do gdm,...).
Hay viet ldi gidi thieu cua anh (chi) thanh mpt bai van thuyet minh dai khoang
500 chu.

m OOC THtiVl

NGH£NU6ITAM
[Luoc trich)

Nuoi tim la mot nghe can ban cua nudc ta. Cac noi cd bai trong dau thi nudi tam
nhieu ban cac noi khae.
Cach nudi tim tnrdc het mua tning ngai treo de cho mat cho nd nd ra con sau nho
nhd roi bd vao nong, lay la dau thai thuc nhd nhu sgi thudc la, ric vao nong cho nd an.
Mdi ngay phai cho nd an ba muoi sau hoac bdn muoi lan, it nhat cung phai hai muoi sau
lan. Cho an nhu the do mot tuan li, rdi thai to hoac de ca la cho nd an mdi ngay do nam,
sau lan. Nudi cho de'n khi con tim vang anh bung ra thi bat nd len ne cho nd keo ta
lam td, goi la qua ken.
Thanh ken roi, trong ba ngay phai uom ngay. Ngudi uam to phai xem nudc trong noi
uam ndng vira dp de cho sgi to keo len khdi diit. Bp ken trong noi uom phai bd timg ti
mpt, lay dua nhao di nhao lai de lay spi gd'c ra cho dugc nhanh va deu nhau. Khi lay gan
het gdc thi bd diia ma keo bing tay cho de'n khi ra ban sgi to. Dimg keo lay gd'c nhieu qua
ma hao to. Ken phai bd vao noi cho deu, dimg co khi nhieu khi it. Moi ban uom thi uam
hai mdi. Mudn cho to di keo va de ban thi cho bay con ken thanh mot sgi. Cdn ngudi
quay ta thi thudng thudng dimg tre con quay cung dugc, quy hd quay cho diu.
Moi liic bd ken vao quay de lay gdc ra tbi phai dung Id uom cho deu lua.
Nghe nudi tim va nghe lam rudng diu la nghi nghiep can ban rat he trpng cho viec
sinh nhai va lai rat khd nhpc hon ca mpi nghe, nudc nao thi cung phai trpng hai nghe ay
lam cdt.

{Theo Phan Ke Binh, Viet Nam phong tuc,

NXB TP. Ho Chi Minh, 1995)

52
VIET BAI LAM VAN S6 5 : V A N THUYET MINH
KET QUA CAN OAT -
Biet van dung nhCrng kien thuc va kT nang
da hoc ve van ban thuyet minh de viet dugc
mdt bai van nhim trinh bay mgt each cu the,
chuin xac, hap dan, sinh ddng v i mgt su vat
hay hien tugng.

I - HUdNG DAN CHUNG

De lam tdt bai van nay, ngoai nhirng diiu can chu y chung nhu ddi vdi bai lam
van sd 4, anh (chi) can:
1. Chu y ren luyen de viec thuyet minh khdng chi dem lai nhiing tri thiic
chuan xac, khoa hpe, khach quan ma cdn sinh dpng, ha'p dan dugc ngudi dgc
(ngudi nghe).
2. Mudn the, khi quan sat, tim hiiu cac su vat, hien tugng trong thuc te, cin chu
y de nim dugc nhirng net rieng bi$t, dac sic, cd siic cudn hut ddi vdi ngudi dgc
(ngudi nghe).
3. Mat khae, cin chu y den cac phep tu tir, cac each thiic diin dat cd the lam cho
ngudi dpe (ngudi nghe) cd hiing thu theo ddi viec trinh bay, gidi thieu su vat
(hien tugng).

I I - GOIYDEBAI
Hay viet mgt bai van thuyet minh ngan (khoang tren dudi 2 trang giay) de gidi
thieu vi mpt trong cac ddi tupng sau :
1. Mpt danh lam thing canh cua dat nudc que huong.
2. Mdt loai hinh ca nhac (hay san khau) ma anh (chi) hing yeu thich.
3. Mdt nganh thu cdng ml nghe (hoac mpt dac san, mpt net van hoa am thuc) cua
dia phuong minh.
4. Mdt li hpi ghi lai nhiing net dep cua phong tuc truyin thd'ng hoac the hien khi
the sdi ndi eua thdi dai.

Ill - GOI Y CACH LAM BAI

Ngoai nhiing diiu can chu y ehung nhu ddi vdi bai lam van sd 4, anh (chi) ein:
1. Chu y van dung tdt phiamg phdp thuyet minh, nhat la cac phuong phap cd kha
nang tao ra siic sdng, siic cudn hut cho viec gidi thieu, trinh bay sir vat (hien tugng).
2. Tim dugc each thiic bdcuc va diin dqt sao cho ndi dung thuyet minh vira khue
chiet, mach lac, trong sang, lai vira cd tinh nghe thuat.

53
l a OOC THEM

CANH THIEN NHIEN XU NGHE

Cai dep cua xir Nghe khong phai d noi canh dong phi nhieu, khdng phai b trong mau
me cua tho nhuong, trong anh sang va khi bau cua thdi tie't. Cai dep cua Nghe - Tinh la
d noi nui non himg vi, d noi sdng sau, nudc trong, vdi nhung canh vat bao la. Mpt day
nui am tham giang dai nhu mpt biic binh phong phia sau dat nudc. Phia trudc mat, bien
Ddng lai lang, menh mong. Ngoai khoi, bon dao Song Ngu simg siing dimg nhu mpt toa
cot da tru trdi. May con sdng Lam Giang, Phd Giang, La Giang cuon ciipn tir dai ngan
chay xudng, tudi gioi cho nhiing canh dong ma canh tay cua nguoi dan cay da eudp doat
vdi thien nhien, timg manh, timg manh mpt, may ngan nam nay. Ddi ben bd, mil non,
lang mac gieo vao dong nudc trong veo nhirng tang bdng em dem, uyen chuyen. Niii
rimg xii Nghe cd mpt ve hiing vi xiing dang vdi cai ten ngudi ta da dat cho nd tir xua :
Giang Man, Thien Nhin, Dai Hue, Hong Son,... IQii che dp khoa cu cdn thinh hanh, ca
ho nhu mdi mpt lang deu nhin thay trong ndi, len'^' ciia minh mpt eai bang, mpt quan
but, mpt cai an thu, hoac mot thanh guom, mpt chie'c an, mpt con nghe vang, mpt con
voi trang, mpt cai yen ngua... Nhung hdn len Kim Nhan ve phia Tay thi qua la mpt danh
lam thing canh. Phai ngim qua nui da ay vao budi ehieu, khi mat trdi da xe xud'ng dau
non, thi mdi "thay ro ca mot dam hao quang y nhu noi cai mii va dau ban tay vang cua
mpt pho tugng Phat".
[...] Cho nen, nhin phong canh Nghe - Tinh la phai nhin cho toan biic: mil non, sdng
ngdi, lang mac, dong dien, cay cdi,... cho de'n nhiing con dudng to, nhd, dudng da't do,
dudng da't thd, dudng da, len ldi tir thung iQng nay de'n thung lung kia, dau mdi ciing
nbau'2' noi ben nudc, hay vit dd'c len tan lung deo... Neu ngudi bp hanh bie't nhin, bie't
ngim, thi tren cac neo dudng qua lai do, tinh cam thien nhien trong cap mat cua hp cd
le ciing khdng de'n ndi that vpng, ma cdn cd the hudng thu dugc nhtrng cam giac hiing
vT, vdi ca mpt luc lugng quye'n dd say sua niia la khae ! Nhung ai la ngudi dau tien da cat
tie'ng hat len may cau :
Duong vo xie Nghe quanh quanh,
Non non, nudc nuae, nhu tranh hoq do
Ai vo xii Nghe thi vo... ?
{Tuyin tap Ddng Thai Mai, tap II,
NXB van hpe. Ha Ndi, 1984)

(1) Len : mil cd vach da eao dung dung.

(2) Ddu md'i cdng nhau : d day hieu la chum Iai, hpi tu Iai cung nhau.

54
CHUYEN CHUC P H A N SU''" NGUY£NDU
OEN TAN VIEN
[Tdn Vien tuphdn su luc - trich Truyin ki mqn luc)

KET QUA CAN OAT

"^
• Thay dugc tfnh each dung cam, kien cudng
cua nhan vat Ngd Tu Van - dai dien cho chi'nh
nghTa chdng lai nhCrng the luc gian ta ; qua do
bdi duang them Idng yeu chinh nghia va. n i i m
tu hao v i ngudi tri thuc nudc Viet.
• Tha'y dugc nghe thuat ke chuyen sinh dgng, hap d i n ,
giau kich tinh cua tac gia Truyin ki man luc.

TIEU D A N
Nguyin Dir (cd ngudi doc la Nguyen Tu), sd'ng vao khoang the ki XVI, chua rd nam sinh
va nam mat, ngudi xa Dd Tung, huyen Trudng Tan, nay thudc huyen Thanh Mien,
tinh Hai Duong. Ong xua't than trong gia dinh khoa bang (cha dd Tien si ddi Le Thanh Tdng),
timg di thi va da ra lam quan, nhung khdng bao lau thi tir quan lui ve an dat. Ong de Iai tac
pham noi tie'ng la Truyen kl mqn luc, qua tac pham cd the thay dugc quan diem sd'ng va ta'm
ldng cua dng vdi cudc ddi.
Truyen ki la mdt the van xudi tu su thdi trung dai phan anh hien thuc qua nhQng ye'u to' ki la,
hoang dudng. Trong truyen truyen ki, the gidi con ngudi va the gidi cdi am vdi nhiing thanh
than, ma quy cd su tuong giao. Dd chinh la ye'u td' tao nen su hap din dac biet cua the Ioai.
Tuy nhien, dang sau nhiing tinh tie't phi hien thuc, ngudi dpe ed the tim thay nhiing van de
cdt ldi cua hien thuc cflng nhu nhimg quan niem va thai dp cua tac gia.
Truyen ki mqn luc cua Nguyen Du la tac pham viet bang chu Han, gom 20 truyen, ra ddi
vao nira dau the ki XVI. Tac pham thuc su la mdt sang tac van hpe vdi su gia cdng hu ca'u,
sang tao, trau chudt, gpt giua cua Nguyen Dii chii khdng phai chi la mdt cdng trinh ghi
chep don thuan. Cac truyen hau he't d thdi Li, Tran, Ho, Le so, va dgu cd ye'u td hoang
dudng, nhung ding sa,u nhflng ye'u td' hoang dudng dd chinh la hien thuc xa hdi phong
kie'n duong thdi vdi day riy nhflng te trang ma tac gia mudn vach tran, phe phan. Qua tac
pham, ngudi dpe thay duoc sd phan bi tham cua nhflng con ngudi nhd be trong xa hpi,
nhflng bi kich tinh yeu ma thiet thdi thudng roi vao ngudi phu nfl. Tac pham cung the hien
tinh than dan tdc, hoc Id niem tu hao ve nhan tai, van hoa nudc Viet, de cao dao diic nhan
hau, thuy chung, dong thdi khang dinh quan diem sdng "lanh due ve trong" cua ldp tri
thuc an dat duong thdi. Truyen ki mqn luc vua cd gia tri hien thuc va nhan dao cao, vua la
mdt tuyet tac cua the loai truyen ki, tung dupc Vfl Kham Lan (the kl XVII) khen tang la
"thien co ki biit". Tac pham da dupe dich ra nhieu thu tie'ng nudc ngoai va dupc danh gia
cao trong so cac tac pham truyen ki d cac nudc dong van. .

(1) Chiec phdn su: {phdn su : suy xet su tinh) chiie quan coi viee xu an ngay xua.

55
VAN BAN
Ngd Tii van ten la Soan, ngudi huyen Yen Dung, da't Lang Giang. Chang vdn
khang khai'^\ ndng nay, thay su ta gian thi khdng the chiu dugc, vung Bic ngudi
ta van khen la mdt ngudi cuong true. Trong lang trudc cd mgt ngdi d i n linh ling
lim. Cudi ddi nha Hd, quan Ngd sang lan eudp, vung ay thanh mgt noi chiin
trudng. Bg tudng'^' cua Mdc Thanh cd vien Bach hd'^' hp Thdi, tu tran d gin din,
tir day lam yeu lam quai trong dan gian. Tu Van rat tiic gian, mpt hdm tim gpi
sach se, khan trdi, rdi cham lira dot din. Mpi ngudi diu lac d i u le ludi, lo sg thay
cho Tir Van, nhung chang vin vung tay khdng c i n gi ca.
Ddt din xong, chang vi nha, thay trong minh khd chiu, dau lao dao va bung
run run, rdi ndi len mpt con sdt ndng sdt ret. Trong khi sdt, chang thay mdt ngudi
khdi ngd, cao ldn, diu dpi mu tru di den, ndi nang va quin ao rat gidng ngudi
phuang Bic, tu xung la cu si*'*', den ddi lam tra lai ngdi din nhu cii va ndi:
- Nha nguoi da theo nghiep nho, dpe sach vd ciia thanh hiin, ha khdng bie't cai
diic cua quy than sao, cd gi lai dam khinh nhdn huy tupng, dot den, khien cho
huong lira khdng cd chd tua nuong, oai linh khdng cd noi hien hien, vay bao lam
sao bay gid ? Biet diiu thi dung tra ngdi din nhu cu. Neu khdng thi, vd cd buy din
Lu Son, c d Thieu se khd ldng tranh khdi tai va'^'.
Tir Van mac ke, vin cii ngdi nga't nguang tu nhien. Ngudi kia tiic gian ndi:
- Phong dd'^' khdng xa xdi gi, ta tuy hen, ha lai khdng dem ndi nha nguoi din
day. Khdng nghe ldi ta thi rdi se biet.
Ndi rdi phat ao di.
Chiiu tdi, lai cd mpt dng gia, ao vai mu den, phong dp nhan nha, thiing thinh
di vao den trudc thim, vai chao ma r i n g :
- Tdi la Thd cdng d day, nghe thay viec lam rat thu cua nha thiy, vay xin den
de td Idi mtmg.
Tii van kinh ngae ndi:
- The ngudi ddi mu tru den day ban nay, chang phai la Thd cdng day u ?
Sao ma nhiiu thin qua vay ?

(1) Khdng khdi: ngay thing va hao hiep, ua Iam vi6c nghla.
(2) Bo tudng: tudng dudi quyen eua mdt vi dai tudng.
(3) Bach hd: chuc quan vd vao thdi Nguyen va thdi Minh d Trung Quoc.
(4) Cu si: ngudi tri thiic di d an.
(5) Cd Thieu : ngudi thdi Tam qud'c, lam quan d Du Chuang, chu truong viec pha hu^ cdc d^n thd
dam than, trong sd dd ed den Lu Son. Sau than Lu Son den xin dung d^n I^, Co Thieu ehi cudi
ma khdng tri Idi. Than gian bio: "Ba nam niia nguoi se ch^t". Den ki han dd, Thi$u bi dm, moi
ngudi deu khuyen Thifiu nen dung Iai d^n, Thieu ndi: "Ta khdng the thang dupc ehfnh". Roi
sau Thieu chei.
(6) Phong do : phu ciia Diem Vuong d cdi am.

56
 Ong gia ndi:
- 6, day la vien tudng bai tran cua Bic triiu, cai hdn bo vo d Nam qude, tranh
chiem mieu din cua tdi, gia mao hp ten cua tdi, quen dung chude ddi lira, thich
lam. trd tham ngugc'^', Thugng de bi nd bung bit, ha dan bi nd quay ray, pham
nhiing viec hung yeu tac quai'^' diu tu nd ca, chu cd phai tdi dau. Xin ke diu dudi
de nha thiy nghe :
"Tdi lam chuc Ngu sii dai phu'^' tir ddi vua Li Nam De*^', vi chet vi viec cin
vuong ma dugc phong d day, giup dan do vat da hon mdt nghin nam nay, khi nao
lai lam viec gieo tai ric va de kiem mieng an nhu ten giac giao boat kia da lam. Gin
day vi tdi thieu sir d i phdng, hi nd danh dudi, nen phai den nuong tira d din Tan
Vien da vai nam nay".
Tir van ndi:
- Viec xay ra d i n nhu the, sao ngai khdng kien d Diem Vuong va tau len Thupng
de, lai di khinh bd chuc vi, lam mpt ngudi ao vai nha que ?
Ong gia chau mat ndi:
- Ri ac mpc lan, khd long lay ddng. Tdi da dmh thua kien, nhung ma cd nhiiu
ndi ngan trd: Nhiing din mieu gin quanh, A/I tham cua dut, diu benh vuc cho nd
ca. Tdi chi giii dugc mpt chut ldng thanh, nhung khdng lam the nao de thdng dat
dugc len, cho nen danh tam an n h i n ma ngdi xd mgt noi.
Tu van ndi:
- Han cd thuc la tay hung ban, cd the gieo va cho tdi khdng ?
- Hin quye't chdng chgi vdi nha thiy, hien da kien thiy d Minh ti'^'. Tdi nhan
luc h i n di ving len den day bao cho nha thay biet de ma heu ke, khdi phai chet
mdt each oan udng.
Ong gia lai dan Tii Van :
- H i d Minh ti cd tra hdi, thay cu khai ra nhiing ldi ndi cua tdi. Niu b i n choi,
thiy keu xin tu giay den din Tan Vien, tdi se khai rd thi nd phai do mieng. Neu
khdng nhu the thi tdi den vui lap trgn ddi ma thay cung khd ldng thoat nan.
Tu van vang ldi. Den dem, benh cang nang them, rdi thay hai ten quy su den
bat di ra't gap, keo ra ngoai thanh vi phia ddng. Di dd nua ngay den mdt toa nha
rat ldn, xung quanh cd thanh sit cao vpi den may chuc trupng. Hai ten quy den
ndi vdi ngudi canh cdng, ngudi canh cdng di vao mdt luc rdi ra truyin chi r i n g :

(1) Tfidm nguoc: tan ac qua miic.

(2) Hung yeu tdc qudi: day len nhung chuyen yeu ma, lam nhung dieu quy quai; y ndi gay hai
cho ngudi.
(3) Ngu sic dqi phu: ehiic quan phu trach viec can gian vua.
(4) Li Nam Di: tiic Li Bdn, cdn gpi la Li Bi, khdi nghla duoi quan dd hd nha Luong, len ngdi hoang
d6', xung la Nam Viet De, d ngdi dupe 4 nam (544 - 548), dat qud'c hieu la Van Xuan.
(5) Minh ti: am phu.

57
 - Tdi sau ac nang, khdng dugc du vao hang khoan giam'^'.
Ndi rdi xua tay bao di ra phia bic. O do cdmpt con sdng ldn, tren sdng b i c mdt
cai cau dai udc ban nghin thudc, gid tanh sdng xam, hoi lanh tha'u xuong. Hai ben
ciu cd den may van quy Da Xoa diu m i t xanh tdc dd, hinh ddng nanh ac. Hai con
quy dung gdng dai, thimg ldn gdng trdi Tu Van ma giai di rat nhanh.
Tir Van keu to :
- Ngd Soan nay la mdt ke si ngay thing d trin gian, ed tdi ldi gi xin bao cho,
khdng nen bat phai chet mdt cdch oan udng.
Chpt nghe tren dien cd ldi quat:
- Ten nay budng binh ngoan cd, neu khdng phan doan cho rd, chua chic nd
da chiu nhan tdi-
Ben sai d i n Tu Van vao cira dien. Tii Van vao den noi, thay ngudi ddi mii tru
dang keu ciu d trudc san. /
Diem Vuong ming Tir Van ring :
- Ke kia la mpt ngudi cu si, trung thuin lim liet'^', cd cdng vdi tien triiu, nen
hoang thien cho dugc huyet thuc'^' d mpt ngdi d i n de din cdng khd nhgc. May la
mdt ke ban si'*', sao dam hdn lao, tdi ac tu minh ldm ra, cdn trdn di ding nao ?
Tii van ben tau trinh dau dudi nhu ldi Thd cdng da ndi, ldi rat cirng cdi, khdng
chiu nhun nhudng chut nao. Ngudi ddi mu trti ndi:
- Ay la d trudc vuong phu ma b i n cdn ghe gdm nhu the, mdm nam mieng
mudi, dom dat bia tac. Hudng hd d mdt noi d i n mieu quanh hiu b i n sg gi ma
khdng dam cho mdt mdi lua.
Hai ben cai cg nhau mai vin chua phan phai trai, vi the Diem Vuong sinh nghi.
Tir van ndi:
- Neu nha vua khdng tin ldi tdi, xin dem tu giay den din Tan Vien de hdi;
khdng dung nhu the, tdi xin chiu them cai tdi ndi can.
Bay gid ngudi kia mdi cd ve sg, quy xud'ng tau r i n g :
- Ga kia mdt ke hpe trd, that la ngu budng, qua dang tdi lim. Nhtmg da trach
mIng nhu vay, ciing du ran de rdi. Xin dai vuong khoan dung tha cho b i n de td
cai diic rdng rai. Chang can ddi hdi day dua. Neu thing tay tri tdi no, sg hai den
cai due hieu sinh.

(1) ^ofln gidm : rdng lupng giam bdt hinh phat.

(2) Trung thudn : mpt long ngay thing ; ldm liet: manh me, oai phong.
(3) Duac huyet thuc : dupc thd tu va hudng nhung vat pham ciing te' la dpng vat nhu bd, de,
Ipn, ga,...
(4) Hdn si: hpe trd ngheo.

58
 Diem Vuong quat ldn r i n g :
- Cii nhu ldi b i n thi nha nguoi dang tdi chet. Diiu luat tri tgi lira ddi da sin
sang dd. Cd sao nha nguoi dam lam sir lap Id nhan tdi nhu vay ?
Diem Vuong lap tuc sai ngudi den din Tan Vien de lay chiing thuc. Sai nhan vi
tau, nhat nhat dung vdi ldi Tii Van. Vuong ca gian, bao cac phan quan ring :
- Lu cac nguoi chia toa sd, giii chuc su, cim lenh chi cdng, lam phep chi cdng,
thudng thi xung dang ma khdng thien vi, phat thi dich xac ma khdng nghiet nga,
vay ma cdn cd su ddi tra can bay nhu the ; hudng chi vi ddi nha Han, nha Dudng
budn quan ban nguc, thi nhiing mdi te cdn ndi sao het dugc !
Liin sal lay ldng sit chup vao dau, khau gd nhet vao mieng, bd ngudi ay vao
ngyc Cuu U'^'.
Vuong nghi Tii Van cd cdng trir hai, truyin cho vi thin din kia, tir nay p h i n xdi
lgn cua dan cung te, nen chia cho Tii Van mpt nira va sai linh dua Tir Van vi.
Chang vi den nha, te ra minh chet da dugc hai ngay rdi. Nhan dem nhirng viec
da qua ke cho mpi ngudi nghe, ai cung kinh hai va khdng tin la thuc. Sau dd hg
ddn mpt ba ddng vi phu bdng'^', ddng len cung ndi dung nhu ldi Tir Van. Ngudi
lang ben mua gd, dimg lai mdt toa d i n mdi. Cdn ngdi mp cua ten tudng giac kia
thi tu dung thay bi bat tung len, hai cdt tan tanh ra nhu cam vay.
Sau dd mpt thang, Tir Van thay Thd cdng den bao :
- Lao phu da trd vi mieu, cdng cua nha thiy khdng biet lay gi din dap dugc.
Nay thay d din Tan Vien khuyet mgt chan phan su, lao da vi nha thiy hit sue tien
cir, dugc due Thanh Tan ngai da bing long, vay xin lay viec do de din on nghla.
Ngudi ta sdng 6 ddi, xua nay ai ching phai chet, miin la chet di cdn dugc tieng vi
sau. Neu trung trinh dd nira thang, sg se vi tay ngudi khae mat. Nen cd gIng dl,
dimg coi la viec thudng.
Tu van vui ve nhan ldi, ben thu xep viec nha, rdi khdng benh ma mat.
Nam Giap Ngp, cd ngudi d thanh Ddng Quan'^' vdn quen biet vdi Tir Van, mdt
budi sdm di ra ngoai ctia tay vai dam, trdng thay trong suong mu cd xe ngua di den
am im, lai nghe tieng quat:
- Ngudi di dudng tranh xa, xe quan phan su!

(1) Nguc Cliu U: nguc tdi chin tang d am phu, noi giam giu va trung phat nhung ke khi sd'ng gay
nhieu tdi ae.
(2) Phil bdng : mdi gpi hon ngudi chei hoac thin thanh ve. Theo su me tin ciia dan gian, cd the gpi
hdn ngudi chei hoae thanh than d coi am ve nhap vao ngudi dang sdng de trd ehuyen. Ngudi
cd nhifeu cam ung vdi cdi am, cd the cho mupn xac de ngudi cdi am nhap vao gpi la "dng (ba)
ddng" hay "dng (ba) bdng".
(3) Ddng Quan : tiie thanh Thang Long, nay la Ha Npi.

59
 Ngudi ay ngang diu trdng thi tha'y, ngudi ngdi tren xe chinh la Tu Van. Song Tu
van chi chip tay thi li chii khdng ndi mdt ldi nao, rdi thoit da cudi gid ma biin
mat. Den nay con chau Tu Van hay cdn, ngudi ta truyin ring dd la "nha quan
phan su"!
Than di! '^' Ngudi ta thudng ndi: "COng qud thi gdy". Ke sl chi lo khdng cung cdi
dugc, cdn gdy hay khdng Id viec cua trdi. Sao lqi dodn trudc Id se gdy md chiu ddi
cdng ra mim ?
Ngd Tu Vdn la mot chdng do vdi. VI citng cdi md ddm dot chdy din td, chdng lqi
yeu ma, ldm mdt viec han cd thdn vd ngudi. Bdi the dugc ndi tieng vd dugc giu chuc
vi a Minh ti, that Id xiing ddng. Vdy ke sl, khdng nen kieng sgsu cung cdi.
Theo bin dich cua TRUC KHE NGO VAN TRIEN
{Truyin ki mqn luc, NXB Van hoa, Ha Ndi, 1957.
Cd tham khio mdt so bin dich khae.)

HOIOMG DAN HOC BAI

1. Theo anh (chi), viec lam cua nhan vat Ngd Tu Van cd y nghla gi ?
a) The hien quan diem va thai dp cua ngudi tri thiic mudn da pha su me tin
thin linh cua quin chung binh dan.
b) The hien su khang khai, chinh true va diing cam mudn vi dan trir hai.
c) The hien tinh hieu thing cua ngudi tre tudi.
d) The hien tinh thin dan tpc manh me qua viec diet trii hdn ten giac xam lugc
hung bao, bao ve Thd thin nudc Viet, ngudi tirng cd cdng giup LI Nam Di
chdng ngoai xam.
e) Y kien khae.
Giai thich nguyen nhan su chpn lua ciia anh (chi).
2. Theo anh (chi), chi tiet Diem Vuong xir kien d am phii ndi len dieu gi ?
a) The hien niim tin cua con ngudi thdi trung dai: ben canh cdi tran cdn cd
mpt the gidi khae la am phu, noi con ngudi sau khi chet se phai de'n de nhan
su phan xet va thudng phat vi nhiing viec lam cua minh khi cdn sdng.
b) The hien khat vpng cdng II chua thuc hien dugc trgng cugc sdng tran the
cua ngudi xua.

(1) Tu day den het la ldi binh (cudi mdi tmyen t6 phan binh luan ngin cua chinh tac gii - n6u
nhan xet v^ su viec, nhan vat trong truydn va dua ra quan diem hoic ldi khuySn cua minh).

60
 c) Nhim day xung dot kich tinh ciia truyen den cao trao de nhan vat chinh -
Ngd Tir Van - cd dip bdc Id ban linh, khi phach cua minh.
d) Cd y nghla khuyen ran, giao due con ngudi nen sdng va hanh ddng the nao
cho dung din, hgp le phai, tranh iam diiu ac.
e) Y kien khae.
Giai thich li do sir lua chgn cua anh (chi).
3. Chi tiet Ngd Tu Van dugc nham chiic phan su o din Tan Vien cd y nghla gi ?
4. Phan tich nghe thuat ke chuyen dac sic va hap d i n cua Nguyin Dii.
5. Neu chu d i cua truyen.

. GHI NHO .

• Chuyen chdc phan suden Tan Vien d i cao tinh than khang khai, cuang true,
dam da'u tranh chdng lai cai ac tru hai cho dan ciia Ngd Tu Van, mgt ngudi
trf thuc nudc Viet ; ddng thdi the hien niem tin cdng li, chinh nghia nha't
djnh se chie'n thing gian ta.
• Bing nghe thuat ke chuyen Idi cudn, nhan vat dugc xay dung sic net, tinh
tiet va diin bien truyen giau kjeh tinh, truyen da de lai an tugng manh me
trong Idng ngudi dgc.

LUYEN TAP
1. Neu dugc yeu ciu viet doan ket cua truyen, anh (chi) se ddng tinh vdi each kit
thuc nhu da cd hay se chpn mpt each kit thuc khae ? Trinh bay va giai thich y
kien ciia minh.
2, Tdm tit truyen (khdng qua 20 ddng).

61
LUYEN TAP VliT OOAN VAN THUYET MINH

KET QUA CAN DAT -

Van dung nhung kie'n thuc va kl nang da hoc ve
doan van, ve van thuyet minh de vie't dugc mgt
doan van cd d& tai gan gui, quen thugc trong
hgc tap hoac trong ddi sd'ng.
*>- ' _.

I - DOAN VAN THUYET MINH

1. Hay nhlclai :
a) The nao la mgt doan van ?
b) Mdt doan van cin dat dugc nhting yeu ciu nao trong cac yeu ciu ke dudi day:
- Tap trung lam rd mdt y chung, mpt chu d i chung thdng nhat va duy nha't.
- Lien kit chat che vdi cac doan van diing trudc va sau nd.
- Diin dat chinh xac, trong sang.
- Gpi cam, hung hdn.
2. Theo anh (chi), giiia mpt doan van tu su va mdt doan van thuyet minh cd nhiing
diem nao gidng va khae nhau ? Vi sao cd su gidng nhau va khae nhau nhu the ?
3. Mpt doan van thuyet minh cd the gdm bao nhieu p h i n chinh ? Cac y trong
doan van thuyet minh cd the dugc sip xep theo cac trinh tu thdi gian, khdng
gian, nhan thiic, phan bae - chiing minh khdng ? Vi sao ?

II - VIET DOAN VAN THUYET MINH

Gia sir phai viet mpt bai van thuyet minh de cung cap cho ngudi dpe nhiing
hieu biet chuan xac vi mpt nha khoa hgc hoac mpt tac pham van hoc, mpt
cdng trinh nghien ciiu, mpt dien hinh ngudi tdt, viec td't, anh (chi) hay:
1. Phac qua dan y dai cuong cho bai viet.
2. Tiep dd, hay diin dat mgt y trong dan y thanh mdt doan van.
Ggiy :
a) Tra ldi mpt sd cau hdi:
- Anh (chi) dinh tap viet doan van nao ? Doan ay n i m d vi tri nao trong
bai van ?
- Cau chuyen doan can dugc viet the nao de doan van se viet cd the tiep ndi
dugc vdi doan van trudc do ?

62
 - Phai sip dat cac y theo thu tu nao de bao dam tinh chat che va mach lac cua
doan van ?
- c i n su dung nhiing phuong phap thuyet minh nao va diin dat the nao de
doan van khdng chi chuan xac ma cdn sinh ddng, hap dan ?
- Cd the bgc tap dugc gi tir doan van sau :
Vdi Anh-xtanh, thcri gian [...] trd nen co ddn khi nd td ra phu thuoc vdo
chuyen dong cua ngudi quan sdt. Neu ta chuyen ddng cdng nhanh thi thai gian
cdng chdm lqi. Chdng hqn, mdt ngudi a tren con tdu vu tru bay vdi mdt van td'c
bdng 87% van tdc dnh sdng se thdy thai gian chdm lqi mdt nua. Anh ta se gid
di chdm hon hai ldn so vdi ngudi sinh ddi vdi anh ta a Trdi Ddt. Ngudi sinh ddi
vdi anh ta a Trdi Ddt cd nhiiu nep nhdn vd tdc bqc sdm hon anh ta. Tim anh
ta ddp nhanh hon vd anh ta dn nhiiu bua hem, udng nhiiu rugu vang hon vd
doc sdch nhiiu hon. Dd Id nghich li cap sinh ddi cua Ldng-gia-vanh (ten cua
nhd vdt li ngudi Phdp phdt bieu nghich li ndy). [...] O 99% van td'c dnh sdng,
thdi gian chdm lqi 7 Idn^ O99,9% van tdc dnh sdng, thdi gian chdm lqi 22,4 ldn.
(M.Ri-cac - Trinh Xuan Thuan, Cdi vd hqn trong ldng bdn tay,
NXB Tre, TP. Ho Chi Minh, 2005 )
b) Viet va sira chira :
Viet toan bd doan van ra giay nhap, sau dd kiem tra xem :
- Chu d i cua doan cd dugc the hien rd rang va nha't quan khdng;
- Viec sit dtang phuong phap thuyet minh ed hgp h khdng ;
- Cac cau trong doan cd trong sang va lien kit vdi nhau khdng;
- Lam the nao de siia chiia nhirng ldi cua doan van (neu cd).
.. .. GHI NHO ,

De cd the viet td't mdt doan van thuyet minh, c i n phai :

- N i m virng cac kien thuc v i doan van thuyet minh va cac kT nang viet doan
van thuyet minh.
- Cd dii nhtrng tri thuc can thiet va chuan xac de lam ro y chung cua doan.
- s i p xe'p hgp li cac tri thuc dd theo mgt t h u t u ro rang, ranh mach.
- Van dung diing d i n , sang tao nhtrng phuang phap thuyet minh va d i i n dat
de doan van trd nen cu the, sinh dgng, ha'p dSn.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

1. Viet doan van nd'i tiep theo doan ma anh (chi) vira hoan thanh tren ldp.
2. Tir nhirng kit qua va tiin bg da dat duge, hay viet mdt bai van thuyet minh de
gidi thieu mdt con ngudi, mpt miin que, mdt danh lam thing canh hoac mdt
phong trao boat ddng ma anh (chi) da ed dip tim hiiu kl.

63
ca OOC THEM

CAY HO GUOM

Lan cay ven Ho Guom nhu lan mi, nhu ai dudn ddi long may. Khdng the nghi cai dam
nudc tuyet vdi ay lai ving bang mi nhiing rem cay.
Cay cdi Ho Guom cua Ha Npi thoat nhin khdng ra the thiic nao, nhung de y kl se thay
dugc mpt le ldi ciia mdi bong cay bdng nudc. Mdi cai cay ben nhau deu mang chiing tich
cua lich sir va thdi gian.
Tir trong Dao Ngpc giua bd, nhirng cay da, cay si, cay sanh, cay d i va nhtrng cay gao
ma dau dinh lang nao cung sum se. Nhirng gd'c gao bien lanh, xu xi nhu da tang vi nhiing
nhat dao tude vd cay tir thud trong phd cdn nhtrng cot den dau t h l p d cac nga tu dudng
thap dao, ngudi ta lay vd gao ve lam thudc bop chan sai, tay gay - nhirng bai thud'c ai
ciing thuoc.
Nhtmg cay trong vudn da tbanb dai thu cung thay d day< Bay cay loc vimg vun lai mpt
khdm ma non loc vimg de kem an gdi ca me. Nhiing cay sung cd quai mdi miia xuan vin
trd la, qua sung mud'i dua, la sung non lot nem chao tren Phiing udng vdi rugu gao Mi
Tri cua ba lang Mai.
Va nhiing cay me cay sau vd'n mpc trudc ngo, canb nau qua me chua, nudc rau
mud'ng lupc dam sau,...
O hay, bat chgt vao miia thu, hoa vdng, cbi de'n miia boa vdng do khe tren mat ho mdi
nhd, chir hing ngay qua duoi gdc vdng, khdng ai de y toi loai cay cpc rao qua quen mat ay.
Va ca nhiing cay rimg, nhtrng cay rimg cung tdi, rimg Mai Chau, rimg dao Cat Ba,
dng lao nao da quay ve day nhtrng cay kim giao - ma tieng don ngay xua vua chiia cam
dua chi cam dua bang gd quy nay.
Hai tieng "bo liiu" xua nay gin bd than thiet vdi Ho Guam, Ho Guom ho liiu.
Nhung chd ai tudng Mc sam uat nha't thi quanh Ho Guom chi toan duong lieu. Le liiu
Ho Guom khdng yeu kieu vi dam liiu, dam dai. Ma tir thud nao, liiu Ho Guom chi
lac dac. Nhtrng cay liiu diing mot minh budng tdc trong gid in bong bo diem trang biic
tranh bo cud'i thu phlng lang, boa loc vimg do bay roi timg dam xud'ng mat nudc.
Hd Guom, bo cac thu cay. Nhung toi nhd nha't va cho den gid vSn khdng bieu sao ben Ho
Guom ngay trudc lai cd mot cay d mdi vd'n que d miin Nam, giua miia ha hoa nd nhu hoa
dao. Cbing le da co mpt dng lao tnrgng vac dng tranh cd tien Giang JCiiu dem mpt canh d
mdi chiet ra trdng xudng ven bd chd da't chd nudc lich sii nay ?
Cud'i the ki trudc, nguoi Phap moi chiem Ha Npi. Lich sii dau thuong quang ay da
sang trang rdi, nhung cdn da'u tich trong cay. Ay la nhting cay gd tech chi thay d rimg
Thugng Lao, nhting cay cp dai chau Phi, nhtrng cay hoa phugng vi que tan Tan Ghi-ne
ngoai chau Dai Duong> ngudi Phap da dem tir cac thudc dia tdi.
Cay quanh Hd Guom tu bpi cac thir cay cua lang nudc va cua thdi the.

(Bai viet ciia Td Hoai, trong Nguyin Vinh Phiic,

Hd Hodn Kiem vd den Ngoc Son, NXB Tre, TP. Ho Chi Minh, 2003)

64
NHUNG Y i u CAU VE SU DUNG TliNG VIET

KET QUA CAN OAT ^

N i m dugc nhtrng yeu cau ve su dung tieng Viet,
ddng thdi cd y thuc ren luyen thdi quen va nang
luc su dung tieng Vjet theo cac yeu cau dd.
^ '

I - Sir DUNG DUNG THEO CAC CHUAN MUC CUA TIENG VIET
1. Ve ngir am va chiif Viet
a) Hay phat hien ldi vi chii viet (do anh hudng cua phat am khdng dung chuan
muc); chiia lai cho dung :
- Khdng gidc qudn do a ddy.
- Khi sdn trudng khd ddo, chung em chai dd cdu hodc ddnh bi.
- Tdi khdng cd tiin le, anh ldm on ddi cho tdi.
h) Dgc doan hgi thoai sau day giiia mdt ngudi chau (d thanh phd) vdi mdt
ngudi bae (d ndng thdn ra choi) va phan tich su khae biet cua nhiing tir phat
am theo gipng dia phuong so vdi nhiing tir tuong irng trong ngdn ngii
toan dan:
- The tqi sao dang a thdnh phd, bdc lqi vi nhd que ?
- A... chuyen dy thi ddi ldm. Nhdn nha rdi bdc ke. Dung md... chdng qua
cung Id do cdi duyen, cdi sd... Gi the, chdu ?
- Bdc ndi giong nd khang khdc the ndo dy. Trdi bdc ndi Id giai [...].
Nhung md bdc ndi Id dtmg md. Bdo bdc ndi la bdu.
- An nudc dddu ndi giong a dd md, chdu... ^
,-- Q^^ y^j^ Khang, Heo may gid long)

2. Vetufngiif
a) Hay phat hien va chiia ldi vi tir ngii trong cac cau sau :
- Khi ra phdp trudng, anh dy vdn hien ngang den phut chdt lot.
- Nhitng hoc sinh trong trudng se hieu sai cdc vdn de md thdy gido truyin tung.
- So ngudi mdc vd chet cdc benh truyin nhiim dd gidm ddn.
- Nhung benh nhdn khdng cdn phdi md mdt dugc khoa Dugc tich cue
pha che, diiu tri bdng nhting thu thudc tra mdt ddc biet.

5 - NVIO/2 A 65
 b) Lua chpn nhiing cau dung tir diing trong cac cau sau :
- Anh dy cd mdt yeu diem: khong quyet dodn trong cdng viec.
- Diem yeu cua ho la thieu tinh thdn dodn ket.
- Bon gidc dd ngoan cd chdng trd quyit liet.
- Bd ddi ta dd ngoan cudng chien ddu sudt mgt ngdy dem.
- Tieng Viet rdt gidu dm thanh vd hinh dnh, cho nen cd the ndi dd Id thu
tiidng rdt linh ddng, phong phu.

3. Vengiiiplidp
a) Hay phat hien va chua ldi vi ngii phap trong cac cau sau :
- Qua tdc phdm "Tdt den" ciia Ngd Tdt Td dd cho ta thdy hinh dnh ngudi
phu nu ndng thdn trong che'dd cd.
- Ldng tin tudng sdu sdc cua nhfing the he cha anh vdo luc lugng mdng non
vd xung kich se tiip budc minh.
b) Lua chpn nhiing cau van dung trong cac cau sau :
- Cd dugc ngdi nhd dd ldm cho bd sdng hqnh phuc han.
- Ngdi nhd dd ldm cho bd sdng hqnh phuc hon.
- Cd dugc ngdi nhd, bd dd sdng hqnh phuc han.
- Ngdi nhd dd mang lqi niim hqnh phuc cho cudc sdng cua bd.
c) Timg cau trong doan van sau diu dung, nhung doan van vin khdng cd dugc
tinh thd'ng nhat, chat che. Hay phan tich ldi va chiia lai:
Thuy Kiiu vd Thuy Vdn diu Id con gdi cua dng bd Vuang vien ngoqi
Ndng Id mdt thieu nu tdi sdc ven todn, sdng hod thudn hqnh phuc vdi
cha me. HQ sdng em dm dudi mgt mdi nhd, cung cd nhitng net xinh d^p tuyit
vdi. Ve dep cua Kieu hoa cung phdi ghen, liiu cung phdi hdn. Cdn Vdn cd net
dep doan trang thuy mi. Cdn vi tdi thi ndng han hdn Thuy Vdn. Thi nhung
ndng ddu cd dugc hudng hqnh phuc.

4. ve phong cdchngfin ngiii

a) Hay phan tich va chiia lai nhiing tir dimg khdng phu hpp vdi phong each
ngdn ngir:
- Trong mpt bien ban ve mpt vu tai nan giao thdng:
Hodng hdn ngdy 25-10, luc 17h 30, tqi km 19 quoc Id IA dd xdy ra mdt
vu tai nqn giao thdng.
- Trong mpt bai van nghi luan :
"Truyen Kiiu" cua Nguyen Du dd neu cao mdt tu tudng nhdn dqo het site
la cao d?p.

66 5-NV10/2B
 b) Hay nhan xet vi cac tir ngir thudc ngdn ngir ndi tiong phong each ngdn
ngii sinh boat d doan sau day:
Bdm cu, tu ngdy cu bdt di a tu, con lqi sinh ra thich di d tii; bdm cd the,
con cd ddm ndi gian thi trdi tru ddt diet, bdm qud di d tii sudng qud. Di a
tu cdn cd cam demd dn, bdy gid vi ldng vi nudc mdt thudc cdm dui khdng
cd, chd ldm gi nen dn. Bdm cu, con lqi den keu cu, cu lqi cho con di a tii.
{NamCao, Chi Pheo)
(Chu y each dung cac tir xung hd, tir ngir dua day, thanh ngir, tuc ngii,
each ndi ap iing,... cua Chi Pheo).
Nhiing tir ngii va each ndi nhu tren cd the su dung tiong mpt la don d i nghi
dugc khdng ? Vi sao ?
GHI NHO .
Khi su dung tieng Viet trong giao tiep, can dam bao nhtrng yeu cau ca ban sau :
- Ve ngu am va chu viet, can phat am theo am thanh chuan ciia tieng Viet, can
viet dung theo cac quy tic hien hanh v i chi'nh ta va v i chu viet ndi chung.
- V i tu ngu, can diing tu ngir dung vdi hinh thuc va ca'u tao, vdi y nghia, vdi
dac diem ngu phap ciia chting trong tieng VieL
- V i ngtr phap, can ca'u tao cau theo dting quy tic ngtr phap tieng Viet, diin
dat dung cac quan he y nghla va su dung da'u cau thich hgp. Han nua, cac
cau trong doan van va van ban can dugc lien ket chat che, tao nen mdt van
ban mach lac, thd'ng nhat.
- V i phong each ngdn ngtr, can ndi va viet phti hgp vdi cac dac trung va
chuan muc trong ttrng phong each chuc nang ngdn ngu.

II - Sir DUNG HAY, DAT HIEU QUA GIAO TIEP CAO

1. Trong cau tuc ngii "Chet ditng cdn hon sdng quy", cac tir dung va quy duac sir
dung theo nghla nhu the nao ? Viec su dung nhu the lam cho cau tuc ngii cd
tinh hinh tupng va gia tri bleu cam ra sao ?
2. Hay phan tich hieu qua bieu dat cua viec dung an du va so sanh trong cau sau:
Chung ta ludn ndm trong ldng chiec ndi xanh cua cdy cdi, do Id cdi mdy
dieu hod khi hdu cua chung ta.
(Nguyen Ba Cat - La Vinh Quyen, Siic khoe thanh nien)

3. Trong Ldi keu goi todn qud'c khdng chien, Hd Chi Minh viet:
Ai cd sung dung sung. Ai cd guom dting guom, khdng cd guom thi dung cudc,
thudng, gay gdc. Ai cung phdi ra sue chdng thuc ddn Phdp, cuu nudc.
{Hd Chi Minh todn tap, tap 4,
NXB Chinh tri qude gia. Ha Ndi, 2000)

67
 Hay phan tich gia tri nghe thuat eua phep diep, phep ddi, cua nhip dieu
trong nhimg cau van tren.
CHI N H O .

Khi ndi va khi viet, c h i n g nhung can su dung t i i n g Viet dung theo cac chuan
muc cua hd, ma cdn can su dung mdt each sang tao, cd su chuyen ddi linh
boat theo cac phuang thuc va quy t i c chung, theo cac phep tu t u de cho Idi
ndi, cau van cd tinh nghe thuat va dat hieu qua giao tiep cao.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

1. Lua chgn nhiing tir ngii viet dung trong cac trudng hpp sau :
bdn hodng I bdng hodng ; chat phdt i chdt phdc ; bdn quan I bdng quan ;
ldng mqn / ldng mqng; hiu tri/hieu tri; udng rieu/udng rugu; trau chudt/chau
chudt; ldng ldn / ndng ndn; dep de / dep de; chdc che / chqt che.
2. Phan tich tinh chinh xac va tinh bieu cam cua tir lap (thay cho tir hqng) va cua
tir se (thay cho tu phdi) trong ban thao Di chuc cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh
(Luc dau Bae dung cac tir hqng, phdi, sau dd gaeh bd):
- Ndm nay, tdi vua 79 tudi, dd la [hang] lap ngudi "xua nay hiem"...
- Vi vdy tdi de sdn mdy ldi ndy, phdng khi tdi [phai] se di gap cu Cdc Mdc, cu
Le-nin vd cdc vi cdch mqng ddn anh khdc, thi ddng bdo cd nudc, ddng chi
trong Ddng vd bdu bqn khdp nai khdi cdm thdy dot ngdt.
{But tich "Di chuc" ciia Chu tich Ho Chi Minh,
trong Ho Chi Minh todn tap, tap 12,
IMXB Chinh tri qud'c gia. Ha Ndi, 2000)

3. Phan tich chd dung, chd sai cua cac cau va cua doan van sau :
Trong ca dao Viet Nam nhimg bdi vi tinh yeu nam nu la nhting bdi nhieu
hon td't cd. Ho yeu gia dinh, yeu cdi td dm cung nhau sinh sdng, yeu nai chdn
nhau cdt rdn. Ho yeu ngudi ldng, ngudi nudc, yeu tu cdnh rudng ddng den cdng
viec trong xdm ngodi ldng. Tinh yeu dd ndng nhiet, ddm thdm vd sdu sdc.
4. cau van sau dugc td chiic mach lac theo cau true ngii phap cua tieng Viet
(chu ngii - vi ngii - bd ngii - thanh phan phu chu), ddng thdi cung dam da sic
thai bieu cam va cd tinh hinh tupng cu the. Hay phantiehva iam sang td diiu dd.
Chi Su yeu biet bao nhieu cdi chdn ndy, noi chi dd oa oa cdt tieng khdc
ddu tien, noi qud ngot trdi sai dd thdm hdng da de chi. y ^
/ (Anh Due, Hdn Ddt)

5. Dpe lai bai lam van sd 4 cua anh (chi), hay phan tieh va siia chira cac ldl
(ne'u cd) ve chii viet, ve tir ngu, vi cau van, vi ca'u tao doan bai.

68
TOM TAT VAN BAN THUYET MINH

KET QUA CAN OAT -

Hieu muc dich, yeu cau, ttr dd biet each tdm tit
mgt van ban thuyet minh cd ngi dung dan gian.
V ,

I - MUC DICH, YEU CAU T 6 M TAT VAN DAN THUYET MINH

Tuong tu vdi tdm tit van ban ttr su, viec tdm tit van ban thuyet minh nhim
hieu va ghi nhd nhiing npi dung co ban cua bai van hoac gldi thieu vdi ngudi khae
vi dd'i tupng thuyet minh hoac vi van ban do,... Van ban tdm tit cin ngln gpn,
ranh mach, sat vdi npi dung co ban cua van ban gdc.

II - CACH TOM TAT MOT VAN DAN THUYET MINH

1. Dpe va tdm tit van ban sau :
NHA SAN

Nha san la cdng trinh kien true cd mai che dung de d hoac dung vao nhiing
muc dich khae nhau nhu de hpi hpp, de td chiic sinh boat van hoa cdng ddng.
Toan bd nha san dugc dimg bing vat lieu tu nhien gianh, tre, mia, gd,... Mat
san diing tre hoac gd tdt b i n ghep liin nhau, lien kit d lung chimg cac hang cdt.
Gim san la kho chiia ciii va mdt sd ndng cu, noi nudi tha gia sue hoac bd trd'ng.
Khdng gian cua nha gdm ba khoang. Khoang ldn d giira thudc phin cdt ldi cua can
nha dung de d, noi nay cd the ngan thanh mdt sd budng nhd, d giua dat mdt be
da't vudng rdng, tren be la bep dun'^' va sudi am. Hai khoang diu nha, ben nay ggi
la "ting quan"'^', dung de tiep khach, hoac danh cho khach d, ben kia gpi la "ting
chan"'^'. Id mai, kha rdng, dat cac dng nudc dung de rua chan tay, chuan hi vat
dung dun nudc, nau an,... Hai diu nha cd ciu thang lam bing gd hoac dung mdt
cay buong ldn deo thanh timg kha'c thay b^c thang,...

(1) Cd vimg dat bep d tang chan.

(2), (3) Theo tie'ng dan toe Thai d Tay Bic.

69
 Nha san tdn tai d mdt sd noi tien the gidi, dac biet phd bien d miin nui
Viet Nam va Ddng Nam A. Loai hinh kien tnic nay xuat hien vao khoang diu thdi
dai Da mdi, rat thich hgp vdi nhitng noi cu tru cd dia hinh phtic tap nhu d lung
chimg nui hay ven sdng, sudi, dim liy. Nha san vira tan dung dugc nguyen lieu tai
chd de giai quyet mat bing sinh boat, vira giii dugc ve sinh trong nhu ciu thoat
nudc, lai vira phdng ngira dugc thu dii va cac loai cdn trung, bd sat cd nge ddc
thudng xuyen gay hai. Trong cac ngdi nha tret thudc loai hinh kien true dan gian
ciia ngudi Viet va nhiiu dan tdc khae cdn luu lai dau an cua nha san. Nha thuy ta
bao gid eung phai la nha san.
Nha san ciia cac dan tdc Mudng, Thai va mdt so dan tdc d Tay Nguyen tren dat
nudc Viet Nam chung ta dat trinh dp cao vi ki thuat va tham ml khdng chi de d,
de sinh boat edng ddng ma nhiiu noi da trd thanh diem hen hap din cho khach
du lich trong nude va the gidi.
{Theo Bio tang Dan tdc hoe Viet Nam va Tu dien bdeh khoa Viet Nam, tap 3,
NXB Tir dien bach khoa. Ha Ndi, 2003)

Ggiy:

a) Trudc hit hay dpe ki van ban va xac dinh :

- van ban Nhd sdn thuyet minh ve ddi tupng nao ?
- Dai y cua van ban la gi ?
b) Cd the chia van ban tren thanh may doan, y chinh cua mdi doan la gi ?
c) Viet tdm tit van ban Nhd sdn vdi dp dai khoang 10 cau.

2. Tkih (chi) hay neu each tdm tit mdt van ban thuyet minh.

GHI NHO.
• Torn tit van ban thuyet minh nhim hieu va nim dugc nhtrng ndi dung chfnh
ciia van ban dd. Ban tdm tit phai rd rang, chinh xac so vdi ndi dung cua van
ban gdc.
• Mudn tdm tit va(i ban thuyet minh, can xac djnh muc dich, yeu cau tdm tat ;
dgc van ban gd'c de nim vung ddi tugng thuyet minh ; tim bd cue ciia van
ban. TCr dd, viet tdm lugc cac y de hinh thanh van ban tdm tit.

70
m-LUY|NTAP
1. Dgc p h i n Tieu ddn bai Tha hai-cu cua Ba-sd [Ngu vdn 10, tap mdt) va thuc
hien cac yeu ciu neu d dudi.
Ma-su-d Ba-sd (Matsuo Basho, 1644 - 1694) Id nhd tha hdng ddu cua
Nhdt Bdn. Ong sinh ra d U-e-nd, xul-ga (nay Id tinh Mi-e) trong mdt gia dinh
vo sicdp thdp. Khodng ndm 28 tudi, dng chuyen den j^-dd (nay Id Td-ki-d), sinh
sdng vd ldm tha hai-cu vdi but hieu Id Ba-sd (Ba Tiiu). Mudi ndm cudi ddi,
Ba-sd ldm nhting cudc du hdnh ddi di hdu khdp ddt nudc, vtea di vita viet du ki
vd sdng tdc tha hai-cu. Ong trut hai thd cudi cung d 0-sa-ka. Tdc phdm cua Ba-sd:
Du ki "Phai thdn dong ndi" (1685), "Dodn vdn trong ddy" (1688), "Cdnh dong
hoang" (1689), "Ao tai cho khi" (1691), vd ndi tieng nhdt Id "Ldi len mien 6-ku"
(1689),... Ngodi Ba-sd, a Nhdt Bdn cdn cd nhieu nhd tha hai-cu noi tieng khdc n tia
nhu: Y.Bu-sdn (1716 -1783), KIt-sa (1763 -1827), M.Si-ki (1867 -1902),...
So vdi cdc the loqi tha khdc trin thigidi, tha hai-cu cd sd tit vdo loqi it nhdt,
chi cd 17 dm tiet (hodc hem mdt chut), dugc ngdt ra ldm 3 doqn theo thu tu
thudng la 5 -7 -5 dm (chi cd 7, 8 chu Nhdt). Mdi bdi tha hai-cu deu cd mdt tii
tha nhdt dinh, thudng chi ghi lqi mgt phong cdnh vdi vdi su vdt cu the, trong
mgt thdi diem nhdt dinh de tie do khai ggi len mdt xuc cdm, mdt suy tu ndo dd.
Thdi diim trong tha dugc xdc dinh theo mua qua quy tdc sd dung "quy ngu" (tit
chi mua). Tha hai-cu thdm ddm tinh thdn Thiin tdng vd tinh thdn vdn hod
phucmg Ddng ndi chung. Hai-cu thudng thi hien con ngudi vd vqn vdt ndm
trong mdi quan hi khdng khit vdi mdt cdi nhtn nhdt thi hod. NhOng hien tugng
cua tu nhiin nhu dm thanh, mdu sdc, dnh sdng, mui huang,... diu cd su tuang
giao vd chuyin hod ldn nhau, trong mdt quy ludt ldn lao vd bi dn cda tu nhiin.
Cdm thuc thdm ml cua hai-cu cd nhdng nit rdt rieng, rdt cao vd rdt tinh ti: di
cao cdi vdng ldng, Dan sa, U huyin, Mim mai, Nhe nhdng,... Vi ngdn ngu,
hai-cu khdng dung nhieu tinh tie vd trqng tie dieu thi hod su vdt. Nhu mdt buc
tranh thuy mdc, hai-cu thudng chi diing nhiing nit chdm phd, chi ggi chu
khdng td, chita rdt nhiiu khodng trdng cho tri tudng tugng ciia ngudi doc. Cting
vdi nghi thudt vudn cdnh, hoa dqo, trd dqo, hdi hoq, tiiu thuyit,... tha hai-cu
Id mdt ddng gdp ldn cua Nhdt Bdn vdo kho tdng vdn hod nhdn loqi.

Yeu c a u :
a) Xac dinh ddi tugng thuyet minh cua van ban.
b) Tim bd cue cua van bin.
c) Viet doan van tdm tit p h i n thuyet minh vi tho hai-cu.

71
2. Dgc van ban sau va thuc hien cac yeu ciu neu d dudi.

DEN NGOC SON VA HON THO HA NOI

Din Ngpc Son an dudi mau xanh cay la, nim d phia ddng bic Ho Guom la mpt
cum di tich dac sic vira the hien rat rd ti'nh chat hoa ddng, dung hpp giiia van boa
ngoai nhap vdi van boa ban dia, giira cac yeu td Nho - Phat - Dao ma ngudi Viet
tiep nhan tir ben ngoai lai vira dep nhu mpt bai tho trii tinh...
Huyin thoai ke ring : Xua kia, ve dep quyen ru noi day da khien cac tien nii
thudng giang trin tim mat, dao choi, ngam canh tren hd va ngudi trin da dung
din thd cac nang tren manh dat nay.
Den cudi ddi Le, ehiia Nggc Son dugc xay dung lam noi thd Phat ; ttr thdi
Nguyin, noi day mdi ehuyen thanh den thd Thanh nhu hien nay.
Nam 1864, Nguyin Van Sieu (Thin Sieu) - nha nho, nha van boa ldn cua
Ha Ndi da dting ra sira sang lai toan bd canh quan khu vuc din Nggc Son va de lai
nhiiu di but bat hii noi day.
Kien true ciiaden Nggc Son la mgt he thdng lien hoan an chiia da'u an ca ba he
tu tudng - tdn giao : Nho, Phat, Dao boa quyen vdi nhau that tu nhien va the hien
dudi nhiing hinh tupng kien true vira chan that vira huyin ao.
Den tham din Ngpc Son, hinh tupng kien true diu tien gay an tupng la
Thap But, Dai Nghien - mpt bleu tupng ciia tri tue van hoa. Thap But dung tien
nui Ngpc Bdi, dinh thap cd ngpn but trd len trdi xanh cao vut, tien minh thap la
ba chii son td thanh thien (viet len trdi xanh) day kieu hanh, hai ben ldi di cd dip

Den Ngoc Son

(Hd Noi)

72
ndi hinh ca boa rdng va hd vuon minh - hinh anh "Cira Rong", "Bang Hd" - tugrig
tnmg cho viec thi eii, dd dat cua Nho hgc ngay xua; ddng thdi day cung la mdtip
quen thudc cua Dao Giao. Dao Giao tdn Lao Tir lam Giao chu bdi dng la mdt con
ngudi dao cao, due trgng khien rdng va hd cung phai quy phuc. Vdi nhirng hinh
tugng tren, ldi di nay din tdi cdng Dai Nghien...
Gpi la "Dai Nghien" bdi cdng nay la hinh tugng "cai dai" dd "nghien muc" hinh
tiai dao tac bing da dat tren diu ba chu ech vdi tham y sau xa "ao nghien rudng
chii" - cai t i m m i t chat hep cua ngudi ta nhu "ech ngdi day giing" se dugc md
mang, hieu nhiiu, biet rdng nhd su hgc hanh... Phia sau Dai Nghien la ciu The
Hue (noi dgng anh sang ban mai) do t h i m cong cong ndi sang Dao Nggc, tdi ciia
vdm thli ba cd cai ten ggi rat tho, rat ggi cam "Die Nguyet Lau" (liu dugc trang),
do cung chinh la cdng din. Hal ben, phia dudi liu nay la hinh Long Ma va Rua Than
dip ndi. Sau cdng tam quart vdi "Die Nguyet Lau" la mpt vung cay la tuoi xanh.
Dd chinh la Dao Ngpc -. noi toa lac ngdi d i n thieng giira ri rao sdng nudc...
Nhin tir ngoai vao, Thap But - Dai Nghien the hien tinh thin cua Dao Nho ;
trong dien chinh lai thd cac vi thin cua Dao Giao, song cac vi nay diu lien quan
den viee hpe hanh, khoa cir, dd dat; ba vi thd noi hau dien (Quan De tiic Quan
van Trudng, Tao Quan, Diic Thanh Trin) khdng chi the hien tinh thin cua
Dao Giao ma cdn la su d i cao nhiing con ngudi trung nghla, khdng phan biet
dan tdc, dang cap va long vao dd la ca ldng tu hao dan tpc vdi su tdn vinh
Dire Thanh Trin. Sau niia phai ke den Phat A Di Da dugc phdi thd d hau cung
theo md hinh tiin Thanh hau Phat thudng gap trong nhiiu ngdi d i n d Viet Nam.
Dd chinh la mpt tdng the kien tnic vira mang da'u an tam linh vtra hien hien mpt
tam hdn yeu cai dep va cai thien...
Vdi cau The Hue, vdi Die Nguyet Lau, noi day ngung tu ca anh sang cua
Da't - Trdi, ciia Am - Duong hoa hpp... An minh dudi nhirng vdm cay la tuoi xeinh,
sol "bdng tren mat nudc hd lung hnh huyin ao, d i n Ngpc Son dep nhu mdt biic
trjinh thuy mac, mpt bai tho trd tinh, gpi ngudn cam hiing thi ca khdng bao gid
can cua nhiing tam hdn tho Ha Npi. . —
{Jheo Luang Quynh Khue,
Tap ehi Truyen hinh Hd Ndi, thing 11- 2005)

Yeu c i u :
a) xac dinh van ban Din Ngoc San vd hdn thaHd Ndi thuyet minh van d i gi.
So vdi cac van ban thuyet minh d phan tren, ddi tugng va ndi dung thuyet
minh eua Luong Quynh Khue cd gi khae ?
b) Viet tdm tit doan gidi thieu canh Thdp But, Dai Nghien.

73
H 6 | TRONG CO THANH IAOUANTRUNG
(Trich hdi 28 - Tam qud'c diin nghla)

KiT QUA C A N OAT -

• Hieu dugc tinh each cuang true den ndng

nay - mgt bieu hien cua long trung nghla cua
Truang Phi cung nhu tinh cam keo san giCra ba
anh em kit nghla vudn dao.
• Qua doan trich, cam nhan dugc khdng khf chiin
tran vdn la dac diem cua Tam qude diin nghTa.

TIEUDAN
Tac gia La Quan Trung (1330 - 1400 ?) ten La Bin, hi$u H 6 Hii tin nhan, ngudi vung
Thai Nguyen thudc tinh Son Tay eti. Ong ldn len vao cudi thdi Nguyen dau thdi Minh, tinh
tinh cd ddc, le loi, thich mdt minh ngao du day dd. Khi Minh Thai To danh dudi dugc quan
Mdng Co, thd'ng nhat dat nudc, dng chuyen tam suu tam va bien soan da sir. Ngoai tam quoc
diin nghia, dng cdn viet Tuy Duong luong trieu chi truyen, Tdn Du&ng ngd dqi sii diin nghla,
Binh yeu truyen,...
La Quan Trung la ngudi dau tien ddng gdp xuat sic cho trudng phai tieu thuyet lich su
thdi Minh - Thanh a Trung Qud'c. Tam qude diin nghla cd anh hudng sau rong den nhieu
nudc tren the gidi, trong dd cd Viet Nam.
Tam quoc diin nghla ra ddi vao dau thdi Minh (1368 -1644), gom 120 hoi, ke chuyen mot
nudc chia ba goi la "cat cii phan tranh"' ' trong gan 100 n i m cua nudc Trung Qud'c thdi co
(the ki II, III). Dd la cudc phan tranh gitra ba tap doan phong kien quan phiet: Nguy - do Tao
Thao cam dau, chiem giO phia bae ttr Trudng Giang trd 16n ndn goi la Bae Nguy; Thuc - do
Luu Bi cam dau, chiem giir phia tay nam nen goi la Tay Thuc; Ngd - do Tdn Quyen elm diu,
chiem giir phia ddng nam nen goi la Ddng Ngd.
Tam quoc diin nghia phoi bay cue dien chinh tri Trung Hoa ma dudng net ndi bat la "cat
cii phan tranh", ca ldn nud't ca be, chiin tranh lien mi6n, nhan dan ddi khd, di6u linh. Trong
mot thdi ki nhu vay, nhan dan mong mud'n hoa binh, 6n dinh, thd'ng nha't. Nguydn vong dd
duge gm gam vao mpt trieu dinh cd dng vua biet thuong dan, cd vin yd b i quan biit thuc
hien dudng ldi "nhan chinh". Ong vua dd la Luu Bi, trieu dinh do la nha Thuc. Nha Thuc cd
vua Luu Bi ddng ddi nha Han, bie't thuang dan va vi dan, tugng tnmg cho chii nhdn, cd cic
muu si gidi nhu Khong Minh, tugng trung cho chir tri, lai cd nim tudng gidi (ngu ho tudng)
nhu Quan Cdng, Truang Phi, Trieu Van, Ma Sieu, Hoang Tmng, tupng trung cho chu dung.
Hp lai tren dudi mdt ldng vi su nghiep chung m i bieu tugng la ba anh em ket nghia Luu,
Quan, Truang - vua tdi ma la anh em, the sd'ng chet bdn nhau vi su nghiep khdi phuc nhi
Han. Dd'i lap vdi hp la phia Tao Thao va trieu dinh Tao Nguy.

(1) Cdt cic phdn tranh : {cat: cit, cic: chiem giu) chig^m giir tirng vung, tranh nhau quyen lpi.

74
 Doan trich thudc hoi 28, trudc dd ba anh em Luu, Quan, Truang niu minh dudi trudng
Tao Thao. Hieu dugc ban chat gian hiing cua Tao Thao, ho tim each bd di. Thao eho quan
dudi dinh, ba anh em that tin mdi ngudi mdt ngi. Quan Cdng vi phai hd td'ng hai chi dau
(vg Luu Bi) nen tam hang Tio Thio vdi dieu kien hang Han chii khdng hang Tao (vua Han
dang bi Tao khdng che); he bie't tin anh d dau la se di ngay. Tao Thio tim each thu phuc Quan
Cdng : ba ngay mot tiec nhd, nam ngay mdt tiec ldn, lai ban thudng chiic tude, vang bae,
mi nir,... Nhung Quan Cdng "than tai Tao doanh, tam tai Han" - vira nghe tin Luu Bi dang d
ben Vien Thieu la lap tiic tri he't an tin, vang bae chau bau, len ngua di tim anh. Tren dudng
dl, bi cac tudng Tao ngan cin, Quan Cdng vung long dao chem ludn siu tudng, vugt nam cua
quan. De'n Co Thanh, gap dugc Truong Phi, vui mimg khdn xiet. Nao ngd...

Ban do thdi Tam Quoc

75
VAN DAN
[...] Chau Thuang theo Quan Cdng sang Nhii Nam. Di dugc vai ngay, trdng xa
xa tren dinh nui cd mdt toa thanh. Quan Cdng hdi ngudi dia phuong la thanh nao.
Ngudi dia phuong thua : .
- Day gpi la Cd Thanh. May thang trudc, ed mdt tudng, ten gpi la Truong Phi,
din vai muoi quan ki'^^ din, dudi quan huyen di, chiem lay thanh, md quan tau
ngua, chua cd tich luong'^' nay cd den ba nghin quan ma. Chung quanh day
khdng ai dam chdng lai.
Quan Cdng nghe ndi, mimg rd vd cting:
- Em ta ttr khi that tan'^' d Ttr Chau, lau nay vin khdng biet d dau, ai ngd lai boa
ra d day!
Liin sai ngay Tdn Can vao thanh bao tin, bao Truong Phi ra ddn hai chi.
Truong Phi tir khi trdn vao nui Mang Dang d hon mdt thang, mpt hdm ra ngoai
nghe ngdng tin tiic Huyin Dtic, chpt di qua Cd Thanh, vao huyen vay luong thuc.
Quan huyen khdng cho vay. Phi ndi gian dudi quan huyen di, eudp lay an thu''*',
chiem thanh, tam lay chdn nuong than.
Hdm ay Tdn Can theo lenh Quan Cdng vao thanh ra m i t Truong Phi. Thi li*^'
xong, ndi chuyen Huyin Due da bd Vien Thieu sang Nhir Nam, Van Trudng thi d
Hiia Dd, vira dua hai phu nhan'^' den day. Rdi mdi Truong Phi ra ddn.
Phi nghe xong, chang ndi chang ring, lap tiic mac ao giap, vac mau'^' len ngua,
d i n mpt nghin quan, di tit ra cira bae. Tdn Can thay la, nhung khdng dam hdi
cung phai theo ra thanh.
Quan Cdng trdng thay Truong Phi ra, miing ro vd cimg, giao long dao'^' cho
Chau Thuong cam, te ngua lai ddn. Truong Phi m i t trgn trdn xoe, rau hum venh
ngugc, hd hit nhu sam, mua xa mau chay lai dam Quan Cdng.
Quan Cdng giat minh, vol tranh mui mau, hdi:
- Hien de cd sao nhu the, ha quen nghla vudn dao ru ?

(1) Qudn ki: linh eudi ngua.

(2) LwoTig: luang thuc.
(3) Thdt tdn : tan tie mdi ngudi mdt noi.
(4) An thu: eon da'u.
(5) Thi li: chao hdi.
(6) Phu nhdn : vg. Day li vg cua Luu Bi.
(7) Mdu : (cdn goi la xd mdu, bdt xd mdu hoac truqng bdt xd mdu) mdt loai vu khi co, cin dai,
dau nhon.
(8) Long dao: eay dao ldn ed cham hinh eon rong.

76
 Truang Phi h i m h i m quat:
- May da bdi nghla'^', edn mat nao den gap tao nira ?
Quan Cdng ndi:
- Ta the nao la bdi nghla ?
Truong Phi ndi:
- May bd anh, hang Tap Thao, dugc phong hau tu tudc'^', nay lai den day danh
lira tao ! Phen nay tao quyet liiu sdng chit vdi may!
Quan Cdng ndi:
- Chuyen nay em khdng biet, ta ciing khd ndi. May cd hai chi d day, em den ma hdi.
Hai phu nhan nghe thay the, vdi vang ven man xe, gpi:
- Chu Ba sao lai the ?
Phi ndi:
- Xin hai chi hay thong tha, d i tdi giet thing phu nghla nay da, rdi se mdi hai
chi vao thanh.
Cam phu nhan ndi:
- Khoan da chu Ba, khoan da! Chd hap tap ma lam can bay gid, chu Hai khdng
biet tin tuc mgi ngudi nen phai tam nuong minh ben Tao. Nay da biet anh nha d
Nhii Nam, khdng ngai hiem trd, dua bpn ta den day. Chu khdng dugc nghi lim
nhu the!
Mi phu nhan cung ndi:
- Chu Hai trudc d Hiia Dd, thuc la bat die dl.
Phi ndi:
- Hai chi bi lira ddi day. Trung thin'^' tha chiu chit khdng chiu nhuc. Cd le dau
dai trupng phu'*' lai thd hai chu ?
Quan Cdng ndi:
- Hiin de dimg ndi vay, oan udng qua!

(1) Bdi nghia: phin bdi lai ldi the kei nghia. Ba anh em Luu Bi, Quan Vu, Truong Phi kei nghia noi
vudn dao, the sd'ng chei ben nhau.
(2) Phong hdu tic tude: phong hau va ban eho tude vi.
(3) Trung thdn : be tdi trung.
(4) Dqi truang phu : ngudi dan dng cao thugng, cd tai nang xuat ehung.

77
 Tdn Can ndi:
- van Trudng den day la cdt de tim tudng quan.
Truong Phi m I n g :
- May cung ndi lao, nd dau cd bung tdt, nd lai day tat la de bit ta dd !
Quan Cdng ndi:
- Neu ta den bit em, tat phai dem theo quan ma chii!
Truong Phi trd tay ding xa, ndi:
- Khdng phai quan ma la gi kia ?
Quan Cdng ngoanh lai, qua nhien thay bui bay mu trdi, mdt toan quan ma keo
din, cd hieu phap phdi chi'nh la cd Tao. Truong Phi ndi gian ndi:
- Bay gid cdn ehdi niia thdi ?
Rdi mua bat xa mau ham hd xdng lai dam Quan Cdng. Quan Cdng vira dd
vtra can :
- Hiin de hay khoan, xem ta chem ten tudng ay, de td long thuc cua ta!
Truong Phi ndi:
- Neu may qua ed long thuc, ta danh ba hdi trd'ng, may phai chem dugc ten
tudng ay.
Quan Cdng nhan ldi.
Mdt lat, quan Tao keo den, Sai Duong dl diu, vac dao te ngua xdng den, quat to :
- May giit chau ngoai tao la Tan Ki, lai trdn den day. Tao phung menh
Thtra tudng den bit may.
Quan Cdng ehing ndi mpt ldi, mua long dao xd lai, Truong Phi thing eanh
danh trd'ng. Chua diit mpt hdi, d i u Sai Duong da lan dudi da't. Quan Tao chay tan
tac. Quan Cdng bit mdt ten linh cam cd hieu hdi ehuyen d i u dudi. Ten linh thua:
- sai Duong nghe tin tudng quan giet chau ngoai la Tin Ki, ndi gian dimg dung
mudn sang Ha Bic danh nhau vdi tudng quan, Thtra tudng'^' khdng cho di, nhan
sai sang Nhii Nam danh Luu Tich, khdng ngd di den day lai gap tudng quan.
Quan Cdng sai ten Hnh den ke chuyen ay cho Truong Phi nghe. Phi hdi kl viec
d Hua Dd. Ten linh ke bet ndng ndi ttr dau den cud'i. Bay gid Phi mdi tin anh la
thuc [...] Phi mdi hai chi vao thanh.
Vao den nha, hai ba mdi ke lai nhiing viec Quan Cdng da trai qua. Truong Phi
nghe hit chuyen, rd nirdc m i t khdc, thup lay van Trudng'^'...
Theo bin dich cua PHAN. KE BINH, BUI KI hieu dinh
{Tam qude diin nghla, NXB Pho thdng, Hi Ndi, 1959)

(1) Thica tudng: ehiie quan eao nhai trong trifeu dinh, thtra lenh vua cam quan tri nude. 6 day ehi
Tao Thao.
(2) Vdn Trudng: tuc Quan Van Trudng, cdn goi la Quan Vu, Quan Cdng.

78
HUiorNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Tai sao Truong Phi ndi gian dinh dam chit Quan Cdng ?
2. Vi sao cd the dat nhan di cho doan trich la Hoi trdng Cd Thdnh ?
3. Cd y kien cho ring "ndng nhu Truong Phi" cdn la ndng ldng mud'n biet sir thue,
ndng ldng xac dinh phai trai, dung sai, chu khdng phai chi la ndng nay do ca
tinh gan dd. Anh (chi) cd ddng y khdng ? Vi sao ?
4. Tai sao ndi: Neu khdng cd chi tiet Truang Phi thing tay giiic trdng thi doan van
se te nhat, mat het y vi Tam quoc ?

, GHI NHO ,
/ >
Linh bdn doan van thau tdm trong hdi trdng. Ddla hdi trd'ng thach thuc, minh
oan va doan tu . Kit nghTa anh em, ban be,.. phai nhim muc dich trong sang,
cao ca thi mdi vung bin.
\

LUYEN TAP
1. Ke lai cau chuyen bing mdt doan van khoang 30 ddng.
2. Tinh each cua Truang Phi dugc bleu hien qua nhimg chi tiet nao ?
3. Tinh each cua Trupng Phi va Quan Cdng khae nhau nhu the nao ?

79
jO OCTHEMVj T A O T H A O U O N G R l f O U
,OOCTHEM LAOUANTRUNG
LUAN A N H HUNG
(Trich hdi 21 - Tam qud'c diin nghla)

TIEU DAN
Doan nay trich ttr hdi 21, trude doan Hoi trdng Co Thdnh (hoi 28). Khi dd, ba anh em Luu,
Quan, Truong dang nuong niu tren dat Tao, nhin nhin chd thdi de ra di muu do nghiep ldn.

VAN BAN
Huyin Diic'^' bay gid sg Thao nghi minh cd muu dd gi, ben iam mdt vudn rau
d sau nha, ngay ngay vun xdi, tudi t i m de lam cho Thao khdi ngd.
Quan, Truong thay vay hdi r i n g :
- Anh khdng luu tam den viec ldn thien ha, hoc lam chi cai viec cua ke tieu
nhan'2' nay ?
Huyen Due ndi:
- Hai em biet dau y anh !
Hai ngudi tir do khdng dam ndi gi niia.
Mdt hdm, Quan Vu, Truong Phi cimg di choi ving, Huyin Diic dang lom khom
tudi rau, bdng thay Hiia Chu va Truong Lieu d i n vai chuc ngudi vao vudn, ndi ring:
- Thira tudng sai chung tdi den mdi su quan den ngay phii.
Huyin Due giat minh hdi:
- Viec gi khan cap the, hai dng ?
Hua Chir thua:
- Khdng rd. Chung tdi chi biet vang lenh den mdi.
Huyen Diic theo hai ngudi vao phu yet kien Thao, Thao cudi ndi r i n g :
- Huyen Diic dp nay d nha lam mpt viec ldn lao day nhi!
Huyin Due sg tai mat. Thao cim tay Huyin Due dit vao vudn sau nhd, ndi ring:
- Huyen Diic hoc lam vudn, chic khdng phai la mdt viec d i dang ?

(1) Huyen Dice: Luu Huyen Diic, tiic Luu Bi.

(2) Tieu nhdn : ke nhd nhen, hen ha, dd'i lap vdi qudn tii.

80
 Huyin Diie bay gid mdi viing da, dap r i n g :
- Khdng cd viee gi, iam de tieu khien dd thdi.
Thao ndi:
- Vira rdi thay tren canh mai da ed qua xanh, sue nhd khi trude di danh Truong
Tu, di dudng khdng cd nudc, tudng si khat eao eudng hgng. Bay gid ta nghi dugc
mdt ke, cim roi vd trd ndi r i n g : Trudc mat cd rimg mo. Quan si nghe thay ndi din
mo, ai ciing ua nudc dai, do dugc khat nudc. Nay cd mo that, nen hai xudng ma
thudng. Va lai rugu nau vtra ehin, cho nen mdi su quan den tieu dinh udng rugu.
Huyin Diic bay gid tran tinh lai dugc, theo den tieu dinh, da thay bay mam bat,
giiia ban bay mpt dia mo xanh, mpt binh rugu ndng.
Hai ngudi ngdi ddi dien, an udng vui ve. Luc rugu nga nga say, chpt thay may
den mu mit, con mua to sip keo den.
Quan h i u trd len trdi, bam :
- Cd vdi rdng lay nudc.
Thao va Huyen Due cting dua vao lan can ngim xem, Thao hdi:
- Sir quan cd biet rdng nd bien hoa the nao khdng ?
Huyin Due ndi:
- Tdi chua dugc tudng.
Thao ndi:
- Rdng thi luc to, luc nhd, luc bay, lue nap. Lue to thi ndi may phun mil; luc nhd
thi thu hinh an bdng; khi bay ra thi heng trong trdi dat; khi an thi nup d dudi sdng.
Nay dang mua xuan, rdng gap thdi bien hoa, cdng nhu ngudi ta luc die chi, tung
hoanh ttong bdn be. Rdng vi nhu anh hung ttong ddi. Huyin Diic lau hay da di khap
bdn phuong, bao nhieu anh hung ddi nay, ban da biet ca, xin thir ndi cho nghe.
Huyin Due thua:
- Bi nay ngudi trin m i t thit, biet dau dugc anh hung.
Thao ndi:
- Huyin Due khdng nfen nhun minh qua!
Huyin Diic ndi:
- Bi nay dugc nhd on Thira tudng lam quan trong triiu, anh hung trong
thien ha thuc khdng dugc biet.
Thao ndi:
- Da danh khdng biet mat nhung cung cd nghe tieng chu ?
Huyin Due ndi:
- Vien Thuat d Hoai Nam, binh luong'^' nhiiu, cd the cho la anh hung
dugc chang ?

(1) Binh luang: binh linh va luang thuc.

6-NV10/2A 81
 Thao cudi ndi:
- Xuong khd trong ma, chi nay mai la ta b i t duge !
Huyen Due lai ndi:
- Anh Vien Thuat la Vien Thieu d Ha Ble, bdn ddi iam tam edng, cd nhiiu diy
td cii; hien nay nhu con hd dii hung cu d Ki Chau; bd ha nhiiu tay tai gidi, cd the
cho la anh hung dugc chang ?
Thao lai cudi ndi:
- Vien Thieu ngoai mat manh bao, trong bung nhut nhat, thich muu meo ma
khdng quyet doan, lam viee ldn lai lo den ban than, thay lgi nhd thi lai qu6n minh,
khdng thi gpi la anh hung dugc !
Huyin Due lai ndi:
- Cd mdt ngudi ndi tieng trong tam ke tuan kiet, uy danh khip ca chin chau, la
Luu Canh Thang, cd the cho la anh hung dugc chang ?
Thao lai cudi:
- Luu Bieu cd hu danh nhung khdng ed thuc tai, khdng phai anh hung.
Huyin Due lai ndi:
- Cd mpt ngudi, sire luc duong khoe, diing d i u xii Giang Ddng, la Tdn Ba Phu,
ban la anh biing ?
Thao ndi:
- Tdn Sach nhd danh tieng eiia bd, khdng phai anh hung.
Huyin Diic ndi:
- Luu Quy Ngpc d Ich Chau cd phai la anh hung khdng ?
Thao ndi:
- Luu Chuong tuy la tdn tha'tti' nhung chi nhu con chd giii nha, sao gpi la anh
hung dugc ?
Huyin Diic lai ndi:
- Nhu bgn Truong Tu, Truong Ld va Han Toai thi the nao ?
Thao vd tay cudi to :
- Lu tieu nhan nhung nhuc ay thi ndi lam gi ?
Huyin Diic ndi:
- Ngoai nhiing ngudi ay ra, Bi thuc khdng cdn biet ai niia.
Thao ndi:
- Anh hung la ngudi trong bung ed chi ldn, cd muu cao, cd tdi bao trum dugc
ca vu tru, cd chi nudt ca trdi dat kia.

(1) Ton thd't: ddng hp nha vua.

82 6-NV10/2B
 Huyin Dire mdi hdi:
- Ai ed the xiing dang duge nhu t h i ?
Thao lay tay trd vao Huyen Due, rdi lai trd vao minh ndi ring :
- Anh himg trong thien ha bay gid ehi cd su quan va Thao ma thdi.
Huyen Diie nghe ndi giat nay minh, bat giac thia, dua cam d tay roi ca xudng
da't. Dung luc ay, con mua sip den, cd mdt tieng sam rin vang. Huyin Due ung
dung cui xud'ng nhat dua va thia, ndi tang r i n g :
- Gdm that! Tieng sam dii qua !
Thao cudi hdi r i n g :
- Trupng phu ciing sg sam a ?
Huyin Diic ndi:
- Diic thanh ngay xua gap luc sam dii gid to ciing ddi sic mat, sao tdi lai khdng sg!
Huyin Due da che day duge hit viec giat minh danh roi ca thia dua khi nghe
Thao gpi minh la anh hung.
Thao thay the khdng nghi ngd gi Huyin Diic niia.

Theo ban dich cua PHAN KE BINH, BUI KI hieu dinh

{Tam qude diin nghia, Sdd)

HirOlNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Phan tich tam trang va tinh each cua Luu Bi khi phai d nhd Tao Thao.
2. Qua each dd'i xir cua Tao Thao vdi Luu Bi va each danh gia nhiing nhan vat anh
hung ma Luu Bi de xua't, anh (chi) bleu gi vi tinh each cua nhan vat nay ?
3. Phan tich nhirng diem khae nhau vi tinh each giiia Luu Bi va Tao Thao.
4. Vi sao each ke chuyen trong doan van lai hap d i n ngudi dgc ?

TRA BAI LAM V A N SO 5

Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sd 1.

83
VIET BAI LAM VAN SO 6 :
THUYET MINH VAN HOC
(Bai lam d nha)

KET QUA CAN OAT-

Viet dugc bai van thuyet minh van hoc chuan
xac, ha'p d i n , sat diing vdi yeu cau.

I - HUtifNG DAN CHUNG

1. Be lam bai td't, ein dn lai yeu ciu va phuong phap lam van thuyet minh.
2. Tim hieu that kl tac pham, tac gia, the loai,... se phai thuyet minh.
3. Rut kinh nghiem cac bai viet trudc de viet tdt hon.

H - GOI Y DE BAI
Co the lira chpn mdt trong nhiing ddi tupng sau day de lam bai van thuyit
minh van Hpe:
- Mdt tac pham van hoc
- Mpt tac gia van hpe
- Mdt the loai van hoc
hoac kit hpp thuyet minh vi mpt tac gia, tac pham nhu:
- Truong Han Sieu va Phu sdng Bqch Ddng
- Nguyin Du va Truyen Kiiu

84
HI - GOI Y CACH LAM BAI
1. Cin nhd trpng tam cua bai thuyet minh. Vl du :
- Khi thuyet minh vi mdt tac pham vaii hpe, ttpng tam phai la ndi dung va
gia tri ciia tac pham ay. Phan dd cin ndi that rd, that cu the. Tat nhien bai viet
cd ndi den tac gia va thdi dai nhung d i u n h i m gdp p h i n soi sang ndi dung tac
pham. Cd the trpng tam eua bai viet mdi ndi rd.
- Khi thuyet minh vi mpt tac gia van hoc, ttpng tam phai la su nghiep van
hpe cua tac gia ay (thudng gdm nhiiu tdc pham). Trudng hpp nay lai ein lam
ndi bat npi dung, gia tri mpt so tac pham tieu bleu cho tu tudng va nghe thuat
cua tac gia. Chinh nhiing tac pham dd la ddng gdp cua tac gia vao gia tai van
hoc dan tpc.
Nhiing chuyen khae (vg con, ban be,...) neu ndi den cung edt lam sang td
them su nghiep van hpe, va chi chiem mpt p h i n nhd.
2. Nen d i n ra vai doan van, doan tho that dae sic va ngln de bai viet them sinh
ddng, ha'p din.
3. Nen dpe kl cac p h i n Tiiu ddn ttong SGK Nga vdn 10 de hoc tap kinh nghiem..
Phin Tiiu ddn thudng thuyet minh vi tac pham, tac gia hay loai the,... Ldi van
sue tich, sang rd. Vi du, Tiiu ddn eua bai Chuyen chuc phdn su den Tdn Viin cd
ba p h i n : p h i n d i u thuyet minh vi nha van Nguyin Dir; p h i n hai thuyit minh
vi the truyen ki; p h i n ba thuyit minh v i tac pham Truyin ki mqn luc.
Tieu dan bai Phu sdng Bqch Ddng (Bach Ding giang phu) cd ba p h i n : p h i n
diu ndi vi cudc ddi Truong Han Sieu; p h i n hai ndi vi sdng Bach Ding va tho
van viet vi sdng Bach Dang; p h i n ba ndi vi bai Phu sdng Bqch Ddng vai nhiing
dac trung co ban eua the phu. Tham khao tieu d i n d cac bai khae va tuy theo
de bai, hgc smh lap mdt dan y cho rd rang mach lac, thuan tien cho ngudi dpe
tiep nhan cung nhu phu hpp vdi mach suy nghi cua minh.

85
TiNH GANH LE LOI Nguyen tac chu Han: DANGTRANCON

GUA NGUOI GHINH PHU Ban diin Ndm: DOAN THI DIEM (?)
(Trich Chinh phu ngdm)
KET QUA CAN DAT -

• Cam nhan dugc ndi dau khd ciia ngudi chinh

phu phai sdng trong canh cd dan, chia fia
ddi lua va hieu dugc y nghTa d i cao hanh phiic
lua ddi qua doan trfch.
• Nim dugc nghe thuat nni§u ta ndi tam qua
doan trich.
^ . , -^ ^
TIEUDAN
Chinh phu ngdm, nguyen van chtr Hin, do Dang Tran Cdn sing tic. Dang Tran Cdn
(chua rd nam sinh, nam mat) ngudi ling Nhan Muc, ten ndm la lang Moc, huyen Thanh
Tri, nay thudc phudng Nhan Chinh, quan Thanh Xuan, Ha Ndi. Ong sd'ng vao khoing mia
dau the ki XVIII. Ve sang tic, ngoii tic pham chinh la Chinh phu ngdm, dng cdn lam tha
chir Hin va vie't mdt so' bai phii chir Hin. Theo cic tai lieu lich su, dau ddi Le Hien Tdng,
cd nhieu cudc khdi nghia ndng dan no ra quanh kinh thinh Thang Long. Trieu dinh cat
quan dinh dep, nhieu trai trang phii ttr gia ngudi than ra tran. Dang Tran Cdn cim ddng
trudc ndi kho dau mat mat cua con ngudi, nha't la nhtmg ngudi vg linh trong chie'n tranh,
da vie't Chinh phu ngdm. KTiiic ngam nay gom 476 cau tha lam theo the trudng doin cii
(cau tho dii ngin khdng deu nhau).
Chinh phu ngdm ndi len su oin ghet chien tranh phong kie'n phi nghia, dac biet li the
hien tam trang khao khit tinh yeu, hanh phiic liia ddi vd'n It dugc tha van cic thdi ki trudc
chii y. Do do tic pham da dugc ddc gia cung thdi he't siic tan thudng. Nhi^u ngudi cdn dich
Chinh phu ngdm sang tho Ndm (tuc tha tie'ng Viet) de khiic ngam dugc tmyen ba rdng rai
ban. Bin dien Ndm hien hanh la bin dich thanh cdng nha't. Ngudi dich da diing the tha song
that luc bit, mdt the tha do ngudi Viet sing tao. Vdi kinh nghiem nay, ve sau cic khue ngam,
than, van cd cim hiing trii tinh hau he't dugc viei bing song thai luc bat.
Van de dich gii cua bin dich hien hanh vin chua rd. Cd ngudi cho rang dd la
Doan Thi Diem. Doan Thi Diem (1705 - 1748) hieu la Hdng Ha nfr si, ngudi ling Giai Pham,
huyen Van Giang, tran Kinh Bae (nay thudc tinh Hung Yen) ; ndi tie'ng thdng minh ttr nhd.
Ba lap gia dinh khi mudn (nam 37 tuoi), chong ba la Nguyen Kieu ; vira cudi xong,
Nguyen Kieu da di su Trung Qud'c. Cd the ba da dich Chinh phu ngdm trong thdi gian niy.
Ba cdn la tie gia cua tap truyen chtr Hin Truyin ki tdn phd.
Lai cd thuyet ndi dich gia cua Chinh phu ngdm la Phan Huy Ich. Phan Huy Ich (1750 -1822)
tu la Du Am, ngudi lang Thu Hoach, huyen Thien Loc, tran Nghe An (nay thudc tinh Ha Tinh),
sau di cu ra ling Sai San, phii Quoc Oai, nay thudc Hi Tay; dd Tie'n si nam 26 tuoi; sang tic
cdn cd Du Am vdn tap, Du Am ngdm luc.
Doan trich dudi day thudc bin dich hien hinh, viei ve tinh canh va tam trang ngudi chinh
phu phai sd'ng cd dan, buon kho trong thdi gian dai ngudi chong di dinh tran, khdng cd tin
tire, khdng rd ngay trd ve.

86
VAN BAN

Dao hien ving tham gieo timg budc,

Ngdi rem thua ru thae^^^ ddi phen.
Ngoai rem thudcf^^ ching mach tin,
Trong rem, dudng da cd den biet chang ?
Den cd biet dudng bang ching biet,
Ldng thiep rieng bi thiet ma thdi.
Budn r i u ndi chang nen ldi,
Hoa den'^) kia vdi bdng ngudi kha thuong.
Ga eo dc gay suong nam trdng'^'.
Hoe (^' phat pho ru bdng bdn ben.
Khic gid ding ding nhu nien,
Md'i siu ding dac tua miin bien xa.
Huong guong ddt hdn da me mai,
, Anh bia cudn Chinh phu ngdm bi luc
Guong gupng soi le lai chau chan.
s i t cim*^' gupng gay ngdn dan.
Day uyen^^^ kinh dut phim loan'^' ngai ehiing.

(1) Ru: budng xudng. Thdc: cudn len. Rii thdc ddi phen : budng xudng cudn len nhieu lan.
(2) Thudc: chim khich, dugc coi la loii chim bao tin lanh - cd khich de'n, ngudi di xa trd ve.
(3) Hoa den : dau bae den dau da chiy thinh than nhung lai dugc ngon lua nung do len ttdng
nhu hoa.
(4) Ndm trdng: nam eanh (mdt dem ed nam eanh).
(5) Hoe: cay hoe.
(6) Sdt cdm: dan cam va din sit giy hoa am vdi nhau, thudng dugc dting de vi eanh vg ehdng hoa
thuan. Guong giy dan sit dan cam vi chinh phu dang trong einh ed don.
(7) Ddy uySn : nguyen van "uyen uong huyfin" - day dan uyen uong. Mot gidng chim, uyen : chim
tirdng, uong: chim mai, thudng di vdi nhau. "Uyen uong" la bieu tugng cho Itia ddi gin bd, hoi
hgp. 6 day y ndi sg lam diit day dan uyen uong vi cd the bio hieu dieu khdng may (xua gpi li
sdi) ciia tinh cim vg chong.
(8) Phim loan : nguyen van "loan phugng tru" - phim dan loah phugng. Phuang : chim trd'ng,
loan : chim mai. Loan phuang eung la bleu tugng ve lua ddi gin bd. 6 day y ndi sg day din
ehung la diem gd, ggi nen su khdng may min cua lira ddi dang xa nhau.

87
 Ldng nay giri gid ddng^'^^ cd tien ?
Nghin vang'^' xin gui den non Yen'^'.
Non Yen dti chang tdi miin,
Nhd chang tham tham dudng len bing trdi.
Trdi tham tham xa vdi khdn thau,
Ndi nhd chang dau dau nao xong.
Canh budn ngudi thiit tha'*' ldng,
canh cay suong dugm tieng trtmg mua phun.

(Theo Nhiing khue ngdm chon loc,

NXB Giio due. Hi Ndi, 1994)

HUiorNG D A N HOC BAI

1. Hay chi ra cac yeu td ngoai canh the hien tam trang ngudi chinh phu va y nghla
diin ta ndi tam cua cac yeu td dd.
2. Theo anh (chi), nhiing dau hieu nao cho thay ndi cd don cua ngudi chinh phu ?
3. Hay cho biet vi sao ngudi chinh phu dau khd.
4*. xac dinh nhiing cau tho la ldi cua ngudi chinh phu va cho biet gia tri bleu hien
cua nd.
5. Dpe diin cam doan trich (neu ngam dugc cang td't). Hay nhan xet vi nhac dieu
cua the tho song that luc bat (cd so sanh vdi cac the tho ma anh (chi) biet).

:. GHI NHO .

Doan trich mieu ta nhtrng cung bae va sic thai khae nhau cua ndi cd dan,
budn khd d ngudi chinh phu khao khat duac sdng trong tinh yeu va hanh
phuc lua ddi.

LUYEN TAP
Hay van dung cac bien phap nghe thuat ta tam ttang ttong doan trieh de viet mdt
doan van (hoae tho) ngln mieu ta mpt ndi budn hay niim vui cua ban than anh (chi).

(1) Gid ddng: (ddng phong) gid miia xuan.

(2) Nghin vdng: long thuong nhd, tran trpng quy nhu nghin vang.
(3) Non Yen : mii Yen Nhien. Dau Hien ddi Hau Han duoi giic Bie Thien Vu den mii Yen Nhifin,
khae da ghi edng d dd roi trd ve. 6 day cd nghia li noi chien tran ngoai bien ii xa xdi.
(4) Thiei tha: (eit, mai) d day cd nghia la dau ddn.

88 -
LAP DAN Y BAI VAN NGHl LUAN

KET QUA CAN OAT ~

• Nam dugc each lap dan y bai van nghj luan.

• Lap dugc dan y bai van nghj luan.
^ ^ . »-^

I - TAC DUNG CUA VIEC LAP DAN Y

Lap dan y la cdng viec lua ehpn va sip xep nhirng npi dung eo ban dtr dinh
trien khai vao bd cue ba p h i n eua van ban. Viee lap dan y bai van nghi l u | n giup
cho ngudi viit bao quat dugc nhiing npi dung chii yeu, nhiing luan diem, luan
cu cin trien khai, pham vi va muc dd nghi luan,... nhd dd ma tranh dugc tinh
trang xa di, lac d i hoac lap y; tranh dugc viec bd sdt hoac trien khai y khdng can
xiing. Hon nira, cd dan y ngudi viet se phan phdi thdi gian lam bai hgp li, khdng
bi roi vao tinh trang "diu vol dudi chudt" nhu da thay trong kha nhiiu bai lam
van d nha trudng.

M - CACH LAP DAN Y BAI VAN NGHj LOAN

VI du ta cin lap dan y bai van nghi luan vdi d i bai sau :
Bdn ve vai trd vd tdc dung to ldn cua sdch trong ddi sd'ng tinh thdn cua con
ngudi, nhd vdn M. Go-ra-ki cd viet: "Sdch md rdng trudc mdt tdi nhang chdn
trdi mdi."
Hdy gidi thich vd binh ludn y kiin tren.
Trudc tien, anh (chi) hay dpe kl, xac dinh yeu eau cua d i bai va lin lupt tien
hdnh cae budc sau :

89
1. Tim y cho bai van
Tim y la tim he thdng luan diem, luan cu cho bai van.
a) Xdc dinh ludn di
Bai van cin lam sang td van d i gi ? Quan diem eua ehung ta vi van d i do
nhu the nao ?
b) Xdc dinh cdc ludn diim
can cii vao d i bai, vao yeu cau cua bai van va huy ddng nhiing hieu biet cua
minh, anh (chi) hay suy ngbl va tra ldi cdc cau hdi sau day:
- Sach la gi?
- Sach cd tac dung nhu the nao ?
- Thai dp ddi vdi sach va viec dpe sach nhu the nao ?
c) Tim ludn cu cho cdc ludn diem
Hay lin lugt tia ldi cac cau hdi sau day:
- Ddi vdi luan diem I (Sach la san pham tinh thin ki dieu cua con ngudi):
+ sach la san pham thudc linh vuc nao cua con ngudi ?
+ sach phan anh, luu giii nhiing thanh tuu gi cua nhan loai ?
+ Sach cd chiu anh hudng cua thdi gian va khdng gian khdng ?
- Dd'i vdi luan diem 2 (Sach md rdng nhiing chan trdi mdi) :
+ sach dem lai cho con ngudi nhting hieu biet gi vi tu nhien va xa hdi ?
+ sach cd tac dimg nhu the nao vdi cupc sdng rieng tu va qua trinh tu
hoan thien mmh ?
- Ddi vdi luan diem 3 (Cin cd thai dp dung ddi vdi sach va viec dpe sach):
+ Thai dp cua anh (chi) dd'i vdi cae loai sach ?
+ Dpe sach nhu the nao la tdt nha't ?

2. Lap dan y
Anh (chi) hay sip xep cac luan diem, luan cii da xac dinh dugc vao bd cue
sau day:
a) Mdbdi
Nen md bai true tiep hay gian tiep ? Lam the nao de neu duge van d i va
phuong hudng nghi luan cho toan bai ?
b) Thdn bdi
- Sip xep cac luan diem theo ttinh tu nao cho hpp li ?
- Sip xep cac luan eii cho ttmg luan diem ra sao ?
- Cin trien khai luan diem va luan cu nao nhiiu nha't ? Tai sao ?

90
 - Can lua chpn va sii dung cac ki hieu gi dat trudc cac d i muc d i dan y dugc
rd rang, minh bach ?
c) Kit bdi
- Nen kit bai theo kieu ddng hay md ?
- Khing dinh nhiing ndi dung nao ?
- Mb ra nhiing ndi dung nao de ngudi dpe tiep tuc suy nghi ?

GHI NHO .

• Mudn lap dan y bai van nghj luan, can nim chic yeu cau ciia de bai de tim
he thd'ng luan diem, luan cu rdi sip xep, trien khai chiing theo thu tu hgp li,
cd trpng tam.
• Dan y bai van nghj luan gdm ba phan : md bai (gidi thieu va djnh hudng
triin khai van di), than bai (trien khai lan lugt cac luan diem, luan cu) va.
ket bai (nhan manh hoac md rgng van di).

Ill - LUYEN TAP

1. Sau day la mpt d i lam van:
Trong mdt ldn ndi chuyen vdi hoc sinh, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh dd chi rd: "Cd tdi
md khdng cd due Id ngudi vd dung, cd due md khdng cd tdi thi ldm viic gi
cung khd.".
Theo anh (chi), nen hiiu vd van dung ldi dqy dd cua Ngudi nhu thi ndo ?
Mpt ban da tim duge mdt sd y :
a) Giai thieh khai niem tdi va due.
h) Cd tai ma khdng cd dire la ngudi vd dung.
c) Cd due ma khdng cd tai thi iam viec gi cung khd.
Hay:
- Bd sung cac y cdn thieu.
- Lap dan y cho bai van.
2. Hay lap dan y cho bai van nghi luan vdi d i bai sau day:
Trong lap anh (chi) cd mdt sd bqn gap khd khdn trong ddi sdng nin chinh
mdng hgc tap. Cdc bqn do thudng mugn cdu tuc nga "Cdi khd bd cdi khdn" di
tu biin hd. Theo anh (chi), nen hiiu vd van dung cdu tuc ngu ndy nhu thi ndo ?

91
TRUYEN KIEU NGUYINDU

KET QUA CAN OAT

Hieu dugc anh hudng ciia hoan canh xa hgi va
cac nhan td thugc cugc ddi rieng dd'i vdi su
nghiep sang tac ciia N g u y i n Du ; n i m vung
nhung diem chinh trong su nghiep sang tac va
nhung dac trung c a ban v i npi dung va nghe
thuat ciia tha van dng.
i N i m dugc mgt sd dac diem c a ban v i ndi
dung va nghe thuat ciia Truyen Kieu qua cac
doan trich.
^

Phan mot: TAC GIA

I - code DOI
Nguyin Du sinh nam 1765 tai Thang Long, ten ehii la Td Nhu, hieu la Thanh
Hien. Td tien Nguyin Du vdn ttr lang Canh Hoach, huyen Thanh Oal, tran Son
Nam (nay thudc Ha Ndi) sau dl cu vao xa Nghi Xuan, huyen Tien Dien (nay la lang
Tien Diin, huyen Nghi Xuan, tinh Ha Tinh). Cha Nguyin Du la Nguyin Nghiim
(1708 - 1775) va me la Trin Thi Tin (1740 - 1778), que Ble Ninh. Vg Nguyin Du
la con gai Doan Nguyin Thuc, que d Quynh Cdi, tran Son Nam (nay thupe tinh
Thai Binh). Nguyin Du may m i n duge tiep nhan truyin thdng van hoa eua nhiiu
vung que khae nhau. Dd la mpt tiin d i thuan lpi cho su tdng hpp nghe thuat cua
nha dai thi hao dan tpc.
Thdi tho au va nien thieu, Nguyin Du sdng tai Thang Long trong mdt gia dinh
phong kien quyen quy. Than phu dng da cd luc giii chuc Te tudng trong triiu dinh
Le - Trinh. Nhung mdi 10 tudi da md edi cha, nam 13 tudi, md cdi me, Nguyin Du
den sdng vdi ngudi anh cung cha khae me la Nguyin Khan«(1734 - 1786). Nguyen
Khan ttmg lam quan tdi chuc Tham tung, ndi tieng phongjuu mpt thdi, tiian vdi
chua Trinh Sam va la ngudi rat me hat xudng. Trong tiidi gian nay Nguyin Du cd

92
nhiiu diiu kien thuan lpi d i dui mai kinh sii, ed dip bleu biet vi eude sdng phong
Itm, xa hoa eua gidi quy tdc phong kien - nhimg diiu dd da de lai da'u an trong
sang tac van hpe cua dng sau nay. Su xuat hien kha dam net hinh tupng nhiing
ngudi ca nhi, kl nii vdi tiing dan gipng hat va than phan dau khd cua hp trong
sang tac cda Nguyin Du rat cd the la su am anh tir nhiing gi dng da chiing kien
trong gia dinh ngudi anh. Nam 1783, Nguyin Du thi Huong dd tam trudng (tu tai)
va dugc tap am'^' nhan mdt chuc quan vd nhd d Thai Nguyen. Nhung cudc ddi
yen a khdng keo dai dugc bao Mu. Do nhiiu bien ed lich sir, ttr nam 1789, Nguyin
Du da roi vao cupc sd'ng day khd khan gian khd hon chuc nam trudc khi ra lam
quan cho nha Nguyin. Nhiing trai nghiem trong mdi trudng quy tdc va cudc sdng
phong trin dem lai eho Nguyin Du mpt vdn sdng thuc te phong phu, da thdi thuc
dng suy ngim nhiiu vi xa hdi, vi than phan con ngudi, tao tiin d i quan trpng eho
su hinh thanh tai nang va ban Unh sang tao van chuong. Hon mudi nam lan ldn
chat vat d cac vtmg ndng thdn khae nhau cung la dip Nguyin Du hpe hdi, n i m
viing ngdn ngii nghe thuat dan gian: "Thdn ca sa hoc tang ma ngu" (Tieng hat noi
thdn da giup ta biet ngdn ngii trong nghe trdng dau trdng gai). Day la vdn bleu
biet rat ein thiet cho su hinh thanh phong each ngdn ngii cua cac sang tac bing
chii Ndm, dac biet la Truyin Kiiu.

Sau nhiiu nam sdng hit siic khd khan chat vat d cac vung que khae nhau, din
nam 1802, Nguyin Du da ra lam quan cho nha Nguyin. Hoan Id cua Nguyin Du
kha thuan lpi. Nam 1802, dng nham chuc Tri huyen tai huyen Phu Dung (nay
thupe Khoai Chau, Hung Yen), sau ddi sang Tri phu Thudng Tin (nay thudc
Ha Npi). Ttr nam 1805 den nam 1809, dng duge thang ehiic Ddng Cac dien hpe si,
nam 1809, dugc bd lam Cai ba dinh Quang Binh. Nam 1813, dng dugc thang Cin
Chanh dien hpe si va giii chiic Chanh sii di Trung Qude. Sang Trung Qud'c,
Nguyin Du true tiep tiip xtic vdi mpt n i n van hoa ma tir nhd dng da quen thudc
qua nhiiu sii sach va tho van. Chuyen di su de lai nhiing da'u an sau dam trong
tho van, dac biet gdp p h i n nang t i m khai quat cua nhiing tu tudng vi xa hdi va
than phan eon ngudi trong sang tac cua dng. Nam 1820, Nguyin Du lai dugc cir
lam Chanh sii di Trung Qud'c nhung lin nay chua kip len dudng thi dng da mat
vao ngay 10 thang 8 nam Canh Thin (18 - 9 - 1820).
Nam 1965, Hdi ddng Hoa binh the gidi da edng nhan Nguyin Du la danh nhan
van hoa the gldi va ra quyit dinh ki niem trpng the nhan dip 200 nam nam sinh
cua dng.

(1) Tap dm: {tqp: truyen lai ddi sau, dm: nhd on ngudi trudc de lai ma con chiu duoc phong tang
chiie tude hoic miin cho mdt trich nhiem nao do) con chiu duge thira hudng ehiic vu nao do
ciia cha. Nguyin Du dugc mdt vien vo quan ho Ha d Thai Nguyen nhan lim con nudi, vi dng
ho Ha khdng ed con nen khi chei, Nguyin Du dugc tap am ehiic vu do.

93
H - s i r NGHIEP VAN HOC

1. Cac $ang tac chinh

a) Sdng tdc bdng cha Hdn : Hien nay gidi nghien ciiu da suu t i m dugc 249 bai
tho chii Han do Nguyin Du viet vao cac thdi ki khae nhau :
- Thanh Hiin thi tap (Tap tho ciia Thanh Hien) gdm 78 bai viet chu yeu trong
nhiing nam thang trudc khi ra lam quan nha Nguyen.
- Nam trung tqp ngdm (Cac bai tho ngam khi d phuong Nam) cd 40 bai viet
thdi gian lam quan d Hue va Quang Binh, nhiing dia phuang d phia nam Ha Ttnh,
que huong dng.
- Bae hdnh tqp luc (Ghi chep trong chuyen di sang phuong Bic) gdm 131 bai
tho sang tac trong chuyin di sii Trung Qude.
Tho ehii Han cua Nguyen Du the hien tu tudng, tinh cam, nhan each cua dng.
Cac bai tho trong Thanh Hien thi tap va Nam trung tqp ngdm tuy bleu hien mpt
tam trang budn dau, day diit nhung da eho thay rd khuynh hudng quan sat, suy
ngim vi cudc ddi, vi xa hdi eua tac gia. Trong Bae hdnh tqp luc, nhiing diem dac
sic cua tu tudng, tinh cam Nguyin Du dugc the hien rd rang hon. Tho Nguyin Du
viet khi di su Trung Qude cd ba nhdm dang ehu y :
- Ca ngpi, ddng cam vdi cac nhan each cao thugng va phe phan nhiing nhan
vat phan dien;
- Phe phan xa hpi phong kien cha dap quyin sd'ng con ngudi ;
- Cam thdng vdi nhiing than phan nhd be dudi day xa hpi, bi doa day hit hui.
Xet vi d i tai va cam hiing sang tac, cd nhiiu diem tuong ddng giiia Truyin Kieu
va cac bai tho chir Han trong Bdc hdnh tqp luc.
b) Sdng tdc bdng chu Ndm : Nguyin Du cd Doqn trudng tdn thanh (cdn gpi la
Truyin Kiiu) va Vdn chiiu hdn.
Truyen Kiiu dugc sang tac tren co sd cdt truyen cua tieu thuyet chuong hdi
Trung Qud'c Kim Vdn Kiiu truyin. Tuy nhien, Nguyin Du da sang tao nen mdt tac
pham mdi, vdi cam bring mdi, nhan thiic li giai nhan vat theo each cua rieng dng,
vdi the loai truyen tho khae ban Kim Vdn Kiiu truyen la tac pham tu sy van xudi.
Tren mdt n i n tang nhan dao chu nghla viing chai, vdi tai nang dieu luyen, vdi su
lua chpn the loai truyen tho kit hpp nhuan nhuyin ca chat tu su va chat trii tinh,
vdi sir am hieu ddng thdi ea ngdn ngii binh dan eung nhu ngdn ngii van hoc
bae hoc, Nguyin Du da sang tao nen mdt kiet tac ddc nha't vd nhi ciia van hpe
trung dai Viet Nam.

94
 Truyin Kiiu la truyen tho viet b i n g the tho lue bat. Vdn chiiu hdn nguyen ten
la Vdn tithdp loqi chung sinh (Van te mudi loai chung sinh) viit bing the tho
song tha't luc bat. Bai van t i the hien mpt phuong dien quan trpng eua chu nghla
nhan dao trong sang tac Nguyin Du. Theo quan niem xua, hdn cua nhiing ngudi
chet bat hanh cin dugc sieu sinh tinh dp. Nguyin Du viet bai tho ehieu hdn cho
nhieu hang ngudi khae nhau, ke ca nhiing ngudi thudc ting ldp phong kien quy
tpc. Song tam ldng nhan ai ciia nha tho vin hudng vi nhihig than phan nhd be,
dudi day xa hpi nhu cac em nhd, cac kl nir, nhiing anh hpe trd ngheo. Do gia tri
nhan dao sau sic ma Vdn chiiu hdn da dugc phd bien rpng rai, ke ca trong pham
vi nha chua.

2. Mot vai dac diem ve noi dung va nghe thuat cua tho van Nguyen Du
a) Ddc diim ndi dung : Neu so vdi nhiiu nha nho xua iam tho de ndi chi
(hudng vi li tudng ngudi quan tir) thi net ndi bat xet vi ndi dung cua sang tac
Nguyin Du la su d i cao xuc cam, tuc d i cao tinh. Ndi dung quan trpng hang d i u
trong tho chii Han, Truyen Kiiu, Vdn chieu hdn la tinh cdm chdn thdnh, la su
cam thdng sau sic ciia tac gia ddi vdi cupe sdng va eon ngudi, dac biet la nhiing
con ngudi nhd be, bat hanh, ngudi phu nu. Ngudi an may, ngudi mu hat rong,
nhirng ca nhi, kl nii,... vd'n hi xa hdi cu coi re dugc nha tho ndi den bing mdt ta'm
ldng tran trpng, thuong yeu. Nhirng khai quat cua dng vi cudc ddi, vi than phan
con ngudi thudng mang tinh triet li cao va tha'm d i m cam xuc. Nha tho triet li
vdi ndi dau vi than phan bat hanh cua phu nir trong xa hdi cu : "Dau ddn thay
phan dan ba - Ldi ring bae menh cung la ldi chung" [Truyen Kiiu), "Dau ddn
thay phan dan ba - Kiip sinh ra the biet la tai dau ?" [Vdn chiiu hdn). Ong khai
quat ban chat tan bao cua xa hdi phong kien, bde id su phan no dd'i vdi nhirng
ke da ham hai Khuat Nguyen : "Hau the nhan nhan giai Thupng Quan - Dai dia
xii xii giai Mich La" (Ngudi ddi sau ai cung la Thupng Quan - Tren mat da't, dau
cung cd sdng Mich La)'^'. Y nghla xa hdi sau sic cua tho ca Nguyin Du gan chat
vdi tinh ddi, tinh ngudi bao la cua nha tho. Dac biet, cin lim y d i n eai nhin nhan
dao sau sic cua Nguyin Du vi dng la ngudi d i u tien trong van hpe trung dai da

(1) Hai cau tho trich tu bii tha Phdn "Chieu hdn". Khuat Nguyen (khoing 340 - 278 trudc Cdng
nguyen) Ii nha tha ldn ciia Trung Qude thdi co. Thuong Quan Ngan Thugng da giem pha khie'n
cho Khuat Nguyen hi Sd Hoai Vuong ruong bd, phii luu diy xud'ng Giang Nam. Ddng sdng
Mich La li noi iChuat Nguyen da uat lie nhiy xud'ng trim minh. Tuong truyen Tdng Ngpcia nhi
tha Cling thdi Khuii Nguyen da lim bai Chieu hon de gpi hdn Khuai Nguyen vi duong gian.
Nguyin Du viei bai Phdn "Chieu hon" (Bae lai bai Chieu hon): neu hdn Khuai Nguyen cd trd
vi edi the niy thi cung chang ed gi tdt dep. Vi tren cdi ddi niy, dau dau eUng day nhung ten
quan lai ddc ic, nhirng ddng sdng oan nghiet. Phdn "Chieu hdn" thupe loai tho ed eim hiing
phe phan xa hpi sau sic, manh me va cd siie khii quit nhai cua tho ehu Han Nguyin Du.

95
neu len mdt each tap trung van d i vi than phan nhiing ngudi phu nii cd sic dep
va tai nang van chuang nghe thuat (tho, nhac,...). Ong da d i cap den mpt van de
rat mdi, nhung ciing rat quan trpng cua chu nghla nhan dao trong van hpe :
xa hdi ein phai tran trpng nhiing gia tri tinh than, do dd can phai tran trpng chu
the sang tao ra nhiing gia tri tinh than dd. Nguyin Du la tac gia tieu bleu cua
trao luu nhan dao chu nghla trong van hpe cudi the ki XVIII dau the ki XIX cdn
vi dng d i cao hanh phuc cua con ngudi tu nhien, tran thi. Truyin Kiiu tham
d i m tinh t h i n ngpi ca, tran trong ve dep ki dieu cua tinh yeu liia ddi.
b) Ddc diim nghi thudt: Nguyin Du la nha tho cd hoc van uyen bae. Ong nim
vimg nhieu thi tho cua Trung Qud'c, lam tho theo the ngu ngdn cd thi, ngu ngdn
ludt, thdt ngdn ludtvaca, hdnh [nhqc phu),... Tho chii Han cua dng d the tho nao
cung cd bai xuat sic. Dac biet phai ndi den tai nang nghe thuat cua nha tho trong
cac sang tac bing chii Ndm. Nguyin Du da gdp phan trau ddi ngdn ngii van hpe
dan tdc, lam giau cho tiing Viet qua viec Viet hoa nhiiu yeu td ngdn ngir ngoai
nhap. Din Truyen Kieu eua dng, the tho luc bat da chiing td kha nang chuyen tai
ndi dung tu su va trii tinh to ldn cua the loai truyen tho.

HUiorNG DAN HOC BAi

1. Anh (chi) cd nhan xet gi vi cupc ddi cua Nguyin Du ? Nhiing dac diem vi cupc
ddi cua Nguyin Du gdp p h i n li giai nhiing thanh cdng trong sang tac cua nha
tho nhu t h i nao ?
2. Cho biit cae sang tac chinh cua Nguyin Du va dac diem chu yeu cua chung.'

, GHI NHO ,

Nguyin Du la nha tha nhan dao chii nghia tieu bieu ciia van hgc Viet Nam
trung dai. Ong cd ddng gdp to Idn ddi vdi van hgc dan tdc v i nhiiu phuang
dien ngi dung va nghe thuat, xung dang dugc ggi la thien tai van hgc.

96
P H O N G CACH N G O N HOU NGHE THUAT

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• N i m dugc khai niem ngdn ngu nghe thuat,

phong each ngdn ngtr nghe thuat vdi cac dac
trung c a ban ciia nd.
• Cd kT nang phan tfch ya sir dung ngdn ngu
theo phong each ngdn ngCr nghe thuat.
^

I - N G O N NGiJf NGHE THUAT

Ndi den ngdn ngii nghe thuat (ngdn ngii van chuong, ngdn ngu van hpe) trudc hit
la ndi den ngdn ngir gpi hinh, gpi cam dugc dung ttong van ban nghe thuat.
Ngdn ngii nghe thuat cdn dugc su dung trong ldi ndi hing ngay va ca trong van
ban thudc cac phong each ngdn ngir khae. Chang han, trong van ban chinh luan,
de eho ll le va lap luan ed siic thuyit phue, lay ddng long ngudi, ngudi viit vin cd
luc dung nhiing tir ngii va viet nhiing cau van cd tinh hinh tugng cu the va giau
sue bleu cam. Vi d u :
Chung lap ra nhd tu nhiiu hon trudng hoc. Chung thang tay chem giit nhiing
ngudi yiu nudc thuang ndi cua ta. Chung tdm cdc cudc khdi nghla cua ta
trong nhung bi mdu.
(Hd Chf iVIinh, Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap)

Ngdn ngii trong cac van ban nghe thuat dugc phan chia thanh ba loai:
- Ngdn ngir tu su trong truyen, tiiu thuyit, but ki, ki su, phdng su,...
- Ngdn ngii tho trong ca dao, ve, tho (nhiiu the loai khae nhau),...
- Ngdn ngii san khau trong kich, cheo, tudng,...
Mdi loai tren day lai cd thi chia thanh nhiiu the. Trong eae the loai nay, eae
phuong tien diin dat cd tinh nghe thuat dan xen lin nhau de ngudi dgc tham
binh, thudng thue, giao cam: hoac la cai hay eua am dieu, hoac ve dep chan thuc
sinh dpng cua hinh anh, hoac nhting cam xue chan thanh gpi ra nhiing ndi niim
vui, budn, yeu, thuong trong cupc sdng.

7-NVIO/2 A 97
 Nhu the, ngdn ngir nghe thuat khdng ehi thuc hien chiic nang thdng tin, nia
diiu quan trpng la nd thuc hien chuc nang tham ml: bleu hien eai dep va khoi gpi,
nudi dudng cam xuc tham ml d ngudi nghe, ngudi dpe.
Vi d u :
Trong ddm gi dep bdng sen
Ld xanh bdng trdng lqi chen nhi vdng
Nhi vdng bdng trdng Id xanh
'Gan bun md chdng hdi tanh mui bun.
{Ca dao)

Ngdn ngu trong bai ca dao nay khdng chi de thdng tin v i noi sinh sd'ng, cau
tao, huong vi va su trong sach cua cay sen, ma quan trpng la khang dinh va nuoi
dudng mdt tu tudng, mdt cam xuc tham m l : cai dep cd the hien hiiu va bao tdn
ngay trong nhirng mdi trudng cd nhiiu cai xau.
Ngdn ngii nghe thuat tuy lay ngdn ngii tu nhien, hing ngay iam chat lieu
nhung khae vdi ngdn ngir hing ngay d chuc nang tham ml. Pham chat tham ml
ma nd cd dugc la do su lua chpn, xep dat, trau chudt, tinh luyen cua ngudi sii dung
theo cac muc dich tham ml khae nhau.

GHI NHO.

Ngdn ngu nghe thuat la ngdn ngu chii yeu dung trong cac tac pham van
chuang, khdng chi cd chuc nang thdng tin ma cdn thoa man nhu cau tham
m i ciia con ngudi. Nd la ngdn ngu dugc td chuc, xep dat, lua chgn, tinh luyen
tu ngdn ngu thdng thudng va dat dugc gia tri nghe thuat - tham ml.

II - PHONG CACH NGON NGUT NGHE THUAT

Tuy ngdn ngu nghe thuat dugc sir dung da dang v i the loai, phong phu vi mau
sic, bien hoa vi tinh sang tao nhung diu thdng nha't d ba dac trung co ban : tinh
hinh tupng, tinh truyen cam va tinh ca the hoa. Cac dac trung nay iam nen phong
each ngdn ngu nghe thuat.

1. Tinh hinh tuong

Tinh hinh tugng la dac trung co ban eua ngdn ngii nghe thuat.
Vi du: trong bai ca dao vi eay sen d tren, ndi dung tu tudng, tinh cam, cam xuc
vi cai dep khdng phai dugc bleu hien true tiep qua ttr ngu va cau van thdng

98 7-NV10/2B
tiiudng ma qua cac hinh tupng cu t h i [Id xanh, bdng trdng, nhi vdng), va qua ca
cac ldp lang trong ngoai de gpi ta,... Hon nua, bao trum len ta't ca la hinh tugng
sen nhu la mdt tin hieu tham ml vi pham chat thanh cao, dep de trong tu nhien
va ca trong xa hdi loai ngudi.
De tao ra hinh tupng ngdn ngu, ngudi viet thudng dung rat nhiiu phep tu tir:
so sanh, an du, hoan du, ndi qua, ndi giam ndi tranh,... Nhting phep tu tir nay
dugc dung sang tao, hoac don le hoac phdi hpp vdi nhau. Sau day la mpt sd
vidu:
So sanh:
Ta di tdi, trin dudng ta budc tiip.
Ran nhu thep, vitng nhu ddng
Ddi ngu ta trung trung diep diep
Cao nhu nui, ddi nhu sdng
Chi ta lan nhu biin Ddng trudc mat!
(To Huu, Ta di tdi)

-Andu:
Nhung cting cd nhting cdy vugt len dugc ddu ngudi, cdnh Id sum si nhu nhting
con chim dd du ldng mao, long vu. Dqn dqi bdc khdng giit ndi chung, nhang vit
thuang cua chung chdng ldnh nhu trin mdt thdn thi cudng trdng. Chung vugt lin
rdt nhanh, thay thi nhting cdy dd ngd... Cu thi hai ba ndm nay rtmg xd nu udn
tdm nguc ldn cua minh ra, che chd cho ldng.
(Nguyin Trung Thanh, Ricngxd nu)

- Hoan du;
Ta dd ldn len rdi trong khdi lua
Chung nd chdng cdn mong dugc ntia
Chan bdn chdn mdt ddn tdc anh hung.
Nhang bdn chdn tu than bui, lay bun
Dd budc dudi mat trdi cdch mqng.

(To Huu, Ta di tdi)

Nhu mdt kit qua ta't yeu eua tinh hinh tupng, ngdn ngu nghe thuat cd tinh da
nghla. Tir ngu, cau van, hinh anh hoac toan bd van ban nghe thuat ed kha nang
ggi ra nhiiu nghla, nhiiu ting nghla khae nhau. Mpt tu sdng dat dung chd trong
cau tho "Mdt tieng chim keu sdng cd rung" (Khuong Hiiu Dung) vira cd kha nang
tao nen mdt hinh anh eu the, rd net, vira gpi nhiiu lien tudng, tir do ham chua
nhiing y nghla sau xa. Hinh tupng "banh ttdi nudc" trong bai tha cung ten cua

99
nii si Hd Xuan Huong khdng chi mieu ta vi mdt mdn an dan tdc, ma cdn ngu y ndi
den than phan cua ngudi phu nir trong xa bdi luc dd, ddng thdi khing dinh ve dep
ben ngoai va pham chat ben trong eua hp.
Tinh da nghla cua ngdn ngu nghe thuat eiing quan he mat thiet vdi tinh hdm
sue : ldi it ma y sau xa, rpng ldn. Ngudi viet ehi dung mdt vai cau (tham chi thay
ddi mpt vai ttr) ma cd the gpi ra nhung hinh tupng khae nhau : hinh tugng banh
trdi nudc, hinh tugng ngudi phu nu vdi nhiing pham chat td't dep trong canh "bay
ndi ba chim".

2. Tinh truyen cam

Trong ldi ndi da chiia dung nhiing yeu td tinh cam, the hien d su lua chpn cac
yiu td ngdn ngu: ttr ngir, cau, each ndi, gipng dieu,...
Ti'nh truyin cam trong ngdn ngii nghe thuat the hien d chd lam cho ngudi
nghe (dpe) cung vui, budn, yeu thich,... nhu chinh ngudi ndi (viet). Sue manh
cua ngdn ngir nghe thuat la tao ra su hoa ddng, giao cam, cudn hut, ggi cam xiic
cho ngudi dgc.
Nang luc ggi cam xuc cua ngdn ngii nghe thuat cd dugc la nhd su lua chpn
ngdn ngu de mieu ta, binh gia ddi tugng khach quan (truyen va kich) va tam trang
chu quan (tho trir tinh). Ngdn ngir tho thudng giau hinh anh, nhung cd khi khdng
cd hinh anh ma vin cd siic ha'p d i n la thudng, do sir cam thdng sau sic vdi sd
phan, hoan canh cua con ngudi. VI du :
Dau ddn thay phdn ddn bd!
Ldi rdng bqc minh cung Id ldi chung.
(Nguyin Du, Truyen Kieu)

van xudi nghe thuat cung rat ddi dao cam xuc. Dd la nhd su phd'i hpp nhuin
nhuyen giua ngdn ngir tu su, mieu ta vdi bieu cam. Doan van da d i n (mue 11.1)
eua Nguyin Trung Thanh trong Ritng xd nu mieu ta rat eu the, vdi hinh anh rd net,
ddng thdi hoc Id rd cam xue ciia ngudi viet va khoi gpi su ddng cam d ngudi dpe.

3. Tinh ca the hoa

Ngdn ngii la phuong tien diin dat chung ciia cdng ddng nhung khi dugc cac
nha van nha tho sir dung thi d mdi ngudi lai cd kha nang the hien mdt gipng rieng,
mpt phong each rieng, khdng d i bit chude, pha trdn. Chang ban, gipng tho To
Hiiu khdng gidng vdi gipng tho Che Lan Vien, gipng tho Xuan Dieu khdng gid'ng
gipng tho Huy Can, cau van Nam Cao khdc cau van Nguyin Cdng Hoan. Su khae
nhau vi ngdn ngii la d each dung tir, dat cau va d each sir dung hinh anh, bit

100
ngudn tir ca tinh sang tao cua ngudi viet. Chi'nh nhiing bien phap xu 11 ngdn ngu
da tao ra gipng dieu rieng, phong each nghe thuat rieng cua timg nha van trong
sang tao nghe thuat.
Tinh ea t h i hoa cdn dugc thi hien d ve rieng trong ldi ndi cua ttmg nhan vat
trong tac pham nghe thuat (vi du : ldi ndi eua Chi Pheo khae ldi ndi cua ba
Kien,...) ; d net rieng trong each diin dat timg su viec, timg hinh anh, timg tinh
hudng trong tac pham (vi du : cung la trdng nhung trong nhiing tinh hudng khae
nhau eua Truyin Kiiu lai duge mieu ta eu the gpi nhiing ve dep khdng gidng nhau,
khdng lap Iai nhau). Tinh ca the hoa tao cho ngdn ngir nghe thuat nhdng sang tao,
mdi la, khdng trting lap.

, GHI NHO .

Phong each ngdn ngu nghe thuat cd ba dac trung c a ban : tinh hinh tugng,
tinh truyen cam va tinh ca the hoa.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

1. Hay chi ra nhiing phep tu tu thudng dugc sii dung de tao ra tinh hinh tupng
eiia ngdn ngii nghe thuat.
2. Trong ba dac trung (tinh hinh tupng, tinh truyin cam va tinh ea the boa), dae
trung nao la tieu bieu cua phong each ngdn ngii nghe thuat ? Vi sao ?
3. Hay lua chpn ttr thich hgp cho trong ngoac don de dua vao chd trdng trong eae
cau van, cau tho sau va giai thich li do lua chpn tir dd.
a) "Nhdt ki trong tu" /.../mdt tdm ldng nhd nudc.
{Theo Hoii Thanh)

[biiu hiin, phdn dnh, thdm dugm, eanh cdnh, bdc Id,...)

b) Ta tha thiit tu do ddn tdc

Khdng chi vi mdt ddi ddt rieng
Ke dd /.../ tren minh ta" thudc ddc
/.../ mdu xanh cd Trdi Ddt thieng.

{Theo To Huu)

Ddng 3 [gieo, vdi, phun, rdc)

Ddng 4 [huy, diet, tieu, triet, giet)

101
4. Co nhiiu bai tho cua cac tac gia khae nhau viet vi mua thu, nhtmg mdi bai
tho mang nhiing net rieng vi tir ngii, nhip dieu va hinh tugng tho, the hien
tinh ea the trong ngdn ngii. Hay so sanh de thay nhiing net rieng dd trong ba
doan tho sau:

a) Trdi thu xanh ngdt mdy tdng cao,

Cdn true la pha gid hdt hiu.
Nudc biic trdng nhu tdng khdi phu.
Song thua dimdc bdng trdng vdo.
(Nguyin Khuye'n, Thu vinh)

b) Em khdng nghe mua thu

Ld thu rcri xdo xqc
Con nai vdng nga ngdc
Dqp tren Id vdng khd.

(Luu Trpng Lu, Tieng thu)

c) Mua thu nay khdc rdi
Tdi ditng vui nghe giua nui ddi
Gid thdi rung tre phdp phdi
Trdi thu thay do mdi
Trong biic ndi cudi thiit tha.

(Nguyin Dinh Thi, Ddt nudc)

102
TRUYEN KIEU NGUYEN DU

(Tiep theo)

Phan h a i : CAC DOAN TRICH

TRAO D U Y l N

KET QUA CAN OAT ^

• Hieu dugc tinh yeu sau nang va bl kich ciia

Kieu qua doan trich. Ddi vdi Kieu, tinh va hieu
thdng nhat chat che.
• N i m vung nghe thuat mieu ta tam trang nhan
vat qua doan trich.
^ .•:!mini!:s^i&s.'mamr''im

TIEU DAN

Bpn sai nha gay nen vu i n oan

sai dd'i vdi gia dinh Thuy Kieu,
nang budc phai hi sinh md'i tinh
vdi Kim Trong, ban minh lay tien
hdi Id cho chting de ctiu cha va em
khdi ddn tra khio da' man.
Viec bin minh da thu xep xong
xudi, Kieu ngoi tring dem nghi de'n
than phan vi tinh yeu roi ning nhd
em gii la Thuy Van thay minh kei
duyen vdi Kim Trong. Doan trich
sau day (tir cau 723 de'n cau 756) la
ldi Thuy JCieu ndi ciing Thuy Van.

Thuy Kieu - Thuy Van

(Tranh minh hoq
cua Nguyin Thi Hap)

103
VAN BAN
" . . . C a y e m e m e d chiu ldi,
Ngdi len cho chi lay rdi se thua.
Giira dudng dirt ganh tuong tu,
Keo loan'^' chip mdi to thtra mac em.
Ke ttr khi gap chang Kim,
Khi ngay quat udc khi dem chen t h i t^).
Su dau sdng gid bat ki,
Hiiu tinh'^' khdn le hai b i ven hai.
Ngay xuan em hay cdn dai,
Xdt tinh mau mu thay ldi nudc non.
Chi du thit nat xuong mdn,
Ngam cudi chin sudi''*' hay cdn thom lay.
Chiec vanh vdi biic td may*^\
Duyen nay thi giii vat nay cua chung.
Du em nen vg nen chdng,
Xdt ngudi menh bac'^' It long chang quen.
Mat ngudi cdn chut cua tin,
Phim dan vdi manh huong nguyin ngay xua'^'.

(1) Keo loan : thii keo ehe bing huyei chim loan dung de gin ket cae vat.
(2) Quqt udc, chen the : hai ngudi ting nhau quat de ngd y udc hen trim nam, udng ruau the
nguyin chung thuy.
(3) Hieu tinh : hieu vdi eha me, tinh vdi ngudi yeu. Hieu : mdt pham trii dao diic quan trgng cua
dao Nho. Hi sinh quyin lgi rieng tu, ca nhan, ke ei tinh yeu cho hieu li mdt nguyen tic iing xu
pho bie'n cua ngudi xua.
(4) Chin sudi: tiic "ciru tuyin", ehi im phu - cdi cua ngudi chet theo quan niem xua.
(5) Vdnh : eii vdng, xuyen deo tay. Cau 318 : "Xuyen ving ddi chie'c khin li mdt vudng". Td mdy:
td giay ed trang tri hinh miy ghi ldi thi nguyin eua hai ngudi, cung cd the li thu ttr giira
hai ngudi.
(6) Menh bqc: {bqc: mong dd'i lap vdi hdu : diy dan) so menh bat hanh.
(7) Ddn vi huang: nhung vat rai Kim - Kiiu timg cd ehung kl niem (ddt huong va giy dan ben
nhau). Xem them ehii thich (1), tr. 105.

104
 Mai sau dii cd bao gid,
Ddt Id huong ay so to phim nay'^'.
Trdng ra nggn cd la cay,
Thay hiu hiu gid thi hay chi vi '2'.
Hdn cdn mang nang ldi thi,
Nat than bd liiu'^' d i n nghi true mai '^'.
Da dai'^' each mat khuat ldi,
Rudi xin gigt nudc cho ngudi thac oan.
Bay gid tram gay guong tan,
Ke lam sao xiit mudn van ai an !
Tram nghin gin lay tinh quan'^'.
To duyen ngan ngui ed ngin ay thdi!
Phan sao phan bae nhu vdi!
Da danh nude chay hoa trdi Id lang.
Oi Kim lang! Hdi Kim lang!
Thdi thdi thiep da phu chang ttr day!"

{Theo DAO DUY ANH. TIC dien "Truyen Kieu",

NXB Khoa hoc xa hdi. Ha Ndi, 1974)

(1) Mai sau dii cd bao gid - Ddt Id huang dy so ta phim ndy: Kiiu nhd den dem the nguyin khi nang
sang nha Kim Trpng, ehing Kim di them huong vao Id huong, sau khi thi nguyin, nang da
dinh dan cho Kim Trpng nghe.
(2) Ngudi xua tin ring cd linh hon ton tai khi the xic khdng cdn. Hdn Dam Tien cung da hien vi
qua fin gid "Ao do dd Idc rung cdy - 6 trong dudng cd huang bay it nhieu".
(3) Bo liiu : ten mot loai eay, chi ngudi phu nuyeu dudi.
(4) Trdc mai: cay tnic va cay mai, chi tinh yeu lua ddi.
(5) Dq ddi: am phu.
(6) Tinh qudn : {qudn : tu tdn ximg cd sic thii tdn trpng) ngudi con gii xua diing tir nay de gpi
ngudi yeu.

105
HUdNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Viec Kiiu nhIc din eae ki niem cua tinh yeu ed y nghla gi ?
2. Hay tim nhiing ttr ngii cho thay Kiiu da nghi den eai chet. Viec tap trung day
dac nhung ttr ngii do cd y nghla gi ?
3. Kieu ddi thoai vdi nhiing ai ? Phan tich diin biin tam trang cua Kiiu qua cac
ldi thoai trong doan trich.
4. Nhan xet vi mdi quan he giiia tinh cam va II tri, nhan each va than phan ciia
Kiiu qua doan trich.

^ GHI NHO .

Doan trich the hien bi kjeh tinh yeu, than phan bat hanh va nhan each cao
dep cua Thuy Kieu, ddng thdi cho thay tai nang rhieu ta ngi tam nhan vat ciia
N g u y i n Du.

106
TRUYEN KIEU NGUY£NDU
(Tiep theo)

N 6 I THUONG JVIINH
KET QUA CAN OAT

• Hieu dugc tinh canh trd treu ma Thuy Kieu

phai duang dau va y thifc sau sac ciia nang ve
pham gia.
• Tha'y dugc vai trd ciia cac phep tu tu, nha't la
cac hinh thuc dd'i xung trong doan trich.
^

TIEUDAN
Klii Ma Giam Sinh dua Kieu de'n nha chiia cua Tii Ba, Kieu da quyei liet chd'ng lai am muu
bien ning thanh kl nir, nhung cudi ciing nang da roi vao biy cua Tii Ba va budc phai ra tie'p
khach. Doan trich ta tinh cinh trd treu ma Kieu da gap phai va ndi niem thuang than xdt
phan cua Kieu (tit cau 1229 de'n cau 1248).

VAN BAN
Biet bao budm la ong loi '^',
Cupe say diy thang tran cudi sud't dem.
Dap diu la gid eanh chim^2',
Sdm dua Tdng Ngpc td'i tim Trudng Khanht^^.
Khi tinh rugu luc tan canh,
Giat minh minh lai thuong minh xdt xa.

(1) Budm la ong loi : a day "budm ong" dung de chi nhung ngudi hie'u sac. "Budm li ong loi"
nguyen li "budm ong la loi", dupe tic gia tach ra thinh hai ve ddi lap nhau. Ld lcri diin ta su
sudng sa, dua cgt cua khich lang choi.
(2) Ld gid cdnh chim : cum tit nay cd lien he vdi hai cau co thi "Chi nghenh nam bic dieu - Diep
td'ng vang lai phong" (Canh ddn chim nam bae - La dua gid lai qua), chi canh ngudi ki nu tiep
khich bd'n phuang.
(3) Tdng Ngoc va Trudng Khanh : Tdng Ngpc la mpt tic gia noi tieng vi the phu thdi Chie'n qude,
trong dd cd bai Phii Cao Dudng. Trong ldi tua bai phii cd ndi Tdng Ngpc ke chuyen tien vuong
nudc Sd chiem bao gip than nu mil Vu Son sang lam may chiiu lam mua. Trong van canh eau
tho, "Td'ng Ngpc" chi loai khich choi phong luu. Trudng Khanh la ten tu cua Tu Ma Tuang
Nhu, danh si ddi Hin, ngudi da timg giy khiic nhac Phuang cdu ki hodng (Chim phugng tim
chim hoang) de quyen rii Trie Van Quan, mdt qua phu xinh dep noi tieng. 6 day, Trudng
Khanh eung ehi loai ngudi an choi phong luu.

107
 Khi sao phong gam ru la,
Gid sao tan tac nhu hoa giiia dudng.
Mat sao day gid dan suong.
Than sao budm chdn ong chudng bay than!
Mac ngudi mua Sd may Tin'^',
Nhiing minh nao biet cd xuan la gi'^).
Ddi phen gid tua hoa ki'^',
Nira rem tuyet ng^m bdn b i trang thau.
Canh nao canh ching deo siu,
Ngudi budn canh cd vui dau bao gid ?
Ddi phen net ve cau tho,
Cung cim trong nguyet nudc cd dudi hoa.
, Vui la vui guong keo la,
Ai tri am dd man ma vdi ai ?
{Theo DAO DUY ANH, Tic dien "Truyen Kieu", Sdd)
HirCTNG D A N HOC BAI
1. Theo anh (chi), doan trich tren day cd the chia thanh may doan nhd ? Cho biet
npi dung cua mdi doan.
2. But phap udc le trong doan trich cd y nghla nhu the nao dd'i vdi viec diin ta
than phan eo le eua nang Kiiu ? Qua dp, ed the ndi gi v i tinh cam cua tac gia
ddi vdi nhan vat ?
3. Cho biet cac dang thiic ddi xiing khae nhau dugc sir dung trong doan trich va
gia tri nghe thuat cua chung.
4. "Ndi thuong minh" cua nhan vat cd y nghla mdi me nhu the nao dd'i vdi van
hpe trung dai ?
5. Trong cupc tai ngp, Kim Trpng ndi vdi Kiiu : "Nhu ndng lay hiiu ldm trinh -
Bui ndo cho due dugc minh dy vay ?". Theo anh (chi), doan trich nay cd the gdp
phin li giai cau ndi dd nhu the nao ?
^ CHI N H O - ,

Thuang than xdt phan va y thuc cao ve nhan each la chii de ciia doan trich.
Tac gia da su dung mdt each tap trung nghe thuat ddi xung de lam ndi bat
chil d i dd.

(1) Mua Sd may Tdn : mua Sd: mua d Vu Son nudc Sd (xem lai dien Tdng Ngpc d chii thieh (3)
tr.l07), ehi quan he than xae. Vi Tdn thudng duoc diing ddi vdi Sanen cd mdy Tdn ddi vdi mua
Sd chu mdy Tdn khdng ed dien rieng.
(2) Ndo biet cd xudn ldgi:y ndi khdng vui thii gi.
(3) Gid tua hoa ke: gid va hoa ehi nam nu. Hai ddng tir tua, ke diin ti su li loi cua ngudi khich ling
choi vi kl nir khi ngoi ben nhau.

108
LAP LUAN TRONG VAN NGHI LUAN

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Ciing CO va nang cao hieu biet ve yeu c l u va

each thiic xay dung lap luan da hoc d THCS.

• Xay dung dugc lap luan trong bai van nghi luan.

^ «^ . «^

I - KHAI NIEM VE LAP LUAN TBONG BAI VAN NGHj LUAN

Hay dpe doan van lap luan sau day va tra ldi cau hdi.

Ngudi dting binh gidi Id a chd biit xet thdi thimd thdi Dugc thdi cd thi thi
bien mdt ldm cdn, hod nhd thdnh ldn. Mdt thdi khdng thi thi mqnh quay thdnh
yiu, yen chuyin ldm nguy, chi nhu khodng trd bdn tay md thdi. Nay cdc dng
khdng rd thai thi, lqi trang sue bdng nhUng ldi ddi trd, the chdng phdi la ke that
phu hen kem u ? Sao du decung ndi viic binh dugc.
(Nguyin Trai, Thudu Vuong Thdng ldn nda)
a) Kit luan (muc dich) cua lap luan la gi ?
b) De d i n tdi kit luan dd, tac gia da dua ra nhirng 11 le hoac din ehiing (luan
cii) nao ?
c) Hay cho biet the nao la mdt lap luan.

II - CACH XAY DUNG LAP LUAN

van nghi luan n h i m xac lap cho ngudi dpe, ngudi nghe mpt tu tudng, quan
diem nao dd. Mudn vay, ngudi viet phai biit trinh bay y kiin ciia minh va dua
ra nhimg \i le, d i n ehiing thuyit phue, nghla la phai biet lap luan. Thdng
thudng, de xay dung mdt lap luan, ngudi viit phai xac dinh dugc luan diem
chinh xae, minh bach ; tim eae luan eu thuyit phuc va biit van dung cac
phuong phap lap luan hpp 11.

1. Xac dinh luan Oiem

Luan diem la y kiin the hien tu tudng, quan diim trong bai van nghi luan.
De hiiu sau them vi luan diem, hay dpe van ban sau rdi tra ldi cac cau hdi.

109
 CHU TA
Vtra a Xo-un (Han Qude) vi nudc, di cdng tac d mpt sd thanh phd, thay cin
phfei viet ngay mpt dieu.
Ai cung biet Han Qude phat trien kinh te khd nhanh, vao loai "con rdng nhd",
cd quan he kha chat che vdi cac nudc phuong Tay, mdt n i n kinh t i thi trudng nhpn
nhip, cd quan he qud'c t i rpng rai. Khip noi diu cd quang cao, nhung khdng bao
gid quang cao thuong mai dugc dat d nhiing edng sd, hdi trudng ldn, danh lam
thing eanh. Chii nudc ngoai, chu yeu la tieng Anh, n i u cd thi viet nhd dat dudi ehii:
Trieu Tien to hon d phia tren. Di dau, nhin dau cung thay ndi bat nhirng bang hieu
ehii Trieu Tien. Trong khi dd thi d mpt vai thanh phd cua ta nhin vao dau ciing thay
tiing Anh, ed bang hieu eua cac co sd cua ta ban hoi ma chu nudc ngoai lai ldn ban
ca chir Viet, cd luc ngd ngang tudng nhu minh lac sang mpt nudc khae.
Bao ehi d Han Qude kha nhiiu. Tdi khdng biet chii Triiu Tien nhung cung xem
qua kha nhiiu td bao. Cd mpt sd td bao, tap chi, so bdo xuit ban bing tieng nudc
ngoai, in rat dep. Nhung cac td bao phat hanh d trong nudc diu khdng cd may
trang viet bing tieng nudc ngoai, trir mgt so tap chi khoa hpe, ngoai thuong cd in
d trang cudi muc luc bing tieng nudc ngoai de ngudi dpe nudc ngoai nhd dich
nhirng bai cin dpe. Trong khi dd d ta, kha nhieu bao, ke ca mpt sd td bao cua cac
nganh cua nha nudc ta cd cai "mdt" la tdm tit mpt sd bai chinh bing tieng nudc
ngoai d tiang eudi, xem ra de cho "oai" trong khi dd ngudi dpe trong nudc lai bi
thiet mat may trang thdng tin.
Phai chang, dd cung la thai dp tu trpng cua mpt qud'c gia khi md ciia vdi bSn
ngoai, ma ta nen suy ngim.
{Theo Huu Thp, Bdn linh ViStNam)

a) Bai van nghi luan tien ban vi van d i gi ? Quan diem cua tac gia v i van d i do
nhu t h i nao ?
b) Bai van cd bao nhieu luan diem ? Tim cdc luan diem dd.

2. Tim luan Clii

De lam sang td cho luan diem, lam cho ngudi doc hieu, tin vao tinh dung
din ciia nd, ngudi viit phai dua ra cac 11 le va bing chiing thuyet phuc, tiic la
tim cae luan eu eho luan diem. Doc lai doan van lap luan d muc I, van ban
Cha ta d muc II va thue hien cac nhiem vu dudi day :
a) Tim cac luan cu cho mdi luan diem.
b) Cho biet dau la luan cu II le, dau la b i n g chiing thue te.

3. LUa Chon phuang phap lap iuan

De lap luan thuyet phuc va chat che, ngudi lap luan cdn phai biet ap dung
cac phuong phap lap luan hgp H. Phuong phap lap luan la each thue lira ehpn,
sip xep luan diem, luan eu sao cho lap luan chat che va thuyet phue.

no
 a) Hay dpe l^i hai ngii lieu tren, xac dinh va phan tich cac phuong phap lap
luan dugc van dung.
b) Ke them mdt so phuong phap lap luan thudng duge sir dting trong van ban
nghi luan.
GHI NHQ .
• Lap luan la dua ra cac If le, bing chirng nham d i n dit ngudi nghe (dgc) den
mdt kit luan nao dd ma ngudi ndi (viet) mudn dat tdi.
• De xay dung lap luan trong van ban nghi luan, cin xac dinh dugc luan diem
chinh xac, minh bach ; tim cac luan cu (li le va bang chirng) thuyet phuc va
van dung cac phuang phap lap luan hgp li (phuang phap quy nap, phuang
phap diin dich, phuang phap neu phan di,...).

IM-LUYEN TAP
1. Tim va phan tich cac luan diem, luan cu va phuong phap lap luan trong
doan trich a bai Khdi qudt vdn hoe Viet Nam tu thi ki X den hit the ki XIX
[Ngu vdn 10, tap mdt, tr. 109) sau day :
Chii nghla nhdn dqo trong vdn hoc trung dqi cdng rdt phong phii, da dqng,
. biiu hien d ldng thuong ngudi; lin dn, tdedo nhang thi luc tdn bqo chd dqp lin
con ngudi; khdng dinh, de cao con ngudi vi cdc mat phdm chdt, tdi ndng,
nhting khdt vong chdn chinh nhu khdt vong vi quyen sdng, quyen hqnh phuc,
quyin tu do, khdt vgng vicdng li, chinh nghla; di cao nhang quan he dqo due,
dqo li tdt dep giaa ngudi vdi ngudi.
Cd the thdy nhting bieu hien cua chu nghla nhdn dqo ndi trin qua cdc tdc
phdm vdn hoc Phdt gido thdi Li ["Cdo binh, bdo moi ngudi" cua Mdn Gidc,
"Td ldng" cua Khdng Ld,...), sdng tdc cua Nguyin Trdi ["Dqi cdo binh Ngd",
"Tung", "Cdnh ngdy he",...), Nguyin Binh Khiim ["Ghet chudt", "Nhdn",...),
Nguyin Da ["Chuyen ngudi con gdi Nam Xuang", "Chuyin chuc phdn su din
Tan Vien",...). Cdm hung nhdn dqo ddc biet ndi bat a cdc tdc phdm thudc
giai doqn vdn hoc thi ki XVIII - giaa the ki XIX nhu "Chinh phu ngdm",
"Cung odn ngdm khdc", tha Ho Xudn Huong ["Bdnh trdi nudc", "Mdi trdu",
chum tha "Tu tinh"), "Truyen Kiiu" eua Nguyin Du, "Truyen Luc Vdn Tien" ciia
Nguyin Dinh Chiiu,...
2. Hay tim luan cu iam sang td luan diem sau :
a) Dgc sach dem lai cho ta nhiiu diiu bd ich.
b) Mdi trudng dcing bi d nhiim nang n i .
c) van hoc dan gian la nhting tac pham nghe thuat ngdn tir truyin mieng.
3. Chpn mdt trong cac lap luan vua xay dung d bai tap 2 de viit thanh mpt doan van.

Ul
TRUYEN KIEU NGUYEN DU

(Tiip tiieo)

CHi KHi ANH HUNG

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Qua nhan vat Tu Hai, hieu dugc li tudng anh

hiing ciia Nguyin Du.
• N i m dugc dac trung nghe thuat trong viec ta
nhan v^t anh hiing ciia Nguyin Du.
V^

TIEU DAN
Cudc ddi BCieu tudng nhu be tac hoan toan khi lan thii hai roi vao lau xanh thi Tir Hai bdng
xuat hien vi dua Kieu thoit khdi canh d nhuc. Hai ngudi sd'ng hanh phuc "Trai anh hung gii
thuyen quyen - Phi nguyen sinh phugng dep duyen cudi rong". Nhung Tir Hai khdng bing
ldng vdi cudc sd'ng em dem ben canh nang Kieu tai sic, chang mud'n cd su nghiep ldn nen
sau nua nam da tit biet Kieu ra di. Doan trich (tir cau 2213 de'n cau 2230) bao gom ngdn ngir
tic gia va ngdn ngO dd'i thoai cho tha'y chi khi cua Tir Hai.

Thuy Kieu-Tir Hai

(Tranh minh hoq ciia Tq Thdc Binh)

112
VAN BAN
Niia nam huong lua^^^ duong ndng,
Trupng phu thoit da ddng ldng bdn phuong'^'.
Trdng vdi*^' trdi be menh mang,
Thanh guom yen ngua'^^ len dudng thing rong'^'.
Nang r i n g : "Phan gai ehu tdng'^',
Chang di thiep ciing mpt long xin di".
Tii ring : "Tam phuc tuong tri'^',
Sao chua thoat khdi nii nhi thudng tinh ?
Bao gid mudi van tinh binh,
Tiing chieng day da't bdng tinb'^' rpp dudng.
Lam eho rd mat phi thudng'^^
Bay gid ta se rude nang nghi gia'^'^l
Bing nay bdn be'^^^ khdng nha,
Theo cang them ban biit la di dau ?
Danh ldng chd dd it lau,
Chiy chang la mdt nam sau vol gi!".
Quyit ldi diit ao ra dl,
Gid may bing da den ki dam khoi'^^'.
{Theo DAO DUY ANH, Tic dien "Truyen Kieu", Sdd)

(1) Huang Ilia : thdi xua, nam nir khi thi nguyin tinh yeu ehung thuy thudng thap den cham
huang de cao ciing trdi dai, than linh. Do dd, huang liia (hay lica huang) diing de chi tinh yeu.
(2) Ldng bdn phuong: "bd'n phuang" (nam, bic, tay, ddng) cd nghia la thien ha, the gidi. Theo Kinh
Li, xua sinh con trai, ngudi ta lam cii cung bing ciy dau, ten bing cd bdng (ndi tit: tang bong)
ban ten ra bdn phuang, tugng tnmg cho mong mudn sau nay ngudi con trai Iim nen su nghiep
ldn. Ldng bdn phuang: ehi nguyen lap cdng danh, su nghiep (Nguyin Cdng Tru: "Chi lam trai
nam bae tay ddng - Cho phi siic viy viing trong bd'n be").
(3) Trdng vdi: trdng ra xa.
(4) Thanh guom yen ngua: y ndi Tir Hii chi mdt minh vdi mdt thanh guom, mdt con ngua.
(5) Thdng rong: di liin mdt maeh.
(6) Phdn gdi cha tdng: {chd tdng: dao Nho quy dinh "tam tdng" - ngudi phu nu, d nhi theo eha,
lay chong theo chdng, chdng chei theo con) phin gii thi phii theo chdng.
(7) Tdm phuc tuang tri: {tdm : ldng, phuc: da) hai ngudi da hieu biei long da nhau, tiic la da hieu
nhau sau sie.
(8) Tinh : cd, bdng tinh : bdng cd.
(9) Phi thudng: khdng gidng cii binh thudng, tue li xuii ehiing, hon ngudi.
(10) Nghi gia : bai Ddo yeu {Kinh Thi) cd cau "Chi tu vu quy - Nghi ki thai gia" (Ngudi con gai vi
nhi chdng - Nen cua nen nhi). Nghi gia a day cd nghia li ngudi chong ddn ngudi vg vi nhi.
(11) Bdn be: chi the gidi, thien ha.
(12) Gid mdy bdng da den ki ddm khai: thien Tieu dao du trong sich Trang Tii {Nam Hoa kinh) cd
truyen ngu ngdn ke ring chim bang la mdt gid'ng chim rii ldn, dap cinh lam ddng nudc trong
ba ngan dam, cudi gid mi bay len chin ngin dam. Chim bing trong tho vin thudng tupng
trung cho khat vpng cua nhirng ngudi anh hung cd bin linh phi thudng, khao khit lam nen su
nghiep ldn. Y ci ciu : Da den lue chim bing bay len eiing gid miy.

8-NV10/2A 113
Hir0NG DAN HOC BAI
1. Anh (chi) hay cho biet ham nghia eua eae cum tir ldng bdn phuang va mat phi
thudng. Tim nhung tir ngu the hien su trari trpng, kinh phue cua Nguyin Du
vdi Tu Hai.
2. Ttr Hai bgc Id 11 tudng anh hung cua minh qua ldi ndi vdi Thuy Kieu nhu
the nao ?
3. Neu nhan xet vi dac diem cua each mieu ta (hien thue hay li tudng boa) ngudi
anh hung Ttr Hai trong doan trieh. Day ed phai la each mieu ta phd bien cua
van hoc trung dai khdng ?

GHI NHO .

Ngudi anh hung Tii Hai la mpt sang tao dac sac cua N g u y i n Du v i phuang
dien cam hiing sang tao va nghe thuat mieu ta.

^^"^ 8-NV10/2B
TRUYEN KIEU NGUYJNDU

(Tiep theo)

/OOC THEM V

LCOJ THE NGUYEN

TIEU D A N

Mpt hdm, khi ca gia dinh sang choi ben ngoai, Kieu da dm gap Kim Trpng. Chieu ta, nang
trd ve nha, dugc tin ca nha van chua ve, Kieu quay lai gap Kim Trong. Hai ngudi da lam li thi
nguyen gin bd trudc vang trang sang ving vac. Doan trich sau day (ttr cau 431 de'n cau 452)
ke ve viec Kieu sang nha Kim Trong va lam le the nguyen.

VAN BAN
Cua ngoai vdi ru rem the,
xam xam bang ldi vudn khuya mdt minh.
Nhat thua*^' guong'^' gigi d i u eanh,
Nggn den trdng Ipt trudng huynh'^^ h i t hiu.
Sinh vtra tua an'^^ thiu thiu,
Dd chiiu nhu tinh dd chiiu nhu me.
Tieng sen'^' se dpng giac hoe'^,
Bdng trang da xe hoa le^^^ lai gin.

(1) Nhdt thua : {nhdt: mau, diy) chi inh tring chieu xuyen qua la cay tao thanh nhung khoing
sing khdng deu nhau, chd sing nhieu chd sing it.
(2) Guong: a day chi mat trang.
(3) Trudng huynh: xua cd ngudi nha ngheo khpng cd den de dpe sich, phii bit dom ddm lim den
hpe. Do do, trudng huynh duac dung chi phdng hpe cua nho sinh, dong thdi ggi y hie'u hpe. Ci
cau d diy y ndi: nhin ttr ben ngoii vio thay inh sing den ttr phdng hpe eiia Kim Trpng Ipt ra
diu diu.
(4) An : eai ban hpe xua.
(5) Tieng sen : tie'ng budc chan nhe nhing eiia ngudi dep.
(6) Xem ehu thich (4) trong Ngii vdn 10, tap mdt, tr. 129.
(7) Hoa le: hoa cay le, d diy ehi ngudi dep.

115
 Bang khuang dinh Giap non thin'i'.
Cdn ngd giac mdng dem xuan mo mang.
Nang ring : "Khoang ving dem trudng,
Vi hoa nen phai trd dudng tim hoa.
Bay gid rd mat ddi ta,
Biet dau rdi niia ehing la chiem bao ?"
Vol mimg lam li rude vao,
Dai sen'^^ ndi sap Id dao'^' them huong.
Tien t h i '•*' cung thao mpt chuong,
Tdc may(^^ mpt mdn dao vang*^' chia ddi.
Vimg trang ving vac giiia trdi,
Dinh ninh hai mieng mpt ldi song song.
Tdc to^^' can van tac long.
Tram nam tac mgt chii ddng^^' den xuong.
{Theo DAO DUY ANH, Tit dien "Truyen Kieu", Sdd)

HU^G DAN DOC THEM

1. Neu nhan xet vi ham nghla cua cac ttr vdi, xdm xdm, bdng.
2. Khdng gian tho mpng va thieng lieng cua cugc t h i nguyin dugc Nguyin Du ta
nhu the nao ?
3. Lien he vdi trieh doan Trao duyin de chi ra tinh chit logic nha't quan trong
quan niem vi tinh yeu cua Kiiu.

TRA BAI LAM VAN SO 6

Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sd 1.

(1) Dinh Gidp non thdn : bai Phu Cao Dudng eua Td'ng Ngpc ke ring vua nudc Sd choi dat Cao
Dudng nam mo thay mot ngudi din b i dep, hdi d dau, ngudi dd ndi li than nu niii Vu Giap.
Non thdn : than niii ay. Ci eau cd nghia li Kim Trpng cim thay Kiiu xuii hien nhu li than nu
eua niii Vu Giip.
(2) Ddi sen : cai dai hinh hoa sen de dat ciy nen.
(3) Ld ddo : eii Id huong hinh trii dao. Ca ciu y ndi Kim Trpng dat them nen sip eho th6m sing,
thap them huong eho them tham.
(4) Tien the : {tien : td giay) td gii'y viei ldi thi.
(5) rdc mdy: tdc xanh nhu may.
(6) Dao vdng: chi eon dao quy, eung cd the day chi li phep tu tir thuan tuy khi ti con dao mi Kieu
va Kim Trpng dting de eit tdc thi nguyin, gid'ng nhu trudng hgp but hoa, IS hoa, them hoa,...
(7) Tdc ta: ehi nhirng diiu ehi li, ti mi.
(8) Chu dong: chir ddng tim, ddng ldng.

116
V A N BAN VAN HOC

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Nam dugc cac tieu chi chii yeu ciia mgt van
ban van hoc theo quan niem ngay nay.
• N i m dugc ca'u true ciia van ban van hgc vdi
cac tang : ngdn tu, hinh tugng, ham nghla.
• Van dung nhung hieu biet ndi tren de tim hieu
tac pham van hoc.

Chung ta da biit nhiiu loai van ban : mieu ta, tu su, thuyit minh, nghi luan,...
Trong dd, cd mdt sd van ban dugc gpi la vdn bdn vdn hoc.
Vay van ban van hoc la gi ?
Ranh gidi gitia van ban van hoc va nhiing van ban phi van hpe (khdng phai la
van hgc) khdng phai luc nao cung rd rang, cd dinh. Mdi thdi dai, mdi qude gia ed
the cd quan niem khae nhau. Cd thdi ngudi ta khdng phan biet lim giiia van va sii
(van su bat phan), van va triet (van triet bat phan). Nam Hoa kinh eua triet gia
Trang Tu, Su ki cua Tu Ma Thien duge xem la nhirng van ban van hgc tuyet vdi.
Cd nhiiu van ban vdn la nhiing van kien quan tipng cd y nghla lich sii xa hdi
nhu Chiiu ddi dd ciia Li Cdng Uan, Hich tudng sl cua Tran Qude Tuan, Dqi cdo
binh Ngd ciia Nguyin Trai,... cdn dugc xem la nhiing van ban van hpe quan trpng
cua nudc nha.
Tieu chi phan dinh van ban van hpe la mpt van de phuc tap, tuy thudc vao
quan niem ciia mdi qud'c gia trong timg thdi ki lich sii de xae dinh.

I - Tliu CHi CHU YEU CUA VAN BAN VAN HOC

Ta chua ban d i n nhiing tieu chi chung nhat, nghiem ngat nhat cho ta't ca van
ban van hoc cua mpi thdi dai, mpi qude gia. Ngay nay, ndi chung, da sd nhan dien
mpt van ban van hpe theo cac tieu chi sau :
1. van ban van hpe (truyen ed tich, bai tho, cudn tiiu thuyit, thien but ki,
vd kich,...) la nhiing van ban di sau phan anh bien thuc khach quan va kham pha
the gidi tinh cam va tu tudng, thoa man nhu eau tham ml eua eon ngudi. Nhiing
chu d i nhu tinh yeu, hanh phuc, ban khoan dau khd, khat vpng vuon den chan -
thien - mi,... thudng trd di trd lai vdi nhiing chiiu sau va sic thai khae nhau trong
van ban van hoc.

117
 2. van ban van bpe dugc xay dung bing ngdn tir nghe thuat, ed hinh tugng, cd
tinh tham ml cao. Nd khdng trin trui, bpe tnic, don nghla. Sir dung nhiiu phep tu
ttr (an du, hoan du, nhan boa, tupng trung,...), van ban van hgc thudng ham sue,
gpi len nhiiu lien tudng, tudng tugng. Van ban nao eung phai cd y nghla. Van ban
van hoc cung vay. Nhung khi xac dinh mdt van ban van hoc phai chu y den pham
chat cua ngdn ttr diin dat.
Cd nhimg van ban luc ra ddi nhim nhiing muc dieh thuc tiin, vi sau lai dugc
xem la van ban van hgc, khi y nghla cao sau da hai boa vdi each diin dat hoan hao,
thoa man nhu ciu tham ml cua ngudi dgc.
3. van ban van hpe duge xay dung theo mgt phuong thiic rieng - ndi cu the
hon la mdi van ban van hoc deu thudc vi mpt the loai nhat dinh, va theo nhiing
quy udc, each thuc cua the loai do. Kich ban cd hdi, cd canh, cd ldi dd'i thoai, ddc
thoai,... Tho thi cd vin dieu, luat, cd cau tho, khd tho,... Truyen lai cd nhiing quy
ude vi xay dung nhan vat, kit ca'u cdt truyen, cac loai ldi van,...
Tuy vay, van ban van hoc khdng chi la nhiing bien phap, nhung ki xao ngdn tir
ma la mdt sang tao tinh thin cua nha van. Tu tudng, tinh cam, nhung trai nghiem
trudng ddi sau sic la diiu khdng the thieu tiong nhirng tac pham Idn. va niu khdng
cd tu tudng, tinh cam dung, khdng ddng cam vdi niim vui va ndi dau cua con ngudi,
ngudi dpe cung khd cd the hieu dugc cai hay cai dep cua van ban van hpe.

II - CAU TRUC CUA VAN BAN VAN HOC

ca'u true cua van ban van hpe mang nhiiu ting ldp, ta cin tim hieu de cd the
tiip nhan dugc cai hay cai dep eua nd.
Nhin chung, cin chu y den cac ting, ldp sau day khitiepcan mpt van ban van hpe:

1. Tang ngon tii - tii ngir am den ngii nghia

Dpe van ban, ta phai hieu rd ngd nghla cua ttr, ttr nghla tudng minh din ham
nghla, ttr nghla den den nghla bdng (vl du : con chd sdi, ldng lang dq sdi; mua
xudn, tudi xudn; ngdi sao dim, ngdi sao diin dnh,...). Cting vdi ngd nghla phai chii
y den ngu dm.
Vidu:
Chu be lodt chodt
Cdi xdc xinh xinh
Cdi chdn thodn thodt
Cdi ddu nghinh nghenh.

118
 Nhiing eau bdn chir, nhimg tir My hen tiip : lodt chodt, thodn thodt, xinh xinh,
nghinh nghinh vdi am thanh eua nd cung gpi len mdt cai gi nhanh nhen, tuoi tre.
Ting ngdn ttr la budc thu nha't ein phai vupt qua de di vao chiiu sau cua
van ban.

2. Tang hinh tugng

Hinh tupng dugc sdng tao trong van ban nhd nhung chi tiit, cdt truyen, nhan
vat, hoan canh, tam trang (tuy quy md van ban : truyen ngln, truyen vtra, truyen
dai,... va tuy the loai: tu su, trii tinh, kich,...) ma cd su khae nhau.
Lay mpt van ban ggn nhd nhu bdn cau ca dao sau day lam vi du :
Trong ddm gi dep bdng sen,
Ld xanh bdng trdng lqi chen nhi vdng.
Nhi vdng bdng trdng Id xanh,
Gdn biin md chdng hdi tanh mui bun.
Tac gia dung hinh tugng, mau sic, huong vi d i ndi len y cua minh. Cau 2, 3
tudng nhu triing lap, nhung do la su quan sat tir ngoai vao trong [la xanh, bdng
trdng, nhi vdng), rdi lai quan sat ttr trong ra ngoai [nhi vdng, bdng trdng, Id xanh).
Nhd su quan sat kl cang ttr nhiiu phia nen cau kit cang cd sue nang. Tu hinh
tugng hoa sen do, ta suy ra ham nghia eua bai.
Cdnh mai trong tho cua thiin su Man Giac :
Dung tudng xudn tdn hoa rung hit.
Dim qud sdn trudc mdt cdnh mai.
hoac cdy tung trong tho Nguyin Trai:
Thu din cdy ndo chdng Iq lung,
Mdt minh Iqt thud ba ddng.
Ldm tuyin ai rang gid ldm khdch,
Tdi ddng luang cao dt cd dung.
khdng n h i m ndi ve cdy mai, cdy tting, ma ehinh la mudn xay dimg nen nhiing
hinh tugng de gui gIm tinh y vdi cudc ddi.

3. Tang ham nghia

Khi gap mdt ngudi, diiu d i thay la guong mat, hinh dang ben ngoai. Dan din
qua tiip xuc ta mdi hiiu chiiu sau an kin trong tam hdn eua hp. Dpe tac pham van
hpe cung vay : tir ting ngdn tir den ting hinh tugng, din din ta tim ra ting ham
nghla (y nghla an kin, y nghla tiim tang) eua van ban.

119
 Cd tim ra ham nghla ta mdi hieu duge nhiing diiu nha van mudn tam su,
nhimg the nghiem vi cupc sdng, nhung quan niem vi dao diic xa hpi, nhiing hoai
bao,... Dd la nhung "tac long" ma nha van mud'n kl thac eho ddi.
Bai ca dao Trong ddm gi dep bdng sen khdng ehi ndi vi hoa sen. Tu hinh tugng
hoa sen dep va thom giira bun liy, ngudi nghe si dan gian ca ngpi ehi khi giii viing
su trong sach cua con ngudi. Thdi thudng khi ndi vi nhirng khiem khuyet trong
tinh each, ngudi ta thudng do ldi cho hoan canh. That ra, nhung ngudi cd ban Unh
vin giu dugc pham chat cua minh trong mdi trudng khdng thuan lpi. Bai Cdo tqt
thi chung (Cao benh, bao mpi ngudi) cd cau :
Dung tudng xudn tdn hoa rung hit.
Dim qua sdn trudc mdt cdnh mai.
Tac gia khdng chi ke vi mpt sir that. Hinh anh hoa rung hoa nd ndi ve sir sdng
tuan hoan bat diet. Dd la cai nhin binh than yeu ddi cua ngudi hieu rd quy luat,
nim viing chan 11.
Khi nghiin ngim ham nghla cua bai van, bai tho la luc ta nang cao tam hdn
minh, lam cho cudc sdng ndi tam trd nen sau sic, phong phu hon.
De di sau vao ham nghla cua van ban van hoc, ta cin di qua cac ldp : di tai,
chu de, tu tudng, cam hiing chu dao,... Diiu nay se ndi d bai sau.

IM - TIJT VAN BAN DEN TAC PHAM VAN HOC

Nha van sang tac ra van ban van hgc. Dd la mdt he thdng ki hieu tdn tai
khach quan. Khi nam im tren gia sach, van ban la mpt tap giay cd chir, chua the
ndi den tac dpng cua nd ddi vdi xa hdi. Chi cd thdng qua viec dpe, he thdng
ki bleu ay mdi hien len trong tam tri ngtrdi dgc nhting su viec, nhiing hinh
tugng nhan vat, nhung suy nghi vui budn cua con ngudi va cudc ddi. Va nhiing
gia tri van hpe vdn tiim an trong van ban se dugc ngudi dpe tiep nhan. Nhu ndt
nhac dugc xudng len, van ban van hgc luc do mdi thuc su phat huy chiic nang
cua tac pham van hpe. Ngudi dpe eang trai nghiem sau sic cudc sd'ng,
cang hieu biet tha'u dao quy luat nghe thuat, npi dung tac pham cang hien len
diy du hon, phong phu hon trong tam tri. Bay gid mdi cd the ndi din tac ddng
cua tac pham vdi con ngudi, vdi cudc ddi.

120
HU^G DAN HOC BAI
1. Hay neu nhiing tieu chi chu yeu cua van ban van hpe.
2. Vi sao ndi: hieu tang ngdn ttr mdi la budc thu nhat ein thiet de di vao ehieu sau
cua van ban van hpe ?
3. Phan tieh y nghla mdt hinh tugng ma anh (chi) yeu thieh trong mdt bai tho,
hoac doan tho ngln.

4. Ham nghla cua van ban van hpe la gi ? Cho vl du cu the.

: '. GHI NHO .

• Ngay nay mdt van ban dugc coi la van ban van hgc khi :
- Phan anh va kham pha cugc sdng, bdi duang tu tudng va tam hdn, thda man
nhu cau tham mi ciia con ngudi.
- Ngdn tucd nhieu tim tdi sang tao, cd tfnh hinh tugng, cd ham nghia sau sac,
phong phu.
- Dugc viet theo mpt the loai nhat dinh vdi nhiing quy uac tham ml rieng :
truyen, tha, kich,...
• Van ban van hoc mang nhieu tang Idp : ngdn tii, hinh tugng, ham nghia.
Di sau vao cac tang Idp dd ta mdi hieu dugc van ban van hoc.

LUYEN TAP
Dgc cac van ban sau va thuc hien cac yeu ciu neu d dudi.

(1) NOI DUA

Ngudi dan bd ndo ddt dua nhd di trin dudng kia ?

Khudn mat tre dep chim vdo nhdng miin xa ndo...
Dua be dang ldm chdm mudn chqy lin, hai chdn nd cd nem vi phia trudc,
bdn tay hoa hoa mdt dieu mua ki Iq.
Vd edi mieng nhd liu lo khdng thdnh ldi, hdt mdt bdi hdt chua tung cd.
Ai biit ddu, dua be budc cdn chua vang lqi chinh la ncri dua cho ngudi ddn
bd kia sdng.

121
 *
* *

Ngudi chiin sl ndo da bd cu trin ducmg kia ?

Ddi mdt anh cd cdi dnh riing cua ddi mdt da nhiiu ldn nhin vdo cdi chit
Bd cu lung cdng tua trin cdnh tay anh, budc tung budc run rdy.
Tren khudn mat gid nua, khdng biit bao nhiiu nip nhdn dan vdo nhau,
mdi nip nhdn chiia dung bao ndi cue nhoc gdng gdi mdt ddi.
Ai biit ddu, bd cu budc khdng cdn vang lqi chinh Id nai dua cho ngudi chien
si kia di qua nhang thu thdeh.
(Nguyin Dinh Thi, Tia ndng,
NXB Vin hoc, H i Ndi, 1983)

a) Hay tim hai doan cd cau true (each td chiic) cau, hinh tupng tuong tu nhau
cua bai Noi dua.
h) Nhiing hinh tupng [ngudi ddn bd - em be, ngudi chiin sl - bd eu gid) gpi len
nhiing suy nghi gi vi noi dua trong cudc sd'ng ?

(2) THOI GIAN

Thai gian qua ke tay
Ldm khd nhiing chiic Id
Ki niim trong tdi
Rai
nhu tieng sdi
trong ldng giing eqn
Riing nhdng cdu tha
cdn xanh
Rieng nhdng bdi hdt
cdn xanh
Vd ddi mdt em
nhu hai giing nudc.
(Van Cao, Ld,
NXB Tic pham mdi. H i Ndi, 1998)

122
a) Theo anh (ehi), cac cau sau day ham chiia y nghla gi ?
- Ki niim trong tdi
Roi
nhu tiing sdi
trong long giing eqn
- Rieng nhang cdu tha
cdn xanh
Rieng nhang bdi hdt
cdn xanh
(ddi sdnh vdi hai cau md diu cua bai, chu y tir xanh)
- Vd ddi mdt em
nhu hai giing nudc.
b) Qua bai Thai gian, Van Cao dinh ndi len diiu gi ?

(3) MINHVATA
Minh Id ta ddy thdi, ta vdn giii cho minh.
Sdu thdm minh u ? Lqi Id ta ddy!
Ta giii tro, minh nhen thdnh lua chdy,
Giii viin dd con, minh dung lqi nen thdnh.
(Che Lan Vien, Ta gici cho minh,
NXB, Tic pham mdi, Hi Ndi, 1986)

a) Giai thich rd quan niem cua Che Lan Vien vi mdi quan he giiia ngudi dpe
[minh) va nha van [ta) a cac cau I, 2.
b) Ndi rd quan niem cua Chi Lan Vien vi van ban van hpe va tac pham van hpe
trong tam tri cua ngudi dpe d cac cau 3, 4.

123
THIfC HANH CAC PHEP TU TIT :
P n i p DIEP VA PHEP DOI

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Nang cao kien thuc ve phep diep va phep ddi.

• Luyen ki nang phan tich va ki nang sir dung
phep diep va phep dd'i.

I - LUYEN TAP VE PHEP DIEP (DIEP NGO)

1. Dpe nhiing ngii lieu sau de tra ldi cac cau hdi.

(1) Treo lin cdy budi hdi hoa,

Budc xudng vudn cd hdi nu tdm xudn.
Nu tdm xudn nd ra cdnh biic,
Em cd chdng rdi anh tiic em thay.
Ba ddng mdt md trdu cay,
Sao anh chdng hdi nhiing ngdy cdn khdng ?
Bdy gid em da cd chdng,
Nhu chim vdo long nhu cd mdc cdu.
Cd mdc cdu biit ddu md go,
Chim vdo ldng biit thud ndo ra.
{Ca dao)

(2) - Gdn muc thi den, gdn den thi sdng.

' ' {Tuc ngii)

- Cd cdng mdi sdt cd ngdy nen kim.

{Tuc ngd)

- Bd con vi td vi tiin khdng phdi vi tiin vi gqo.

{Tuc ngU)

124
 a) - 6 ngii lieu (1), nu tdm xudn dugc lap lai nguyen v^n. Neu anh (chi) thu
thay t h i bing hoa tdm xudn hay hoa cdy ndy,... thi eau tho se nhu the nao ?
(Cd gi khdc vi y, hinh anh va nhac dieu ? Cd ggi dugc hinh anh ngudi con
gai khdng ?)
- Cung d ngii lieu (I) :
Bdy gid em, dd cd chdng,
Nhu chim vdo long, nhu cd mdc cdu.
Cd mdc cdu biit ddu md go,
Chim vdo long biit thud ndo ra.
Vi sao cd su lap lai d hai cau sau ? Neu khdng lap lai nhu t h i thi su so sanh
da rd y chua ? Cach lap nay cd gidng vdi nu tdm xudn d cau tren khdng ?
b) Trong cac cau d ngii lieu (2), viee lap ttr cd phai la phep diep tu ttr khdng ?
Viec lap ttr d nhting cau do cd tac dung gi ?
c) Phat bieu dinh nghia vi phep diep.
2. Bai tap d nha
a) Tim ba vi du cd diep tir, diep cau nhung khdng cd gia tri tu ttr.
b) Tim ba vi du trong nhiing bai van da hpe ed phep diep.
e) Viet mdt doan van cd phep diep theo ndi dung tu ehpn.

II - LUYEN TAP VE PHEP DOI

1. Dpe nhiing ngii lieu sau de tra ldi cac cau hdi.
(1) - Chim cd td, ngudi cd tdng.
{Tuc ngd)

- Ddi cho sqch, rdch cho tham.

{Tuc ngd)

- Ngudi ed chi dt phdi nen, nhd cd nin dt phdi vang.

{Tuc ngd)

(2) Tiin hoc li: diet trd tham nhang,

Hdu hdnh vdn : tru thdi cua quyen.
{Cdu ddi, bio Gido due vd Thdi dqi, sd Xuin 2000)

125
 (3) Van xem trang trong khdc vdi,
Khudn trdng ddy ddn net ngdi nd nang.
Hoa cudi nggc thdt doan trang,
Mdy thua nudc tdc tuyit nhudng mdu da.
(Nguyin Du, Truyen Kieu)

(4) Rdp mugn diin viin vui tui nguyit

Trdt dem thdn the hen tang bdng.
(Nguyin Cdng Tni)

a) 6 ngu lieu (I) va (2), anh (chi) 'thay cdch sip xep ttr ngii cd gi dac biet ?
Sir phan chia thanh hai ve cau can ddi dugc gin kit lai nhd nhiing bien phap
gi ? Vi tri cita cac danh tir [chim, ngudi; td, tdng,...), cac tinh ttr [ddi, rdch,
sqch, tham,...), cae ddng tir [ed, diet, tru,...) tao the can ddi nhuthe nao ?
b) Trong ngii lieu (3) va (4) cd nhiing each dd'i khae nhau nhu the nao ?
c) Tim mpt sd vi du vi phep dd'i trong Hich tudng sl (Trin Hung Dao), Dqi cdo
binh Ngd (Nguyin Trai), Truyin Kiiu (Nguyin Du) va tho Dudng luat. Dpe
mpt vai cau ddi ma anh (chi) nhd dugc.
d) Phat bleu dinh nghla vi phep. ddi.
2. Phan tich cae ngir lieu sau va tra ldi cac cau hdi.
- Thudc ddng dd tdt, su that mdt ldng.
{Tuc ngQ)

- Bdn anh em xa, mua ldng gieng gdn.

{Tuc ngii)

a) Phep ddi trong tuc ngii cd tac dung gi ? Vi sao ngudi ta khdng the thay dugc
nhiing tir trong dd (vi du : nhiiu ngudi mud'n thay bdn va mua) ? Phep dd'i
phai dua vao nhung bien phap ngdn ngii nao di kem (vin, ttr, cau) ?
b) Vi sao tuc ngii ngan ma khai quat dugc hien tupng rdng, ngudi khdng hpe
ma eung nhd, khdng cd y ghi lai ma vin dugc luu truyin ?
3. Bai tap d nha
a) Tim mdi kieu ddi mpt vi dii.
b) Ra mdt ve ddi cho cac ban cung dd'i, kieu nhu:
Tit din, cd nhd vui nhu Tit.

126
N p i DUNG VA H I N H THUC
CUA V A N BAN VAN HOC

KET QUA CAN OAT

Hieu va budc dau biet van dung cac khai niem

thudc npi dung va hinh thuc de tim hieu van ban
van hoc.

I - CAC KHAI NIEM CUA NOI DUNG VA HINH THUIC TRONG VAN BAN VAN HOC

Trong van ban van hoc, khdng the tach biet npi dung khdi hinh thuc, hay hinh
thuc khdi npi dung. Npi dung chi cd the the hien trong hinh thuc. Va hinh thuc
phai la hinh thuc cua mdt ndi dung nao dd. Nhung trong nghien ciiu khoa hoc
ngudi ta cin phan chia ndi dung va hinh thiic cua van ban van hpe de ed the di
sau tuan tu vao cac ldp cua van ban, cung nhu hieu din din mdi quan he giiia nha
van va hien thuc cudc sdng hoac d i chuyen nghien eiiu mpt phuang dien nao dd
cua van ban. Vi n h u : ndi dung tu tudng trong Truyen Kiiu, hoac cac hinh thuc kit
can cua truyen ngln 1930 - 1945,...
1. cac khai niem thudng dugc col la thugc vi mat npi dung cua van ban van
hpe gdm: d i tai, ehu di, tu tudng, cam hiing nghe thuat.
Di tdi la linh vuc ddi sdng dugc nha van nhan thue, lua chpn, khai quat, binh
gia va the hien trong van ban.
Viec lua chpn d i tai da budc diu bde Id khuynh hudng va y dd sang tac cua tac
gia, vi du : d i tai ciia Tat den la cudc sd'ng bi tham cua ngudi ndng dan Viet Nam
trudc Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, trong nhiing ngay stm thue. Vdi d i tai dd,
Ngd Ta't To the hien su gin bd cua minh dd'i vdi cudc sdng ngudi ndng dan.
Chu di la van d i co ban duge neu ra trong van ban. Chu d i thi hien diiu quan
tam cung nhu chiiu sau nhan thuc cua nha van ddi vdi cudc sdng.
Vi du : Chu d i eua Tdt den la su mau thuin giiia ndng dan va bpn eudng hao
quan lai trong ndng thdn Viet Nam.
Tam quan tipng cua chu d i khdrig phu thudc vao khudn khd van ban.
Cd nhiing van ban khudn khd nhd nhung mang chu d i ldn. Bai tho than thdi Li
[Sdng nui nudc Nam) cbi cd 28 ehu ma nhu mdt ban tuyen ngdn khing dinh chu
quyin cua mpt qud'c gia ddc lap.

127
 Mdi van ban cd the cd mdt hoac nhieu chu d i tuy quy md ciing nhu y dinh cua
tac gia. Trong nhiing tieu thuyit do so nhu Tam qude diin nghla cua La Quan
Trung, hay Chie'n tranh vd hod binh cua L. Tdn-xtdi, ta thay nhiiu chu d i dan xen
phiic tap, cd chinh cd phu. Lai cd nhiing van ban quy md nhd, d i tai cd the ddng
nha't vdi chu di, ta khdng nha't thiet phai cd cdng phan biet rach rdi (ching ban
trong mpt sd bai tho tu tuyet, tho bat cu,...).
Tu tudng cua vdn bdn la su li giai ddi vdi chu d i da neu len, la nhan thuc ciia
tac gia mudn trao ddi, n h i n gui, ddi thoai vdi ngudi dpe. Tu tudng la linh hdn ciia
van ban. Trong Tat den, tu tudng len an nhiing the luc hac am hoanh hanh d ndng
thdn Viet Nam thdi Phap thudc va su tran trgng yeu thuong ngudi ndng dan hi ap
biic hien len rat rd.
Cdm hiing nghe thudt \a npi dung tinh cam chu dao cua van ban. Nhung trang
thai tam hdn, nhiing cam xuc dugc the hien dam da, n h u i n nhuyin trong vaa ban
se truyin cam va ha'p din ngudi dpe. Qua cam hiing nghe thuat, ngudi dpe cam
nhan dugc tu tudng, tinh cam ciia tac gia neu len trong van ban.
Cam hiing trong Tdt den la ldng cam phin, la su to cao bgn hao II quan lai d
ndng thdn cung nhu chinh sach da man ciia thuc dan Phap. Nhting trang viit cdn
the hien rd tam ldng gin bd vdi ndng thdn, yeu thuong, tran trpng nhiing pham
chat tdt dep eua ngudi ndng dan d nha van Ngd Tat To.
Hieu nhiing khai niem nay, khi dgc mpt van ban, ta cd the khao sat ttmg yeu td
mdt each cd he thd'ng de eudi eung cd mpt nhan dinh tdng hgp, chinh xac.

2. Cae khai niem thudng dugc coi la thudc v i mat hinh thiic : ngdn tu, kit cdu
va the loqi.
Ngdn tu la yeu td diu tien cua van ban van hoc. Cac chi tiet, cac su viec, cac
hinh tugng, cae nhan vat,... va cac thanh td khae dugc tao nen nhd ldp ngdn ttr.
Khdng ed ngdn ttr, ta khdng cd can cu cu the de tim hieu, de thudng thtic van ban.
Vay phai di sau khai thac ldp ngdn ttr de tim hieu, kham pha. Ngdn ttr hien dien
trong cau, trong hinh anh, trong gipng dieu cua van ban. Cd ngdn ttr tai hoa cua
Nguyin Tuan; ngdn ttr trong sang, tinh te cua Thach Lam; cd ngdn ttr chan chat,
diy fnau sic Nam Bd cua Son Nam,... Khdng cd ngdn ttr nao la khdng it nhiiu
mang dau an eua tac gia.
Kit cd'u la su sip xep, td chuc cac thanh td cua van ban thanh mgt don vi thd'ng
nhat, hoan ehinh, cd y nghla. Nhu ban thiet ke cin thiet cho viee xay dung ngdi
nha, bat ki van ban van hpe nao cung phai cd mpt kit cau nha't dinh. Kit ca'u ham
chua dung y cua tac gia sao cho phu hpp vdi ndi dung van ban. Cd kit cau hoanh
trang eua cac sir thi, kit cau diy yeu td bat ngd eua truyen trinh tham, va kit cau
md theo ddng suy nghi eua tuy but, tap van,...
Thi loqi la nhiing quy tic td chuc hinh thue van ban thich hpp vdi ndi dung
van ban : hoac cd chat tho, chat tieu thuyet, chat kich,... Ta't nhien, the loai eung

128
cd cai bien, ddi mdi theo thdi dai, va mang sic thai rieng cua tac gia. Luc bat trong
tho Nguyin Binh rat khae vdi luc bat trong tho Huy Can, cang khae vdi luc bat
dieu luyen cua Nguyin Du.
Nhu tren da ndi, van ban ngdn tu, kit eau, the loai,... chi tdn tai nhu la hinh
thiie cua mdt ndi dung nao dd, khdng the cd "hinh thuc thuin tuy". De nhan
m ^ h diiu nay, ngudi ta dung khai niem "hinh thue mang tinh ndi dung". Diiu
do ed can eii xac dang. Va dd eung la diiu ta cin ludn nhd trong qua trinh tim hieu
va phan tich van ban.

II - Y NGHIA QUAN TRONG CUA NOI DUNG VA HINH THUfC VAN BAN VAN HOC
van hpe cd nhiing chuc nang chii yeu : chuc nang nhan thuc, chuc nang giao
due, chuc nang tham ml, chuc nang giao tiep,... Nha van chan chinh ludn ludn suy
nghi, tran trd sao cho ngi dung van ban cua minh tham nhuan tinh than nhan
van, tinh thin dan ehu va nhiing tu tudng sau sic khae cd tac dung nang cao
pham chat, hoan thien eon ngudi. Khdng quan tam den npi dung van ban, ehi chu
y din hinh thue cdt sao khae la, gpi tinh hiiu ki eua mpt sd ngudi dpe la hudng di
khdng cd trien vpng. Ta't nhien, van hpe la mpt nghe thuat. Khdng dat den mpt
trinh dp nghe thuat nha't dinh, mpt van ban ngdn tu khdng duge xem la mpt van
ban van hgc dich thuc. Do dd cin coi trpng, trau ddi, cin tim tdi nhting hinh thuc
mdi me, hap dan, cd tinh nghe thuat cao.
Vl vay, van ban van hoc can phai ed su thdng nha't giiia npi dung va hinh thuc -
thdng nhat npi dung tu tudng cao dep va hinh thuc nghe thuat hoan ml. Nhiing
van ban van hoc uu tu da dat dugc su thdng nha't ay. Truyen Kiiu, Chinh phu
ngdm, Cung odn ngdm khue va nhiiu ang tho van khae cua Nguyin Trai, Nguyin
Du, Cao Ba Quat hay cua Td Hiiu, Xuan Dieu, Huy Can, Chi Lan Vien,... la nhiing
van ban nhu vay.
Nhiiu van ban khae cdn chua cd su phu hgp giiia npi dung va hinh thuc : hoac
ndi dung cd p h i n uu trpi hon hinh thuc, hoac hinh thiic cd p h i n uu trdi hon ndi
dung. Dd la diiu ta cin nhan biet va phan tich cu the trong qua trinh tim hieu van
ban van hoc.
. GHI NHO
.Ngi dung va hinh thuc ciia mgt van ban van hoc la hai mat khong the chia
tach. Ngi dung chi cd the tdn tai trong mgt hinh thuc nhai dinh. Va bat ki hinh
thuc nao cung mang mpt ngi dung,... Cac khai niem thudng dugc col thugc
ve mat ngi dung la de tai, chii de, t u tudng, cam hung nghe thuat. Cac khai
niem thudng dugc coi thugc ve mat hinh thirc la ngon tu, k i t cau va the loai.
Su hai boa giua ngi dung tu tudng cao dep va hinh thirc nghe thuat hoan mT
la pham chat ciia cac van ban van hgc uu tii.

9 - NVIO/2 A 129
HI/ONG DAN HOC BAI
1. Di tai cua van ban van hpe la gi ? Cho vi du.
2. Chu d i la gi ? Cho vi du.
3. Mdi quan he gitia cam hiing va tu tudng trong van ban van hgc.
4. Hay neu y nghia quan trpng cua ndi dung va hinh thuc van ban van hgc.

LUYEN TAP
1. So sanh d i tai ciia hai van ban van hoc Tat den cua Ngd Tat To va Bude dudng
cung cua Nguyin Cdng Hoan.
2. Phan tich tu tudng bai tho sau cua Nguyin Khoa Diim.

MEVAQUA

Nhitng miia qud me tdi hdi dugc

r Me vdn trdng vdo tay me vun trdng
Nhang mua qud ldn rdi lqi mgc
Nhu mat trdi, khi nhu mat trdng

La chung tdi tu tay me ldn lin

Cdn nhang bi vd bdu thi ldn xudng
Chung mang ddng giot md hdi man
Rd xudng ldng thdm ldng me tdi

Vd chung tdi mdt thu qud trin ddi

Bdy muoi tudi rne mong chd dugc hdi
Tdi hodng sg, ngdy bdn tay me mdi
Minh vdn cdn mdt thu qud non xanh.

{Tha Viet Nam 1945 -1985, NXB Van hoc, H i Npi, 1985)

130 9-NV10/2B
CAC THAO TAC NGHl LUAN

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Hieu dugc khai niem thao tac nghi luan.

• Nam dugc mpt sd thao tac nghi luan thudng
gap va yeu cau ddi vdi viec van dung cac thao
tac dd.
^

I - KHAI NIEM
1. Neu mdt sd vi du de chung td ring trong thuc te, ngudi ta vin bay ndi den tir
thao tdc. Ttr nhiing vi du ay, hay cho biet tir thao tdc dugc dtmg vdi y nghla nao:
- Chi mdt viee lam nao dd.
- Chi viee thuc hien mdt sd ddng tac bat ki trong khi lam viec.
- Chi viee thue hien nhiing ddng tac theo trinh tu va yeu ciu kl thuat nhat dinh.
2. Thao tdc nghi ludn la mpt trong nhiing loai thao tac ma con ngudi vin
thudng tien hanh trong ddi sdng. Theo anh (chi), so vdi cac loai thao tac khae,
thao tac nghi luan cd nhiing diem gi tuong ddng va nhiing diim gi khae biet ?

II - MOT SO THAO TAC NGHI LOAN CU THE ^

1. On lai cac thao tac phan tich, tong hgp, diin djch, quy nap
a) Hay nhd lai cac kien thuc da hoc d chuong trinh Ngir van THCS de diin
chinh xac ttmg tir phdn tich, tdng hgp, diin dich, quy nqp vao vi tri thich hpp
trong nhiing chd trd'ng dudi day:
- /.../ Id kit hgp cdc phdn (bd phdn.), edc mat (phuang dien), cdc nhdn td cua
vdn de cdn bdn ludn thdnh mdt chinh thi thdng nhdt dixem xet.
- I ...I Id chia vdn di cdn bdn ludn ra thdnh cdc hd phdn (cdc phuang dien, cdc
nhdn td) died thi xem xet mdt cdch can ki vd kl cdng.
- I ...I Id tu cdi riing suy ra cdi chung, tie nhitng su vdt cd biit suy ra nguyen li
phd biin.
- I ...I Id tie tien di chung, cd tinh phd biin suy ra nhitng kit ludn vi nhung su
vdt, hien tugng riing.

131
 b) Trong ldi tua Trich diim thi tap, Hoang Diic Luang nhan dinh : "Tha vdn
khdng luu truyin hit d ddi Id vi nhieu li do". Tiep dd, dng lin lugt trinh bay
bdn II do khien tho van thdi xua da khdng thi truyin lai diy du dugc. Anh
(chi) thay, d trudng hpp cu the nay, tac gia da sir dung thao tac phan tich hay
diin dich ? Su dung thao tac do cd tac dung gi ?
Dua vao kit qua tim hieu tren, hay nhan xet va danh gia vi each su tiling
thao tac nghi luan trong lap luan sau :
"Hien tdi la nguyen khi cua qude gia", nguyin khi thinh thi thi nudc mqnh,
rdi lin cao, nguyen khi suy thi thi nudc yiu, rdi xud'ng thdp. Vi vdy cdc ddng
thdnh di minh vuong chdng ai khdng ldy viic bdi dudng nhdn tdi, ken chon
ke sl, vun trdng nguyin khi ldm viec ddu tien.
(Than Nhin Trung, Bdi ki de danh tien si khoa Nhdm Tuat,
nien hieu Dqi Bdo thii ba)

c) Ciing trong ldi tua Trich diim thi tap, sau khi neu bdn li do hqn ehi, Hoang
Diic Luong rut ra kit luan: Vay thi cac ban thao tho van cii mdng manh kia
cdn giu mdi thi ndo dugc md khdng rdch ndt tan tdnh ?
Kit luan nay ed dugc la nhd tac gia da tdng hpp hay quy nap ? Thao tac tdng
hpp (hay quy nap) dd giup gi cho qua trinh lap luan cang trd nen cd siic thuyet
phuc hon ?
Hay xet xem, trong doan trich sau day cd sir dung thao tac tdng hgp (hay quy
nap) gid'ng vdi trudng hgp tren khdng ? Vi sao ?
Ta thudng nghe: Ki Tin dem minh chit thay, cuu thodt cho Cao Di; Do Vu
chia lung chiu gido, che chd cho Chiiu Vuang; Du Nhugng nudt than debdo thu
cho chu; Thdn Khodi chat tay CUM nqn cho nudc; Kinh Due, mdt chdng tudi tre
thdn phd Thdi Tdng thodt khdi vdng vdy Thi Sung; Cdo Khanh, mdt bi tdi xa,
mieng mdng Loc Son, khdng theo muu ki nghich tdc. Tuxua, cdc bdc trung thdn
nghla sl bd minh vl nudc, ddi ndo khdng cd ?
(Tran Qude Tuan, Hich tudng si)

d) Nhiing nhan dinh neu dudi day dung hay khdng dung ? Vi sao ?
- Thao tac diin dich ed kha nang giup ta nit ra chan Ii mdi ttr cac chan II
da biit.
- Thao tac quy nap ludn ludn dua lai cho ta nhiing kit luan chic chin va
xac thuc.
- Tdng hpp khdng chi la thao tac dd'i lap vdi thao tac phan tich ma cdn la su
tiep tuc va hoan thanh ciia qua trinh phan ti'ch.

132
2. Thao tac so sdnh
a) Trong bai Tinh thdn yiu nudc cua nhdn ddn ta, sau khi d i n ra nhiing
tam guong cua su cd'ng hiin, hi sinh cho khang chien, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh
tdng k i t :
Nhitng cii chi cao quy dd, tuy khdc nhau nai viic ldm, nhung diu gid'ng
nhau nai ldng ndng ndn yiu nudc.
Tac gia phai dung thao tac nao de cd the nhan rd su khdc nhau va gid'ng
nhau ? cau van tren dugc viet n h i m nha'n manh den su khae nhau hay su
gidng nhau ?

b) Doan Bdn vi viec so sdnh due nhd Li vd nhd Li trong Dqi Viet su ki ciia Le
van Huu d i n dudi day cd cung muc dich nha'n manh su khae nhau (hoac
gidng nhau) nhu cau tren khdng ?
Cd ngudi hdi Li Dqi Hdnh vdi Li Thdi Td ai hon ?
Trd ldi rdng : Vi mat dep gian bin trong, ddnh gidc bin ngodi di ldm
mqnh nudc Viet ta vd ra uy vdi ngudi Tdng thi cdng cua Li Thdi Td khdng
bdng Le Dqi Hdnh gian nan khd nhoc. Vi mat dn uy rd ret, ldng ngudi vui ve
suy tdn, ldm cho van nudc Idu ddi, dephuc lqi cho con chdu thi Dqi Hdnh
khdng biit lo xa bdng Li Thdi Td. Thi thi Li Thdi Td hem.
Ttr do suy ra: Thao tac so sanh bao gdm may loai chinh ?

c) Cd ngudi hoai nghi tac dung cua so sanh, vi "mpi so sanh diu khap khiing".
Anh (ehi) cd tan thanh y kiin dd khdng ? Vi sao ?
Theo anh (chi), de cd the so sanh dung each thi ta cin phai chu y nhiing
dieu gi ? Hay chpn nhting cau tra ldi dung trong sd cae eau sau :
- Nhiing ddi tugng (su vat, hien tupng) dugc so sanh phai cd mdi Uen quan
vdi nhau vi mdt mat (mdt phuong dien) nao dd.
- Nhiing ddi tupng dugc so sanh phai hoan toan tuong ddng hoac tuong phan
vdi nhau.
- Su so sanh phai dira tren nhiing tieu chi cu the, rd rang va cd y nghla quan
trpng ddi vdi su nhan thiic ban chat eua van d i (su vat, hien tupng).
- Nhiing kit luan rut ra ttr su so sanh phai chan thuc, mdi me, bd ich, giup cho
viee nhan thue su vat (hien tugng, van di) dugc sang td va sau sic hon.

133
 GHI NHCr

• Thao tac nghi luan la nhtrng ddng tac dugc thuc hien theo trinh t u va yeu
cau ki thuat dugc quy dinh trong boat dgng nghi luan.

• Phan tich, tdng hgp, d i i n djch, quy nap va so sanh la nhtrng thao tac thudng
gap trong boat dgng nghi luan.
Mdi thao tac deu cd uu the rieng va cung cd the cd ban che rieng. Ngudi nghi
luan can n i m vung cac uu t h i va ban c h i dd de cd the van dung nhung thao
tac thich hgp, bao dam cho boat dgng nghi luan dat dugc hieu qua cao.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

1. Tim hieu doan trich sau day va cho biet:
- Tac gia mudn chiing minh diiu gi ?
- D i lam rd diiu phai chirng minh, tac gia da su dung nhiing thao tac nghi
luan chu yiu nao ?
- each dung nhiing thao tac nghi luan dd hay d chd nao ?
Tha Ndm Nguyin Trdi dd tiip thu nhiiu thdnh tuu ciia vdn hod ddn gian,
vdn hoc ddn gian. Cii khoai, qud di, be rau mud'ng, ludng doc mung,... vdn
rd't xa Iq vdi vdn chuong bdc hoc dd duge Nguyin Trdi dua vdo tha Ndm cUa
minh mdt cdch rd't tu nhiin. Tuc nga, thdnh ngd, ca dao, nhdng ddc diem
thanh dieu tiing Viet, tdt cd nhdng khd ndng phong phu dy ciia ngdn ngQ
ddn gian dd dugc Nguyin Trdi khai thdc mdt cdch tdi tinh, dicho hinh tugng
thacd nhieu mdu sdc ddn tdc vd ldi thacd dm diiu phong phu. [...]
Vii't ve tdc dung cua mdt ldn ddn ca, mdt net ddn nhqc, Nguyin Trdi dd co
nhang phdt hien tdi tinh. Ong ehdi hat lin ba ldn thi mat hd phii khdi lqi
rdng thim ra. Chu chdn trdu thdi lin mdt tiing sdo thi mat trdng tren bdu
trdi dugc ddy cao han. Khdng gian rdng them ra, ldn thim lin. Vdn nghe co
thivd phdi ndng con ngudi lin mdt tdm vdc cao dep han la nhu thi.
{Theo Vd Nguyen Giip, Nguyin Trdi - nhd vdn hod ldn,
trong Nguyin Trdi tha vd ddi, NXB Vin hpe. Hi Npi, 1997)

2. Viet mdt doan van nghi luan sao cho dat dugc cac yeu ciu sau day:
- De cap tdi mdt van d i dang dugc dat ra cap thiit trong ddi sd'ng (muc dich,
ddng CO hpe tap ; phdng chdng te nan xa hdi ; d i phdng tai nan giao
thdng,...). •
- . Cd gIng sir dung cd hieu qua mdt hoac nhiiu thao tac nghi luan vita
duoc hoc.

134
 OOC THEM

XIN THAY HAY DAY CHO CON TOL..

Con tdi se phai hpe ta't ca nhung dieu nay. [...] Rang cii mdi mpt ke thii ta gap d noi
nay thi d ncri kbac ta lai tim tha'y mpt ngudi ban. Bai hpe nay se mat nhieu thoi gian, tdi
biet, nhung xin thay hay day cho chau hieu ring mpt ddng dd-la Idem dugc do cong sue
cua minh bo ra cdn quy bon nhieu so voi nam dd-la nhat dugc tren he phd...
Xin hay day cho chau each chap nhan that bai va each tan hudng niem vui chien
thing. Xin bay day cho chau tranh xa su do ki. Xin day cho chau biet dugc bi quyet ciia
niem vui tham lang. Day cho chau ring nhirng ke hay bat nat ngudi khae la nhiing ke d i
bi danh bai nha't...
Xin day cho chau biet den the gioi ki dieu ciia sach, nhung cung de cho chau dii thdi
gian de lang le suy tu ve su bi an muon thud cua cupc sdng : dan chim tung canh tren
bau trdi, dan ong bay lugn trong ning, va nhiing bdng hoa nd ngat tren ddi xanh...
6 trudng, xin thay bay day cho chau biet chap nhan tbi rdt con vinh du hon gian lan
khi thi. Xin bay tao cho chau cd niem tin vao y kien rieng ciia ban than, cho dii ta't ca mpi
ngudi xung quanh deu cho rang y kien ay la khdng dung...
Xin bay day cho chau biet each ddi xii diu dang vdi nhirng ngudi boa nha va ciing ran
ddi vdi ke thd bao. Xin tao cho chau siic manh de khdng chay theo dam dong khi tat ca
mpi ngudi chay theo thdi the.
Xin hay day cho chau biet phai ling nghe ta't ca mpi ngudi nhung cung xin thay day
cho chau biet can phai sang lpe nhiing gi nghe dugc qua mpt ta'm ludi chan II de chau
chi ddn nhan nhung gi tdt dep ma thdi.
Xin hay day eho chau biet each mim cudi khi budn ba... Xin hay day cho chau biet
rang khdng cd su xau hd trong nhirng gipt nudc mit. Xin bay day cho chau biet che giiu
nhiing ke yem the va can trpng trudc su ngpt ngao day cam biy.
Xin bay day cho chau ring co the ban co b i p va tri tue cho nguoi ra gia cao nhai
nhung khdng bao gid dugc de cho ai ra gia mua trai tim va tam bdn minh.
[...] Xin hay ddi xii diu dang nhung dimg vudt ve nuong chieu chau bdi vi chi cd su
thu thach cua liia mdi toi luyen nen nhirng thanh sit ciing rin. Hay giiip chau cd dii can
dam bieu lo su kien n h i n va cd du kien n h i n de bieu Ip su can dam.
Xin hay day cho chau biet ring chau phai ludn cd niem tin tuyet dd'i vao ban than boi
vi khi do chau se ludn cd niem tin tuyet dd'i vao nhan loai.
Day qua la mpt yeu cau qua ldn, tdi biet, thua thay, nhung xin thay cd gang bet sue
minh... Con trai tdi la mpt cau be tuyet vdi.

(Theo Nhung cdu chuySn ve ngudi thdy, NXB Tre, TP. Ho Chi Minh, 2004)

135
VIET BAI LAM VAN S6 7 :
VAN NGHi LUAN
(Bai lam d nha)

KET QUA CAN OAT-

Van dung kien thuc chung ve van nghj luan va

cac ki nang lap luan, lap dan y da dugc hgc d
THCS va mdi dugc dn tap d Idp 10 de viet dugc
mgt bai nghi luan cd npi dung sat hgp vdi thuc
te sinh boat va hgc tap d trudng THPT.
^ '

I - HUONG D A N CHUNG
Day la bai lam van nghi luan diu tien trong nam hoc. De lam tdt bai nay, can
phan biet su khae nhau giiia kieu bai nghi luan vdi kieu bai tu su va thuyet minh.
"Vdn nghi ludn la vdn dugc vii't ra nhdm xdc lap cho ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe mot
tu tudng, quan diim ndo dd" [Nga vdn 7, tap hai). "Nghi ludn: Ban va danh gia cho
rd vi mdt van d i nao dd. Vdn nghi ludn la the van dung li le phan tich, giai quyet
van di." [Theo Hoang Phe, Tudiin tiing Viet, Sdd). Dpe lai cac bai: Lap ddny bdi
vdn nghi ludn. Lap ludn trong vdn nghi ludn vh. Cdc thao tdc nghi luqn.

II - GUI Y MOT SO DE BAI

D i 1. Dan tpc ta cd truyin thdng Tdn su trong dqo. Theo anh (chi), truyin thdng
ay dugc ndi tiip nhu t h i nao trong thuc te cupc sdng hien nay ?
De 2. Cd y kiin cho ring: Nhang thdi xdu ban ddu Id ngudi khdch qua dudng, sau
trd nen ngudi bqn thdn d chung nhd vd kit cue biin thdnh dng chu nhd khd tinh.
Anh (chi) thay y kien nay nhu the^nao ?
Di 3. Hudng iing dot thi duaXay dung mdi trudng xanh, sqch, dep do Doan Thanh
nien Cdng san Hd Chi Minh phat ddng, chi doan ldp lOA td chuc hdi thao vdi chu
d i : Hdy vi mdt mdi trudng xanh, sqch, dep.
Anh (chi) hay viit bai tham gia hgi thao dd.
De 4. Hoc bai tha Thudt hodi ciia Pham Ngu Lao, cd ban cho r i n g : Su hd then eua
tac gia la thai qua, kieu ki. Nguge lai, cd ban ngpi ca va eho ring dd la bieu hi$n
mpt hoai bao ldn lao cua ngudi thanh nien yeu nude.

Hay cho biet y kien cua anh (chi).

136
Ill - GOI Y CACH LAM BAI
Cac d i bai.tren duge neu ra chi cd tinh chat tham khao va de hgc sinh tap viet,
chuan bi lam td't d i bai ma thiy (cd) giao se dua ra. Sau day la mpt sd gpi y de
chuan bi npi dung bai viet cho ttmg d i bai.

Del
1. Giai thieh truyin thdng Tdn su trong dqo.
- The nao la tdn su ?
- Dflolagi?
- Thi nao la Tdn su trong dqo ?
2. Tdn su trong dqo \a mdt truyin thdng tdt dep eua dan tdc ta.
3. Truyin thd'ng ay can giii nhung ed su bd sung.

De3
1. Nen hieu y kien dd nhu the nao ?
2. Trudng cua chung ta hien nay nhu t h i nao ?
3. Lam the nao de trudng chung ta xanh, sach, dep ?

De4
1. Nhiing \i le va bing chiing din den hai quan niem khae nhau dd la gi ?
2. Y kien eua anh (chi) vi nhiing hoai bao tiong bai tho ciia Pham Ngd Lao nhu
the nao ? Tai sao ?

137
ON TAP PHAN TliNG VIET

KET QUA CAN OAT ^

Cung cd, he thdng boa nhtrng k i i n thuc c a ban

va cac kT nang chii yeu ve tieng Viet da hoc
trong nam hgc de n i m vung va su dung tdt ban.

1. Hoat ddng giao tiip la gi ? Cd nhiing nhan td giao tiep nao tham gia va chi phdi
boat ddng giao tiep bing ngdn ngii ? Trong boat dpng giao tiep cd nhung qua
trinh nao ?
2. Lip bang so sanh dac diem eua ngdn ngii ndi va ngdn ngii viet:

Hoan canh va Cac ye'u td Dac di^m chii yeu

dieu kien sii dung phu trg vetuvacau

Ngdn ngir ndi

Ngdn ngtr viei

3. van ban ed nhiing dac diem co ban nao ? Hay phan tich cac dac diem ay qua
mpt van ban cu the trong sach giao khoa Ngd vdn 10.
Diin ten cac loai van ban (phan biet theo phong each ngdn ngii) vao so do
phan loai sau day:

138
4. Lap bang ghi cac dac diem eg ban cho thay cac dac trung eua phong each ngdn
ngir sinh boat va phong each ngdn ngii nghe thuat theo mau sau :

Phong cich ngdn ngtr sinh hoat Phong cich ngdn ngu nghe thuat

- Tinh cu the

5.. a) Trinh bay khai quat vi :

- Ngudn gde cua tieng Viet.
- Quan he hp hang cua tiing Viet.
- Lich Sli phat trien cua tieng Viet.
b) Anh (chi) hay ke ten mpt sd tac pham van hpe Viet Nam :
- Viit bihg chii Han.
- Viit bing ehii Ndm.
- Viet bing ehii qude ngii.
6. Tdng hpp nhiing yeu ciu ve sir dung tieng Viet dung chuan muc theo bang
m i u sau:

Ve ngir am Ve phong each

Vetirngu: Ve ngir phap
va chu Viet ngdn ngii

- Cdn phdt dm dung - ... - ... - ...

7. Trong nhung cau sau, cau nao anh (chi) cho la dung :
a) Mudn chiin thdng ddi hdi ta phdi chu ddng tiin edng.
h) Mud'n chien thdng, ta phdi chu ddng tie'n cdng.
c) Dugc tham quan danh lam thdng ednh ldm chung ta thim yiu dd't nudc.
d) Dugc tham quan danh lam thdng cdnh, chung ta cdng them yiu ddt nudc.
e) Qua hoqt ddng thuc tiin nen ta rut ra dugc nhang kinh nghiim quy bdu.
g) Qua hoqt ddng thuc tiin, ta rut ra dugc nhitng kinh nghiem quy bdu.
h) Nhd trdi qua hoqt ddng thuc tiin, nen ta rut ra nhang kinh nghiim quy bdu.

139
LUYEN TAP VIET DOAN VAN NGHI LUAN

KET QUA CAN OAT

Viet dugc cac doan van ngln phii hgp vdi vj tri
va chuc nang ciia chiing trong bai van nghi luan.
<-

Vdi di bai : "Sdch md rdng trudc mdt tdi nhting chdn trdi mdi." (Go-ro-ki),
van dimg bai hgc Lap ddn y bdi vdn nghi ludn, chung ta cd dan y sau :

I-M6BAI
- Neu vai trd cua sach ttr xua den nay trong ddi sd'ng tinh thin cua con ngudi.
- Trich din eau ndi cua M. Go-ra-ki.
11 - THAN BAI

1. sach la san pham tinh thin ki dieu cua con ngudi.

a) sach la san pham cua van minh nhan loai.
b) Sach la kit qua cua lao ddng tri tue.
c) sach cd siic manh vugt thdi gian va khdng gian.
2. Sach md rdng nhiing chan trdi mdi.
a) sach cung cap nhung bleu biet vi thi gidi xung quanh, ve vd tru bao la, vi
cac da't nudc xa xdi tren thi gidi.
b) Sach giup hieu biit vi cupc sd'ng con ngudi qua cac thdi ki khae nhau, hieu
biit ddi sd'ng van boa, tam tu, tinh earn, khat vgng cua con ngudi nhiing noi
xa xdi.
c) Sach giup eon ngudi tu kham pha dan tpc minh, ban than mmh va chip
canh nhiing udc mo, nudi dudng khat vpng.
3. Cin cd thai dp dung vdi sach va viec dpe sach.
a) Dpe sach mang lai lpi ich nen phai biet chpn sach ma dpe, biet hoc hdi va
lam theo nhiing dieu tdt dep trong sach.
b) sach rat quan trpng nhung chi hpe trong sach vd thi vin chua du ma phai
biet hoc ca tiong thuc te.

140
Ill - KET B A I

- Khang dinh tac dung to ldn cua sach va viee dpe sach.
- Neu phuong hudng hanh ddng eua ca nhan.
Yeu cau:
1. Anh (ehi) hay chpn mdt muc nhd trong dan bai tren de viet thanh mpt, hai
doan van ngln (trong 25 phut).
2. Ddi bai viet eho nhau doc va nhan xet, danh gia.
3. Ca ldp chpn mpt bai viit tieu biiu de danh gia, nhan xet tap the.

CQ OOC THEM

TAC DUNG CUA SACH

Sach dua den cho ngudi dpe nhiing hieu biet mdi me ve the gidi xung quanh, ve vii
tru bao la, ve nhiing dat nudc va nhirng dan tpc xa xdi. Nhtrng quyen sach khoa hpe
cd the giiip ngudi dpe kham pha ra nhirng vQ tru vd tan vdi nhiing quy luat cua nd,
hieu dugc Trai Da't trdn mang tren minh nd bao nhieu dat nudc kbac nhau. Nhirng
quyen sach xa hgi bpe lai giiip ta bieu biit ve ddi sdng con ngudi tren cac phin dat
khic nhau do vdi nhirng dac diem vi kinh te, lich su, van hoa, nhiing truyen thdng,
nhirng khat vpng.
Sach, dac biet la nhiing cudn sach van hpe, giup ta bieu biet ve ddi sd'ng ben trong
cua con ngudi, qua cac thdi ki kbac nhau, d cac dan tpc khae nhau, nhiing niem vui
va ndi budn, hanh phuc va dau khd, nhirng khat vpng va da'u tranh ciia hp.
Sach cdn giup ngudi dpe phat hien ra cbinh minh, bieu rd minh la ai giua vii tru bao
la nay, hieu mdi ngudi cd mdi quan he nhu the nao vdi ngudi kbac, vdi ta't ca mpi ngudi
trong cpng ddng dan tpc va cpng ddng nhan loai nay. Sach giup cho ngudi dpe hieu dugc
dau la hanh phuc, dau la ndi khd cua mdi ngudi va phai lam gi de sdng cho diing va de
di tdi mpt cupc ddi that su. Sach md rpng nhiing chan trdi udc ma va khat vpng.

(Theo Ldm vdn 10,

NXB Giio due. Ha Ndi, 2000. Nhan de do NBS dat.)

141
VIET QUANG CAO

KET QUA C A N OAT -

1 Hieu yeu c l u va each viet quang cao cho mgt

san pham hoac mpt dich vu.
• Viet dugc van ban quang cao.

I - VAI TRO VA YEU CAU CHUNG CUA VAN BAN QUANG CAO

1. Van ban quang cao trong doi song

van ban quang cao la van ban thdng tin vi mpt san pham hay dich vu nhim
thu hut va thuyit phuc khach hang tin vao chat lupng, lpi Ich, su tien lpi ciia san
pham, dich vu ma bam thich mua hang va sti dung dich vu dd.
Hay dpe cac quang cao sau day va tra ldi cac cau hdi.

BAN MAY VI TINH

Mdy mdi 100%, dung hdng INTEL - IBM,

ldi sudt thd'p, thd tuc don gidn, tiin trd
trudc thdp.
Liin he : Cdng ti X, sd nhd ..., phd...,
Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh.
Diin thoai;...

142
 PHONG KHAM DA KHOA H.D

- Khdm chaa benh theo yeu cdu.

- Do tap thi gido su, bdc sl gidi cua cdc benh vien trung uong
dam nhdn.
- Vdi trang thiit bi khdm chaa binh ddng bo, hien dqi, chinh
xdc, nhanh chdng, gid cd hgp li.
SdS, dudng..., TP. HdNdi.
Dien thoqi:... Di ddng:...

a) cac van ban tren quang cao vi diiu gi ?

b) Anh (chi) thudng gap cac loai van ban dd d dau ?
c) Hay ke them mpt vai van ban cung loai.

2. Yeu cau chung cua van ban quang cao

a) Trao ddi theo nhdm cac npi dung sau :
- De tao su hap din, cdc van ban tren dugc trinh bay nhu t h i nao ?
- Hay nhan xet each sii dung tir ngii, viit cau trong cac van ban tren.
b) Theo anh (chi), cac quang cao sau day cd mat nao chua dat yeu cau :
(I) Cd dy tre. Cd dy dep. Cd dy la sinh viin. Cd dy thich the thao. Cd dy thich
mua sdm. Cd dy .thich gap go bqn be. Cung nhu cdc bqn, cd dy udng
nudc gidi khdtX.
(Quing cio mdt Ioai nude giai Idiat)

(2)
A: - Minh vua chup dnh Huang ddy.
B -.-Ai? Huong hd ? Cdu cd biet biit danh cua cd dy la gi khdng ?
"Hac cd nuang" day!
(Huong xua't hien)...
A: - Dung goi cd dy Id "Hdc cd nuong" naa nghe! "Bqch cd nuong" day.
(Quang cio cho mpt loai kem lim tring da)

143
 Ckri y:
- Quang cao (1) da di vao trgng tam chua ? Cd dam bao tinh thdng tin khdng ?
- Quang cao (2) cd qua ldi khdng ? Da thuc su thuyit phuc chua ?
Tir kit qua thao luan, anh (chi) hay neu mpt sd yeu ciu cua van ban quang
cao ve cac mat:
- Npi dung thdng tin
- Tinh hap din
- Tinh thuyit phuc.

II - CACH VIET VAN BAN QUANG CAO

Di bai: Viet quang cao cho san pham rau sach.
Hay thuc hien mpt so viec sau :

1. Xac dinh noi dung co han cho ldi quang cao

Rau sach cd nhiing uu diem gi so vdi rau binh thudng vi cac mat: cham bdn,
Sli dung thudc bao ve thuc vat, chat lugng, gia ca ?

2. Chon hinh thuc quing cao

- Chpn phuong phap trinh bay. Cd the lua chpn mdt trong cac each sau :
+ Dung each quy nap : Lin lugt ke nhiing im viet ciia rau sach rdi cud'i
cting khang dinh gia tri cua nd.
+ Dirng each so sanh : So sanh tinh uu viet cua rau sach so vdi cac loai
rau khae.
- Chpn ttr ngii khang dinh tuyet dd'i va cac kieu cau de khang dinh tinh uu viet
ciia rau sach va ldi cudn ngudi dpe.
- Kit hpp vdi tranh anh, hinh thuc trinh bay.
. GHI NHO .

• Van ban quang cao la loai van ban thdng tin, thuyet phuc khach hang v i
chat lugng, Igi ich, su tien lgi,... ciia san pham, dich vu do dd thich mua
hang va su dung dich vu do.

• Van ban quang cao can n g l n ggn, sue tich, ha'p d i n , tao an tugng, trung
thuc, tdn trpng phap luat va thuan phong m l tuc.

• De v i i t van ban quang cao can chpn dugc npi dung ddc dao, gay an tugng,
t h i hien tinh uu viet cua san pham, djch vu rdi trinh bay theo kieu quy nap
hoac so sanh va su dung nhung t u ngu k h i n g dinb tuyet ddi.

144
MiaUYENTAP
1. Sau day la mdt so quang cao :
a) Quang cao mdt loai xe d td :
Sang trong, tinh ti, mqnh me, quyen rU. Dd chinh Id xe F.E... Khdng chi Id
mdt chiec xe, F.E cdn sdng cung bqn, cung bqn vugt qua moi khd khdn...
F.E - mqnh me, day quyin ru.

h) Quang cao mpt loai siia t i m mdi :

• Budc vdo thigidi ddc biet cua H. mdi, mdt thigidi tham ngdt huang hoa,
vdi nhting khoanh khdc bay bdng eua riing minh... Mdt ldn da min mdng
quyin ru... H. mdi - bi quyit ldm dep cua tdi vd eung Id cua bqn.

c) Quang cao mpt loai may anh tu dgng M.:

Bqn chi cdn dn nut, moi viic cdn lqi M. si ldm ndt.
Hay phan tich tinh sue tich, hap d i n va tac dung kich thich tam \i ngudi mua
hang cua cac quang cao tren.

2. Chgn mdt tiong cac d i tai sau day rdi timg nhdm cimg nhau ban bae va viet
quang cao. Cac nhdm trinh bay trudc ldp de chpn mdt quang eao an tugng nhat.
- Quang cao cho viec di xe buyt.
- Quang cao cho mpt tian da bdng hoac dem lien hoan van nghe.
- Quang cao cho mpt danh lam thing canh, mpt mdn an dac san cua dia phuong.
- Quang cao cho mdt sang kien, mgt td bao tudng cua ldp.

10-.NVIO/2 A ^^^
TONG KET PHAN VAN HOC

KET QUA CAN DAT -

N i m lai mgt each he thdng nhung kien thuc ca ban da hoc trong chuang
trinh Ngu van Idp 10 :
- Cac bo phan chu yeu cua van hgc Viet Nam.
- Nhtrng thdi ki phat trien ciia van hgc Viet Nam.
- Nhiing dac diem Idn ve ngi dung va nghe thuat ciia van hgc
Viet Nam trong ca qua trinh phat trien va trong tung giai doan.
- Nhirng tac gia, tac pham tieu bieu.
- Mdi quan he giua van hgc Viet Nam vdi van hgc khu vuc va t h i g i d i .
- Thanh tuu nghe thuat tieu bieu cua van hgc nudc ngoai.
- Nhung khai niem c a ban ve van ban van hgc.
i Cd nang luc phan tich van hgc theo tung ca'p dp : ngdn ngu, hinh tugng
van hgc, su kien, tac gia, tac pham.

1. van bgc Viet Nam gdm hai bd phan ldn : vdn hoc ddn gian va vdn hoc viit
Hai bp phan van hpe nay diu mang nhiing dac diem truyin thd'ng cua van hpe
Viet Nam : tinh thin yeu nudc chdng xam lugc, tinh thin nhan van, di cao
dao ll, nhan nghla. Tuy nhien, van hpe dan gian va van hoc viet lai ed nhiing
dac trung rieng.
2. v i bd phan vdn hoc ddn gian, cd eae trpng tam kiin thiic :
- Nhiing dac trung co ban cua van hoc dan gian.
- He thdng the loai van hpe dan gian Viet Nam.
- Nhiing gia tri cua van hpe dan gian Viet Nam.
De n i m dugc nhiing trpng tam kien thuc ndi tren, cd the dn tap theo cac
ggi y sau:
a) Nhiing dac trung ca ban cua van hoc dan gian. Van hoc dan gian bao gdm
nhiing the loai nao ? Chi ra nhiing dac trung chu yeu nhat ciia ttmg the loai.
b) Chpn phan tich mpt sd tac pham (hoac trich doan tac pham) van hpe dan
gian da hpe (hoac da dpe) de lam ndi bat dae diem ndi dung va nghe thuat
cua su thi, truyin thuyit, truyin cd tich, truyen tha, truyen cudi, ca dao,
tuc ngu.
c) Ke lai mdt sd truyen dan gian, dpe thudc mdt so cau ca dao, tuc ngii ma anh
(chi) thieh.

1'^^ 10-NV10/2B
 van hpe viet Viet Nam gdm : vdn hgc tie thikiXdin hit thiki XIX (vdn hoc
trung dqi) vd vdn hgc tu ddu thikiXX den nay (vdn hoc hiin dqi). Cin n i m
duge dac diim chung va dac diim rieng cua van bpe trung dai va van hoc hien
dai theo cac gpi y sau :
a) Nhiing ndi dung ldn cua van hpe Viet Nam tiong qua trinh phat trien.
b) Van hoc viet Viet Nam phat trien trong su anh hudng qua lai vdi cac yiu to
truyin thdng dan tdc, tiip bien van hpe nudc ngoai nhu the nao ? Neu mdt
sd hien tupng van hoc tieu biiu de chiing minh.
c) Su khae nhau giiia van hpe trung dai va van hoc hien dai vi ngdn ngii va he
thdng the loai.
De nam khai quat p h i n van hpe viit Viet Nam trong chuong trinh Ngii van
ldp 10, cd the dn tap theo nhiing gpi y sau :
a) van hoc viet Viet Nam ttr the ki X den hit t h i ki XIX bao gdm nhiing thanh
p h i n nao ? Phat trien qua may gicd doan ? Nhiing dac diem ldn vi ndi dung
va nghe thuat ciia van hoc trung dai Viet Nam.
b) Thdng ke nhiing the loai van hpe trung dai ma anh (chi) da hoc. Neu dac
diem chu yeu ciia mdt sd the loai tieu bleu nhu chiiu, edo, phu, tha Dudng
ludt, tha Ndm Dudng ludt, ngdm khue, hdt ndi.
c) Neu nhiing tac gia, tac pham van hoc tieu bieu bing each lap bang:

STT Ten tdc gia Ten tac pham Nhung diem ca ban ve ndi dung va ngh$ thu£lt

5. Hai ndi dung ldn ciia van hpe trung dai Viet Nam la chu nghla yiu nudc va
chu nghla nhdn dqo.
Chu nghla yeu nudc trong van hpe trung dai gin vdi tu tudng "trung quan
ai qude" va truyin thd'ng yeu nude cua dan tdc Viet Nam. Chu nghia yeu nudc
the hien rat phong phu, da dang, tap trung d mdt sd phuong dien : y thuc
ddc lap, tu chu, tu cudng, tu tdn dan tpc ; ldng cam thu giac, tinh thin quyit
chien quyit thing ke thu xam lugc ; tu hao trudc chien cdng thdi dai, trudc
truyin thdng lich sii, biet on, ea ngpi nhiing ngudi hi sinh vi To qud'c, tinh yeu
thien nhien dat nudc...

147
 Chu nghia nhan dao trong van hpe trung dai vira bit ngudn tir truyin thdng
nhan van cua ngudi Viet Nam vira tiip thu tu tudng nhan van tich cue vd'n cd
ciia Phat giao, Nho giao, Dao giao. Chu nghia nhan dao the hien rat phong phii,
da dang, tap trung d mpt sd ndi dung: thuong ngudi; len an, td cao nhiing thi
luc tan bao cha dap len con ngudi ; khing dinh, di cao con ngudi vi cac mat
pham chat, tai nang, nhiing khat vgng chan ehinh; di cao nhiing quan he dao
due, dao h tdt dep gida ngudi vdi ngudi...

a) Phan tich npi dung yeu nudc qua:

- Tha phu thdi Li - Trin [Van nudc cua Phap Thuan, Td ldng cua Pham Ngii
Lao, Phu sdng Bqch Ddng cua Truong Han Sieu, Hiing trd vi cua Nguyin
Trung Ngan).
- sang tac cua Nguyin Trai [Dqi cdo binh Ngd, Cdnh ngdy hi).
- cac tac pham viit vi Uch sir (nhiing trich doantiiDqi Viet su ki cua Le Van Huu,
Dqi Viet sii ki todn thu ciia Ngd SI Lien).
- Cac tac pham nghi luan [Tua "Trich diim thi tap" cua Hoang Diic Luong,
Hiin tdi Id nguyin khi cda quoc gia cda Than Nhan Trung).
b) Phan tich ndi dung nhan dao qua :
- Tho (bai ke Cdo benh, bdo moi ngudi eua Man Giac, Nhdn cua Nguyin Binh
Khiem, Doe Tiiu Thanh ki cua Nguyen Du).
- Ngam khue (C^m^p^M ngam, di sau vao trich doan da hoc).
- Truyen [Chuyin chuc phdn su din Tdn Viin ciia Nguyin Dii).
- Truyen tho [Truyen Kiiu ciia Nguyin Du, di sau vao nhiing trich doan da hpe).

Phin van hoc nudc ngoai trong chuong trinh Ngu van ldp 10 gdm mdt sd
thanh tvm nghe thuat tieu bieu cua van hgc cd dai Hi Lap, An Dp, van hpe
trung dai Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban, nhiing the loai ldn nhu sd thi, tha Dudng
luqt, tha hai-cu, tiiu thuyit chuang hdi.
De nim dugc nhiing kien thiic co ban cua phin van hoc nudc ngoai, cd the
dn tap theo nhting gpi y sau:
a) So sanh de nit ra vai nhan xet vi su gidng nhau, khae nhau vi ndi dung va
hinh thiic giiia cac thien su thi : Ddm Sdn (Viet Nam), 0-di-xi (Hi Lap),
Ra-ma-ya-na (An Dp).

148
 b) Nhiing net dac sic cua tho Dudng vi ndi dung va hinh thiic. Neu mdt sd
diem ma anh (chi) cam thay hay nhat d nhiing bai tho Dudng da hoc. Neu
len nhiing net dae sic khae nhau giiia tho Dudng (Trung Qud'c) va tho
hai-cu (Nhat Ban).
c) Qua doan trich ttr Tam qude diin nghla, neu nhan xet vi ldi ke chuyen va
khic boa tinh each nhan vat cua tieu thuyet cd dien Trung Qude.

7. On tap p h i n Li ludn vdn hgc, HS can n i m lai nhiing khai niem co ban vi
van ban van hgc ddng thdi biet van dung nhiing kien thiic da hpe de tim hieu,
phan tich cac tac pham van hpe. HS cd the dn tap theo nhiing cau hdi sau :
a) Nhiing tieu chi chu yeu cua van ban van hoc la gi ?
b) Neu nhiing ting cau tnic cua van ban van hoc.
c) Trtnh bay nhiing khai niem thudc vi ngi dung va nhiing khai ni$m thudc vi
hinh thiic cua van ban van hoc. Cho mgt sd vl du de iam sang td.
d) Ndi dung va hinh thiic cua van ban van hoc cd quan he vdi nhau nhu the
nao ? Cho mpt sd vl du de iam sang td.

TRA BAI LAM VAN SO 7

Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sd 1.

149
ON TAP PHAN LAM VAN

KETQUACANOAT-
• On lai tri thuc va kl nang viet cac kieu van ban
da hgc d THCS va nang cao d Idp 10 ; dn tap
cac kieu van ban mdi da hpe d Idp 10.
• Chuan bj tdt cho bai kiem tra cudi nam.

I - Ll THUYET
1. Neu dac diem cua cac kieu van ban tu sti, thuyet minh, nghi luan va cac yeu
ciu kit hpp chung trong thuc te viet van ban. Cho bie't vi sao cin phai kit hpp
cac kieu van ban dd vdi nhau.
2. Su viec va chi tiit tieu bleu trong van ban tu su la gi ? Cho biet each chpn su
viec va chi tiet tieu bleu khi viet kieu van ban nay.
3. Trinh bay each lap dan y, viet doan van tu su cd su dung cac yeu td mieu tl va
bleu cam.
4. Trinh bay cac phuong phap thuyit minh thudng dugc su dung trong mdt bai
van thuyet minh.
5. Lam thi nao de viit dugc bai van thuyet minh chuan xac va hap din ?
6. Trinh bay each lap dan y va viet cac doan van thuyet minh.
7. Trinh bay ve ca'u tao cua mgt lap luan, cac thao tac nghi luan va each lap
dan y bai van nghi luan.
8. Trmh bay yeu ciu va each thiic tdm tit van ban tu su, van ban thuyet minh.
9. Neu dac diem each viet ke hoach ca nhan va quang cao.
10. Neu each thue trinh bay mpt van di.

M-LUYENTAP
1. Lap dan y, viit cac kieu doan van trong bai van tu su, thuyet minh.
2. Hay tap tdm tit npi dung cac bai : Khdi qudt vdn hoc ddn gian Viet Nam
[Nga vdn 10, tap mpt); Truyin Kiiu (Phdn mdt: Tdc gid) va bai Vdn bdn vdn hoc
[Nga vdn 10, tap hai).

150
BANG TRA CUU TU HAN VIET

1. Trong khudn khd cd ban, bang tra ciiu nay chi lua chpn nhiing tu thudng dung
va mpt sd It ttr thdng dung trong cae van ban cd ma HS cd tiip xuc.
2. Nhin chung mdi muc tir se dugc trinh bay theo quy each dudi day :
- Ttr cin giai thieh.
- Nghia eua ttr cin giai thich.
- Nghia ciia tirng yiu td (niu cin).
- Md rgng vdn ttr (theo cac yeu td). Nghia cua nhiing ttr khd hieu dat trong
dau ngoac don.
- Hien tupng ddng am (dugc danh dau bing *).

ba vuong ngdi vi diing diu thien ha (trong xa hdi phong kiin Trung Qude).
bd=l. vugt trdi len tren tat ca; diing diu : bd chii; 2. dung bao lire
de cudng ep, chiim doat: bd chiem, bd dqo.
vuong - 1. vua : Hung Vuang, An Duong Vuang; 2. dua vao nhan
nghia de cai tri thien ha : vuang dqo ; 3. tude vuong : Khai Thien
Vuang (tuc LI Phat Ma, sau la Li Thai Tdng).

bao luu giii lai cdi eu, cai vdn cd, cai da cd. /
bdo = gin giii: bdo vi.
luu - cdn lai, de lai, giti lai : luu niim, luu danh, luu truyin,
luu niin (nam nay qua nam khae, lau nam).
luu* = nudc chay : luu lugng, luu vue ; chuyin dpng : luu ddng,
luu chuyin, luu hdnh, luu vong (phai xa rdi que huong da't nudc).

bat hii tdn tai mai mai, khdng bi huy hoai, mue nat.
bdt = khdng, chang: bdt nghla, bdt nhdn, bdt hod.
hu = mue nat, thdi riia, cu ki: /lu bqi, hu lau, hu tuc.

be ha dudi thim cung dien ; tir tdn xung hoang d i (thien tir, vua) vdi
y nghla : khdng dam ndi thing vdi hoang di, ma phai diing dudi
thim, nhd cay cac thi than d dudi thim tau gium (chuyen ldi)
len hoang de. (Day la mpt ttr ghep cd cau tao nghla dac biet.)

151
binh dan j dan thudng; thudc vi dan thudng; khdng cao sang, kieu each.
I binh = bing phang : binh nguyen ; yen dn : binh dn, binh dinh ;
I diu dan, khdng cd gi ndi trdi kbac thudng : binh ddng, binh qudn,
I binh thdn, binh minh, binh dqm, binh thudng, binh tdm, binh tinh,
j binh sinh (ca ddi, cudc sdng thudng ngay), binh thdn (dirng thing
I ngudi sau khi lam li), hinh di, binh phdm.

canh tan ddi mdi.

canh = thay ddi; siia ddi.
tdn = mdi me : tdn trang, tdn thai, tdn lang (chu re), tdn giai nhdn
(cd dau).

chu tat diy du, xong xudi, tron ven.

chu - vdng quanh, vay quanh, khip kin : chu vi; diy du trpn ven:
chu nien (trdn mpt nam) ; khdng thieu sdt, so hd : chu cdp (cung
cap diy du), chu todn, chu ddo.
tdt - xong xudi, kit thuc toan bp : tdt niin (kit thuc mgt nam).
tdt* = khang dinh nhat thie't phai la nhu the, phai dung nhu thi:
tdt nhiin, tdt yiu, tdt thdng.

chuyen quyin rieng minh chiem giii mpi quyin hanh.

chuyin - tap trung vao mdt van di, mpt mat nha't dinh ; khdng
chia se, khdng phan tan : chuyin di, chuyin mdn, chuyen nghiep,
chuyen doanh, chuyin trdeh, chuyin chi.

CO g i a gia dinh vdn thudc ddng ddi cao sang.

cd = xua cu : cddd, cd huong, ednhdn (han cu).
cd* = vung bin : cdkit (gin bd chat che vdi nhau), cdchdp, cdthii.
CO* = doai nhin, quan tam ehu y: chiiu cd.

cusi j ngudi d an khdng ra lam quan (dudi thdi phong kien) ; tin do
I Phat giao nhung khdng xuat gia (tu tai gia).
cu-d:cu tru, cu xd, cu ddn, cu ngu (d) - cin phan biet vdi ngu cu:
j Thdi xua, d thdn que cd noi cd su phan biet giiia ngudi dan vdn que
I gd'c d lang va ngudi dan ttr noi khae din d, gpi la dan ngu cu.
\ si= nam gidi; ngudi cd hpe, cd tai nghe, ki nang, ngudi dang tran
I trpng, xua't hien trong cac ttr: vdn sl, nghi sl, thi sl, chiin sl, liitsl,...

152
cu tea nhiing ngudi dang cd mat (trong mdt cudc hpp,...).
cu- I. tat ca, toan the : cu toq ; 2. hanh dpng, nhac len, dua len,
eat nhac : cu ddng, cu chi, cu hdnh, cu nhqc, tie'n cd.
toq = ngdi : toq ddm (ngdi hpp ban luan), toq ddng (den diu dat
tren ban).

di vat vat edn sdt lai; vat cdn de lai.

di - de lai, cdn lai : di chuc, di chiiu (ldi le, y kiin eua vua dugc
viet ra thanh bai chieu de lai trudc khi qua ddi), di hudn (ldi le,
y kien day bao cua b i tren cdn de lai sau khi qua ddi), di sdn, di tich,
di truyin.
di* = chuyen ddi : di eu, di chuyen, di tdn, di ddn.

dieu nghe tai kheo.

diiu - kheo leo ki la; rat muc tai tinh ; hay, dep : diiu ki, dieu ki.

dot khoi bdng nhien ndi len.

dot = bdng nhien, khdng doan trudc dugc; bat thinh linh, bat ngd:
dot bien, dot kich (tan cdng bat thinh linh), ddt ngdt, dot nhiin,
dot xudt, dot phd.
khdi - ndi len, ndi day, day len, md diu : khdi nghla, khdi edng,
khdi ddu, khdi diim, khdi ddng, khdi hdnh, khdi sac (tuoi tinh,
tuoi tdt, kham kha len), khdi xudng.

gia khach ngudi cd hgc van, cd tai nang dugc cac nha quyin quy thdi phong
kien nudi dudng de giup viec khi cin den (dugc chit nhan vi ne hon
cac "gia nhan").

han hiiu hiem cd, it cd, it gap.

hao phdng rdngrai trong an d, cu xii, chi tieu,...

hdo = manh me : hdo hung, hdo hiing, hdo khi; tai gidi, vugt len
tren nhiiu ngudi : hdo kiit; phdng khoang, rdng rai, lich thiep :
hdo hoa; sin sang giup dd ngudi khae mdt each vd t u : hdo hiep.
hdo* = con ngdi nhd vay quanh tudng thanh de bao ve thanh,
ranh sau rpng vtra phai, dugc dung iam edng su chien dau hoac de
binh Sl di ehuyen : chie'n hdo, giao thdng hdo, hdm hdo.

153
 phdng - cdi md, md rdng : phdng khodng ; thao bd rang budc :
gidi phdng, phdng thich, phdng sinh, phdng tung (khdng giu gin,
budng tha).

huyen thoai chuyen khdng cd that, dugc tudng tugng, td ve cho them phin
ki ao, huyin dieu.
huyen * = day dan ; cai dan : huyin ca (dan hat).

khlcki tu kiim chi, nen minh ; gat bd ham mudn due vgng, ep minh vao
khudn phep cugc sdng khic khd.
khdc = thing, vugt qua : khdc phue ; han che, kim ham, de nen :
khdc nghiit, khdc bqc (nghiet nga, khit khe); dd'i choi: xung khdc.
ki - ban than : ich ki, vi ki, tu ki dm thi.
khdc * = cham trd, cham khic : diiu khdc, khdc hoq ; mdt khoang
thdi gian rat ngln : thai khdc, khodnh khdc.

khoa danh danh tieng nhd do dat ma cd (thdi phong kien).

khoa* •- khoe khoang ; ndi nang, phd bay qua muc cd that
khoa truong.

khdi ngd mat mui sang sua, thdng minh.

khdi ngd la mdt ttr Viet gdc Han, nhung dugc dung theo mdt nghia
khae vdi nghla trong tieng Han. Trong tiing Han, khdi ngd chi cd
nghia la ngudi cd than hinh "to ldn", "cao ldn".
khdi - dimg d i u ; hon tat ca: khdi khoa (do diu khoa thi thdi xua),
khdi nguyin [nhu khdi khoa).
khdi * = rdng ldn ; manh me : khdi phuc (iam cho trd lai trang thai
rdng ldn, manh me nhu cu).

khue cat noi d cua phu nii quy tdc.

khue = budng, phdng kin dao trong nha danh cho nii gidi :
khue phdng, khui na (con gai nha quyen quy chua chdng).
cac = liu, gae.
khue * = sao Khue, mpt ngdi sao trong "nhi thap bat tu" (hai muoi
tam chdm sao trong thien van hgc cd) chu tri viec hgc hanh thi cu,
van chuong : Khue fdo, Khue Vdn edc.

154
kinh luan vdn la mdt ttr dugc dung de ndi ve cdng viec kio to, xe spi ;
sau dugc dung theo nghia : tai nang dieu hanh, quan II viec nudc.
kinh = go mdi to, lua ra spi dpe, dai.
ludn = xe nhiing spi to cung loai thanh spi.

mac Idiach ngudi sang tac van tho (thdi xua).

mdc = muc - nghia bieu trung: van chuong, van tho.
mqc * = im lang ; thim lang : mac nhiin, mdc nhdn, mac cdm,
mac niem (lang yen tudng nhd ngudi da khuat).

man tiep thdng minh, sang lang, lanh len.

mdn - sang sudt, nhay ben, thdng minh : mdn cdn, mdn cdm
(nhay cam), minh min.
tiep - nhanh ; lanh len.

ngao du rong choi.

nguyen khi tinh thin tiim tang iam cdi ngudn, n i n tang cho mpi siic manh
(cua mpt dan tpc, mdt dat nudc).
nguyen - to ldn ; dirng diu ; md diu : nguyin thu (ngudi diing diu
mdt nudc), nguyin ddn (ngay diu nam).

phiem chi chi chung.

phiem - rdng ldn, phd biin, rdng khip (nghla gd'c : nudc tran lan
khip noi) : phiim ludn (ban luan chung chung), phiim ddm
(chuyen phlim).

phdn hoa ddng vui nao nhiet.

phdn - ddng due ; nhiiu : phdn vinh, phdn thinh, phdn thuc (sinh
sdi nay nd).
hoa = bdng hoa: hoa vien (vudn hoa), hoa ddng (chang den kit hoa
mtmg li hpi) ; tuoi dep, tre trung : hoa nien (tudi tre) ; nudc
Trung Hoa: Hoa thuong [nha budn ngudi Trung Qude).

155
/ ^
phuong tiin | cai dugc dung de tien hanh mdt cdng viec, de dat tdi mdt muc dich.
phuang = phuong hudng, each thiic: phuang hudng, phuang phdp,
phuang thuc.
tiin - cd lpi, thuan lgi : tien lgi, tiin nghi, tien dung.

quantu ngudi cd tai, cd due trong xa hdi phong kien xua; ngudi cd pham chat
cao thupng, td't dep, ung xir theo dao II nhan nghia, rgng lupng.

quy pham diiu dugc quy dinh; cung each chuan muc can phai tuan thu, lam theo.
quy = nghla gdc la dung cu ve hinh trdn; nghla bleu trung: dn dinh
rd rang, dugc coi la chuan muc c i n phai tuan theo, iam theo :
quy cdch, quy chi, quy dinh, quy hoqch, quy ludt, quy md, quy trinh,
quy udc.
phqm = khudn m i u .
quy * = vi, quay vi, trd vi, tdm ggn lai, thau tdm ve mdt mdi,
theo v i : quy kit, quy thudn, quy hdng, quy nqp, quy tien (ndi ve hac
tdn trudng qua ddi, tid vi noi tien canh), quyy (di tu theo dao Phat).

suu tap tim kiem, gom gdp lai, tim kiim rdi tap hpp lai.

tao nha thanh cao, lich su, thanh nha.

tao = vd'n la ten mpt tac pham ndi tieng cua nha tho Khuat NguySn
ngudi nudc Sd thdi Xuan Thu (Trung Qud'c).
nhd = la mdt bp phan trong Kinh Thi.

tao nhan nha tho (cting xuat xii nhu tao nhd).

tap kich danh up.

te tudng chtic quan cao nha't trong he thdng quan lai cua trieu dinh.

thanh chi y kien, chi thi, menh lenh cua nha vua.
thdnh - la tir tdn xung.

thanh minh thdng minh, sang sud't (ca tung nha vua).

thi nii ngudi h i u gai.

thi = diing hiu.

156
tich truong cai gay cua nha su (diu gay cd treo may cai vdng kim loai,
khi chd'ng xud'ng dat, nhiing cai vdng dd va vao nhau phat ra tieng
lanh eanh...).

tieu nhan ngudi cd tu each dao due kem, bung da hep hdi.

tuyen thach canh nui non khe sudi.

tuyet sac ngudi dep nhat khdng ai sanh dugc.

tuyet = rat muc, cue ki, cd mgt khdng hai; khdng gi hon dugc: tuyit
trdn (nhat the gian), tuyit dinh (eao nha't, khdng gi hon niia), tuyit
dqi da sd (hiu hit, h i u nhu tat ca), tuyet dqi bd phdn (phin ldn
nhat), tuyit cu (tho cd bdn cau mgt bai; eau thg cau van rat muc tai
tinh, rat hay) ; clt dut, cham diit: tuyit tinh (cat diit mgi hen he
tinh cam), tuyit tu, tuyit thue, tuyit vd dm tin (khdng cd tin tiic),
tuyit giao (clt dut quan he).

tude trat thii bae, tude vi dugc phong.

tude = dang cap quy tdc. Thdi xua cd 5 bae : cdng tude, hdu tude, bd
tude, tii tuac, nam tude.

van hien truyin thdng van hoa va nhan tai (cua mdt qude gia, dan tpc).
vdn = trai nghia vdi vd, van chuong, chii nghla: vdn hod, vdn sl, vdn
hdo (nha van ldn), vdn khi [giay bien nhan mua ban rugng dat, nha
cua,...), vdn thdn (ngudi dd dat, lam quan trong c h i do phong
kien), vdn ngdn (ngdn ngii viet cd cua Trung Qud'c).
hien = ngudi hien tai; hien dang.
hiin * = phap luat: hiin phdp, hiin chuong.

vi tha vi ngudi khae, vi (lpi Ich chung) cua cdng ddng xa hpi.
vi-vi: vi lgi, vi ki (ehi nghi d i n lpi ich cua ban than, hanh dpng vi
lpi Ich cua rieng minh), vi ngd (chi vi ban than minh).
tha = khae, ngudi khae : tha huong (dat khach que ngudi), tha
phuong (noi xa xdi khdng phai que nha), tha hod (biin chat).

xagia xe vua.

yen ha khdi va may rang [khdi d day cd the hieu la man suong nhu
khdi toa) - canh dep thien nhien.

157
MUC LUC

Tuan Ten bai Trang

19 • Phu sdng Bqch Ddng (Bach Dang giang phu) 3

• Dqi cdo binh Ngd (Binh Ngd dai cao) 8
• Viet bai iam van so 4 : Van thuyet minh (Bai iam d nha) 14
20 • Dqi cdo binh Ngd (tiep theo) 16
• Tinh chuan xac, hap d i n ciia van ban thuyet minh 24
21 • Tua "Trich diim thi tap" 28
• Dpe them : Hiin tdi Id nguyin khi ciia qud'c gia [tiich Bdi ki
di danh tiin sl khoa Nhdm Tudt, niin hieuT)qi Bdo thu ba) 31
• Khai quat lich sir tieng Viet 33
22 • Hung Dqo Dqi Vuong Trdn Quoc Tudn
(trich Dqi Viet su ki todn thu) 41
• Tra bai iam van sd 4 45
23 • Dpe them : Thdi su Trdn Thu Do
(trich Dqi Vietsu ki todn thu) 46
• Phuong phap thuyet minh 48
• Viet bai lam van sd 5 : Van thuyet minh 53
24 • Chuyen chuc phdn su din Tdn Viin
[Tdn Viin tuphdn suluc - trich Truyin ki mqn lue) 55
• Luyen tap viit doan van thuyet minh 62
25 • Nhiing yeu ciu vi su dung tieng Viet .". 65
• Tdm tit van ban thuyit minh 69
26 • Hdi trdng Cd Thdnh (tri'eh hdi 28 - Tam qude diin nghla) 74
• Dpe them : Tdo Thdo udng rugu ludn anh hiing
(trich hdi 21 - Tam qude dien nghla) 80
• Tra bai iam van sd 5 83
• Viit bai lam van sd 6 : Thuyet minh van hpe
(Bai iam d nha) ^ 84

158
 MUC LUC

Tuan Ten bai Trang

27 • Tinh cdnh le loi cua ngudi chinh phu (trich Chinh phu ngdm) 86
• Lap dan y bai van nghi luan 89

28 •Truyin Kiiu 92
• Phong each ngdn ngd nghe thuat 97

29 • Truyin Kiiu (tiip theo - Trao duyen) 103

• Truyin Kiiu (tiep theo-Ndi thuong minh) 107
• Lap luan trong van nghi luan 109

30 • Truyin Kiiu (tiep theo - Chi khi anh hung) 112

• Truyen Kiiu (tiep theo - Dpe them : Thi nguyin) 115
• Tra bai iam van sd 6 116

31 • van ban van hpe 117

• Thuc hanh cac phep tu tir: phep diep va phep ddi 124

32 • Npi dung va hinh thuc cua van ban van hpe 127
• Cac thao tac nghi luan 131
• Viit bai lam van sd 7 : Van nghi luan (Bai iam d nha) 136

33 • On tap p h i n Tieng Viet :....138

• Luyen tap viit doan van nghi luan 140
• Viet quang cao 142

34 • Tdng kit p h i n Van hoc 146

35 • Tra bai lam van sd 7 149

• On tap phan Lam van 150

BANG TRA CiJU TU H A N VIET 151

159
Chiu trdeh nhiem xudt bdn: Chu tich HDQT kiem Tong Giim dd'c NGO TRAN AI
Phd Tdng Giam dd'c kiem Tong bien tap NGUYfiN QUYTHAO

Bien tap ldn ddu : VU THUY ANH - TA THI HUONG

Bien tap tdi bdn: NGUYfiN THI HOANG YEN
Bien tap mi thudt: TA THANH TUNG
Thiet ke sdch: NGUYfiN THANH LONG
Tjinhbdybia: NGUYfiN BICH LA
Siia bdn in: NGUYfiN THI HOANG YEN
Chebdn: CONG TY CO PHAN THIET KE VA PHAT HANH SACH GIAO DUC

Bia sich cd su dung tranh eua hoa si Nguyin Tu Nghiem.

NGUrVAN 1 0 - T A P HAI
Ma sd: CH012T0

In 100.000 cudn (ST), kiio' 17 x 24 cm,

In tai Cong ty cd phan In Quang Binh - TP. Oong Hai - Quang Binh.
So in: 10. Sd xuat ban: 01-2010/CXB/557-1485/GD.
In xong va nop Itru chieu thang 1 nam 2010.

160
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HUAN CHUONG HO CHi MINH
VUONG MIEN KIM Cl/ONG
CHAT LUONG QUOC TE

\ SACH
SAi GIAO KHOA LOP 1
^

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