10/7/2021

The link between analysis and design

Elastic bending behaviour can be summarised by the bending
equation:
𝑆 𝑀 𝐸
Stress / neutral axis / 2nd moment of 𝑦
=
𝐼
=
𝑅
area / bending moments Where:
S is the stress in the material
y is the distance from the neutral axis to the bit you are interested in
See Your Mother In the Engine Room M is the bending moment
Stress = M x y / I I is the second moment of area of the section
E is the elastic modulus of the material (Young’s Modulus)
R is the radius of curvature of the beam

Bending moments Bending moments

Beam - cantilever
P Load – in this case a 8kN
point load

L 6m
M = PL M = 8 x 6 = 48 kNm
Fixed end support
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Bending moments Bending moments

Beam UDL
w kN/m 6 kN/m

L 5.0m
M = w x L2 / 2 M = 6 x 52 / 2 = 75 kNm

Find the 2nd moment of area of a beam Find the 2nd moment of area of a beam
with rectangular cross section with rectangular cross section
b 75mm

I = bd3 / 12 d I = bd3 / 12 250mm

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Find the 2nd moment of area of a beam Find the 2nd moment of area of a beam
with rectangular cross section with rectangular cross section
75mm 350mm

120mm

I = bd3 / 12 250mm I = bd3 / 12

I = 75 x 2503 / 12
I = 97 656 250 mm4
I = 97.7 x 106 mm4

Find the 2nd moment of area of a beam Ex.1: 2.0m cantilever, 5kN load at end
with rectangular cross section what is the stress (S) in the beam?
5kN
350mm 50mm

120mm 2.0m
M=PxL
I = bd3 / 12 200mm
I = bd3 / 12
I = 350 x 1203 / 12 S=Mxy/I
I = 50 400 000 mm4
I = 50.4 x 106 mm4
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Ex.1: 2.0m cantilever, 5kN load at end Ex.1: 2.0m cantilever, 5kN load at end
what is the stress (S) in the beam? what is the stress (S) in the beam?
5kN 5kN
50mm 50mm

2.0m 2.0m
M = 5 x 2 = 10 kNm M = 5 x 2 = 10 kNm
200mm 200mm

I = 50 x 2003 / 12
I = 33 333 333mm4
I = 33.3 x 106 mm4

Ex.1: 2.0m cantilever, 5kN load at end Ex.2: 1.5m cantilever, 2kN load at end
what is the stress (S) in the beam? what is the stress (S) in the beam?
5kN 2kN
50mm
300mm
2.0m 1.5m
100mm 80mm
M = 5 x 2 = 10 kNm M=PxL
200mm
I = bd3 / 12
I = 50 x 2003 / 12
S=Mxy/I
I = 33 333 333mm4
I = 33.3 x 106 mm4

S = 10 x 106 x 100 / 33.3 x 106

S = 30.0 N/mm2
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Ex.2: 1.5m cantilever, 2kN load at end Ex.2: 1.5m cantilever, 2kN load at end
what is the stress (S) in the beam? what is the stress (S) in the beam?
2kN 2kN

300mm 300mm
1.5m 1.5m
M = 2 x 1.5 = 3 kNm
80mm M = 2 x 1.5 = 3 kNm
80mm

I = 300 x 803 / 12
I = 12.8 x 106 mm4

Ex.2: 1.5m cantilever, 2kN load at end Ex.3: 1.5m cantilever, maximum stress
what is the stress (S) in the beam? in the beam is 10 N/mm2, what is the
2kN maximum point load?
300mm P 300mm
1.5m
M = 2 x 1.5 = 3 kNm
80mm 80mm

1.5m
I = 300 x 803 / 12
I = 12.8 x 106 mm4 M=PxL Smax = 10 N/mm2
I = bd3 / 12 Mmax = Smax x I / y
S = 3 x 106 x 40 / 12.8 x 106 S=Mxy/I
S = 9.4 N/mm2 M=SxI/y
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Ex.3: 1.5m cantilever, maximum stress Ex.3: 1.5m cantilever, maximum stress
in the beam is 10 N/mm2, what is the in the beam is 10 N/mm2, what is the
maximum point load? maximum point load?
P 300mm P 300mm

80mm 80mm

1.5m 1.5m
M=PxL M=PxL Mmax = 10 x 12.8 x 106 / 40 x 106
I = 300 x 803 / 12 I = 300 x 803 / 12 Mmax = 3.2 kNm
I = 12.8 x 106 mm4 I = 12.8 x 106 mm4

Ex.3: 1.5m cantilever, maximum stress Ex.4: 4.8m cantilever, maximum stress
in the beam is 10 N/mm2, what is the in the beam is 275 N/mm2, what is the
maximum point load? maximum UDL (w)?
P 300mm 200mm
w kN/m

80mm 60mm

1.5m 4.8m
M=PxL Mmax = 10 x 12.8 x 106 / 40 x 106 M = w x L2 / 2 Smax = 275 N/mm2
I = 300 x 803 / 12 Mmax = 3.2 kNm I = bd3 / 12 Mmax = Smax x I / y
I = 12.8 x 106 mm4 S=Mxy/I
Pmax = 3.2 / 1.5 = 2.1 kN
M=SxI/y
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Ex.4: 4.8m cantilever, maximum stress Ex.4: 4.8m cantilever, maximum stress
in the beam is 275 N/mm2, what is the in the beam is 275 N/mm2, what is the
maximum UDL (w)? maximum UDL (w)?
200mm 200mm
w kN/m w kN/m

60mm 60mm

4.8m 4.8m
M = w x L2 / 2 M = w x L2 / 2 Mmax = 275 x 3.6 x 106 / 30 x 106
I = 200 x 603 / 12 I = 200 x 603 / 12 Mmax = 33 kNm
I = 3.6 x 106 mm4 I = 3.6 x 106 mm4

Ex.4: 4.8m cantilever, maximum stress

Bending moments
in the beam is 275 N/mm2, what is the
maximum UDL (w)? P

200mm
w kN/m

60mm L
M = PL/4
4.8m
M = w x L2 / 2 Mmax = 275 x 3.6 x 106 / 30 x 106
I = 200 x 603 / 12 Mmax = 33 kNm
I = 3.6 x 106 mm4 wmax = 2 x 33 / 4.82 = 2.9 kN/m
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Bending moments Bending moments

w kN/m W kN

L L
M = wL2/8 M = WL/8

Ex.5: 5.0m long beam, 24kN point load at Ex.5: 5.0m long beam, 24kN point load at
centre what is the stress (S) in the beam? centre what is the stress (S) in the beam?
P P

L 50mm L 50mm
M = PL/4 M = PL/4
M = (24 x 5) / 4 = 30 kNm
200mm 200mm
I = 50 x 2003 / 12
I = 33.3 x 106 mm4
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Ex.5: 5.0m long beam, 24kN point load at Ex.6: 3.0m long beam, 5 kN/m UDL, what is
centre what is the stress (S) in the beam? the stress (S) in the beam?
P 5 kN/m

L 50mm L 75mm
M = PL/4 M= wL2/8
M = (24 x 5) / 4 = 30 kNm
I = 50 x 2003 / 12
I = 33.3 x 106 mm4 200mm 225mm

S = 30 x 106 x 100 / 33.3 x 106

S = 90.1 N/mm2

Ex.6: 3.0m long beam, 5 kN/m UDL, what is Ex.6: 3.0m long beam, 5 kN/m UDL, what is
the stress (S) in the beam? the stress (S) in the beam?
5 kN/m 5 kN/m

L 75mm L 75mm
M= wL2/8 M= wL2/8
M = 5 x 32 / 8 = 5.6 kNm
M = 5 x 32 / 8 = 5.6 kNm
I = 75 x 2253 / 12
225mm I = 71.2 x 106 mm4 225mm
I = 75 x 2253 / 12
I = 71.2 x 106 mm4 S = 5.6 x 106 x 112.5 / 71.2 x 106
S = 8.9 N/mm2
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Ex.7: 3.5m long beam with a point load, Ex.7: 3.5m long beam with a point load,
maximum stress in the beam is 12 N/mm2, maximum stress in the beam is 12 N/mm2,
what is the maximum point load? what is the maximum point load?
P P

M = PL/4 L L
200mm I = 200 x2003 / 12 200mm
S=Mxy/I
M=SxI/y I = 133.3 x 10 mm4
6

Smax = 12 N/mm2 200mm 200mm

Mmax = Smax x I / y

Ex.7: 3.5m long beam with a point load, Ex.8: 2.5m long beam with a UDL,
maximum stress in the beam is 12 N/mm2, maximum stress in the beam is 9 N/mm2,
what is the maximum point load? what is the maximum UDL (w)?
P w kN/m

I = 133.3 x 106 mm4 L M = wL2/8 L

150mm
S=Mxy/I
Mmax = 12 x 133.3 x 106 / 100 x 106 M=SxI/y
Mmax = 16 kNm Smax = 9 N/mm2 150mm
Mmax = Smax x I / y
Pmax = 4 x 16 / 3.5 = 18.3 kN
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Ex.8: 2.5m long beam with a UDL, Ex.8: 2.5m long beam with a UDL,
maximum stress in the beam is 9 N/mm2, maximum stress in the beam is 9 N/mm2,
what is the maximum UDL (w)? what is the maximum UDL (w)?
w kN/m w kN/m

I = 150 x 1503 / 12 L I = 42.2 x 106 mm4 L

150mm 150mm
I = 42.2 x 106 mm4
Mmax = 9 x 42.2 x 106 / 75 x 106
Mmax = 5.1 kNm
150mm 150mm
wmax = 8 x 5.1 / 2.52 = 6.5 kN/m

Ex.A: 3.0m cantilever, 10kN load at end

what is the stress (S) in the beam?
10kN
Stress / neutral axis / 2nd moment of 75mm
area / bending moments – more
complex examples 3.0m
M=PxL
300mm
Stress = M x y / I I = bd3 / 12
Stress = M / W Stress (S) = M x y / I
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Ex.A: 3.0m cantilever, 10kN load at end Ex.A: 3.0m cantilever, 10kN load at end
what is the stress (S) in the beam? what is the stress (S) in the beam?
10kN 10kN
75mm 75mm

3.0m 3.0m
M = 10 x 3 = 30 kNm M = 10 x 3 = 30 kNm
300mm 300mm

I = 75 x 3003 / 12 x 106
I = 168.75 x 106 mm4

Ex.A: 3.0m cantilever, 10kN load at end Ex.B: 2.5m cantilever, 7kN load at end
what is the stress (S) in the beam? what is the stress (S) in the beam?
10kN 7kN
75mm
250mm
3.0m 2.5m
M = 10 x 3 = 30 kNm 120mm
M=PxL
300mm
I = bd3 / 12
I = 75 x 3003 / 12 x 106 Stress (S) = M x y / I
I = 168.75 x 106 mm4

S = 30 x 106 x 150 / 168.75 x 106

S = 26.7 N/mm2
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Ex.B: 2.5m cantilever, 7kN load at end Ex.B: 2.5m cantilever, 7kN load at end
what is the stress (S) in the beam? what is the stress (S) in the beam?
7kN 7kN

250mm 250mm
2.5m 2.5m
120mm 120mm
M = 7 x 2.5 = 17.5 kNm M = 7 x 2.5 = 17.5 kNm

I = 250 x 1203 / 12 x 106

I = 36 x 106 mm4

Ex.B: 2.5m cantilever, 7kN load at end Ex.C: 2.0m cantilever, maximum stress
what is the stress (S) in the beam? in the beam is 12 N/mm2, what is the
7kN maximum point load?
250mm P 300mm
2.5m
M = 7 x 2.5 = 17.5 kNm 120mm 80mm

2.0m
I = 250 x 1203 / 12 x 106
I = 36 x 106 mm4 M=PxL Smax = 12 N/mm2
I = bd3 / 12 Mmax = Smax x I / y
S = 17.5 x 106 x 60 / 36 x 106 Stress (S) = M x y / I
S = 29.2 N/mm2 M=SxI/y
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Ex.C: 2.0m cantilever, maximum stress Ex.C: 2.0m cantilever, maximum stress
in the beam is 12 N/mm2, what is the in the beam is 12 N/mm2, what is the
maximum point load? maximum point load?
P 300mm P 300mm

80mm 80mm

2.0m 2.0m
M=PxL M=PxL Mmax = 12 x 12.8 x 106 / 40 x 106
I = 300 x 803 / 12 I = 300 x 803 / 12 Mmax = 3.8 kNm
I = 12.8 x 106 mm4 I = 12.8 x 106 mm4

Ex.C: 2.0m cantilever, maximum stress Ex.D: 4.0m cantilever, maximum stress
in the beam is 12 N/mm2, what is the in the beam is 355 N/mm2, what is the
maximum point load? maximum UDL (w)?
P 300mm 200mm
w kN/m

80mm 60mm

2.0m 4.0m
M=PxL Mmax = 12 x 12.8 x 106 / 40 x 106 M = w x L2 / 2 Smax = 355 N/mm2
I = 300 x 803 / 12 Mmax = 3.8 kNm I = bd3 / 12 Mmax = Smax x I / y
I = 12.8 x 106 mm4 S=Mxy/I
Pmax = 3.8 / 2.0 = 1.9 kN
M=SxI/y
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Ex.D: 4.0m cantilever, maximum stress Ex.D: 4.0m cantilever, maximum stress
in the beam is 355 N/mm2, what is the in the beam is 355 N/mm2, what is the
maximum UDL (w)? maximum UDL (w)?
200mm 200mm
w kN/m w kN/m

60mm 60mm

4.0m 4.0m
M = w x L2 / 2 M = w x L2 / 2 Mmax = 355 x 3.6 x 106 / 30 x 106
I = 200 x 603 / 12 I = 200 x 603 / 12 Mmax = 42.6 kNm
I = 3.6 x 106 mm4 I = 3.6 x 106 mm4

Ex.D: 4.0m cantilever, maximum stress Ex.E: 6.0m long beam, 30kN point load at
in the beam is 355 N/mm2, what is the centre what is the stress (S) in the beam?
maximum UDL (w)? P

200mm
w kN/m

60mm L 90mm
M = PL/4
4.0m
M = w x L2 / 2 Mmax = 355 x 3.6 x 106 / 30 x 106
I = 200 x 603 / 12 Mmax = 42.6 kNm
300mm
I = 3.6 x 106 mm4 wmax = 2 x 42.6 / 4.02 = 5.3 kN/m
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Ex.E: 6.0m long beam, 30kN point load at Ex.E: 6.0m long beam, 30kN point load at
centre what is the stress (S) in the beam? centre what is the stress (S) in the beam?
P P

L 90mm L 90mm
M = (30 x 6) / 4 = 45 kNm M = (30 x 6) / 4 = 45 kNm

I = 90 x 3003 / 12 x 106
I = 90 x 3003 / 12 x 106 300mm 300mm
I = 202.5 x 106 mm4
I = 202.5 x 106 mm4
S = 45 x 106 x 150 / 202.5 x 106
S = 33.3 N/mm2

Find the elastic section modulus (W) of Find the elastic section modulus (W) of
a beam with rectangular cross section a beam with rectangular cross section
In the UK for many years, the W=I/y
b b
letter symbol for the elastic
modulus of a section has I = bd3 / 12
been z. Many engineers y=d/2
d
continue to use z rather than
W. W is used in the d W = (bd3 / 12) x (2 / d) NA
Eurocodes. W = 2bd3 / 12d y

z = W = bd2 / 6 W = bd2 / 6
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Use the elastic modulus (W) of a beam Ex.F: 3.0m long beam, 5 kN/m UDL, what is
to link the bending moment in a beam the stress (S) in the beam?
to its maximum stress 5 kN/m
b

Stress S = My / I
L 75mm
W=I/y
d M= wL2/8

S=M/W
225mm

Ex.F: 3.0m long beam, 5 kN/m UDL, what is Ex.F: 3.0m long beam, 5 kN/m UDL, what is
the stress (S) in the beam? the stress (S) in the beam?
5 kN/m 5 kN/m

L 75mm L 75mm
M= wL2/8 M = 5.6 kNm
M = 5 x 32 / 8 = 5.6 kNm W = 632.8 x 103 mm3
W = 75 x 2252 / 6 225mm 225mm
S=M/W
W = 632.8 x 103 mm3 S = 5.6 x 106 / 632.8 x 103
W = 632.8 cm3 S = 8.9 N/mm2
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Ex.G: 3.5m long beam with a point load, Ex.G: 3.5m long beam with a point load,
maximum stress in the beam is 12 N/mm2, maximum stress in the beam is 12 N/mm2,
what is the maximum point load? what is the maximum point load?
P P

M = PL/4 L L
200mm W = 200 x 2002 /6 200mm
S=M/W
M=SxW W = 1333.3 x 103 mm3
Smax = 12 N/mm2 200mm 200mm
Mmax = Smax x W

Ex.G: 3.5m long beam with a point load, Ex.H: 2.5m long beam with a UDL,
maximum stress in the beam is 12 N/mm2, maximum stress in the beam is 9 N/mm2,
what is the maximum point load? what is the maximum UDL (w)?
P w kN/m

W = 1333.3 x 103 mm3 L M = wL2/8 L

150mm
S=M/W
Mmax = 12 x 1333.3 x 103 / 106 M=SxW
Mmax = 16 kNm Smax = 9 N/mm2 150mm
Mmax = Smax x W
Pmax = 4 x 16 / 3.5 = 18.3 kN
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Ex.H: 2.5m long beam with a UDL, Ex.H: 2.5m long beam with a UDL,
maximum stress in the beam is 9 N/mm2, maximum stress in the beam is 9 N/mm2,
what is the maximum UDL (w)? what is the maximum UDL (w)?
w kN/m w kN/m

W = 150 x 1502 / 6 L W = 562.5 x 103 mm3 L

150mm 150mm
W = 562.5 x 103 mm3
Mmax = 9 x 562.5 x 103 / 106
Mmax = 5.1 kNm
150mm 150mm
wmax = 8 x 5.1 / 2.52 = 6.5 kN/m

Ex.J: Cantilever, 40kN load at end,
maximum stress in the beam is 175 N/mm2
what is the minimum depth of the beam?
110mm
40kN
Ex.J: Cantilever, 40kN load at end,
maximum stress in the beam is 175 N/mm2
what is the minimum width of the beam?
110mm
40kN

???mm d mm
5.0m 5.0m
M=PxL M = 40 x 5 = 200 kNm
W = bd2 / 6 W = 110 x d2 / 6
Stress (S) = M / W Stress (S) = 175 = 200 x 106 / W
W = 200 x 106 / 175 = 110 x d2 / 6
d = 250mm
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Ex.K: Cantilever, 75kN load at end,
maximum stress in the beam is 220 N/mm2
what is the minimum width of the beam?
140mm
75kN
Ex.K: Cantilever, 75kN load at end,
maximum stress in the beam is 220 N/mm2
what is the minimum width of the beam?
140mm
75kN

???mm ???mm
5.0m 5.0m
M=PxL M = 75 x 5 = 375 kNm
W = bd2 / 6 W = 140 x d2 / 6
Stress (S) = M / W Stress (S) = 220 = 375 x 106 / W
W = 375 x 106 / 220 = 140 x d2 / 6
d = 270mm

Ex.L: Maximum compressive stress in the beam Ex.L: Maximum compressive stress in the beam
is 115 N/mm2 and the maximum tensile stress is is 115 N/mm2 and the maximum tensile stress is
25 N/mm2, is the UDL of 10 kN/m OK? 25 N/mm2, is the UDL of 10 kN/m OK?
10 kN/m 10 kN/m

L = 5m L M = wL2 / 8 L
150mm 150mm
W = 150 x 1502 / 6 M = 10 x 52 / 8
W = 562.5 x 103 mm3 M = 31.2 kNm
150mm Stress = M / W 150mm
Stress = 31.2 x 106 / 562.5 x 103
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Ex.L: Maximum compressive stress in the beam Ex.M: Maximum compressive stress in the beam
is 115 N/mm2 and the maximum tensile stress is is 110 N/mm2 and the maximum tensile stress is
25 N/mm2, is the UDL of 10 kN/m OK? 35 N/mm2, what is the maximum UDL w kN/m?
10 kN/m w kN/m

L = 6.0m
L
Stress = 31.2 x 106 / 562.5 x 103 150mm W = 562.5 x 103 mm3 150mm
Stress = 55.6 N/mm2 Which will limit the strength of the
OK in compression 150mm beam, compression or tension? 150mm
What about tension?

Ex.M: Maximum compressive stress in the beam Ex.N: Using the I Beam from a previous example
is 110 N/mm2 and the maximum tensile stress is what is the maximum UDL (w) if the max
35 N/mm2, what is the maximum UDL w kN/m? compressive stress is 250 N/mm2 and the max
w kN/m tensile stress is 260 N/mm2?

L = 6.0m w kN/m
Mmax = 35 x 562.5 x 103 / 106 150mm
Mmax = 19.7 kNm
L = 7.5m
wmax = 8 x 19.7 / 62 = 4.4 kN/m
150mm
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Ex.N: Previous Example 3 Ex.N: Check both tension and

IXX = 692.1 x 106 mm4 compressive stresses in the I beam
200mm
IXX = 692.1 x 106 mm4
50mm
COMPRESSION AT TOP OF BEAM
Ytop = 50 + 300 + 30 – 214.2 = 195.8mm
NA NA Stress = M x ytop / I
40mm 300mm Mmax = stress x I / ytop = 250 x 692.1 / 195.8
214.2mm Mmax = 883.7 kNm
M = wL2 / 8
60mm wmax = M x 8 / L2 = 883.7 x 8 / 7.52 = 125.7 kN/m
150mm

Ex.N: Check both tension and Ex.N: Compare wmax from tension and
compressive stresses in the I beam compressive stresses in the I beam
COMPRESSION AT TOP OF BEAM
wmax = 125.7 kN/m
TENSION AT BOTTOM OF BEAM
Ybottom = 214.2mm TENSION AT BOTTOM OF BEAM
Stress = M x ybottom / I wmax = 119.5 kN/m
Mmax = stress x I / ybottom = 260 x 692.1 / 214.2
Mmax = 840.1 kNm So despite the max tensile stress being higher,
M = wL2 / 8 because of the beam’s shape, this is the limiting
wmax = M x 8 / L2 = 840.1 x 8 / 7.52 = 119.5 kN/m factor for the beam.