Microwave Phase Shifters

Prof. Girish Kumar

Electrical Engineering Department
IIT Bombay

gkumar@ee.iitb.ac.in
prof.gkumar@gmail.com
(022) 2576 7436
 Introduction: Phase Shifters (PS)

[]
Changes Transmission Phase Angle
V1 V2 = V1e-j Difference Phase Shift, ∆ = 2 – 1
Insertion Loss, IL(dB) = -20log10 |S21|
2 Port Device as
a Phase Shifter
Analog Phase Shifter
Generally voltage controlled
Can be realized using varactor diode
Non-Linear in nature
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 2
 Digital Phase Shifter
 Controlled by two state switches
 More Immune to noise
 Can be realized by PIN diode or MESFET

Largest bit: 180o

For n-bit Phase Shifter Lowest bit: 360o/2n
Step: 360o/2n
6-Bit Phase Shifter
IN OUT
5.625o 11.25o 22.5o 45o 90o 180o

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Application of Phase Shifter
Phased Array Antenna

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Reflection Type Phase Shifters
l /2
Input
3-dB
2-Branch
Coupler
Output l /2

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 Reflection Type PS using Circulator
OUT

Tx
1 2

3 Rx IN
Circulator Phase Shifter using Circulator (Analog and Digital)

Disadvantages: Narrow bandwidth and high cost.

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 Transmission Type Phase Shifter
Two Port
Input Network Output
On-off
Switch
Transmission-type
Phase of the transmission coefficient is altered by switch.
Phase shift is given by the change in phase of transmission
coefficient between two states.

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 Switched Line Phase Shifter
Switching between two Transmission Lines
of different length using two SPDT switches.
Phase shift is given by ∆ = (βl2 - βl1)

State-1: D1 and D2 ON, D3 and D4 OFF

State-2: D3 and D4 ON, D1 and D2 OFF
Off path should not be equal to 180o to SP2T
avoid resonance
∆ = β (l2 - l1)

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Simulation of Switched Line Phase Shifter

Schematic for Switched Line Phase Shifter in ADS

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 90 Switched Line Phase Shifter
Simulated Results for Phase Shift
of 90o around 2 GHz (1.9; -63.592) (2.0; -66.885)
(2.1; -70.291)
Frequency Phase in Phase in Phase
(GHz) State 1 State 2 Difference (1.9; -149.554)
(deg.) (deg.) (deg.) (2.1; -165.356)

1.9 -149.554 -63.592 85.962 (2.0; -157.350)

2.0 -157.350 -66.885 90.465

2.1 -165.356 -70.291 95.065

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Fabricated 90 Switched Line Phase Shifter
Bias
GND GND

Input Output
Port GND GND
Port
Bias

Insertion Loss < 2.5dB

|S11| < -18dB at 2 GHz between 1.7 to 2.3 GHz
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 11
Phase of 90 Switched Line Phase Shifter
Measured Phase (in degree) of S21:
(a) State 1 and (b) State 2
Frequency Phase in Phase in Phase
(GHz) State 1 State 2 Difference
(deg.) (deg.) (deg.)
(a)
1.82 -130.50 -46.89 83.61
1.88 -133.24 47.83 85.41
1.94 -140.68 -51.22 89.46
2.00 -144.58 -51.32 93.26
2.05 -150.23 -56.89 93.34
2.12 -153.68 -60.23 93.45
2.18 -159.61 -64.4 95.21
(b)
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 Loaded Line Phase Shifter
λ/4
Z0
SP2T SP2T
1 2

-jB jB -jB jB

Loaded Line Phase Shifter with Lumped Elements:

 It provides small dimensions for relatively low frequencies.
 Switching between two complex conjugate loads.
 The reactive elements are spaced at quarter wavelength
to ensure cancellation of reflections at designed frequency.
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Loaded Line Phase Shifters using PIN Diodes
 
Z0 Zc Z0 Yc = 1/Zc

1 Z1 Z1 Y Y

Zd Zd

 Phase shift is obtained by changing bias of the PIN diodes.

 ABCD Analysis for ON and OFF models of PIN diodes
 Find S-Parameters
 Phase change of S21 in two states gives phase difference.
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PIN Diode Loaded Line Phase Shifter
Vs λ/4, Zc

1, Z1 1, Z1

2, Z1
2, Z1
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Simulation of Loaded Line Phase Shifter

Schematic for Switched Line phase shifter in ADS

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Results of 22.5 Loaded Line Phase Shifter
Simulated Phase (in degree) of S21:
(1.95; 153.211)
(a) State 1 and (b) State 2 (2.00; 143.545)
(2.05; 133.873)
Freq. Phase in Phase in Phase
(GHz) State 1 State 2 Diff.
(1.95;
(deg.) (deg.) (deg.) 132.033) (2.0;
1.95 153.211 132.033 21.178 120.195)
(2.05;
2.00 143.546 120.195 23.351 108.499)
2.05 133.873 108.499 25.374

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Measured Results of Loaded Line Phase Shifter
GND
Bias
Input Output
Port Port

|S11| < - 20 dB
Insertion loss < 1 dB
GND GND

Frequency (GHz) Phase in State 1 (deg.) Phase in State 2 (deg.) Phase Diff. (deg.)
2.0 141.86 162.64 20.78
2.05 129.82 151.00 21.18
2.11 118.07 138.10 20.03
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