COMPANY DOC. No. L830-AF-PHI-0001 REV.

JKC DOC. No. S-0830-1241-0001 A

COMPANY CONTRACT No. HOLD Review Class. 2

JGC JOB No. HOLD KBR JOB No. HOLD CHIYODA JOB No. HOLD
SHEET 1 OF 22

ICHTHYS ONSHORE LNG FACILITIES

FIRE AND GAS DETECTION PHILOSOPHY

REV. DATE ISSUE PURPOSE PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED

A 18-Nov-11 IFR (EPC) T. Miyashita Y. Hiroya Y. Hiroya

FORM EPC-0 2
INPEX Operations Australia Pty Ltd COMPANY Doc. No. L830-AF-PHI-0001
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FIRE AND GAS DETECTION PHILOSOPHY Sheet No. 2 of 22

Hold List
(1) Deleted
(2) Deleted
(3) Deleted
(4) Deleted
(5) Deleted
(6) Deleted
(7) Deleted
(8) Deleted
(9) Deleted
(10) Deleted
(11) Deleted
(12) Deleted
(13) Detection system for benzene
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Contents

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................4
1.1 Scope ..............................................................................................................4
1.2 Definitions........................................................................................................4
1.3 Applicable Specification and Standards ...........................................................5
1.3.1 Contractors Documents ...................................................................................5
1.3.2 COMPANY Documents....................................................................................5
1.3.3 Australian & International Codes and Standards..............................................6
1.3.4 Abbreviations...................................................................................................6

2. GENERAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES ..................................................................7

2.1 Objectives........................................................................................................7
2.2 Methodology of FGS design.............................................................................8

3. FIRE AND GAS SYSTEM..............................................................................10

3.1 System Overview...........................................................................................10
3.2 FGS operator console and Fire Alarm Panel (FAP) for Building.....................11
3.3 Initiation and Automation................................................................................12
3.4 The hazards in plant area ..............................................................................14
3.4.1 Process Area .................................................................................................14
3.4.2 LNG Jetty area...............................................................................................14
3.4.3 LPG/Condensate Jetty area...........................................................................15
3.4.4 LNG/LPG Tankage Area................................................................................15
3.4.5 Condensate Storage Area..............................................................................15
3.4.6 Building..........................................................................................................16
3.4.7 Other Hazards ...............................................................................................16

4. DETECTION ..................................................................................................17
4.1 General..........................................................................................................17
4.2 Flame detector...............................................................................................17
4.3 Flammable gas detector ................................................................................17
4.4 Smoke detector..............................................................................................18
4.5 Heat detector .................................................................................................19
4.6 Hydrogen sulfide detector ..............................................................................19
4.7 CO2 gas detector...........................................................................................19
4.8 Manual call point............................................................................................19
4.9 Low temperature spill detector .......................................................................20

5. ALARM AND ACTION ..................................................................................20

 INPEX Operations Australia Pty Ltd COMPANY Doc. No. L830-AF-PHI-0001
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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Scope
This philosophy specifies the general principles and requirements for designing a suitable fire
and gas detection system (hereinafter called FGS) for the plant, jetty areas and operation
complex. It is also intended to provide key information for the designer/engineer in developing
relevant design details during the EPC stage.
This document describes the basic philosophy of fire and gas detection system for all onshore
facilities i.e. Process area, Utility area, Offsite tanks, Jetty area, and operation complex etc. of
Ichthys Onshore LNG Facilities Project to be constructed at Blaydin Point, to the southeast of
Darwin, in the Northern Territory (NT).
This document is one of the HSE design related documents in Ichthys Onshore LNG Facilities
Project. HSE design related documents are listed in Table.1.

Table 1. HSE Design Related Documents

Category Document Information
Company Doc. No. Title
Overall HSE Design L290-AH-PHI-0001 HSE Philosophy
Plant Facilities Layout L290-AH-PHI-0004 Plant Layout Philosophy
L290-AH-MTX-0001 Module and Train Separation Matrix
L290-AX-BOD-0001 Basis of Design for Piping Engineering

L290-AS-BOD-0001 Structural Design Criteria for Module

Hazardous Area Classification L780-AE-PHI-0001 Electrical Design Philosophy
Fire Hazard Management L790-AF-PHI-0001 Active Fire Protection Philosophy
L830-AF-PHI-0001 Fire and Gas Detection Philosophy
L790-AL-PHI-0001 Fireproofing Philosophy
L290-AH-PHI-0005 Plant Zoning Philosophy
Explosion Hazard Management L290-AH-PHI-0001 HSE Philosophy

Isolation DEV-OPS-PH-0005 Ichthys Onshore Mechanical Isolation Philosophy

Overpressure & Relief Protection L290-AP-PHI-0003 Overpressure Protection, Flare and Vent
Philosophy

Emergency Shutdown and L290-AP-PHI-0002 Emergency Shutdown and Depressuring System

Depressuring System Philosophy

L290-AP-PHI-0005 Plant Zoning Philosophy

Emergency Power L290-AE-PHI-0005 Electrical Design Philosophy
HVAC L300-AA-GLN-0002 General Design Brief for Building HVAC

Control of Spills L290-AH-PHI-0002 LNG/LPG Spill Control Philosophy

Drainage L750-AP-PHI-0001 Drainage and Treatment Philosophy

Paving L320-AC-BOD-0001 Design Criteria for Civil

Escape, Evacuation and Rescue L290-AH-PHI-0004 Design Philosophy for Means of Escape
Human Factor L290-AH-PHI-0003 Human Factor Engineering Philosophy
Noise L290-AH-SPC-0002 Specification for Noise Control

1.2 Definitions
z COMPANY : INPEX Operations Australia Pty Ltd
z CONTRACTOR : The Joint Venture between JGC, KBR and CHIYODA
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z Contractor Items : Everything to be incorporated into the Plant

z Site : Location where the Plant is to be constructed and the
vicinity thereof.
z SUBCONTRACTOR : Any COMPANY to whom CONTRACTOR has
subcontracted any part of the works.
z VENDOR : Supplier of CONTRACTOR’s items

1.3 Applicable Specification and Standards

The project shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of codes and standards
defined in this section.
The following shall be used, in order of decreasing precedence:
1. Applicable Commonwealth and Northern Territory regulatory/statutory requirements;
2. International laws and regulations where they do not conflict with item 1;
3. Client corporate standards and project standards where they do not conflict with items 1
or 2; and,
4. Recognized local and international codes, standards and guidelines where they do not
conflict with 1, 2 or 3.

The following reference shall be applied to the extent specified in this philosophy.

1.3.1 Contractors Documents

L290-AH-PHI-0001 HSE Philosophy
L290-AH-PHI-0005 Plant Zoning Philosophy
L790-AF-PHI-0001 Active Fire Protection Philosophy
L790-AL-PHI-0001 Fireproofing Philosophy
L830-AF-SPC-0001 Project Specification for Fire and Gas System
L290-AJ-SPC-0005 Specification for Fire and Gas System
L840-AK-SPC-0002 Specification Public Address and General Alarm System
L840-AK-SPC-0004 Specification Closed Circuit TV System
L830-AF-PRC-0001 Fire and Gas Mapping Study Procedure
L830-DF-BFD-0001.001 Overall Fire and Gas System Block Flow
L790-AF-LIS-0001 Consolidated Hazardous Equipment List
L830-DF-LAD-00XX F&G System Layouts
L290-AH-REP-0005 Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment
L790-AF-PHI-0002 Fire and Gas Detection Philosophy (FEED)

1.3.2 COMPANY Documents

C060AP0001 Operations and Maintenance Philosophy for design
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1.3.3 Australian & International Codes and Standards

The following applicable Codes and Standards are either highlighted from or in addition to
those listed in L290-AG-LIS-0005: REGULATIONS, CODES AND STANDARDS.

(1) Australian Standard

BCA Building Code of Australia
AS 1603.1 Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm systems – Heat Detectors
AS 1603.2 Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm systems – Point Type Smoke
Detectors
AS 1603.3 Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm systems – Heat Alarms
AS 1603.5 Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm systems – Manual Call Points
AS 1603.7 Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm systems – Optical Beam Smoke
Detectors
AS 1603.11 Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm systems Part 11: Visual warning
devices
AS 1603.15 Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm systems Part 15: Remote indicators
AS/NZS 60079.29 Explosive Atmospheres

(2) National Fire Protection Association Codes

NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural
Gas (LNG)
NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code

(3) American Petroleum Institute (API)

API STD 2510 Design and Construction of LPG Installations, 8th ed. – 2001

1.3.4 Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used in this document:
CCB Central Control Building
CCTV Closed Circuit Television
EDP Emergency Depressurization
ESD Emergency Shutdown
FGS Fire and Gas System
FAP Fire Alarm Panel
FRA Fire Risk Assessment
FRT Floating Roof Tank
HSSD Highly Sensitive Smoke Detection
ICSS Integrated Control and Safety System
IPS Interruptible Power Supply
IR Infrared
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LCD Liquid Crystal Display

LED Light Emitting Diode
LEL Lower Explosive Limit
LER Local Electrical Room
LFL Lower Flammability Limit
LIR Local Instrument Room
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
HVAC Heating, Venting and Air Conditioning System
MAC Manual Alarm Call Point
MOF Module Offloading Facility
MOS Maintenance Override Switch
MR Mixed Refrigerant
PDP Plasma Display Panels
PLC Programmable Logic Controller
PSD Process Shutdown
PSV Pressure Safely Valve
PTZ Pan, Tilt, and Zoom
SIS Safety Instrumented System
SIL System Integrity Level
QRA Quantitative Risk Analysis
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
VESDA Very Early Smoke Detection Apparatus

2. GENERAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES

2.1 Objectives
The overall fire protection system shall meet the following specific objectives:
- Control an incident if it does occur and limit its escalation
- Limit damage to facilities and equipment, and prevent loss of life
To achieve the objectives above of fire protection system, FGS shall be designed to carry out
the following functions:
9 Detect accumulation of flammable, combustible, toxic gas and fire
9 Alert personnel of occurrence of hazardous incident
9 Provide information for command and control on the cause of the incident
9 Initiate executive action for control and suppression of the hazardous incident
FGS design shall be achieved through facility design optimization, practical/realistic
management of possible hazards (with the knowledge of their causes and consequences)
and the application of quantitative risk assessment (QRA) to quantify risks and demonstrate
that the overall risk to personnel from the facility is within accepted risk criteria.
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2.2 Methodology of FGS design

To achieve the suitable FGS design, FGS shall be designed according to methodology in Fig
1. Each step of developing the design in Fig. 1 is consistent with the chapter of this philosophy
and has deliverables which show the information required in each chapter.
These objectives shall be consistent with the following approach for system optimization,
arranged in descending order:
• Fire and Gas detection system shall be designed by code/standard and
experience.
• Any recommendation arising out of a related CA, such as Fire and Explosion
Analysis (FERA) and Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA), shall be forwarded
to the Client for approval prior to implementation.
• Fire and gas detection mapping study shall be carried out to verify the number
and location of the detector in EPC stage. Refer to L830-AF-PRC-0001, Fire
and Gas Mapping Study Procedure.
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FIG.1 METHODOLOGY FOR DESIGNING FGS

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3. FIRE AND GAS SYSTEM

3.1 System Overview

Fire and Gas System (FGS) as well as Safety Instrumented System (SIS) shall be an integral
part of the Integrated Control and Safety System (ICSS). Although they form part of the
integrated system and will use similar hardware, the input and output and functionality will be
totally segregated. The system configuration and location of each human interface of FGS are
shown in L-830-D-BFD-0001.001, Overall FGS Block Flow Diagram.
(1) The FGS shall then have interfaces with SIS for automatic operation (Jetty head,
Refrigerated storage, Fired heaters (Acid Gas Incinerator and Heating Medium
Furnace) and LIR/LER electrical isolation) of ESD functions for certain confirmed fire
and/or signals from FGS. These ESD functions would isolate sections of equipment
upon detection of a fire, gas leak or LNG/LPG leak to limit the uncontrolled quantity of
hydrocarbons that could be released. The degree of automation is shown in
L290-AP-PHI-0002, Emergency Shutdown and Depressurizing Systems Philosophy.
Refer to section 3.3 of this philosophy for further requirement.
(2) LER/LIR shall be electrically isolated on confirmed gas detection inside the rooms, and
transformers shall be tripped on confirmed gas detection around the transformers. Refer
to section 3.3 of this philosophy for further requirement.
(3) General power outlets and welding outlet in the field shall be isolated on confirmed gas
detection at field. The isolation should be conducted per gas alarm zone, i.e. module.
(4) The FGS system cabinet shall be provided on strategic locations throughout the plant
such as Local Instrument Rooms (LIR) of serving monitored areas and Central Control
Building (CCB). They will receive signals from field detection devices located in the
related monitoring areas, and to/from protection devices for remote/automatic actuation
of local protection systems, and transfer the received signals to FGS operator consoles
located in the CCB.
A local FGS system cabinet in the jetty LIR shall monitor associated fire and gas alarms
in the LNG and LPG/condensate jetty areas.
(5) The main FGS system cabinet shall be located in the Central Instrument Room (CIR) of
the Central Control Building. This main FGS system cabinet shall connect to FGS
operator consoles and from each fire alarm panel (FAP) provided inside buildings where
fire detection and alarm systems are required around CCB. It shall also receive
common fire/common fault/fire protection system actuation signals, if any. The main
FGS system cabinet shall be also connected with each FAP and any device in operation
complex.
(6) The main FGS operator consoles shall be provided for the remote operation of all
outdoor automatic or remote operated fire protection systems and fire water pump
system on the plant. Outdoor fire protection systems include fixed water spray/water
curtain systems, fixed deluge systems, and fixed low/high expansion foam systems, etc.
The main FGS operator consoles are installed in the CCR ICSS auxiliary consoles for
manual release of fire extinguishment. The backup human machine interface will be
provided, as part of utility group console. Interface between the main FGS operator
consoles and FGS system cabinet shall be via PCS communications, and the FGS
screens in the consoles shall be the integral part of PCS graphics. One FGS screen in
each FGS console, however, shall display the information received directly from the
FGS for redundancy.
(7) FAP for buildings shall be of addressable type and shall monitor fire and/or fire system
actuation signals in that particular building through the provided indoor detectors which
are connected to the FAP. Alarms such as common fire alarm, common system
operation signal, common fault alarm, common HSSD fire alarm and common HSSD
fault alarm will be sent from each building FAP to the local FGS control panel or directly
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to the main FGS control panel using hard-wired connections.

(8) FGS large displays shall be provided in the CCR which shall indicate common or group
fire/spill/gas alarms for the plant. The large display shall be integrated in ICSS large
screens with 2x4 matrix rear LCD assigned to each operation group and show plot-plan
based graphic display showing the alarm locations for easy identification of the incident
location in relation to the entire plant layout.
In addition, mimic panel shall be provided in Gate House also to show the overall status
of the FGS.
(9) CCTV camera system shall be integrated into the large display and FGS so that on
confirmed fire Outdoor IP based on Explosion proof PTZ cameras of Process CCTV
system will pan, tilt and zoom to selected and be displayed on the large display.
(10) Outdoor IP based on Explosion proof PTZ camera of Process CCTV system shall be
provided for the following areas:

- LNG Train 1 /Train 2 area

- Utility area
- BOG & Gas Receiving
- Jetty
- Beach Head (if required)
- MOF (if required)

For the detail, please refer to L840-AK-SPC-0004, Specification Closed Circuit TV

System.

(11) All FGS system cabinets (i.e. main FGS system cabinets, local FGS system cabinets)
shall be connected via optic fiber cables in a redundant configuration with separate
routes to ensure the overall reliability and integrity of the system.

3.2 FGS operator console and Fire Alarm Panel (FAP) for Building
(1) The FGS operator console /FAPs should provide the following:
- Monitoring of all components of the detection circuit up to and including the last
sensing element
- Fault signal generation in the event of any malfunctions in the system
- Supervisory systems to enable the failure to be quickly identified and located
- Control/shutdown operation of associated self-contained systems such as those
used for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) fans and fire dampers
- Providing controls for the fire protection system and fire pumps
(2) The FGS shall provide the interface to a range of field devices monitoring the plant
condition and, in the event of detected or confirmed hazard, take appropriate action to
initiate equipment shutdown and/or depressurization, release extinguishing agents
and/or initiate plant and local alarms and general alarms as required.
(3) The FGS power related to field FGS functions shall be supplied by redundant UPS with
2 hours back-up time.
For FGS power related to building FGS functions shall be supplied according to the
relevant Australian regulation. For detailed design, see Para. 3.16 of AS 1670.1, “Fire
detection, warning, control and intercom systems – system design, installation and
commissioning” shall be applied.
(4) To ensure reliability, the FGS must utilize readily available, proven, mature, robust and
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standard design technology that has a record of application in similar facilities

worldwide. For this purpose, any integrated centralized microprocessor programmable
logic controller (PLC) system, communication modules, network devices, IO cards
related to FGS system cabinets, if applied, shall be fully redundant to ensure reliability.
The vendor shall state the effect of common mode failures on alarm scanning and
display. Redundancy techniques should be employed to minimize the effects of
common mode failures within equipment and its power supply system. Building FAPs
and CO2 extinguishing system for turbine enclosures, if any, shall be approved by an
internationally recognized testing laboratory and approval body, such as UL, FM or
equivalent acceptable to Australian authority. The reliability of control system shall be
verified through the study by VENDOR.
(5) Full duplication of other aspects of the FGS, such as detector, will not be required
because such individual failures will raise fault alarms and will not cause total failure of
the system.
(6) The FGS operator console should be designed with spare capacity to allow for future
requirements and also a contingency allowance for design development changes.
(7) Fire and gas detection circuits may be required to remain active even after “safe” areas
have become hazardous. Equipment suitable for use in hazardous areas will thus be
required. Field devices installed in electrical hazardous area shall be suitable for the use
in hazardous area classification and designed according to the Ex schemes, in
accordance with AS 2681.1, as follows:
(1) Australian Standards (ANZ Ex)
(2) IEC Standard (IEC Ex)
The selection of field FGS device shall comply with the following type of protection.
(1) Flame Proof Enclosure (Ex”d”) for Zone 2 and Zone 1 area
(2) Intrinsically Safe (Ex”ia”) for Zone 0 area
Fire resistant cables shall be considered for fire and gas detectors where they lie in fire
scenario envelope.
(8) MOS shall be provided to allow maintenance actions to be performed as a function of
detector calibration and loop proving, or at Operations discretion when activities that
would otherwise trigger false detection are planned Alarm shall be sent when override
switch is on.

3.3 Initiation and Automation

(1) The time it takes to respond is greatly dependent upon the type of detection system. It is
critical for the FGS to detect the onset of potential hazards (such as fire, gas leak, etc.)
to minimize the consequential damages to personnel, assets and the environment.
Automatic initiation of executive action should be carefully considered to ensure that
any initiation does not result in an acceleration of the initial event (e.g. water application
directly on cryogenic hydrocarbon spills which can increase flammable vapor formation
or automatic extinguishing systems such as CO2 total flooding in manned areas).
Emergency Shutdown and Depressurizing Philosophy, L-290-AP-PHI-0002, shall be
referred to determine if ESD/EDP should be automatic in operation.
Following ESD actions shall be considered. Detailed configuration should be shown in
Fire and Gas System Cause and Effect (Document Number: TBA).
- Jetty head ESD on confirmed gas detection, confirmed fire detection or spill
detection
- Refrigerated Storage ESD on confirmed gas detection, confirmed fire detection or
spill detection
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- Fired Heater Package Trip on confirmed gas detection at air intake

- Package Gas Turbine Trip on confirmed gas detection in the gas turbine
- ESD for safety electrical isolation on confirmed gas detection around transformers
or inside LIR/LER
For the fire protection system operation, refer to Active Fire Protection Philosophy,
L790-AF-PHI-0001.
(2) Any automated control actions (initiation of equipment depressurization/shutdown,
extinguishing systems and/or alarm actuation), should in general, result from a voting
type of circuit with the normal requirement being 2 out of “N” (or hereinafter called 2ooN)
circuits in alarm. The minimum number of circuits to achieve 2ooN voting requirement
will depend on the acceptable level of fault tolerance and the number of detectors
needed to adequately cover the monitored area. Normally, N is equal to or more than 3.
The minimum number of detectors shall allow for a single detector failure and/or
removal of a detector for maintenance purposes, whilst ensuring that the loss of one
detector does not compromise the system’s response to the hazard and still maintains a
high degree of immunity to the initiation of false control actions.
(3) LIR/LER located in the area where the high concentrate flammable gas cloud will reach
shall be electrically isolated on confirmed gas detection around transformers or inside
LIR/LER.
(4) For automatic fixed water spray systems and fixed water curtain systems, heat sensitive
cables and/or flame detectors shall be employed to activate the system. If one of the
detectors is actuated, a fire alarm will be raised at the related local fire alarm panel. If
2oo N (N≧2) detectors are actuated, the FGS shall actuate the fixed water spray/water
curtain system automatically, as required.
(5) For buildings provided with air-intake for HVAC system in the nominated plant areas,
HVAC systems of those building shall automatically close damper and change to
recirculation mode upon 2oo3 confirmed gas detection alarm signals from air intake
flammable gas detectors. And also shall automatically shutdown upon confirmed fire
signal from FGS Cabinet.
(6) The plant closed circuit television (CCTV) system shall be provided for monitoring
potential fires and/or other hazards including LNG and LPG/condensate jetty areas. The
CCTV shall be used for the operation of remote controlled monitors on jetty heads
during emergency situations.
(7) Remote firewater monitor control panels shall be provided in the jetty LIR to allow
remote control operation of the jetty monitors from a safe location during emergency
cases. Separate remote monitor control panels shall be provided outdoor at safe
locations on the trestle at least 60m from the jetty head. Control is via the Fire and Gas
system.
(8) Solenoid valves shall be provided for automatic/remote operation of fire protection
systems such as fixed water spray system, fixed water curtain system, fixed high
expansion foam system, etc. Control of these valves is via the fire and gas system.
All solenoid valves associated with deluge valves shall be designed using the
energized-to-open concept. Line monitoring shall be required for these solenoid valves.
(9) Suitable pressure sensing device shall be provided for actuation signals from automatic
fire protection systems e.g. downstream of deluge valves. Preferable type of pressure
sensing device is pressure transmitter. Signals from these devices are routed via the
fire and gas system.
These pressure sensing devices shall be designed with normal open concept, close to
alarm. No pressure sensing device shall be required for manual operation systems,
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because they will be started by operators and the system operation can be confirmed by
CCTV.
(10) For impounding pond, 1oo2 low low detection of low temperature spill detector shall
shutdown the associated impounding pond pump. High expansion foam shall be
automatically activated by 2oo2 voting from alarm signal of the spill or flame detectors.
(11) General power outlets and welding outlet located in the area where the high concentrate
flammable gas cloud could reach shall be isolated on confirmed gas detection at field.
The isolation should be conducted per gas alarm zone, i.e. module.

3.4 The hazards in plant area

3.4.1 Process Area

(1) Liquid and/or gas leaks from process train areas may occur and can be cold or warm,
low-pressure or high-pressure.
Gas leaks may be denser or lighter than air.
Point type gas detectors shall be considered for the following locations:
- LNG/LPG pump seal
- Combustible gas compressor seal
- Near direct fired heater for incoming gas detection from other areas
- Air-intake for plant building
- Air-intake for air-compressor, gas turbine, or other plant rotating equipment
- Where leaked lighter than air gas could accumulate such as in ceilings or
underneath solid floors of multi-story structures
- Where leaked heavier than air gas possibly may accumulate, such as in pits
For area gas leak monitoring, beam type flammable gas detectors shall be considered
where heavier than air gas and/or cryogenic combustible vapors are likely to be leaked.
Such detectors shall be provided for ground level at the periphery of gas leak area to
detect its possible migration to non-hazardous areas.
(2) LNG spills will be detected using low temperature spill detectors located in the
impounding basin. Gas detectors will also be provided in or around the impounding
basin to detect any liquid that will be vaporizing.
(3) Jet fires and pool fires may also occur around process train areas, either due to ignition
of a delayed vapor release or ignition of LNG spill into the impounding basin. Such fires
will be detected using flame detectors and/or heat sensitive cables.

3.4.2 LNG Jetty area

(1) Both liquid and vapor leaks can occur at the jetty head. These leaks may vary in sizes
depending on the type of potential failures. In the event of any vapor or liquid leak at the
jetty heads, the loading operation (if on-going) will be manually or automatically
discontinued/stopped, and the entire jetty head and trestle will be isolated from the LNG
tanker as well as from the related shore connections to minimize the quantity of material
that is lost. Such leaks will be identified through a combination of detection systems
(using spill detectors for and flammable gas detectors).
(2) Gas leaks from the jetty area are mostly cold and denser than air. The gas may
consequently accumulate at grade or travel in a downwind direction. Flammable gas
detectors shall be located on the jetty head to detect such LNG gas leaks.
(3) LNG spills will be detected using low temperature spill detectors located in LNG jetty
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FIRE AND GAS DETECTION PHILOSOPHY Sheet No. 15 of 22

impounding basin. Gas detectors will also be provided around loading arms and in the
impounding basin to detect any liquid accumulating and its subsequent vaporization.
(4) Flash fires and pool fires may also occur around the jetty head area, either due to a
delayed ignition vapor release or ignition of the LNG spill into the impounding basin.
Such fires will be detected using flame detectors.
(5) Visual alarming device should be installed to prevent vehicle approach during the
occurrence of gas leakage. These devices should be located at the entrance of jetty
trestle so that drivers can recognize the alarm.

3.4.3 LPG/Condensate Jetty area

(1) The condensate jetty handles LPG as well as condensate.
Liquid leaks can occur at the jetty head. These leaks may vary in sizes depending on
the type of potential failures. In the event of any liquid leak at the condensate jetty head,
the loading operation (if on-going) will be manually or automatically
discontinued/stopped, and the entire jetty head and trestle will be isolated from the
LPG/condensate tanker as well as from their related shore connection to minimize the
quantity of material that is lost. Such leaks will be identified by gas detectors and/or
manually by personnel and continuous onboard observation.
(2) Flash fires and pool fires may also occur around the jetty head area, either due to a
delayed ignition vapor release or ignition of the LPG/Condensate spill into the
impounding basin. Such fires will be detected using flame detectors.
(3) Any ignition of condensate spill shall be detected using flame detectors located at
strategic points in the condensate jetty area.
(4) Visual alarming device should be installed to prevent vehicle approach during the
occurrence of gas leakage. These devices should be located at the entrance of jetty
trestle so that drivers can recognize the alarm.

3.4.4 LNG/LPG Tankage Area

(1) Liquid leaks may occur in LNG/LPG tankage areas which may vary in size depending
on the potential type of failure. In the event of any cryogenic liquid leak in these areas,
the transfer operation (if on-going) will be discontinued/stopped and the entire liquid
send-out system will be isolated to minimize the quantity of material that is lost.
(2) Gas leaks from the LNG/LPG storage tanks will be cold and denser than air. The gas
may consequently accumulate at or near grade level or travel in a downwind direction.
Flammable gas detectors shall be provided located on top of the tanks, and shall be
provided to detect such gas leaks.
(3) LNG spills will be detected using low temperature spill detectors located in places such
as the catchment pans on top of the LNG storage tanks, and in the impounding basin
itself. Gas detectors will also be provided around valves on the pump discharge line on
the tank and the impounding basin to detect any liquid that will be vaporizing.
Impounding and/or dike shall be considered for LPG tanks in accordance with API STD
2510.
(4) Flash fires and pool fires may also occur around the LNG/LPG storage tank areas,
either due to a delayed ignition vapor release or ignition of the LNG/LPG spill into the
impounding basin. Such fires will be detected using flame detectors and/or heat
sensitive cables.
(5) Any ignition of LNG release on the vent stacks/relief valves of LNG storage tanks shall
be detected using flame detectors.

3.4.5 Condensate Storage Area

(1) Small liquid spill from flange connections or small bore piping is a credible scenario for
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FIRE AND GAS DETECTION PHILOSOPHY Sheet No. 16 of 22

condensate storage area. The spilled condensate will accumulate on the sloped side of
the dike. Such hydrocarbon spills shall be found by routine patrol of operators. If the spill
is ignited, such fires shall be detected using flame detectors.
(2) Rim seal fires may also occur on condensate floating roof tanks (FRTs). Such fires shall
be detected using heat sensitive cables installed on the tanks seal ring. Rim seal fires
shall be the single fire case to be considered for floating roof condensate tanks
especially if the floating roof is of double deck pontoon design. Full surface fire is not a
credible scenario for FRTs because of the slim possibility of the floating roof sinking.

3.4.6 Building
(1) The building fire detection system shall be provided in accordance with the Building
Code of Australia (BCA) and other relevant Australian regulations.
(2) For CCB and LIRs, in which valuable electrical equipment and/or instruments are
located, fixed gas extinguishing systems, such as CO2 system, INERGEN system or
FM200 system are normally considered. However, actuation of total flooding systems
may be dangerous, and in some extent, fatal to the operators who happen to be inside.
Thus, for Ichthys Onshore LNG Facilities Project, a high sensitive smoke detection
(HSSD) system, such as VESDA, shall be considered instead of providing a fixed gas
extinguishing system. Very early stages of a fire can be detected using the system, and
such early stages of a fire could be extinguished by cutting the power supply to the unit
and fighting the fire manually. For manual fire fighting, the cable monitored by HSSD
shall be accessible easily and the location of sampling point shall be considered to
specify the location of fire. This should be possible using fail-safe remotely operated
controls and by using portable/wheeled fire extinguishers.
(3) In addition to HSSD or where HSSD is not provided, buildings will be provided using
addressable type smoke and/or heat detectors.
(4) Indoor manual alarm call points shall be provided for all buildings. These will be located
near building entrances and at strategic locations throughout the building to warn
existing occupants and personnel outside the building vicinity of the on-going incidents
inside that building.
(5) Flammable gas detectors shall be provided at HVAC air intake of the pressurized
buildings in the plant area. 2oo3 confirmed flammable gas detection shall change to
recirculation mode. If acid gas ingress at HVAC air intake is expected, H2S gas
detectors shall be provided at HVAC air intake, however, additional H2S detectors need
not be provided there where point type flammable gas detectors are located.
(6) Confirmed fire alarm in the building from FGS cabinet shall shutdown HVAC system.
(7) Flammable gas detectors shall be provided around transformers located in the area
where the high concentrate flammable gas cloud could reach. 2oo3 confirmed
flammable gas detection shall trip transformers.
(8) Flammable gas detectors shall be provided in rooms of LIR/LER located in the area
where the high concentrate flammable gas cloud could reach. 2oo3 confirmed
flammable gas detection shall isolate LIR/LER electrically. Flammable gas detection in
air lock room shall not cause electrical isolation. For LIR electrical isolation, time delay
shall be considered for sequential process shutdown.

In principle, the electrical isolation for LIR/LER should be achieved by cutting the power
supply at the upstream power distribution board.
z Gas Detection inside LIR ⇒ Electrical Isolation at LER Switchboard
z Gas Detection inside LER ⇒ Electrical Isolation at SS Switchboard
3.4.7 Other Hazards
(1) Enclosures with forced air ventilation (such as gas turbines), if any, will be provided with
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FIRE AND GAS DETECTION PHILOSOPHY Sheet No. 17 of 22

gas detection and fire detection to shutdown the system, and actuate the related fire
protection system, as required.
(2) Electrical fires may occur at electrical apparatus and control buildings. As mentioned in
Section 3.4.6 of this document, CCB and LIRs will be provided with HSSD system, and
using portable CO2 extinguishers, such incipient fires will be extinguished. For other
electrical fires, such as fires occurring on motors, fans, etc., CO2 or dry chemical
portable extinguishers shall be provided.
Once electrical equipment is de-energized, a fire of such equipment is not considered
as C-fire (electrical fire), however, will be classified as A-fire thereafter. So, the system
should be first de-energized, and then application of fire water can commence if water is
the preferable medium for fighting the fire.

4. DETECTION

4.1 General
All field detectors shall be suitable for the environment in which they are to be installed, and
shall be protected from the effects of corrosion, dust, and vibration. They should also be
suitable for the particular hazards of LNG, LPG and other hydrocarbons handled in the plant.

4.2 Flame detector

Infrared (IR) flame detectors should respond to radiation equivalent to the CO2 absorption
band. They should be solar blind and their response to other sources of radiation should be
minimized. Built-in test facilities should be provided for checking the detector on line. IR flame
detector shall be multi-spectrum IR flame detector, which can detect several peaks of
spectrum.
In certain instances, areas covered by optical flame detectors may be supplemented with
fusible plastic tube heat detectors or heat sensitive cables.
For the plant area, IR flame detectors shall be provided for each group of process equipment
or process area. At least two IR flame detectors shall be provided for each monitoring area. In
general, flame detectors shall be provided to detect fires in general open areas of the plant
containing flammable liquids and gases.

4.3 Flammable gas detector

Flammable gas detectors should be of IR point type or beam IR type. The catalytic oxidation
type detectors will not be used in this project.
Infrared detectors should be of the self-calibration and test type. The device should be
capable of calibration, within the range 0 ~ 100 % of the lower explosive limit (LEL).
For the plant, IR type detectors are highly recommended, because they have good detection
sensitivity and low operational expense. Catalytic oxidation types are normally used for LNG
plants but it is not preferable because it has a higher operational expense than an IR type,
slow response time, and undetected mode of failure. Although beam type IR gas detectors
have a higher cost than point type detectors, they have the advantage of a wider coverage
area relative to point type and their performance outweighs point-type technology under all
environmental conditions. Thus, beam-type IR detectors will be used on the plant for area
periphery.
Flammable gas detector should have an indication of measured gas concentrations in %
lower explosive limit (LEL) and shall have high alarm and high high alarm settings as follows:
For point-type IR detector
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FIRE AND GAS DETECTION PHILOSOPHY Sheet No. 18 of 22

(1) Low: 10% LEL

(2) High: 50% LEL
For beam-type IR detector
(3) Low: 1 LEL m
(4) High: 3 LEL m
The location of gas detectors should take into account the following items:
- type of gas being detected (heavier or lighter than air)
- natural and mechanical ventilation
- possibility of gas accumulating to a level that could become hazardous
- the most likely source of leakage
- personnel access for maintenance and calibration.
Gas detectors may also be required to monitor and/or initiate shutdown of safe areas, air
inlets to unclassified areas or manned areas and engines.

4.4 Smoke detector

Smoke detectors operate on various principles, including photoelectric obscuration, ionization
of smoke particles, resistance changes in a chamber and optical scanning of a cloud
chamber.
Addressable type smoke detectors shall be used and type of smoke detector shall be as per
manufacturer’s standard which shall be certified by internationally recognized organization or
country of origin testing authority.
Smoke detectors shall be connected to the FAP inside the building being protected. The
alarm signal from building FAP shall be transferred to the main FGS control panel in CCB and
Fire Station through the related local FGS panels, if any.
The use of smoke detectors should be restricted to confined/enclosed or semi-enclosed areas
where products of combustion can be reliably detected. Location of smoke detectors should
take into account the following items:
- local air currents
- air inlet
- extraction/sampling points.
Smoke detector is suitable for most building. In general, smoke detector give faster response
than heat detector for the small fire, e.g. burning of cable or control panel, and the fire with a
large amount of smoke particle, e.g. the fire of wood, and paper.
There are some several types of smoke detector, point type smoke detector, beam type
smoke detector, and high sensitive smoke detection system.
Point type detector shall be applied for enclosed or semi-enclosed area with the potential to
accumulate smoke. Point type smoke detection should not be mounted directly in ventilation
ducts or HVAC intake due to the high air velocities encountered. Smoke detection in these
areas can be achieved either, by means of duct probes which direct a sample of air across the
point type smoke detector, or by the use of beam type smoke detectors.
Beam type smoke detector shall be applied for open space. Beam type smoke detectors are
usually specified to cover open roof spaces and can be used for long corridors.
In critical areas, such as LIR and LER, where early warning of a fire incident is required, highly
sensitive smoke detection (HSSD) system such as VESDA should be used in addition to
conventional smoke detectors. This is a fast response sample pipe network system with a
special form of optical smoke detection based on smoke particle light scattering.
 INPEX Operations Australia Pty Ltd COMPANY Doc. No. L830-AF-PHI-0001
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FIRE AND GAS DETECTION PHILOSOPHY Sheet No. 19 of 22

4.5 Heat detector

Heat detector is suitable for use in most building. However, where the ceiling height is high,
e.g. 9m or where large losses could be caused by small fire, heat detector is generally not
suitable. In areas where smoke detector is not suitable due to ambient conditions, such as
kitchen or dusty areas, point type heat detectors are better suited since they are designed to
rapidly activate on rate of change in temperature that will occur in a room due to fire condition.
Heat detectors fall into two general kinds, fixed-temperature devices and rate-of-rise devices.
Fixed temperature devices respond when the detection element reaches a predetermined
temperature. Rate-of-rise devices respond to an increase in heat at a rate greater than a
predetermined value. Some devices combine both principles. The same principles apply
regardless of whether the devices are of the single spot type or are continuous along a line or
circuit.
Rate of rise detector will normally respond to the presence of fire conditions faster than a
fixed-temperature type because of its ability to sense rapid increase in temperature.
Accordingly, the use of rate-of-rise detectors is preferred for general building’s environmental
condition. The type of heat detector shall be determined in accordance with AS 1603.1 heat
detector.
Addressable type heat detectors shall be used and specification of heat detector shall be as
per manufacturer’s standard which shall be certified by internationally recognized
organization or Australian standard.

4.6 Hydrogen sulfide detector

Monitoring and detection of high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) shall be provided in
order to protect personnel from effects of exposure to these toxic gases.
H2S gas detectors shall be installed in acid gas treatment units in process train areas and
slug catcher areas where equipment handling 500ppm or more of H2S is located. Where point
type flammable gas detector(s) are located, additional H2S detectors need not be provided
there.
The H2S gas detector shall alarm at two (2) levels of the H2S concentration in the
atmosphere as follows:
(1) Low alarm: 10 ppm for 8-hour exposure
(2) High alarm: 15 ppm for 15-minute exposure

4.7 CO2 gas detector

Monitoring and detection of accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) shall be provided in order
to protect personnel from effects of exposure to CO2.
CO2 gas detectors shall be installed at the confined area where highly-concentrated CO2 is
potential to be accumulated near the potential leak source, CO2 compressor etc., if provided.
CO2 gas detector shall alarm at two (2) levels of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere as
follows:
(1) Low alarm: 5000 ppm for 8-hour exposure
(2) High alarm: 30000 ppm for 15-minute exposure

4.8 Manual call point

Manual alarm call points (MACs) shall be installed at strategic locations throughout the plant,
including inside buildings, according to NFPA 72 and the Australian regulations. Upon manual
activation of MACs, an audible alarm will automatically alert personnel near the MAC of
confirmed gas leakage, LNG/LPG leak, and/or fire. Simultaneously, appropriate emergency
operations (such as equipment depressurization/shutdown, fire water pump start, HVAC
shutdown for buildings and/or release of extinguishing agents) will be carried out, as required.
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FIRE AND GAS DETECTION PHILOSOPHY Sheet No. 20 of 22

Manual call points need to be hard wired to the system with line monitoring function.
For ESD push button as the cause of each ESD level, please refer to Emergency Shutdown
and Depressurizing System Philosophy, L290-AP-PHI-0002.
For the push button for activating active fire protection philosophy, please refer to Active Fire
Protection Philosophy, L790-AF-PHI-0001.

4.9 Low temperature spill detector

Low temperature (cryogenic) spill detectors shall be used to detect LNG/mixed refrigerant
(MR)/LPG spills. Detectors shall be provided at the lowest points of potential cryogenic liquid
leak areas or in the impounding basins. At least two (2) spill detectors shall be provided in
each impounding basin. 2oo2 voting shall automatically initiate the high expansion foam
system if provided on each impounding basin for vaporization control of both LNG as well as
fire control (if ignition has occurred) of LNG pool fires only.

5. ALARM AND ACTION

Audible fire and gas alarms should be provided in all areas of the plant including buildings.
The type of alarm (i.e. siren, horn) and its operation should comply with the relevant
regulations.
External gas visual alarm shall be provided at the field located near main approach to
module/equipment, e.g. the stair of the module, to prevent the approach of operator when the
hazard occurs. External fire visual alarm shall be provided at jetty entrance to alarm personnel
of fire at jetty head. External fire and gas visual alarm outside the building located near the
main entrance or be visible from the main approach to the building to indicate fire alarm
building in accordance with AS 1670.1.
Audible and/or visual alarms to be provided in all areas throughout the plant to
automatically/manually alert personnel of confirmed gas leak, LNG leak, and/or fire as shown
in Table.2 Typical C&E matrix below.
The whole plant will be divided into several fire/gas alarm zones. Fire alarm zone is
established per unit. Therefore, the extent of Fire alarm zone shall be consistent with unit e.g.
LNG Train, Inlet facilities, LNG Tanks or Utility area. Gas alarm zone is established per
module/ active fire protection zone to prevent the approach of operator during gas leak.
Fire audible alarm will be notified through PA/GA system interfaced with FGS to the relevant
fire alarm zone. Gas audible alarm will be notified by gas alarm horn. Fire visual alarm, Gas
visual/audible alarm will be notified using FGS digital output signal. For the configuration of
overall FGS and the interface with PA/GA system, please refer to L830-DF-BFD-0001.001,
Overall FGS Block Flow Diagram.
Upon outdoor detection of gas, people in the relevant gas alarm zone will be notified
automatically through gas alarm horn and gas visual beacon. Upon outdoor detection of fire,
people in the relevant fire alarm zone will be notified automatically through audible alarm from
PA/GA. If fire or gas is detected inside a building, people in the building will be notified
automatically. In case that ESD is initiated by fire or gas detection, people in plant wide area
and buildings will be notified by alarm after operator will confirm.
For the actuation of fixed fire protection system, please refer to L790-AF-PHI-0001, Active
Fire Protection Philosophy.
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FIRE AND GAS DETECTION PHILOSOPHY Sheet No. 21 of 22

Table 2. Typical C&E matrix for Fire and Gas alarm and the relevant action (Outdoor)

Gas Horn (in gas alarm zone)

Associated Impounding Pond

Fixed Water Curtain Systems

Isolate general Power and

Gas Beacon (in gas alarm

Fixed Fire Water Systems

Fire Beacon (only at jetty

Enclosure Gas Beacon

Enclosure Fire Beacon

High Expansion Foam

Enclosure Gas Alarm
Enclosure Fire Alarm

PA/GA (Plant wide)

PA/GA(in fire area)

CO2 Extinguishant
Initiator

Pump Shutdown

Welding Outlets

Automatic ESD
Alarm in CCB

entrance)

System
zone)
Pushbuttons in CCB
1 X X X
(Manual) 1)
2 Automatic ESD from F&G X X X X

Single (1ooN, N ≥1) Low

3 Level Gas (10% LEL) Field X
Area

Single (1ooN, N ≥1) High

4 Level Gas (50% LEL) Field X X X
Area
Confirmed Gas (2ooN, N≥3)
5 Low Level Gas (10% LEL) X
Field Area
Confirmed Gas (2ooN, N≥3) X X X
6 High Level Gas (50% LEL) X X X
Field Area 2) 3) 4)

Single Spill (1oo2) Low

7 Temperature Spill Detector, X X
Spill Impoundment

Confirmed Spill (2oo2) Low X

8 Temperature Spill Detector, X X X X
Spill Impoundment 5)

Single (1ooN, N≥1) Flame

9 X
Detection Field Area
Confirmed Fire (2ooN, N≥3)
10 X X X X
Flame Detection Field Area
Confirmed Fire (2oo2) Flame X
11 Detection, Spill X X X X
Impoundment 5)

12 Outdoor Manual Call Point X X X

Single (1ooN, N≥3) High
Level Gas (50% LEL) at
18 X
Turbine Enclosure or fired
heater Air Intake
Confirmed Gas (2ooN, N≥3)
High Level Gas (50% LEL) at
19 X X X X
Turbine Enclosure or fired
heater Air Intake

Single (1ooN, N≥2) Flame

20 Detection in Turbine X X X
Enclosure

Confirmed Fire (2ooN, N≥2) X

21 Flame Detection in Turbine X X X X
Enclosure 4)

23 CO2 Activation in Enclosure X X X X

Single (1ooN, N≥1) Low
24 X X X
Level Toxic Gas
Single (1ooN, N≥1) High
25 X X X
Level Toxic Gas
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FIRE AND GAS DETECTION PHILOSOPHY Sheet No. 22 of 22

Note:
1) Manual push buttons shall be provided for each relevant alarm and action. All actions
except for this manual activation in this matrix will be executed automatically
2) Water curtain system in LNG Train 1/2 area will be automatically activated with 2ooN voting.
Water curtain system in Jetty will be manually activated
3) Only applicable for the area where the high concentrate flammable gas cloud could reach
4) Gas Detectors in Jetty head, Refrigerated Storage Area, Air Inlet of Fired Heaters and Gas
Turbine Enclosure
5) Applicable for jetty head and Refrigerated Storage Area

Table 3. Typical C&E matrix for Fire and Gas alarm and the relevant action (Buildings)

HVAC System Recirculation Mode

PA/GA Announcement (Buildings)

Building Electrical Isolation (LER)

Building Fire/Gas Audible Alarm

Building Electrical Isolation with

HVAC System Shutdown
Building Gas Beacon

Building Fire Beacon

PA/GA (Plant wide)

Initiator

Time Delay (LIR)

Transformer Trip
PA/GA(in area)
Alarm in CCB

1 Pushbuttons in CCB (Manual) 1) X X X

2 Confirmed Fire (Outdoor) X X

13 Common Fire Detection in Building X X X X

Single (1oo3) Low Level Gas (10%
14 X
LEL) at Building Air Intake
Confirmed Gas (2oo3) Low Level
15 X X X X
Gas (10% LEL) at Building Air Intake

Single (1oo1) Low Level Gas (10%

16 X X
LEL) at Building Air Lock
Single (1oo1) High Level Gas (50%
17 X X
LEL) at Building Air Lock
Single (1ooN, N≥3) High Level Gas
18 X
(50% LEL) in rooms 2)

Confirmed Gas (2ooN, N≥3) High

19 X X X X X X
Level Gas (50% LEL) in rooms 2)
Single (1ooN, N≥3) High Level Gas
20 X
(50% LEL) around transformers 2)
Confirmed Gas (2ooN, N≥3) High
21 Level Gas (50% LEL) around X X X X X
transformers 2)
22 Indoor Manual Call Point X X X

1) Manual push buttons shall be provided for each relevant alarm and action. All actions
except for this manual activation in this matrix will be executed automatically
2) Applicable for building located in the area where high concentrate flammable gas cloud
could reach.