;+lIfKt ljifout d'2fx?

km]a|'c/L @)!%

;f/f+z
;'Sb} uPsf kfgLsf d"nx?sf] k'g:yf{kgf
ƒƒ g
]kfn kfgL ;b'kof]u kmfpG8];gsf]
g]kfnsf] dWokxf8df ;fdflhs ljsf; / cfly{s a[l4nfO{ ;xsfo{df O{l;df]8n] sfe|]sf b'O{
u|fdL0f al:tx?df jiff{, e"ldut
cltl/Qm ;xof]u hnsf] k'ge{/0f tyf d"ndf
kfgLsf] pknAwtf aLrsf] ;DaGw
/ u|fdL0f hLljsf]kfh{gdf
ltgLx?sf] k|efjaf/] cWoog ug{
:yfgLo ;d'bfox?;+u ldn]/
kfgLsf d"nx? lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ < Pp6f kl/of]hgf ;+rfng u¥of] .
lxGb"s'z lxdfnosf cGo If]qdf h:t} g]kfnL dWokxf8sf] u|fdL0f hLjg klg le/fnf] hdLg / ƒƒ o
; k|f/lDes kl/of]hgfn] cfˆgf]
ufp“sf d"nx¿ klxrfg ug{,
r'gf}ltk"0f{ df};dn] l;h{gf u/]sf sl7gfO{x¿;+usf] lg/Gt/sf] ;+3if{ g} xf] . vf]nfgfnf kxf8L jiff{sf] kl/df0f / d"nsf] kfgLsf]
al:tx¿ eGbf w]/} tn aU5g\ . Toxf“af6 al:t;Dd af]s]/ n}hfg jf kDkn] tfGg cTolws k|jfx gfKg, To; If]qsf] hnlj1fg
vr{ nfUg] x'gfn] b}lgs hLjgsf nflu rflxg] kfgL tL vf]nfgfnfn] k'¥ofpg ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] a'‰g / ;'Vvfofddf d"nnfO{ hf]
ufO{ /fVg pko'Qm k'ge{/0f kf]v/
lkpg, l;+rfO{ ug{, ufO{a:t'nfO{ v'jfpg / cGo 3/]n' k|of]hgsf nflu rflxg] kfgL pknAw Lx? klxrfg ug{sf nflu :yfgLo
u/fpg / vf;u/L ;'Vvf ofddf hLjg wfGgs} nflu / u|fdL0f cy{tGqsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ;d'bfox¿nfO{ kl/rfng u¥of] .
nflu klg kxf8df k|fs[lts ¿kdf km'6\g] d"nx¿sf] of]ubfg cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . hdLgsf] ƒƒ o
; k|f/lDes kl/of]hgf cGtu{t
;txd'gL /x]sf] hnfzodf jiff{ofddf e08f/0f ePsf] kfgL g} oL d"nx¿sf] Ps dfq >f]t xf] . :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿n] d"naf6
aUg] kfgLsf] k|jfxnfO{ ;'wf/
t/ xfn cfP/ o:tf w]/} d"nx? wdfwd ;'Sg yfn]sf 5g\, h;n] ubf{ kxf8L e]usf] Pp6f l;·f] ug{sf nflu k'ge{/0f kf]v/Lx¿
hLjgk2lt g} hf]lvddf kg{ uPsf] 5 . k'g:yf{kgf u/] / To:tf
kf]v/Lsf] dd{t ;Def/sf nflu
:yfgLo–:t/df ;+oGq lgdf{0f
g]kfnL dWokxf8sf ufp“al:tx¿df 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf] nflu rflxg] kfgLsf] d"Vo >f]t eg]sf] u/] .
:yfgLo d"nx¿ g} x'g\ . t}klg oL d"nx¿sf] af/] xfd|f] j}1flgs 1fg cToGt} Go"g 5 .
ƒƒ o
f] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgn]]
d"nx¿ ;'Sb} uP hLljsf]kfh{gdf To;sf] s:tf] k|efj kg{ ;S5 eGg]af/] xfdLnfO{ oyfy{df ljleGg h}ljs–ef}lts, k|fljlws,
w]/} sd dfq hfgsf/L 5 . ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 klg kxf8sf d"nx¿ ;w}+ tyf ;fdflhs–cfly{s
pk]lIft 5g\ . o:tf d"nx¿ k|foM kxf8sf] le/fnf] efudf cyjf …hn:tDeÚ jl/kl/ kfO{G5g\ sf/0fx?sf] ld>0fn] ubf{ g}
g]kfnsf] dWokxf8df d"nx¿
-x]g{';\M lrq @_ . kfgLsf] pknAwtfsf] lx;fan] dWokxf8L If]qdf ljleGg lsl;dsf d"nx? ;'Sg yfn]sf] xf] eGg] tYo
kfO{G5g\, h:t}M c;f/] d"n, ;fpg] d"n, :yfoL d"n O{Toflb . s'g} d"nx? dg;'gsf] aiff{t\ z'? :ki6;+u b]vfPsf] 5 .
x'gf;fy km'6\g yfN5g\ eg] s'g} d"nx? aiff{t\sf] cGTolt/ dfq} ;qmLo x'G5g\ . o:tf d"nx? ƒƒ : yfgLo ;d'bfox¿sf] ;fdYo{
hdLgd'gLsf] kfgLsf] ;tx a9]kl5 ;qmLo x'G5g\ / 36]kl5 ;'Sb} hfG5g\ . ;fdfGotof j[l4, :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf]
lgodgsf/L e"ldsfsf]
kxf8sf] tNnf] e]udf ;'Vvf ofddf hdLgd'gL ;+ro x'g] kfgLsf] ;txeGbf tn kg]{ s]lx ;zlQms/0f tyf ;+/If0fsf]
d"nx¿n] eg] jif{el/ g} kfgL k|jfx ul//xG5g\ . olb d"naf6 aUg] kfgL eGbf hdLgdf ;+ro ;+:s[ltsf] k|j4{gdf s]lGb|t
x'g] kfgLsf] dfqf sd x'“b} uof] eg] o:tf d"nx¿ klg ;'s]/ hfG5g\ . g]kfnsf] w]/} e"–efudf gLltx¿ Nofpg' kg]{ ;'emfj
lbPsf] 5 .
jiff{, hdLgd'gLsf] kfgLsf]
k'ge{/0f / d"naf6 kfgL lg:sg] ƒƒ d
"nx¿sf] hnlj1fgsf] ef}lts
kIfsf] 1fg cem} klg Go"g 5 .
b/sf] lglZrt cGt/;DaGwaf/] To;/L g} kfgLsf] vktsf] abln+bf]
xfdLnfO{ w]/} yfxf 5}g . t/ jiff{ ;dfhzf:qLo kIfsf] 1fg klg
ofddf kfgLsf] k'ge{/0fsf] b/ Go"g 5 . :yfgLo hne"–ue{
lj1fg, k'ge{/0f kf]v/Lx¿,
a9fpgsf nflu vfN8f] / kf]v/ d"nx¿sf] k|jfx / Joj:yfkg
Lx¿ vg]/ / jg:kltsf] cfj/0f aLrsf] cGt;{DaGwnfO{ cem} /
a9fP/ d"nx¿af6 kfgL cfpg] fd|/L a'‰g cWoog cg';Gwfg
nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg cfjZos 5 .
cjlw a9fpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f
rflx“ laleGg k|of]ux¿n]
b]vfPsf 5g\ .

;+s]6
cf/lgsf] /fhdfu{
vf]nfgfnf
j8f
kf]v/L
d"n
O{gf/
lrq !M k|f/lDes cWoog If]q ltglkkn]sf kfgLsf >f]tx¿
!$ ju{ lsnf]dL6/ If]qkmnsf] ltglkkn] If]qdf klxrfg
ul/Psf &) d"nx¿ dWo] em08} !%% / @% ju{ lsnf]dL6/
If]qkmnsf] bfKrfdf klxrfg ul/Psf !&$ d"nx¿ dWo] #)%
d"n kl5Nnf] bzsdf ;'s]/ uPsf 5g\ .
d"nx¿ ;'s]/ uP 3/]n' sfdsfhdf b'Mv a9\5 . kfgL
af]Sg emg\emg\ 6f9f hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu
v]tLkftLdf cf>[tx?sf] hLjgdf yk rfk / tgfj l;h{gf
x'G5 . :yfoL cyjf c:yfoL sfdsfhsf] vf]hLdf kxf8L
e]uaf6 zx/ cyjf ljb]z knfogsf] qmdnfO{ kfgLsf]
cefjn] yk an k'¥ofp“5 . g]kfnL dWokxf8sf ux|f
nufOPsf v]t sfGnf o:tf >f]t x'g\, h;sf] lgdf{0fdf
o; /fi6«n] ztflAbof}+ d]xgt u/]sf] 5 . t/ kfgLsf]
cefjn] lgDTofPsf] o'jfzlQmsf] alxu{dgsf sf/0f
Toxf“ v]tLkftL ug]{ >dzlQmsf] cefj x'“bf g]kfn vfB
c;'/Iff tkm{ ws]ln+b} 5 . of] k|j[lQnfO{ ;Rofpg] sfo{nfO{
/fli6«o gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cleGg c·sf] ?kdf x]l/g'k5{ /
o;sf] nflu :yfgLo–:t/df ;d'lrt hn Jok:yfkg
sfo{sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] tYo lglj{jflbt 5 .
d"nx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu
cTofjZos d'2fx? s] s] x'g\ <
:yfgLo:t/sf] w/ftnLo oyfy{df cfwfl/t of]
cg';Gwfgn] r'lgPsf s]lx If]qsf ;fgf ls;fgx¿n]
kfgLsf] cefjsf sf/0f ef]lu/x]sf rfk / tgfjnfO{
a'‰g] sf]lzz u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] cWoogn] d"nsf]
kfgLsf] ultzLntf / :yfgLo–:t/sf] kfgL Joj:yfkg
;DaGwL tn aofg ul/Psf s]xL cToGt dxTjk"0f{
hfgsf/L / tYox? phfu/ u¥of] M
!_ g]kfnL dWokxf8df k|z:t d"nx¿ 5g\ . u|fdL0f
hLjgsf] s]Gb|ljGb'df /x] klg kfgLsf d"nx¿sf]
jf:tljs ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt olsg u/L gSzf+sg
ug]{ sfd la/n} dfq ePsf 5g\ . of] cg';Gwfgn]
s] b]vfof] eg] kxf8L hn:tDe jl/kl/sf !) b]lv
@) ju{lsnf]ld6/ a/fa/sf If]qkmndf klg ;of}+j6f
7"nf, ;fgf tyf df};dL, c:yfoL / :yfoL d"nx¿
e]6\6fO{G5g\ . :yfoL d"nx? e/kbf{ vfg]kfgLsf >f]t x'g\
eg] c:yfoL d"nx? l;+rfO{sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .
x/]s k|sf/sf d"nx¿nfO{ klxrfg u/]/ ltgsf ljljw
k|of]hgaf/] la:t[t hfgsf/L lng / e/kbf]{] gSzf+sg
ug{ ;a}eGbf pko'Qm ;do jiff{ofdsf] cGTolt/ x'G5,
ha ;a} d"nx? km'6]sf x'G5g\ .
@_ d"nx¿ ;'Sg'df h}ljs–ef}lts, k|fljlws / ;fdflhs–
cfly{s sf/0fx¿ lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . xfn}sf s]lx jif{otf
jiff{ofddf jiff{sf] dfqf 36\b} uPsf] ;"rgf kfO{P tfklg
vf;u/L d"nx¿ ;'Sg'sf] k|d'v sf/ssf ?kdf
sdhf]/ Joj:yfkg, k|fljlws ;d:of / ;fdflhs–
cfly{s kIfx¿g} k|jntfsf ;fy b]vfk/]sf 5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu w]/}h;f] kl/jf/x¿n] klxn] cfosf]
dxTjk"0f{ >f]tsf] ?kdf e}+;Lkfng uy]{ . e}+;LnfO{
cfxfna:g] kf]v/Lx¿sf] k|of]u ul/GYof], h;sf sf/0f
e}+;LnfO{ cf/fd k'UYof] / b"wsf] dfqf klg a9\Yof] . t/
of] s'/f yfxf lyPg ls To:tf kf]v/Ln] hn;+ro uy]{ /
hdLgd'gLsf] kfgLnfO{ k'ge{/0f ug{ ;3fp“b} d"nx¿nfO{
hLljt /fVgdf 7"nf] e"ldsf lgefpg] uy]{ . kxf8df
ufO{a:t' kfNg] qmd 36\b} hf“bf o:tf kf]v/Lx¿sf]
 lrq @M g]kfnL dWokxf8sf] hn:tDesf] gd"gf / e"ldut hn;txsf] ultljlw
pkfb]otf klg 36\b} uof] . kmn:j?k e}+l; cfxfna:g] w]/}
kf]v/Lx? dfl;P/ uP . xfn cfP/ 3/]n' k|of]hgsf nflu
rflxg] kfgLsf] cefjn] ljs/fn ?k lnPsf] avtdf
o:tf kf]v/Lx¿n]] ;txd'gLsf] kfgLnfO{ k'ge{/0f u/L
d"nx¿nfO{ hLjGt agfpg ;S5g\ eGg] tYonfO{ /fd|/L
a'‰g / a'emfpg clt cfjZos e};s]sf] 5 .
#_ gof“ k|ljlwsf] clgolGqt k|of]unfO{ lgu/fgL ug{'
h?/L 5 . u|fdL0f e]udf ufO{a:t' gePsf kl/jf/df
cf};t vfg]kfgLsf] dfu !)) ln6/ k|lt kl/jf/ /
ufO{a:t' ePsf kl/jf/df @)) ln6/ 5 . k/Dk/fut
¿kdf kfgL ufu|Ldf el/GYof]] / kfgL af]Sg w]/} kl/>d
nfUg] x'gfn] dflg;x¿ cfkm"nfO{ rflxP hlt dfq} kfgL
cf];fg]{ uy]{ . o;/L kfgL af]s]/ n}hfg] k|rngsf] ;6\6f
ljz]if u/L ;DkGg tyf lzlIft ju{df clxn] lkle;L kfO{k
tyf lah'nLn] rNg] kDksf] k|of]u cTolws dfqfdf a9\b}
uPsf] 5 . ;fy}, 7"N7"nf l8«ln+u d]lzgsf] k|of]u u/L
ulx/f O{gf/ vGg] rng klg a9\bf] 5 . o:tf O{gf/x¿
!%) ld6/b]lv @)) ld6/;Dd ulx/f] x'G5g\, /
logLx?sf] a9\bf] pkof]un]] e"ldut hne08f/nfO{ 7"nf]
k|efj kf5{g\ eGg] s'/f] xfdLnfO{ /fd|/L yfxf 5 . t/
g]kfnL dWokxf8df o:tf O{gf/x¿sf] bL3{sflng k|efj
tyf bLuf]kgf / ltgsf] d"nx¿dflysf] c;/ xfdLn] cem}
/fd|f];+u a'lem;s]sf 5}gf}+ . ;a}lt/ AofKt cJojl:yt
;8s tyf ;'?· lgdf{0f sfo{n] klg e"ldut hnsf]
k'ge{/0fnfO{ lglZrt ?kdf c;/ kfl//x]sf 5g\ .
$_ kfgLsf] pkof]usf 9f“rfx? abln+b+} 5g\ . lklel; kfO{k,
l;d]G6sf] 6\of°L h:tf gof“ k|lalwx?sf] ;xh
pknAwtfn] ubf{ kfgLsf] ;+sng tyf k|of]usf] tl/sf /
k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ffdf Aofks kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 .
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf /fte/L a;]sf] kfgLnfO{ af;L elgGYof]
/ efG;fdf To;sf] k|of]u x'“b}g lyof], To;}n] dflg;x¿
cfkm"nfO{ rflxP hlt dfq} kfgL cf];fy]{ . t/ cfhsn
e"ldut cyjf 5fgfdf /x]sf] 6\of+sLdf kfgL kDk ul/G5,
/ rflxP h;/L k|of]u ul/G5 . k|foM dflg; u}x|s[lifhGo
/f]huf/Ldf nfu]sf 5g\ / d"nx¿df zlgaf/ / cGo
labfsf lbgdf dfq g'xfpg / n'uf w'g cfp“5g\ . pBdL
s[ifsx¿n] ds} / sf]bf] h:tf afnLsf] ;6\6f Knfli6ssf]
;'?· / xl/tu[x agfP/ t'ngfTds ?kdf a9L kfgL
pkof]u ug]{ t/sf/Lsf] Aofj;flos v]tLkftL ug{
yfn]sfn] klg kfgLsf] pkef]usf ljleGg kIfdf Jofks
kl/jt{g x'“b}5g\ .
%_ :yfgLo txdf lgodg ug]{ ;+oGqsf] cefj .
JolQmut cyjf ;fd'lxs–:t/df kfgLsf] cefjn] l;h]{sf]
rfk Go"g ug{ 8Lk af]l/· u/]/ agfOg] O{gf/, l;d]G6 l/·
/fv]/ agfOg] O{gf/, d"n / vf]nfgfnfx?af6 l;w} kfgL
kDk ug]{ k|a[lQn] tTsfnnfO{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lbP
klg bL3{sflng ?kdf Tof] k|To'Tkfbs l;4 x'g;S5 .
lgodgsf] clwsf/ kfPsf uflj; h:tf lgjf{lrt
lgsfox¿åf/f lgu/fgLsf] cefj 5 eg], n3' hne08f/–
x¿sf] uxg j}1flgs a'emfO{sf] klg sdL 5 . :yfgLo
txdf k|fs[lts >f]tsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;fd'bflos
jg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt / lgdf{0f ;ldlt h:tf :yfO{ /
c:yfO{ clg cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s ;ldltx¿sf]
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5, t/ d"nx¿ / e"ldut hn>f]tsf]
pkef]unfO{ lgodg / lgoGq0f ug]{ ;+oGq eg] cToGt}
gu0o 5g\ .
 gLltut ;'emfax?
g]kfnL dWokxf8df kfgLsf] cefjsf ;dfrf/x? cfpg] qmd xfnsf lbgx?df lg/Gt/tfsf ;fy a9\b} uO{/x]sf 5g\ /
clxn] of] Pp6f ;fj{hlgs ;+jfbx?df pl7/xg] k|d'v ljifo aGg k'u]sf] 5 . kfgLsf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] l;·} ufp“al:t g}
l/lQg yfn]sf ;dfrf/x? g]kfnL ;+rf/ dfWodx?n] af/Daf/ k|;fl/t ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/ kxf8L e]usf hn:tDex¿nfO{
oy]i6 dfqfdf k'ge{/0f / plrt ;+/If0f ug]{ tkm{ cfjZos Wofg gk'¥ofO{sg hdLgd'gLsf] kfgL lg/Gt/ ?kdf bf]xg dfq
ul//xg] sfo{n] ubf{ sfnfGt/df uP/ kfgLsf] of] cd"No >f]t g} dfl;g ;Sg] tYo rflx+ sd} dfq rrf{df cfpg] u5{ . Tof]
eGbf klg b"ef{Uo s] xf]] eg], ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fdf of] ljifon] k|fyldstf g} kfp“b}g . o; cg';Gwfgn] oL / o:t}
ljifox?df s]Gb|Lt eP/ b"/ufdL hn Joj:yfkgsf nflu tn a0f{g ul/Psf a'+bfx?nfO{ gLltut ?kdf Wofg lbg'kg]{
lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 .
:j?ksf] ;dfhzf:qLo kIfsf] 1fg cem} sdhf]/ g} 5 .
o; ljifodf cem} w]/} cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] vf“rf] 5 .
aiff{sf] kfgL s;/L …hn:tDeÚ df ;+ro x'G5 eGg] k|Zg,
aiff{sf] kl/df0f / d"nsf] k|jfxaLrsf] cGt;{DaGw, /
e"ldut hnsf] k'ge{/0fdf o;n] kfg]{ c;/af/] /fd|f; ] u
+
a'em\g cfjZos 5, / ;fy} kfgLsf] vktnfO{ lgolGqt
ug{k' g]a{ f/]sf] ;'emfjnfO{ ;dfhn] s;/L lnG5 eGg]
ljifosf] d"Nof+sg ug{' klg clt h?/L 5 . 6«; ] / tyf
e"ueL{o l8«ln· h:tf :ki6 tYof+s / ljZj;gLo pQ/
lbg ;Sg] cTofw'lgs j}1flgs k|ljlwx?sf] pkof]u ug'{
k5{ / ;fy} j}1flgs gd"gf lgdf{0f (modeling) / To;df
cfwfl/t ljZn]if0fsf] klg cfjZostf 5 . :yfgLo
hnlj1fg, k'ge{/0f kf]v/Lx¿ / ufp“sf d"nx¿aLrsf]
;DaGwnfO{ ;'Id hnfwf/sf] txdf cem} /fd|/L a'‰g' kg]{
x'b“ f o:tf cWoog dx+uf eP klg cToGt} cfjZos 5g\.

!_ k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿sf] ;fdYo{ j[l4 ug{ /
;+/If0fsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ k|>o lbgdf gLltx¿ s]lGb|t x'g'
k5{ . d"nsf] kfgL l;Q}df kfO{G5, o;sf] cfk"lt{ cgGt 5
/ o;af6 hlt;'s} kfgL kDk u/] klg s]lx km/s kb}{g
eGg] e|d hgdfg;df AofKt 5 . >f]tsf] plrt ;+/If0f
ug'{ / o;nfO{ lg/Gt/ hLjGt /fVgsf] nflu ;tx–
d'gLsf] hne08f/nfO{ k'ge{/0f ug]{ pkfo ug'{ cfjZos
5 eGg]lt/ s;}sf] vf;} Wofg uPsf] b]lv+b}g . >f]tsf]
;+/If0f ug{sf nflu rflxg] eGbf a9L kfgL pkef]u ug{df
s]xL aGb]h klg nufpg' k5{ eGg]lt/ gLlt lgdf{tfx?n]
;f]Rg} EofPsf 5}gg\ . To;}n] hlt ;lsG5 w]/} cfsfz]
kfgL ;+sng ug{' k5{ / kfgL ;+sng / pkef]usf
k/Dk/fut k4ltsf] k'g?Tyfg ug{' k5{ eGg] ;+b]z
af]s]sf] / pNn]Vo dfqfdf Ifdtf j[l4 / ;fdflhs
kl/rfngsf] kIf ;d]6]sf] of] k|f/lDes cg';Gwfgn]
u/]sf] h:tf] sfdnfO{ Ps 7fp“df dfq} ;Lldt gul/sg
;s];Dd w]/} If]qx¿df km}nfpg / kof{Kt nfdf]]
cjlw;Dd ;+rfng ul/g' cToGt h?/L 5 .
@_ lj1fgsf] cem} ;zQm k|of]u clgjfo{ 5 . d"nsf]
hnlj1fgsf] ef}lts kIf tyf kfgLsf] k|of]usf] abln+bf]
#_ cg's"lnt sfo{qmd th'{df ubf{ kfgLaf/] :yfgLo
1fgsf] pkof]u x'g' k5{ . xfdLn] o:tf] ljsf;sf] gLlt
cjnDjg ug{' k5{, h;n] cfw'lgs j}1flgs k4lt /
:yfgLo ;fd'bflos 1fgnfO{ ;+u–;+u} lnP/ hfg
;sf];\ . u|fdL0f kl/j]zdf w/ftnLo oyfy{df cfwfl/t
…u/]/ l;Sg]Ú cjwf/0ff af]s]sf] of] sfo{d"ns
cg';Gwfgn]] klxNofPsf] hn;+/If0fsf nflu pko'Qm
:yfgdf hndf};dlj1fg / hne"–ue{lj1fgdf cfwfl/t
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lgisif{ lgsfNg] / ;f]xL cg';f/ sfd ug]{ k|a[lQsf]
ljsf; ug' kb{5 . j}1flgs 1fgsf] pkof]u u/L
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gful/s ;d"xn] klxrfg u/]sf] :yfgdf aiff{sf] kl/df0f
/ jfo'sf] tfkdfg gfKg] yf]/} d"No kg]{ oGqx¿ h8fg
ug]{, k'/fgf cfxfn / kf]v/Lsf] dd{t ;Def/ ug]{, gof“
k'ge{/0f kf]v/L lgdf{0f ug]{ / To;af6 d"nx?sf] kfgLsf]
k|jfxdf x'g] c;/sf] cjnf]sg / cWoog ug]{ h:tf
sfo{x?df ljz]if hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .
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;+u–;+u} cfsfz] kfgL ;+sng / k'ge{/0f kf]v/Lsf]
lgdf{0fnfO{ clgjfo{ agfcf];\ .

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;zQm / clwsf/ ;DkGg x'g} k5{ . :yfgLo–:t/df
lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw gePsf / ufp“:t/df cToGt} w]/}
u'6aGbL ePsf] cj:yfdf of] sfo{d"ns cWoogn] s]lx
k'ge{/0f kf]v/L lgdf{0f ug{ vf]Hbf s'g} clwsf/ ;DkGg
cfjfhsf] cefjsf sf/0f w]/} ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{'
k/]sf] lyof] . t;y{ ;xh tl/sfn] o:tf sfd ug{sf]
nflu j}wflgs, lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwsf] pkl:ylt cToGt}
cfjZos 5 . s]lx lglZrt sfdsf nflu agfO{Psf
:jM:km"t{ ;ldltx¿ s]lx ;dosfnflu pkof]uL eP klg

%_ sfof{Gjog O{sfO{ hlt :yfgLo eof] Tolt g} :yfgLo

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x'g] d"n cln ;fgf] eP bz aL; 3/sf] dfq} ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo x'G5 eg] cln 7"nf] d"n ;o b'O{ ;o 3/sf]
;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'G5 . tL d"ndf cfpg] ;d:of ;a}
eGbf 68\sf/f] ¿kdf b]lvg] eg]sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] OsfO{
h:tf] ls uflj; leqsf j8fx?df g} xf] . ;+3Lo dfldnf
tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] j8f gful/s d+r u7g
ug]{ lgb]{lzsf hf/L u/]kl5 kl5Nnf rf/ jif{df j8f:t/df
of]hgf lgdf{0f, /sd ljlgof]hg tyf kl/of]hgf
sfof{Gjogdf s]lx k|ult b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy;fy} plrt
hn Joj:yfkgsf] ;Defjgf klg a9]/ uPsf] 5 .
:yfgLo–:t/df hn Joj:yfkg, d"nx¿sf] ;+/If0f /
e"ldut hnsf] k'ge{/0fsf nflu kf]v/L lgdf{0f h:tf
sfo{df gful/sx¿sf] ;+nUgtf o;/L g} ;a}eGbf
tNnf] :yfgLo txaf6 z'? x'g' k5{ . To;kl5 dfq} uflj;
/ lhlj; txdf hfg ;lsG5 . of] ;a ;kmntfk"j{s
;DkGg ug{ klxn] hn k'ge{/0fsf] lj1fgsf af/]df
:ygLo ;d'bfonfO{ kof{Kt ?kdf kl/lrt u/fpg' k5{ /
To;kl5 sfo{d"ns cg';GwfgnfO{ cl3 a9fpg'' k5{ .
 cltl/Qm >f]t ;fwg
k'ge{/0f kf]v/L xft] k'l:tsf, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ /
:jR5tf sfo{qmd, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo lasf;
dGqfno, :yfgLo k""af{wf/ lasf; tyf s[lif ;8s
ljefu, -8f]ln8f/_, sf7df8f}+, @)&) .
j]a ;fO{6 M http://media.wix.com/ugd/b4f988_
e6fff78b3b4c4280a0b8b68e1e22b066.pdf
RM&DD and ACWADAM ( 2011) Hydrogeological
action research for spring recharge and development
and hill-top lake restoration in parts of southern
district, State of Sikkim, India. Gangtok, India: Rural
Management and Development Department (RM&DD),
Government of Sikkim, and Pune, India: Advanced
Centre for Water Resources Development And
Management (ACWADAM).
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cToGt hl6n k|dfl0ft eof] . o; sfo{ut cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgfn]
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cj:yfd} eP tfklg, :yfgLo–:t/df hnJoj:yfkg gLlt lgdf{0fsf
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bLks 1jfnL dipakgyawali@ntc.net.np
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zxl/of/ jflxb shahriar.wahid@icimod.org
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