Electrical Circuits I: Equivalent Resistance For Circuit With Independent Source

4/20/2015
Electrical Circuits I
Lecture 7
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan

Dept. of EEE, BUET 1
Equivalent resistance for circuit with Independent source
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
R10 2 (6 + 7 ) R20 7 (6 + 2 )
1 1 1
= +
a b Rbc 12 (9 + 3)
Rac = 2 + Rbc + 4
c
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
R12 2 2 R10 4 8
R20 = R10 + R12

2
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET
1
4/20/2015
Equivalent resistance for circuit with dependent source
1A
Vx (2 + 1) = 20 − 4Vx
1 1  R = 2.86 Ω
Vx  +  = 1 − 0.2Vx
 10 20  Vx = 20 / 7 = 2.86 V
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Lecture 8

Prob. 3.31 1  V 1
V1  + 1 + 2 − V3 = 1 + 2v0
V1 − V3 = v0 4  1 1
1 1  1 10
V3  + + 1 − V1 − = −2v0
4 2  1 2
V
V2 − V1 = 4I 0 V2 − V1 = 4 3
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Prob. 3.88 Determine the gain v0/vs of the transistor amplifier circuit in Fig.
− 10000 × 40 I 0 = v0 I0 = −
v0
400000
v0
V1 −
1000 = I
0
2000
v0 v0 v0 v v
V1 − = − 2000 V1 = − 0 =− 0
1000 400000 1000 200 250
 1 1 1  vS v0
V1  + + − − =0
 200 100 2000  200 1000 × 2000
1  31  v0 v − v0 4 × 31 − v0 = vS 10000
− v0  − = S
250  2000  2000000 200
v0 − 10000
= = −80 V/V
vS 4 × 31 + 1
3
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Lecture 9

4. Circuit Theorems
4.2 Linearity Property
A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly related (or directly
proportional) to its input.
Example 4.1
For the circuit in Fig. find I0 for

vs=12V and vs=24V
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Practice Problem 4.2 Assume that V0=1V and use linearity to

calculate the actual value V0
12 + 8 40
VAB = V0 = 2.5V0 V0 = = 16 V
8 2.5
4.3 Superposition
The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or
current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum
of the voltages across (or currents through) that element due to
each independent source acting alone.
Example 4.3 3
Practice
Problem 4.3
Example 4.4
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Practice Problem 4.4 Prob. 4.11
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Lecture 10

CT 1: Determine values of the node voltages v1, v2, v3, v4,and v5 in

the circuit shown in Figure 1
Figure 1 Figure 2
CT 2: The currents i1, i2, and i3 are the mesh currents
corresponding to meshes 1, 2, and 3 in Figure 2. The values of
these currents are
Determine the values of the gains of the dependent sources, A
and B shown in Figure 2 2
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4/20/2015
ib = i3 − i2 = −3.25 − (− 2.5) = −0.75A − 1.875

B= = 2.5 A/A
− 0.75
Bib = i3 − i1 = −3.25 − (− 1.375) = −1.875A
20i3 + Ava + 50(i3 − i2 ) + 20(i1 − i2 ) - 10 = 0
10 - 20(i1 − i2 ) − 50(i3 − i2 ) − 20i3

A=
20(i1 − i2 )
A = 4 V/V
Figure 2
CT 2: The currents i1, i2, and i3 are the mesh currents
corresponding to meshes 1, 2, and 3 in Figure 2. The values of
these currents are
Determine the values of the gains of the dependent sources, A
and B shown in Figure 2 3
CT 1: Determine values of the node voltages v1, v2, v3, v4,and v5 in

the circuit shown in Figure 1 v1 − v2 = 16 v4 − v5 = 8 v2 − v4 = 4ix
v3
v2 − v4 = 4 3v2 + 2v3 − 3v4 = 0
6
1 1 1 v v
v3  + +  − 1 − 4 = 0
6 3 2 2 3
6v3 − 3v1 − 2v4 = 0 − 3v2 + 6v3 − 2v4 = 48
6v3 − 3(v2 + 16 ) − 2v4 = 0
v1 − v3 v4 − v3 v5 − 0
+ + = 1 12v1 − 12v3 + 8v4 − 8v3 + 3v5 = 24
2 3 8
v2 = 8V , v3 = 12V , v4 = 0V
12(v + 16 ) − 20v + 8v + 3(v − 8) = 24
2 3 4 4
12v2 − 20v3 + 11v4 = 24 + 24 − 192 v1 = 24V , v5 = −8V
12v2 − 20v3 + 11v4 = −144
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4.4 Source Transformation

A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage
source vs in series with a resistor R by a current source is is in
parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa.
5
Example 4.6
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Practice Problem 4.6

ix =
5
(0.024 − 0.4ix )
10 + 5
15ix = 0.12 − 2ix ix = 7.0588A
Example 4.7
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, 7BUET
4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem

Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source VTh
in series with a resistor RTh, where VTh is the open-circuit voltage at
the terminals and RTh is the input or equivalent resistance at the
terminals when the independent sources are turned off.
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Practice Problem 4.8 Using Thevenin’s theorem, find the

equivalent circuit to the left of the
terminals in the circuit of Figure.
Then find I.
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Lecture 11

4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem
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v1 − 0 v1 − 0 v −0
+ = 1 + 4.5 1 
10 40  40 
v1 − 0 v −0
= 1 + 3.5 1 
10  40 
 1 3.5 
v1  −  =1 v1 (4 − 3.5) = 40 v1 = 80 vab = 5 ×1 + 80 = 85 V
 10 40 
3
4.7 Norton’s Theorem

Norton’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN in
parallel with a resistor RN, where IN is the short-circuit current
through the terminals and RN is the input or equivalent resistance
at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off.
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Prob 4.57
5
4.8 Maximum Power Transfer
Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load

resistance equals the Thevenin resistance as seen from the load
(RL = RTh ) Practice Problem 4.13 Determine the value of that will draw
the maximum power from the rest of the
circuit in Fig. Calculate the maximum
power.
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Lecture 12

4.8 Maximum Power Transfer
Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load

resistance equals the Thevenin resistance as seen from the load
(RL = RTh ) Practice Problem 4.13 Determine the value of that will draw
the maximum power from the rest of the
circuit in Fig. Calculate the maximum
power.
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4/20/2015
Prob 4.71 For the circuit in Fig, what resistor connected across terminals
will absorb maximum power from the circuit? What is that power?
Prob 4.75 For the circuit in Fig, determine the value of R such that the
maximum power delivered to the load is 3 mW.
3
Figure shows a source connected to a load through an amplifier. The

load can safely receive up to 15 W of power. Consider three cases:
(a) A=20 V/V and R0=10Ω. Determine the value of RL that maximizes
the power delivered to the load and the corresponding maximum
load power.
(b) A =20 V/V and RL =8Ω. Determine the value of R0 that maximizes
the power delivered to the load and the corresponding maximum
load power.
(c) R0=10Ω and RL=8 Ω. Determine the value of A that maximizes the
power delivered to the load and the corresponding maximum load
power.
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4/20/2015
6.0 Capacitors and Inductors

Unlike resistors, which dissipate energy, capacitors and inductors
do not dissipate but store energy, which can be retrieved at a later
time. For this reason, capacitors and inductors are called storage
elements.) 6.1 Capacitors
A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET 5
properties A capacitor is an open circuit to dc

The voltage on a capacitor cannot change abruptly.
The ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes power from
the circuit when storing energy in its field and returns previously
stored energy when delivering power to the circuit.
A real, nonideal capacitor has a parallel-
model leakage resistance. The leakage
resistance may be as high as 100 MΩ
Practice Problem 6.1: What is the voltage across a 4.5 ΩF capacitor if
the charge on one plate is 0.12 mC? How much energy is stored?
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET 6

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4/20/2015

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan

Equivalent resistance for circuit with Independent source

R20 = R10 + R12

Equivalent resistance for circuit with dependent source

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan

For the circuit in Fig. find I0 for

Practice Problem 4.2 Assume that V0=1V and use linearity to

Practice Problem 4.4 Prob. 4.11

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan

CT 1: Determine values of the node voltages v1, v2, v3, v4,and v5 in

ib = i3 − i2 = −3.25 − (− 2.5) = −0.75A − 1.875

20i3 + Ava + 50(i3 − i2 ) + 20(i1 − i2 ) - 10 = 0

10 - 20(i1 − i2 ) − 50(i3 − i2 ) − 20i3

CT 1: Determine values of the node voltages v1, v2, v3, v4,and v5 in

12v2 − 20v3 + 11v4 = 24 + 24 − 192 v1 = 24V , v5 = −8V

12v2 − 20v3 + 11v4 = −144

4.4 Source Transformation

Practice Problem 4.6

Practice Problem 4.7

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, 7BUET

4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem

Practice Problem 4.8 Using Thevenin’s theorem, find the

Practice Problem 4.9

Practice Problem 4.10

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan

4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem

4.7 Norton’s Theorem

Practice Problem 4.11

Practice Problem 4.12

4.8 Maximum Power Transfer

Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan

4.8 Maximum Power Transfer

Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load

Figure shows a source connected to a load through an amplifier. The

6.0 Capacitors and Inductors

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET 5

properties A capacitor is an open circuit to dc

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET 6

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