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Expt.No PageNo.01

expeiment-1
Objective
Isolate DNA foiom auailable plant mateial such as
Shinachgsieeh bea seedsaaua etc

Requiuements
Plont matestial martas and bestle, beakexs test
tubes liquid defe1qent non-iodised sadiurn chloside
distilled coates meat tendeize osuabain SGlution
Ofpapayapine abble Juice 57 cthanol shool ctc.

otebaiation of solu tions:

o Deteigent salt solution is_hebated by adding 10mlL
liquid deteigent and 10 q bf non todised NaGL to
40ml of distilled Coate
oMeattendeuize solution is tebasted by adding 5g of
HendetizEH (enzyme) 4h mL of disalled oatO

57. NaGl solubion is bstehated by dissoluing 5 q of

non-iodised Nocl in 100 ml of oate.

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Expt. No. .
Page No. 02

Chilhng of ethanol must be done by Keebing

Cthanol10 blastic bottle in the eez.e in nlgn

bioceduHe
lake 5g of the blant tissue) ond gstind it in the
masrtas1 by adding 10 ml_deteigent, sdlt solution
and filfei t thiOugh muslin cloth

2Take10ml filtbiarte add 34 ml tendestizen/pahaya

Tuice ancd sutstl the test tube by halding thetube
betoeen the tuoo hands to mix.the contënts
&Post 10ml chilled clbanol caucfully doun dhe side ofH
test tube to faSHm_ a laue on the tob of the_contient
let it s tand undistutbedfo abourt 3 minuttes

4Ds ing the glass slod stist gentley thuough itexfaceof

the two layens t collect he bsiecibitafe of DNA and
blace it in a test tube onmh 57. NaC 0 disti lled coatex
5 giuen blant
he quantity of DNA bSesent in the Sbecterophatomete.
Material Can be estimated thicugh

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Expl.No Page No. 0 3 -

Obsesivation
ne addition of ethanol to the solution causes DNA
to piecihitafion he DNA fibses abe.as as On
hecihitate of Yeay fine thsteads on the glass shool

fevecautions
he blant matenial should be coashed theioughly oith
distilled Coate to Giemoue any dust and dlstICd by-
blotfing befaue ueighing
2HILthe glasSCOCOteS used must be th9HOughlycleaned-
and detld

3 he chemicalsand enzuymes used foi the exbetiment

must be of standa:td quality cohich should be
manufactusted by standatd þhaumac.erticals

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B p No. .
Page No. 04

Exhesnimeat 2
Objective
oiebaHe a fembasiasls mOut to obsetue bollen
gesmination.

Requioiements
iesh seasonal flopeAs slide coueslib micsto.spoue
SUceiose boGlc acid mangnesium sulbhate
bofassium DiHate, beakeHS etc

btoceduste
1iehcele anutoIet Solution by dissoloing 10g
SuCHOSE 10q basiiG acid 30 mg mangnesium sulbhate
and 20 mg botassium nitwate in 100 m Of Lwates

2ake few deobs of this Solution on a dean slide

and dust a few bollen qiains fHom he stamen afa
matuste flowes On

3 ObsenDe the slide in the micsHOscabe_ afte 5 minutes

obout_halfan houeu
Ond then obsesueit dequlaely fos
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Page No. 03

Obsenyation
In nusiet medium,fhe bollen
guain geminae
he fube cells enlasges and cones
gMain iOugh one of the qeum poMes out of the pO
bollen tuke to foiro a
ne.tube nucleus descends to the fiH
of The pollen quain heqeneyotiue cell also passes
into it t soon dioides nto too male qanetes
Cact rmale gamete ís leitculaes to spheical in outline
Forecaurtions
FloweS should be fueshley blucked
2Dse dean slide to obseAUe The bolen gHain

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Page No. 6
Bp.Na

Eeinent:3
Objective
To study the flewets odobted to bollination by
dffenent agen.cies

Requistements
Foieshloweisof maize OH any ofhe ceHealgASS.-
Salbia / Ocimum and BHa sSica (mustaud
f0Hceps band lens slide heedle etc

Pollinated
Maize flouweus CAnemobhilus as COind
FlouwesS

maize shouOS follooing adabtations

lhe flouDe o
fo pollution by oind.
unisexual
monoecious and beasis
h e maize_lant in
flouneis
tENminal iaf latescence
2hemalefloDes a1e botin in
flonexs in axillaty
aHe bastO
Cohile the female
infloutesCence

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Eyt.No Page No. 03

FlouweiS QHe Small and incons.cibicoLs

TDefoweHs aNe colousiless, odousiless and nectas1lESS.
5 Borin The stigmas and anthexs asue exeited
6Follen 4stains aHe lightSmall and dusty
he bo|len giains aue bsio duced in vesu lauqe numbeHS
8Shgma is haisy. featheu_au bstanched to catch
Loind
bosin pollen qsiains

ouLnSect Pollinated
*Saloia flouweus Entomabhilous
Floweis
colousted far
1 h e flouoeus aste shoumy aH beiightly
atfiuactinq ballinating inaects
insects
HloweS Secsiete nectaeI to feed VISiting
landinglatfosms fa the insects
h e floum ess hae
auehHotondyans oith bilibbed casuolla..
he floues mechanism.
and have leve

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Page No. 03

gach stamen has lOnq_ connectioe ohich beais a fertaie

anthes obe at ihe upþe end and steileblate like
anthes ldbe_dt lOUDLDE end

Bianonia./Callistemon. (Bottle brush) Flowes

(Coinisihophilus at Bind Pallinoted Flounexs
The floeHS ae usually bsightly colousied ed
OHangegellow and blu.

he flosMalasts ae commonly eathe

3Insome cases the CosHolla aHe leatheHy

4helotoeHS SecHete adun dantt cateHy ne.ctast at

have edible baxts

genexLally OdouSLless a Oihout

5 he loueus as1e
Haqsiance

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Page No. O

Exheniment-
Objective
TS 0f blastula thiough betmanent slides.

Requisienments

Pesimanet slide of blastula mic.Hoscabe.

iOceduHe
Fix the slide of TS 0f blastula unde rmic.sio.s.cope
FioASt Obsetoe iie slide undes lo0 boLDex and then
Lundest h1gh coLwes 0f the micHOsboIe

Obsesivations
isa sphexical mass of about sixty foust cells.
1
COmbosed of an Outet envelobe of cells the
is cell mass
teiophoblast asu tiophoectodeHm and innek
filled couity
Oithin the enuelobe thexC is a fluid
Called blastocoel
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Page No.

The innek cell mass is the hoteco1Sost of

embergo

becautions

FeistfocuS ihe slide undes louo powe andthen unde

Hhe high pooet of he micHOScobpe
2Ose fine adrustments cohile focusing the slide unde
high poOEH Of micoioscobe

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ButNa

Page io.

8rbeiment-5
Objective
Tdentrication of stages_of gamele faimation
15 ofTes Ties and LS of
beimanent slide. oDaMyTneicug.h

Feoceduste
Fix he beimaneaf slide undest micsiOScabe Fiost
abseHwet undes the louo boLOeR and Ahen unde
high bOE

Obsesuatilons
TS of Testies
hefeshes of mammas aste coueIed by a thick
fibyous iSsue Called tunica albuginea
testies_consists of numeHous semnifetous tubules
lhe
embedded in the iteustial iissue.

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VaHiousypas of gexminal cells_ane aesetior

OutsideTOL0ds lumen in dhe follouoingSeqie
Speim.atogonia Sbexmatocytes- Speim.atids

Sheumatoz0a

Sheims
4Betoeen he qexmioal cells sextoli cells ate piesent

5 A lasgs numbe of sestmatozoa coith heit heads ot

embedded in sextoli célls_ane Hesent in ihe lumen
SeminifeHOUS fubules

6 he inteustial fissue also contain eydig s ells

Cohich bOdUCe male Sex hosimone estasfeNone.

ELS 0f Oyay
gexminal ebitheliurn
1ONaNy is a Solid_stHuctute bounded by The fünica
folocöed by fhick laues Of ihsious fisSde
albuginia

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he OuaHg Consists of outes cosrtex and inne.

medulla

The medulla contains Gstaa fian follicles at

aHiOusStages Of deuelopment
he medulla. also contains blood usselsneaoes
fibies aNd Some Smoctih musales
She c0stfex contains younq and matuste follicles
6he COsttex may also COtain costpus luiteim
mmed in_an emby Ciaaffian follicles affes he
elease oits OVdm

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t. No
PageNo.

expestiment: 6
Obyective

Study meoSis in onion bud cell theough beimaneirt

slide

Bioceduse
Fxthe beumanent slide undex Ahe micstoscobe
S obseoe he slide undest The loLo boLwesu and nen
undey Dlgh poLoe1 Of MicsHOSGObe

Obsevations
EMeiosis
1BiobhaseT-Tt is of long dwtation and haue
fiue
Sub stages
O) Lebtotene
fibstes condense and cfasm hick fheread
Chyomatin
likesttuctuies called chstomosomds.
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eNuclea Cnuelob and nucleolus aste distinct

b)Zygotene
Homologus_chocmosomes uim pais called bivalemu
he aisting Is called synapsis
c Pachytene
lhe fu00 Chetomatids of each chetomosome become
VISIble So hat a bivalent becomes a teHad

o CHDssing Oue takes blace betoeen non- SIste

chelomafids of homoloqus chetomosome
d) Diblotene
chstcmosames of each biualent moue aday
The toO
at one Ot masie
and homolo.qus aHE held togcihe
boints Called chaismata

) Diakinesis
chitomosomes abpea dhick and inq Shahed
Homoloqus

nucleas membHane disabbeax

Nuclecuk and

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Metaphase

he homologus Ghotomosome ao00ge Ahemseloes a

Aheequatast of he sþindle
o he Sbindle get attached to the centiomeHe of NC
chetOmasOme

3: hnaphase T-
o 1he
The tuDO cheiomasorm.es of each bialent moues
opbo.sife ole
e ach bole has half dhe numbeu of chetomosames
Loith o0 Cheiomatids cach
4 Telcbhose T
nudealus
he cheiomosome of each bole uncoil and
Ond nuckea enuelohe teapbeas
o hablaid daughtex_cells
Cto inesís OccLS to oem

Trteikinesis- may inteoene hetween

vesty shastt inteyp NOae
meiosisIand meiosis

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PageNos.

Metosts L

tophase I
o he chsiomo.somes of daughte Cel begin To
condense and becomethic
Nucleas enuelobe and nucleolus begin to disappe
Metabhase T
The chetomasomes aue axmanged on ihe cquata
of fheSbindle
eEach chsiomosome is held by the spindle at he
centeiomeHe o both fhe boles

3 Anaphase
seberate
o he Siste chiomatids of each cheom6some
edles
and mignate dowads The oppasite
Sach boes thus oteceiues hablad numbe of the
o
chuomoSomes

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Page No. 18
Telophose I

o Ihe Cheiomasome begin to uncoil and become Thict

The nudeao enuelobe and nuclealus aeaphea

Rrecautions
Flostal buds should be fixed betocen 8 to 10 Am
6lide should be toaumed gety to auoid ouea
heating-

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xpeuinent
Objectioe

Study meiosis in gsiasshobbe dHesties Ahstough

peimanent slide

FtOcedugHe

FIxThe pesimanent slide unde the micstosc.obe

2Obseoe the slide undey he loLo baLaeSI and
ihen
unde high balDeof ihe mictoacope

Obseuation.s
be
Sphemical cells_oth vasiiouUS Sfaqes of meiasis can
obsewed

2Lacate diffesent stages of meiasis

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Page No.
Eapl.1

ecautioDs

GHSIOSshobke Should be dissected fslom dosisal side

befole
Rseseoed testies should be psiohely oashed
USe

testies tubules
3 Do nat heat fhe

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