BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY

05
SUBMITTED BY:
JAYSON FEB D. VILLARINO BS ARCH 4B

SUBMITTED TO:
ARCHITECT JUN PHILIP BALLENA
Masonry in Architecture
What is a masonry work?

Masonry is a construction method that uses individual units,

like brick and stone, bound together with mortar.

Masonry in Architecture
Composite Material Properties system composed of:

Unit Mortar

Earth ( loam ) Clay

( fired and sun dried )

Cement Glass

Different Types of Masonry Materials

Brick Masonry
Bricks are known to be durable and good looking, lasting many generations and still remaining in style. Bricks also come in
a wide variety, from more traditional blocks to modern textures and colors.

Bricks are typically made using clay, sand, water, and sometimes lime or ash.

Stone Masonry
Two types of stones can be used to create stone masonry, either dressed or undressed. Dressed stone is going to come in
more fluid sizes and patterns. Undressed stone, also known as rough stone, is laid as ‘rubble masonry,’ which provides a
less clean look, and includes putting a wall together without a regular pattern. Instead, undressed stone provides a more
authentic or natural appearance, which might sound messy, but actually offers great-looking result.

Concrete Blocks
Concrete is laid similarly to brick, with one cinderblock being pressed atop the other in a staggered formation. Since
concrete blocks are much larger than bricks, it takes far less time to lay them. They tend to be more affordable and they are
also fire resistance.
Concrete masonry units come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and specialty forms making them a versatile building material.
Schools, factories and residential buildings all often rely on concrete blocks as the bones of a masonry structure.
What are hollow blocks used for?
Hollow blocks can be used in the construction of commercial and residential buildings, internal
partition walls, and boundary walls, for architectural decoration, and on the rooftop for heat
protection.

Concrete Block Masonry which is also known as Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) have advantages over brick
and stone masonry.

The common size of concrete blocks is

39cm x 19cm x (30cm or 20 cm or 10cm)
or 2 inch, 4 inch, 6 inch, 8 inch, 10 inch
and 12-inch unit configurations.

Cement, aggregate, water is used to prepare concrete blocks.

Types of Concrete Blocks or

Concrete Masonry Units

Depending upon the structure, shape, size and manufacturing processes concrete blocks are mainly classified into
2 types and they are

 Solid concrete blocks

 Hollow concrete Blocks

Solid concrete blocks are commonly used, which are heavy in weight and manufactured from dense aggregate.
They are very strong and provides good stability to the structures.

Hollow concrete blocks they are manufactured from lightweight aggregates. They are light weight blocks and
easy to install.

Types of Hollow Concrete Blocks:

 Stretcher block
 Corner block
 Pillar block
 Jamb block
 Partition block
 Lintel block
 Frogged brick block
 Bull nose block
 CEMENT

Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds

Cements of this kind are finely ground powders that, when mixed with water,
set to a hard mass.

Different Types Of Cement

 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Ordinary Portland Cement also known as OPC is a type of cement that is manufactured and used worldwide. It is
widely used for all purposes including:

Concrete: When OPC is mixed with aggregates and water, it makes concrete, which is widely used in the
construction of buildings

Mortar: For joining masonry

Plaster: To give a perfect finish to the walls

 Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)

PPC has a high resistance to different chemical assaults on concrete. It is widely used in construction such as:

Marine structures

Sewage works

Bridges

Piers

Dams

Mass concrete works

  Rapid Hardening Cement
Rapid Hardening Cement is made when finely grounded C3S is displayed in OPC with higher concrete.
It is commonly used in rapid constructions like the construction pavement.

 Extra Rapid Hardening Cement

As the name suggests, Extra rapid hardening cement gains strength quicker and it is obtained by adding
calcium chloride to rapid hardening cement.

 Low Heat Cement

This low heat cement is used in mass concrete construction like gravity dams. It is important to know that it
is less reactive and the initial setting time is greater than OPC.

 Sulfates Resisting Cement

It can also be used in concrete surfaces subjected to alternate wetting and drying like bridge piers.

 Quick Setting Cement

Quick setting cement is used for constructions that need a quick setting, like underwater structures and in
cold and rainy weather conditions.

 Blast Furnace Slag Cement

This type of cement is manufactured by grinding the clinker with about 60% slag and it is similar to Portland
cement. It is used for constructions where economic considerations are important.

 High Alumina Cement

The most common uses are in constructions that are subject to high temperatures like a workshop,
refractory, and foundries.

 White Cement
This type of cement is manufactured by using raw materials that are free from iron and oxide. White cement
needs to have lime and clay in a higher proportion. It is similar to OPC but it is more expensive.
MIXTURE OF CEMENT
In terms of the ratio for concrete, it depends on what strength you are trying to achieve, but as a general
guide a standard concrete mix would be 1 part cement to 2 parts sand to 4 parts aggregates.
For foundations, a mix of 1 part cement to 3 parts sand to 6 parts aggregates can be used

CLASS OF CEMENT

Classification of cement. The basic raw materials used to manufacture Portland cements
are limestone (calcium carbonate) and clay or shale. After it cools, the clinker is pulverized and
blended with a small amount of gypsum to control the setting time of the finished cement.

Recommended Concrete
Mix Proportions
The key to achieving a strong and durable concrete
is mixing the ingredients in proper proportion.
SAND

 Concrete Sand
Concrete Sand is one of the types of sands in that is made from crushed concrete. It is a common
component in cement and asphalt mixtures. This sand is crushed in the quarry and filtered to remove
the large rocks and huge fragments.

 Pit Sand

Pit sand is a types of sand used in construction that is best used for constructing buildings due to its
superior binding property. It consists of rough, sharp, angular, and coarse grains that provide excellent
binding properties.

 River Sand or Natural Sand

River sand falls under the fine quality of construction sands which is found near river banks and
streams. This sand is white-grey and is one of the fine graded sands used in the construction of
buildings.
  M-sand

M-sand stands for manufactured sand. This is a type of construction sands that is easily available too.
Since it manufactured and not natural, it can be free from several impurities and the sizes of the sand
grains can be controlled as desired which suits each purpose.

 Utility Sand

This type of construction sand provides excellent compaction and good mechanical properties due to
its uniform grain shapes.

 Fill sand

It is a combination of many grains of sand and aggregates. It consists of very fine rock particles that
have been broken down and undergone erosion. It can be primarily used as a base material for laying
concrete, paving, and filling large holes.
REINFORCEMENT
Steel reinforcement are steel bars that are provided in combination with plain cement concrete to make
it reinforced concrete. Hence these structures form steel reinforced cement concrete structure (R.C.C).
Steel reinforcement is commonly called as ‘rebars’.

The steel reinforcement used in concrete construction is mainly of 4 types. They are:

1. Hot Rolled Deformed Steel Bars

2. Cold Worked Steel Bars

3. Mild Steel Plain Bars

4. Prestressing Steel Bars

 Hot Rolled Deformed Bars

Hot rolled deformed bars are most commonly used steel reinforcement for R.C.C structures.
These ribs help to form a bond with the concrete. The typical yield strength of hot-rolled deformed bars is
60000psi.
  Cold Worked Steel Bars

A cold worked reinforcement bar is obtained by letting the hot rolled steel bars to undergo cold working.
In the cold working process, the bars will undergo twisting and drawing.

 Mild Steel Plain Bars

The mild steel plain reinforcement bars do not have ribs on their surface. They have a plain surface.
These bars are used for small projects where the major concern is the economy.

 Prestressing Steel Bars

The prestressing steel reinforcement are steel bars used in the form of strands or tendons.
Multiple strands are employed in concrete in order to perform the prestressing action.
The strands are made of multiple wires either 2 or 3 or 7 wire strands.

SIZE OF STEEL REBARS

Rebars are supplied in U-bent or straight rods of 40ft in length.

Size Weight per Bundle Rods per Bundle

8 mm 1 Bundle 47.41 kg 10
10 mm 1 Bundle 51.85 kg 7
12 mm 1 Bundle 53.33 kg 5
16 mm 1 Bundle 56.89 kg 3
20 mm 1 Bundle 59.26 kg 2
25 mm 1 Bundle 46.30 kg 1
32 mm 1 Bundle 75.85 kg 1
FOOTING
a part of foundation which is constructed with concrete or brickwork masonry and acts as a base to the floor
columns and floor walls.

 FOOTING DETAILS
COLUMN
Columns are defined as vertical load-bearing members supporting axial compressive loads chiefly. This
structural member is used to transmit the load of the structure to the foundation. ... Concrete columns can
be roughly divided into three categories- Pedestals, Short reinforced columns, and Long reinforced
columns.

 COLUMN DETAILS
  TYPES OF COLUMN

 17 TYPES OF COLUMN

 1. Square or Rectangular Column

 2. Circular Column
 3. L and T shaped Column
 4. Tied Column
 5. Spiral Column
 6. Composite Column
 7. Axially Loaded Column
 8. Uniaxial Eccentrically Loaded Column
 9. Biaxial Eccentrically Loaded Column
 10. Short Column
 11. Long Column
 12. Reinforced Concrete Column
 13. Steel Column
 14. Timber Column
 15. Brick Column
 16. Block Column
 17. Stone Column
BEAMS AND SLABS

 BEAM

Beam is a horizontal structural element that withstand vertical loads, shear forces and bending moments.

 SLABS

Slab is an important structural element which is constructed to create flat and useful surfaces such as
floors, roofs, and ceilings. It is a horizontal structural component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or
near so.
FLOOR SLABS
A floor slab (also called plate slab or filigree slab) is a reinforced concrete slab with a minimum thickness of
5–6 cm. Depending on the concrete covering and reinforcement, it can be up to 7 cm thick. The floor slab is
a semi-precast component that includes the lower floor slab reinforcement that is required for structural
reasons.

 HOW DOES IT SUPPORT

Beams are used to support the weight of floors, ceilings and roofs of a building and to transfer
the load to a vertical load bearing element of the structure
Sometimes bigger and heavier beams called transfer beams are used to support the cumulative
weight of stacked walls or other beams and transfer the load to the supports.
ONE WAY SLABS AND TWO WAY SLABS
 ONE WAY SLABS

One way slab is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry the load along one direction.

 TWO WAY SLABS

Two way slab is supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are carried by the supports along
with both directions, it is known as two way slab. In two way slab, the ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span
(b) is less than 2.

 SAMPLE
SPLICE REINFORCEMENT
The method used to join the reinforcement bars, so that the force is transferred effectively from one bar to
the other is called as splicing.

 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPLICE

Simple Lap Splice

A lap splice is the predominant method used for splicing reinforcing bars.

Welded Lap Splice

In general, CRSI rec ommends against manual arc welding in the field. However,

if necessary, field-welded splices are accomplished by

electric arc welding the reinforcing bars together.

Coupler for Thread-Deformed Bar

Splices are assembled with lock nuts and threaded couplers,

then the nuts are tightened to a specified torque.

Upset Straight Thread Coupler

Upsetting the bar ends permits the cross-sectional area in the

threaded portion to be greater than the bar cross-sectional area.

Non-Upset Straight Thread Coupler

This is a mechanical splice consisting of a coupler with internal

straight threads at each end that joins two reinforcing

bars with matching external threads.

Cold-Swaged Threaded Coupler

The cold-swaged threaded coupler consists of pre-threaded male and female components,

which are swaged onto the reinforcing bars using a swaging press with special dies.

Taper-Threaded Coupler

This is a mechanical splice consisting of a taper threaded coupler that joins bars with matching tapered threads

Straight Threaded Coupler with Upset Rebar Ends

This is a mechanical splice consisting of forming heads on the ends of the bars

to be connected using a hydraulic machine from the splice manufacturer,

which is designed to fit between closely-spaced bars.

Grout-Filled Coupling Sleeve

The double-frustrum-shaped coupling sleeve is filled with a cement-based,

non-shrink, high-early strength grout.

Combo Grout-Filled/Threaded Sleeve

One end of the sleeve is attached and secured to a reinforcing bar (rebar) by means of threading.

Steel-Filled Coupling Sleeve

The steel-filled coupling sleeve is a mechanical splice in which molten metal or

“steel filler” interlocks the grooves inside the sleeve

with the deformations on the reinforcing bar.

Cold-Swaged Coupling Sleeve

The cold-swaged coupling sleeve uses a hydraulic swaging press

with special dies to deform the sleeve around the

ends of the spliced reinforcing bars.

Shear Screw Coupling Sleeve

This type of mechanical splice consists of a coupling sleeve with shearhead

screws which are designed to shear off at a specified torque.

Extruded Coupling Sleeve

This type of mechanical splice is produced by cold extruding a coupling

sleeve over both bar ends in one operation. The coupling sleeve is then

centered over the butted bar ends and is connected

o one bar by tightening a set screw.

Coupling Sleeve with Double Wedge

This coupling sleeve consists of a ductile iron sleeve with two internal wedges.

Two series of cone-pointed screws are arranged a long the sleeve length,

opposite a wedge-shaped profile in the sleeve.

Coupling Sleeve with Shear Bolt/Wedge

Designed primarily for splicing smaller bars, sizes #3 through #6 [#10 through #19],

the coupling sleeve is oval in cross-section permitting the overlapping

of two reinforcing bars of the same diameter in the sleeve.

Dowel Bar Mechanical Splice

Dowel bar mechanical splices are used to prevent bars from penetrating or

protruding from forms and reinforced concrete structures.

Compression-Only Mechanical Splices

The use of end-bearing to transfer compression from bar to bar requires the ends of the bars be cut within 1-1/2 degress of square
to the longitudinal axis of the bars.
SUPPORTED BEAM TYPES
The simply supported beam is one of the most simple structures. It features only two supports, one at each
end. One is a pinned support and the other is a roller support. With this configuration, the beam is inhibited
from any vertical movement at both ends whereas it is allowed to rotate freely.
BEAM TYPES
Simply Supported Beam

Fixed Beam

Cantilever Beam

Continuous Beam

Reinforced Concrete Beams

Steel Beams
Timber beams

Composite Beams

Rectangular beam

T-section beam

L-section beam

Straight beam

Curved beam
Tapered beam

Statically Determinate Beam

Statically indeterminate beam

Cast In-situ Concrete Beam

Precast Concrete Beam

Prestressed Concrete Beam

Deep Beam

Girder
BAR SPACING
The minimum reinforcement spacing is based on maximum size of aggregates, so that concrete can be
placed and compacted properly. The maximum reinforcement spacing based on depths of the beams and
slabs to provide adequate support for bending moment and shear force in design.

Minimum Spacing between Bars in Tension

The minimum horizontal spacing between two parallel main bars shall be diameter of larger bar or
maximum size of coarse aggregate plus 5 mm.
The minimum vertical distance between two main bars shall be

 15 mm,
 Two-third of the nominal size of coarse aggregate, or
 Maximum size of the bar or whichever is greater.

Maximum Spacing between Bars in Tension

For beams, these distances are 300 mm, 180 mm and 150 mm for grades of main reinforcement of Fe
250, Fe 415 and Fe 500, respectively.

For slabs

 (i) The maximum spacing between two parallel main reinforcing bars shall be 3dor 300mm or
whichever is less, and
 (ii) The maximum spacing between two secondary parallel bars shall be 5dor 450 mm or whichever
is less.
COVER OF THE BEAM
Clear cover is concrete cover is provided in all structure member like different types of footing, column,
beam and slab. Concrete cover is provided for long lasting life of concrete and keep RCC structure free
from corrosion and rust formation.

Reinforced concrete structure which subjected to remain in seawater the ACI code is specified that size of
concrete cover should be at least 50 mm.

Cover for beam:- the concrete structure not exposed to weather or ground such as beam, the ACI code
specified that the size of concrete cover for beam should be at least 40mm.
SIZE VERTICAL BEAM
Steel is still one of the preferred material options in construction, as it takes less time to build and
contributes to a perfect combination of lightness, high strength, and ease of manufacture.

Structural beams: ‘I beams” or ‘H beams’

Structural beams are referred to as either I beams or H beams because of the shape of their cross-section.
Both H and I beams are capable of resisting shear forces and are extremely resistant to bending. The flat,
horizontal sections of the beams are called flanges. The middle, vertical part that connects both of the
flanges is called a web.

 The function of the web is to resist shear forces that may cause breakages or collapses
 The flanges are there to resist bending movements.
FOUNDATION WORKS
Foundation, Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and
transmits its loads directly to the earth.
There are three main foundation types; basement, crawlspace, and concrete slab. A fourth, but a less
common option, is wood foundations.

BASEMENT FOUNDATION
The walls are built of poured concrete, block, stone and (rarely) out of treated wood.

CRAWLSPACE FOUNDATION
A crawl space is an elevated foundation that uses footings and block walls around the outside to
support the house

CONCRETE FOUNDATION
A slab foundation is made of concrete that is typically 4"–6" thick in the center. The concrete slab is often
placed on a layer of sand for drainage or to act as a cushion. Houses built on a slab lack crawlspaces, and
there is no space under the floor.