Answers to exam-style questions

Answers to exam-style
questions
Unit 1 (iii) From the equation, 1 mol of SO42– in solution
makes 1 mol of BaSO4(s)
1 D
So amount of SO42– in 0.981 g of X
2 (a) The average mass of one atom of the element = 0.0050 mol
relative to one-twelfth the mass of one atom of So amount of SO42– in 1.00 g of X
carbon-12. 0.0050 mol
=   × 1.00 g
(b) (0.49 × 64) + (0.28 × 66) + (0.04 × 67) +  0.981g
(0.19 × 68) = 65.4
= 0.0051 mol.
3 (a) C9H20(l) + 14O2(g) → 9CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)
(iv) Mr of SO42– = 32.1 + (4 × 16.0) = 96.1
(b) Mr of nonane = (9 × 12.0) + (20 × 1.0) = 128.0 Mass of SO42– = 0.0051 mol × 96.1 g mol–1
100 g    =  0.490 g
Amount of nonane = 
128.0 g mol −1
0.120 dm 3
            =  0.781 mol (b) (i) Amount of NH3 = 
24.0 dm 3
(c) (i) 1 mol of nonane reacts with 14 mol of         = 0.005 mol
oxygen gas
0.781 mol of nonane reacts with (ii) 1 mol NH4+ produces 1 mol NH3
(0.781 mol × 14) = 10.9 mol of oxygen gas Mr of NH4+ = 14.0 + (4 × 1.0) = 18.0
Mass of NH4+ in 0.981 g of X 
(ii) Mr of oxygen = (2 × 16.0) = 32.0       = 0.005 mol × 18 g mol–1
Mass of oxygen = 10.9 mol × 32.0 g mol–1        = 0.090 g

       = 
349 
g Mass of NH4+ in 1.00 g of X
0.090 g
(iii) Volume of oxygen = 10.9 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol−1 =  × 1.00 g
0.981g
               
= 261.6 dm3 = 0.092 g
100
(d) Volume of air = volume of oxygen ×  ( c ) (i) Amount of MnO4– 
21
100     = 0.020 mol dm–3 × 0.0250 dm3
        = 261.6 
× 
21     = 0.0005 mol
        = 1245.7 
dm3
(ii) 1 mol of MnO4– reacts with 5 mol Fe2+
(e) 1 mol of nonane makes 9 mol of CO2 So amount of Fe2+ = 0.0005 mol × 5
0.781 mol of nonane makes (0.781 mol × 9)         =  0.0025 mol
       = 7.03 mol of CO2
Mr of CO2 = 12.0 + (2 × 16.0) = 44.0 (iii) Ar of Fe = 55.8
Mass of carbon dioxide = 7.03 mol × 44.0 g mol–1 Mass of Fe = 55.8 g mol–1 × 0.0025 mol
    = 0.140 g
   = 309 g
(d) (i) Mass of water
4 (a) (i) Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s) = 0.981 g – (0.490 g + 0.092 + 0.140)
(ii) Mr of BaSO4 = 137.3 + 32.1 + (4 × 16.0)  = 0.259 g
     =  233.4 (ii) Mr of H2O = (2 × 1.0) + 16.0 = 18.0
1.17g
Amount of BaSO4 =  0.259 g
233.4 g mol −1 Amount of H2O = 
18.0 g mol −1
 = 0.0050 mol       =  0.0144 mol
(e) Ratio for amounts in 1.0 g of compound
NH4+ :  Fe2+   :  SO42–    :  H2O
0.005 : 0.0025 : 0.0051 : 0.0144 11
    2     :     1   :   2   :     6

1
Unit 2
1 D
2 A
3 (a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with
the same proton number, but different nucleon
numbers.
(b) Proton number = 115
Nucleon number = 288
(c) (i) (286 – 113) = 173
(ii) Nucleon number = (113 + 165) = 278
So chemical symbol is 278
113 Nh
4 (a) from the 2s orbital of Be+ because the 2s
(b) Proton number = number of electrons 
= (2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 5) = 17
(c) Group 17
(d) 1s22s22p63s23p6
(e) (i) Successive ionisation energies increase…
…because the net attractive force between
the nucleus and each electron increases as the
number of electrons decreases.
(ii) The seventh electron is removed from the 3s
orbital (in the energy level with the principal
quantum number n = 3), but the eighth
electron is removed from an orbital in the
energy level with the principal quantum
number n = 2 or energy level closer to
the nucleus so more energy is needed to
remove it.
(iii) X4+(g) → X5+(g) + e–
(iv) The fifth electron is the final one to be
removed from a 3p orbital, but the sixth
electron is removed from the 3s orbital,
which has a lower energy than the 3p
orbitals.
5 (a) In general, first ionisation energy increases
from left to right of the period.
First ionisation energy increases because
nuclear charge increases across the period and
shielding remains the same.
(b) N 1s22s22p3
O 1s22s22p4
In both N and O, the electron is removed from
a 2p orbital. The energy required is less for O
2
because there are two electrons in one of the
three 2p orbitals, and these repel each other.
(c) The second ionisation energy is greater than
the first because the attractive force between
the nucleus and each outer electron is greater
in a positively charged ion than in a neutral
atom.
(d) The second ionisation energy is much greater
for Li than for Be.
The electronic configuration of Li+ is 1s2 and
the electronic configuration of Be+ is 1s22s1.
Removing an electron from the 1s orbital of Li+
needs more energy than removing an electron
orbital already has a higher energy than the
1s orbital.
Unit 3
1 D
2 D
3 (a) Instantaneous dipole – instantaneous dipole
(van der Waals) intermolecular forces. The
molecules are not polar, so this is the only type
of bonding possible.
(b) Permanent dipole – permanent dipole (van der
Waals) intermolecular forces. The molecules
are polar since F is more electronegative than
P, and the shape of the molecule is pyramidal
with respect to bonds as a result of the lone
pair of electrons on the P atom.
(c) Hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen atom is
attached to an electronegative atom (O) which
has a lone pair of electrons.
(d) Hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen atom is
attached to an electronegative atom (N) which
has a lone pair of electrons.
(e) Instantaneous dipole – instantaneous dipole
(van der Waals) intermolecular forces since the
molecule has no permanent dipole.
(f) Permanent dipole – permanent dipole (van der
Waals) intermolecular forces. The molecules
are polar since S is more electronegative than
H, and the shape of the molecule is bent with
respect to bonds as a result of the two lone
pairs of electrons on the S atom.
4 (a) A and D
(b) B
(c) C and E

(d) Ionic bonding. Oppositely charged ions
are held together by electrostatic forces of
attraction, which act in all directions.
5 (a) –
Cl Cl Cl Cl
2+
Cl Cl Mg Al
– Al
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Co-ordinate bonds
(b) (i) A type of covalent bonding in which both
electrons are donated by one atom.
(ii) See answer to part (a), above.
(c) (i) CHCl3
(ii) The bonds between C and Cl are
polar because C and Cl have different
electronegativity values.
(d) For a hydrogen bond to form, the molecule must
contain a hydrogen atom attached to a sufficiently
electronegative atom (N, O or F) with a lone
pair of electrons. This is not the case in CHCl3.
(e) Cl2, CHCl3, MgCl2
The strengths of the intermolecular bonds in
Cl2 and CHCl3, and the strength of the ionic
bonds in MgCl2, determine the boiling points –
the stronger the bonds, the more energy is
required to separate the particles to make the
substance boil, and so the higher the boiling
point. The only intermolecular forces in chlorine
are weak instantaneous dipole – instantaneous
dipole (van der Waals) interactions, so chlorine
has a low boiling point. Trichloromethane has
slightly stronger permanent dipole – permanent
dipole intermolecular forces, since the C–Cl bond
is polar and the molecule is not symmetrical /
the molecule has a dipole. Magnesium chloride
is held together by much stronger ionic bonds
and so has a high boiling point.
Unit 4
1 C
2 B
3 B
4 (a) (i) E
 thanol is in the solid state. There are
covalent bonds between the atoms within
each molecule. The hydrogen bonds
between neighbouring molecules hold
the molecules close together in a regular
structure. The molecules vibrate on the
spot, but do not move around.
Answers to exam-style questions 5
(ii) Ethanol is in the liquid state. There
are covalent bonds between the atoms
within each molecule. Hydrogen bonds
between neighbouring molecules hold
H
the molecules close together, but the
Cl C Cl
molecules move around, sliding over
Cl
each other.
(b) The electrons in the molecules move around
continuously, resulting in instantaneous
dipoles. A molecule with an instantaneous
dipole induces dipoles in neighbouring
molecules. This results in intermolecular forces
of attraction called van der Waals forces.
(c) (i) Vapour pressure is the pressure of a vapour
which is in equilibrium with its liquid in a
sealed container.
(ii) As the substance warms up, its particles move
faster. More particles evaporate from the
surface of the liquid in a given time, so the
vapour pressure increases.
5 (a) The structure is made up of Ca2+ and S2– ions.
The ions are arranged in a regular lattice. There
are electrostatic forces of attraction between
the ions. These forces act in all directions.
(b) The structure contains Ca2+ ions arranged in a
regular pattern, in layers. Delocalised electrons
move around between the ions. Electrostatic
forces of attraction between the ions and the
electrons hold the lattice together.
(c) There are covalent bonds between the atoms
in the S8 molecules. There are van der Waals
forces of attraction between neighbouring
molecules, which hold them together in a
simple molecular solid.
(d) (i) Z
(ii) X
(iii) X, because it also conducts in the solid state,
so is likely to be a metal.
Z, because it is an ionic substance. In the
liquid state, the ions are free to move and
carry electrical charge.
Unit 5
1 D
2 A
3 C
4 (a) 2C2H5OH(l) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
3
 (b) ΔH = −mcΔT (b) (i) 2H+ + 2e− → H2
ΔH = −80 g × 4.18 J g–1 K–1 × (86 – 22) K
(ii) The reaction is reduction since positively-
 = −21 401 J
charged hydrogen ions gain electrons.
1.0 g
(c) Amount of ethanol in mol = 
Mr (c) (i) Q = It
Q = 2.3 A × (50 min × 60 s min–1)
1.0 g
           = Q = 6900 C
46.0 g mol −1
Estimated value of enthalpy of combustion (ii) 1 mol of H2 gas is deposited by 2 faradays, or
96 500 × 2 = 193 000 C
−21 401 J
= 6900 C
(
1.0 g / 46.0 g mol −1 ) So amount of H2 = 
193000 C mol −1
= −984 446 J mol –1
           = 0.036 mol
= −984 kJ mol–1 (3 s.f.)
(iii) Volume of H2 = amount (mol) × molar
(d) Energy is transferred to the surroundings as volume (dm3 mol–1)
well as to the water, so the value estimated
       = 0.036 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol–1
from the measurement is lower than the
accepted value.       
= 0.86 
dm3
5 (a) Mg+(g) + 2Cl–(g) → MgCl2(s) 5 (a) A = zinc electrode
B = solution containing 1 mol dm–3 Zn2+ ions
(b) Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g)
C = salt bridge
2 × ΔHat (Cl2(g))
D = solution containing a mixture of 1 mol dm–3
2 × ΔHe (Cl)
2 ×+122 kJ mol–1   Fe2+ ions and 1 mol dm–3 Fe3+ ions
2 × – 349 kJ mol–1
E = platinum electrode
Mg2+(g) + Cl2(g) Mg2+(g) + 2Cl–(g)
F = voltmeter

ΔHi 2 (Mg+(g)) (b) (i) Standard electrode potential

+1450 kJ mol–1
(ii) 298 K, 100 kPa, solutions of concentration
Mg+(g) + Cl2(g)
1 mol dm–3
ΔHi 1 (Mg(g)) +736 kJ mol–1 (c) (i) +0.76 V
Mg(g) + Cl2(g) (ii) The value of E would increase/become more
positive because ions are more likely to be
ΔHat (Mg) +150 kJ mol–1 reduced if there are more of them in a given
Mg(s) + Cl2(g) volume of solution.

ΔHf (MgCl2(s)) (d) +0.76 V + +0.77 V = 1.53 V

–642 kJ mol–1
MgCl2(s) Unit 7
1 B
(c) (2 × 349) − (2 × 122) – 1450 – 736 – 150 – 642  2 B
= −2524 kJ mol–1
3 D
Unit 6 4 (a) COF2 decomposes to form CO2 and CF4
1 B (forward reaction) while the CO2 and CF4
formed react together to make COF2 (reverse
2 
D reaction). As the concentration of CO2 and CF4
 ote that the question in the first
N
impression of the book is incorrect; option in the vessel increases, the rate of the reverse
D should read +5 +5 +5 +5 +4. reaction increases, and as the concentration
of COF2 decreases, so does the rate of the
3 A forward reaction. Eventually the two reactions
proceed at the same rate so that the overall
4 (a) (i) hydrogen concentrations do not change and equilibrium
(ii) oxygen has been reached.

4
 Answers to exam-style questions 8
[CO2(g)][CF4 (g)] (c) Concentration of KOH in mol dm–3
(b) K c = 22.4 g dm −3
[COF2(g)]2 =  
56 g mol −3
(c) At equilibrium [CO2(g)] = [CF4(g)]  = 0.4 mol dm–3
= 0.037 mol dm–3 So [OH–] = 0.4 mol dm–3

and [2COF2(g)] = 0.1 − (2 × 0.037) 

Using the ionic product of water
    = 0.026 mol dm–3        Kw=[OH–] × [H+]

Substituting into the equilibrium expression in 1 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 = 0.4 mol dm–3 × [H+]
part (b) gives Kc = 2.0 [H+] = 2.5 × 10–14 mol dm–3
(d) Invert the value of Kc for the reaction above: pH    = −log102.5 × 10–14
1 pH    = 13.6
 = 0.49
Kc
Unit 8
(e) By Le Chatelier’s principle, the system would
1 C
adjust to counteract the effect of the change, so
the position of the equilibrium would shift to 2 C
the left.
3 C
5 (a) Mr = 144.0 g mol–1
4 B
2.88 g
amount =    5 (a) From Run 1 to 2 the concentration of NO
144.0 g mol −1
= 0.02 mol halves, while the concentration of hydrogen is
concentration = 0.02 mol dm–3 constant. From Run 1 to 2 the rate is quartered.
This shows that the reaction is second order
[H + (aq)][C6 H5COO− (aq)] with respect to NO.
(b) K a =
[C6 H5COOH(aq)] From Run 1 to Run 3 the [H2] halves while
[NO] remains constant, and the rate is halved,
K a [C6H5COOH(aq)] so the rate is first order with respect to
[H +(aq)] =
[C6H5COO–(aq)] hydrogen.
6.3 × 10−5 mol dm −3 × 0.01mol dm −3 (b) Rate = k[NO]2[H2]
    =
0.02 mol dm −3 rate
(c) k =
        = 3.15 × 10–5 mol dm–3 [NO]2[H2 ]

(c) pH = −log10 [H+(aq)]  16 × 10−7 mol dm −3 s −1

=
= −log10 [3.15 × 10–5]    (0.045 mol dm −3 )2(0.020 mol dm −3 )
= 4.50   = 3.95 × 10–2 dm6 mol–2 s–1
(d) (i) The buffer solution contains high (d) rate = k[NO]2[H2]
concentrations of benzoate ions and
undissociated benzoic acid. Hydrogen      = 3.95 × 10–2 dm6 mol–2 s–1 × 
ions react with the benzoate ions, and (0.050 mol dm–3)2 × 0.025 mol dm–3
are removed. The equilibrium      = 2.47 × 10–6 mol dm3 s–1
C6H5COOH C6H5COO− (aq) + H+ (aq)
(e) (i) (ii)
shifts to the left, so the concentration of
hydrogen ions remains approximately
Rate
[H2]

constant.
(ii) OH− ions react with the hydrogen ions, and
the equilibrium above shifts to the right to
Time [H2]
replace the hydrogen ions. The concentration
of hydrogen ions remains approximately ( f ) (i) heterogeneous
constant.
(ii) Gases are adsorbed on the surface, bonds
6 (a) pH = −log10[H+] within reactant molecules are weakened, and
(b) A weak base is only partially dissociated in molecules are correctly orientated for reaction.
solution; a strong base is fully dissociated in
solution.

5
6 (a) Measure the volume of gas given off in given
time intervals.
ln 2
(b) k = 
half-life
ln 2
k =  (c) Sodium and chlorine atoms have very different
2.4 × 103 s
k = 2.89 × 10−4 s−1
(c) One, because the reaction is first order with
respect to the one reactant.
Unit 9
1 B
2 B
3 (a) Silicon has the highest melting point.
Its melting point is high because the atoms are
joined together by covalent bonds in a giant
structure, with each Si atom joined to four
others.
(b) Sodium, magnesium and aluminium conduct
electricity.
They conduct because they have mobile
delocalised electrons to carry electrical charge.
(c) (i) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
(ii) Na2O(s)+ H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq)
(iii) Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) →
             2NaAl(OH)4(aq)
(iv) SiCl4(l) + 2H2O(l) → SiO2(s) + 4HCl(aq)
(d) (i) magnesium oxide, MgO, and silicon
dioxide, SiO2
(ii) Ceramics are electrical insulators and they
have high melting points.
MgO and SiO2 do not conduct electricity
because they have no mobile ions or electrons
to carry electrical charge.
MgO has a high melting point because
its ions are held together by strong
electrostatic forces of attraction. A large
amount of energy is needed to disrupt
these forces of attraction to change the
state from solid to liquid.
SiO2 has a high melting point because its
atoms are held together by strong covalent
bonds in a giant structure. A large amount
of energy is needed to disrupt these strong
bonds to change the state from solid
to liquid.
6
4 (a) The electronegativity of an atom is the power
of that atom in a molecule to attract the shared
electrons in a covalent bond.
(b) Electronegativity increases across Period 3.
electronegativity values, so sodium chloride
has ionic bonding.
Silicon and chlorine atoms have similar
electronegativity values, so the atoms in silicon
chloride are held together by covalent bonds.
5 (a) Since the oxide is acidic, element Y cannot be
in Groups 1 or 2.
Group 18 elements do not form compounds
with oxygen, so element Y must be in Group 14.
(b) (i) For example, it conducts electricity.
(ii) It has delocalised electrons that can carry
electrical charge.
(iii) ZCl2
(iv) Z chloride has a high melting point.
It dissolves in water to make a neutral
solution.
Unit 10
1 C
2 A
3 (a) (i) very vigorous bubbling
(ii) The reactivity of the Group 2 metals with
water increases down the group.
(b) (i) radium oxide and radium peroxide
(ii) 2Ra(s) + O2(g) → 2RaO(s)
Ra(s)   + O2(g) → RaO2(s)
(c) Radium hydroxide is more soluble because
solubility of the hydroxides increases down the
group.
4 (a) 1s22s22p63s2sp6
(b) Ca has 20 protons in the nucleus and
20 electrons. Ca2+ has 20 protons and
18 electrons, so the net attractive force of the
protons on each outer electron is greater in
the ion than in the atom. This means that the
radius of the ion is smaller.
(c) The outer electrons of Sr are in the 5s2 orbital,
and the outer electrons of Ca are in the 4s2
orbital. The outer electrons of Sr are therefore
 Answers to exam-style questions
attracted by the nucleus less strongly than
those in Ca, so Sr is bigger than Ca.
(d) –
2+
chloride ion,
Cl– [2,8,8]–
–
calcium ion,
Ca2+ [2,8,8]2+
chloride ion,
Cl– [2,8,8]–
(e) (i) Sr(s)    + 2H2O(l)      → Sr(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
(ii) SrO(s) +  → SrCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
2HCl(aq)   These are the result of attractive forces
(iii) SrCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) →
         Sr(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
5 (a) Brown fumes of gas.
(b) Test for oxygen – glowing splint relights.
(c) 2Ca(NO3)2(s) → 2CaO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
(d) (i) Mr of calcium nitrate = 164.1
3.28 g
So amount of calcium nitrate =  in order to make the molecules leave their
164.1g mol −1
= 0.02 mol
Since 2 mol calcium nitrate makes 2 mol of
calcium oxide, 0.02 mol of calcium nitrate
makes 0.02 mol of calcium oxide.
Mass of calcium oxide = 0.02 mol × 
           (40.1  +16.0) g mol–1  (ii) A chlorine atom has a greater attraction than
          =  1.12 g.
(ii) Total amount of gases formed = 0.04 + 0.01 
              = 0.05 mol
So volume = 0.05 mol × 24 dm3 mol–1 
     =  1.2 dm3
(e) Both reactions result in the formation of the
Group 2 metal oxide, as well as oxygen and
nitrogen dioxide gases. The barium carbonate
must be heated to a higher temperature than
the calcium carbonate to make it decompose.
This is because Ca2+ is smaller than Ba2+ so the
charge density of Ca2+ is greater.
Since Ca2+ is smaller, it polarises the outer
electrons in NO3– more than Ba2+does. The
Ca2+ distorts the NO3– ion more, making it less
stable. On heating, the NO3– ion decomposes to
11
form a small O2– ion, which bonds strongly
to Ca2+.
Ba2+polarises the outer electrons in NO3– much
less, so Ba(NO3)2 must be heated to a higher
temperature to make it decompose.
Unit 11
1 B
2 B
3 C
4 (a) From top to bottom of the group, melting point
increases.
(b) There are strong covalent bonds between the
two halogen atoms in halogen molecules,
such as I2. Each covalent bond consists of one
shared pair of electrons. There are van der
Waals forces between neighbouring molecules.
between instantaneous and induced dipoles.
(c) Going down the group, the number of electrons
in each halogen molecule increases. This
results in an increase in the magnitude of
instantaneous and induced dipoles. In turn
this results in stronger van der Waals forces.
The stronger forces mean that more energy is
needed to overcome the intermolecular forces
fixed positions and move around each other, so
melting point increases.
5 (a) Chlorine 3s23p5     bromine 4s24p5
(b) (i) Any suitable answer, for example
H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
bromine for an incoming electron because the
electron is added to a shell that is closer to the
nucleus than for bromine. The attractive force
between the positive nucleus of chlorine and
an incoming negatively charged electron is
greater than that for bromine.
6 (a) (i) H2(g) + F2(g) → 2HF(g)
(ii) HF forms an acidic solution when it dissolves
in water.
(b) (i) Put a flame into a mixture of hydrogen and
bromine vapour.
(ii) The energy required to break the F−F bond
is 158 kJ mol–1 and the energy to break the
Br−Br bond is 198 kJ mol–1, so the activation
energy for the fluorine reaction is smaller.
7
 This explains why the hydrogen–fluorine
reaction is more vigorous.
The difference in F−F and H−F bond
energies is 158 – 562 = –404 kJ mol–1. The
difference in Br−Br and H−Br bond energies
is 198 – 366 = –168 kJ mol–1. This explains
why the hydrogen–fluorine reaction is more
exothermic.
Unit 12
1 (a) A d-block element that forms one or more
stable ions with incomplete d orbitals.
(b) (i) [Ar] 3d34s2
(ii) [Ar] 3d2
(c) +2, since this involves the removal of the two
4s electrons
(f) (i) 4s
3d
V2+ V3+
(ii) The d orbitals become non-degenerate in
the complex ion. Electrons in a complex
can move from a lower energy d orbital
to a higher energy d orbital when they
absorb the correct amount of energy from
white light. The energy corresponds to
light of a given frequency and colour.
The colour of the solution is the colour
transmitted when light of the given colour
is absorbed.

(d) (i) VO2+ +5 (g) (i) +1

VO2+ +4 (ii) octahedral
(ii) reduced, since the oxidation number (iii) [VCl2(H2O)4]Cl•2H2O(s)
decreases from +5 to +4          [V(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3Cl–(aq)
(iii) Zn + 2VO2+ + 4H+ → Zn2+ + 2VO2+ + 2H2O 2 (a) (i) A complex is a molecule or ion formed by
(iv) VO2+ + 2H+ + e– VO2+ + H2O a central metal atom or ion surrounded by
             E   = +1.00 V one or more ligands.
Zn Zn2+ + 2e–           E   = +0.76 V (ii) square planar
Overall E   = +1.76 V
(iii) 4
Since the overall value of E is positive, the
reaction is likely to occur. (iv) Bidentate, as it forms two dative bonds with
the metal ion.
(v) yellow to blue
(b) Oxaliplatin binds to DNA in cancer cells, and
(e) (i) A complex is a molecule or ion formed by a
prevents them from dividing.
central metal atom or ion surrounded by one
or more ligands.
Unit 13
(ii) water 1 D
(iii) Monodentate, since it forms just one dative 2 C
bond with the central atom or ion in its
3 A
complexes.
4 (a) (i) The reaction of nitrogen and oxygen from
(iv) [V(H2O)6]2+
the air at the high temperature of a car
(v) 6 engine or lightning.
(vi) H2O N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g)
− −

H2O OH2 (ii) Burning fossil fuels with sulfur impurities.

V S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
H2O OH2 (b) First reaction – oxidation number of nitrogen
H2O changes from 0 to +2, so nitrogen is oxidised;
oxidation number of oxygen changes from
0 to –2, so oxygen is reduced.

8
 Answers to exam-style questions 14
Second reaction – oxidation number of sulfur (c) The N≡N bond is very strong, so the
changes from 0 to +4, so sulfur is oxidised; activation energy of the reaction is high. At
oxidation number of oxygen changes from high temperatures a much greater proportion
0 to –2, so oxygen is reduced. of molecules has an energy greater than the
activation energy, so the reaction rate is fast.
(c) NO reacts with oxygen from the air to make NO2.
Number of molecules
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)

Numbers of molecules
with enough energy
As soon as NO2 forms, it reacts with SO2 to Lower temperature

with energy E
to react at lower
make SO3 and more NO. temperature
Higher
SO2(g) + NO2(g) → SO3(g) + NO(g) temperature
Number of molecules
with enough energy
SO3 dissolves in water to make sulfuric acid. to react at higher
temperature
(d) Limestone buildings are made of CaCO3: Activation energy
CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) →
        CaSO4(aq) +CO2(g) + H2O(l) (d) 2NO(g) + 2CO(g) → N2(g) + 2CO2(g)

(e) Lakes become more acidic, meaning that some Unit 14

aquatic organisms cannot live; trees die. 1 A
5 (a) 2NH4OH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → 2 C
            (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O(l)
3 B
(b) (i) Number of moles= concentration × volume
number of moles= 0.05  mol dm–3 × 0.0231 dm3 4 (a) alkenes
number of moles= 0.001 155 mol (b)
(ii) The equation shows that 1 mol of H2SO4 reacts (c) positional
with 2 mol of NH4OH so number of moles of
NH4OH = 2 × 0.001 155 mol = 0.002 31 mol (d) (i) One of the bonds in a double bond is a
π bond, formed by the overlap of two p
amount in mol
(iii) Concentration = orbitals. This means that a double bond
volume
cannot rotate freely.
0.002 31 mol
       = (ii) H3C H H H
0.025 dm 3
−

−
C=C C=C
−

−
       = 
0.09 
mol 
dm–3 H C4H9 H3C C4H9

6 (a) (NH4)2SO4(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → 5 (a) They rotate plane polarised light in opposite

       Na2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l) directions.
(b) They will smell ammonia gas. (b) A carbon atom to which four different atoms or
groups of atoms are attached.
(c) The gas makes damp red litmus paper turn
blue. (c) (i) 2-chlorohexane or 3-chlorohexane
(d) Mr ((NH4)2SO4) = 132.1 (ii) e.g. C3H7 C3H7
−

3.96 g C C

−
 = 0.03 mol C2H5 H5C2
132.1 g mol −1
−

H H
Cl Cl
1 mol (NH4)2SO4 gives 2 mol NH3
(for 3-chlorohexane)
so 2 × 0.03 = 0.06 mol NH3 generated
1 mol occupies 24 dm3 so 0.06 mol occupies (d)    HO O
=
1.44 dm3
O
7 (a) O
=

N N O

(b) The triple bond between the nitrogen atoms is

very strong. (any three of the chiral centres marked)

9
 6 (a) HO CH3 HO OH 5 (a) benzoic acid

−
C=C C=C
(b) CH3 CH3
−

−
H3C OH H3C CH3

−
trans cis
− Cl

(b) see diagram above

−
(c) C4H8O2 Cl
(d) H H H (c) (i) cyclohexane
O
−

=
H−C−C−C−C (ii) Benzene is very stable because its electrons
−
−

OH are delocalised throughout the entire π

H H H
system. The reaction with hydrogen involves
(e) H H H disrupting the π-electron system, so the
−

H−C−C−O−C−C−H activation energy is high.

−

H O H H Unit 16
1 C
Unit 15
1 A 2 C

2 D 3 A

3 (a) OH 4 C
OH CH3CHOHCH2OH
−

5 (a) H
− H H H Br
−

−
(b) (i) carboxylic acids H−C−C−C−C−H
−

−
(ii) C2H5COOH CH3COOH H Br H H
Y Z
(b) (i) see above
(iii) pent-2-ene
+ (ii) Bromine is more electronegative than
(c) (i) CH2 = CH − CH2 − CH3 CH3 − CH − CH2 − CH3 CH3 − CHBr − CH2 − CH3
carbon, so it is able to polarise the bond /
Hδ+ Br– pull electrons in the covalent bond towards
−

Brδ– itself.
+
CH2 = CH − CH2 − CH        
CH3 − CH − CH2 − CH3 CH3 − CHBr − CH2 − CH3
3 (c) (i) H H H H H
−

(ii) 2-bromopropane −
δ+ –
−

H Br C=C−C−C−H H−C−C=C−C−H
−
−

−
−

−
−
δ– H
Br 4 (a) H CH3 H H H H H H H H H
H
− −

− −

− −

(ii) but-1-ene and but-2-ene

−

H−C−C−C−C=C
−

H
H H H (iii) elimination
(iv) for example:
(b) 4-methylpent-1-ene
H Br H H H H
(c) H
−

−
−
−

H−C−C−C−C−H C=C−C−C−H
−
−

−
−

H
–
OH H H H H H H H
(d) If PMP is disposed of in landfill it will not be
broken down by biological activity and may (d) (i) An electron pair donor.
remain in the ground for hundreds of years. (ii) –OH
(e) (i) carbon dioxide and water (iii) CH3
−

(ii) carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and

H − C+
causes global warming / climate change
−

CH2CH3

10
 Answers to exam-style questions 17
(e) (i) The 2-iodobutane reaction is faster. (ii) pent-1-ene and pent-2-ene
(ii) The C−I bond has a lower bond energy than (b) (i) Phosphorus and bromine or a mixture of
the C−Br bond. sodium bromide with concentrated sulfuric
acid.
Unit 17
(ii) Br
1 D

−
2 D
(c) (i) pentan-2-one
3 C
(ii) The orange solution would become green.
4 (a) Equation for reaction:
2C3H7OH(l) + 9O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 8H2O(l) 7 (a) When phenol dissolves in water, some of
its molecules ionise. The phenoxide ion is
(b) 1 mol of alcohol produces 3 mol of CO2 stabilised because the negative charge is
Amount of CO2 produced/mol delocalised around the π electron system in the
volume/dm 3 ring. This shifts the equilibrium to the right.
= 
molar volume/dm 3 mol −1 − OH − O–
H2O + + H3O+
130 dm 3
= 
24 dm 3 mol −1 phenol phenoxide ion

= 5.42 mol
The ethoxide ion, formed when an ethanol
Molar mass of alcohol 
molecule ionises, does not have a π electron
= (3 × 12.0) + (8 × 1.0) + 16.0 = 60.0 g
system to stabilise it.
5.42
Amount of alcohol in mol =   = 1.81 mol
3 (b) (i) OH O– Na+
−

−
amount molar mass
Mass of alcohol =  ×
mol g mol −1 2 + 2Na 2 + H2
       = 1.81 mol × 60.0 g mol–1
       = 109 g (3 sig fig)
(ii) − OH − O– Na+
NaOH + + H2O
5 (a) Equation for reaction:
2C4H9OH(l) + 2Na(s) → 2C4H9O–Na+(s) + H2(g) sodium phenoxide

Sodium butoxide is the salt formed.

(c) (i) A mixture of 4-nitrophenol and 2-nitrophenol
(b) (i) CH3COOH(aq) + CH3CH2CH2CH2OH(aq) →
OH OH
    CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH3(aq) + H2O(l)
−

− NO2
(ii) butyl ethanoate and
(iii) Use an acid catalyst, such as H2SO4

−

6 (a) (i) H H H H NO2

H
−

(ii) 2,4,6-trinitrophenol 
−

C=C−C−C−C−H OH
−

H
−
−

H H H O2N − − NO2

H H H H H
−
−

−
−

NO2
H−C−C=C−C−C−H
−

−
−

H H H

11
 Unit 18 delocalised over the whole COO group, which
makes it more stable than the ethoxide ion.
1 D
This tends to shift the equilibrium below to
2 C the right.
3 (a) H CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) H
          CH3COO–(aq) + H3O+(aq)

−
H CH3 − C − CH3 H CH3 − C − CH3
(ii) The trichloroethanoate ion is more stable

−
−

−
CH3 − C − CH3 Br CH3 − C − CH
than the unsubstituted ethanoate
3 ion. It is O– Na+
−

−
A stabilised because the three electronegative
B
Br O– Na+
chlorine atoms pull the electrons in the
A H H B
bonds towards them, so further spreading
out the negative charge. This extra stability

−
−
− CH3 CH3 − C
CHI CH
H −C
−3 CH 3 − CH3
H tends to shift the equilibrium further
3

−
−
– + – + towards the dissociated form.
− CH3 CHI3 H CH − CO
CH−Na−C
CH 3 −
O Na
CH3 CH3 CH3
Na+3–O 3CH
3 CH3 CH3

−
−
−

BOC– Na+ O– Na+5 (a) H H CH

−
− =− −
−
= −

−
−
CH − C − CH3 B C
CH3 CH3

−
Na+3–O CH3 CH CH3

−
−
H − C − C − C −3OH
−

HO CN
−
= −
−
= −

−
−
OC Na+
– B BO C C

−
−
H H HHO CN
B O C O D E
(b) (i) propanenitrile
C D E
CH3 CH3 CH
CH3 3 CH3 CH3CHCH CH3
3 3 (ii) magnesium propanoate
−
−= −= −
−
= −= −
−

−
−
−
−

C C C C
CH3 CH3 CHCH CH3 CH3 CH CH CH3 (c) V SOCl2 or PCl3 or PCl5 – all the reactions
−
−
−
−

3 3 3 3
HO HO
CN CN
−
−
−

O O
−
−
−
−

C C C C occur at room
H temperature
CH3 CH3 CH3 H
−
−
−
−

W  concentrated −
aqueous ethylamine H
E HO E HOCN CN

−
DO O
−

D C H CH3 − C −aqueous
CH3H

−
X  concentrated NH3 solution C = C − CH3
−
−

−
−
H
−

D HO CN
−
D E ECH − C − CH Y  ethanol atOH
room temperature H
−

3 3 C = C − CH3
Z boil under reflux with sodium hydroxide
−
−

E OH F H G
solution

H H F G
H H Unit 20
H H
−
−

−
−

CH3 − C
CH
H −C
−3 CH3 − CH3
H 1 (a) amide
−
−

C =HC− =H
CCH3 − CH3
C
−
−

H H
−
−

−
−

−C H H (b) (i) The nitrogen atom joined to the two ethyl

CH3 − C OH
CH−3 CH3H− CH3
OH
−
−

C=C− =C
CCH3 − CH3
groups.
−
−
−−
−

H
− CH3 F F OH GH GH
C =OH
−

C − CH3 (ii) The nitrogen atom has a lone pair of

−

F FH G G electrons, which are not delocalised, and

(b) A 2-bromopropane
BGsodium 2-propoxide which can join to a hydrogen ion.
C sodium ethanoate (c) 2 and 6
D propanone
(d) Mr = (14 × 12.0) + (2 × 14.0) + (2 × 16.0) 
G propene
   + 35.5 + (25 ×1.0) = 288.5
(e) (i) 20 mg/cm3 × 10 cm3 = 200 mg, which is 0.200 g
Unit 19
(ii) amount in mol in 1 cm3
1 A
mass/g
= 
2 A molar mass/g/mol
3 C 20 ×10−3 g
= 
4 (a) hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide 288.5 g/mol
= 6.93 × 10–5 mol
(b) (i) In the ethoxide ion, CH3CH2O–, all the So concentration in mol dm–3
negative charge is on the O atom. In
= 1000 cm3 dm–3 × 6.93 × 10–5 mol cm–3
carboxylate ions such as the ethanoate ion = 6.93 × 10–2 mol dm–3
(the ion of acid C), the negative charge is

12
 Answers to exam-style questions 22
( f ) (i) 2,6-dimethylphenylamine 2 (a) Tyrosine: O
O

=
(ii) O OH
O

=
NH2 HS
C CI
− HO
CI NH2
NH2 O Cysteine: O
O O

=
−

=
H H

=
− − H OH O
OH OH

=
HS

−
HS NH OH
NH2 2 N − C −− C − N−− C − C
HO HO

−
− −−

− − −−
−

−
NH
H 2 NH2 O− H
(iii) amine O H
H − C −H H − C −H
2 (a) CH2CHCH2NH2 H (b) (i) H HH H O
H O S

− −− −

=
−
−

− − −− −

=
−
(b) (i) CH2CHCOONa −
N C −− C N− −−N − C
−
C C −− C − N −− C − C
H

−
=

− − −−
−

−
O− H

−
− −−

=
−

−
(ii) ammonia H OO− HH

−
H O H H − C −H
damp red litmus turns blue H − C −H H − C −H HOH
− C −H

(c) (i) from left: amide, carboxylic acid, amine S S

H H
(ii) NH2 COOH

−
−
= O R OH OH
O NH2
(ii) water
(c) (i) The order of amino acids in the polypeptide
Unit 21 chain.
1 (a) (C12H12O4)n (ii) The structure is stabilised through hydrogen
bonding between the C   O and N−H bonds
(b) polyester
of peptide groups.
(c) HO−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−OH and
(iii) Two from: hydrogen bonds, dipole
O O interactions, ionic attractions, disulfide bonds.
=

C −C
−
Unit 22
−

HO OH
1 B
(d) butane-1,4-diol and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic 2 A
acid
3 (a) The compound includes a bromine atom,
(e) condensation since there is an (M + 2) peak, and the M and
(f) Plants are renewable but crude oil is not. (M + 2) peaks are the same height.
The relative molecular mass of the compound
(g) (i) Advantage: the polymer is not degraded /
(108 + 110)
does not hydrolyse when exposed to water. is = 109
2
Disadvantage: the polymer cannot easily be (b) Br+
biodegraded on disposal.
(c) There are fragments with m/z = 15 and
(ii) so that it is not degraded by the action of light m/z = 27. These correspond to fragments of
(iii) carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water formulae CH3+ and C2H5+.

(h) Polyacetylene has an alternating structure (d) The peak at m/z = 111 is the (M + 1) peak. It is
of double and single bonds, so it has present because 1.1% of carbon atoms are the
delocalised electrons that can carry electrical 13
C isotope.
charge along the chain. PBT does not have a 4 The formula of ethyl ethanoate is:
delocalised electron system (apart from the H H H
π electrons in the benzene ring) so has no
−

1 2 3 4
mobile charged particles to carry electrical H−C−C−O−C−C−H
−

charge.
H O H H
H H H
O
−

5 6 7
=

H−C−C−C−C 13
−

8
−

O−H
H H H
 H H H

−
1 2 3 4
H−C−C−O−C−C−H

−
H formula
and the O of H H acid is:
butanoic (c) Step 1
Cr2O72–/H+
CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2COOH
H H H heat under reflux
− O
−

−
5 6 7 Step 2

=
H−C−C−C−C CH3CH2COOH
SOCl2
CH3CH2COCl

−
8
−

−
O−H
H H H Step 3
C2H5OH
If Z is butanoic acid, there would be a peak CH3CH2COCl CH3CH2 C − O − CH2CH3
room temperature

=
between 9.0 and 13.0 resulting from proton ⑧. O
There is no peak at this chemical shift, suggesting
that Z is not butanoic acid. 3 (a) HO− = O
C
The protons joined to carbon atom ① in ethyl

−
NH
ethanoate are not adjacent to a carbon atom with − 2
protons joined to it. The peak representing these
protons will therefore show no splitting.
However, all the protons in butanoic acid (except (b) Concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated
for proton ⑧) are attached to carbon atoms that are nitric acid at 50 °C.
attached to protons. This means that all the peaks for
(c) HO− = O
C−H protons would show splitting.
C
Since the spectrum shows one C−H peak with no +

−
N ≡ NCl–
splitting, Z must be ethyl ethanoate, not butanoic −
acid.
5 (a) The compound includes a chlorine atom, since −
there is an (M + 2) peak, and the M peak is NO2
three times the height of the (M + 2) peak. (d) reduction
The relative molecular mass of the compound
is between 64 and 66. 4 (a)
O ketone
=

(b) The height ratio is 3 : 1 so the fragments must

contain chlorine-35 and chlorine-37: alkene
49: CH2 — 35Cl+ fragment
51: CH2 — 37Cl+ fragment
(b) (i) Br O
Unit 23
=

1 
A single enantiomer might have better therapeutic
activity.
Br
One of the enantiomers might have undesirable
side effects.
2 (a) Step 1 CH3CH=CHCH3 → CH3CHBrCH2CH3
(ii) OH
Reagent is HBr dissolved in a non-polar solvent.
Step 2 CH3CHBrCH2CH3 → CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3
Reagent is sodium hydroxide in aqueous ethanol;
heat under reflux.
(b) CH3
(iii) OH O
−

AlCl3
Step 1 + CH3Cl

OH
HO− = O
CH3 C (c) No change because filbertone does not have a
−

CH3CO group.
1. alkaline KMnO4
Step 2
2. dilute H2SO4 (d) an orange/yellow precipitate

14
 Answers to exam-style questions 23
(e) (i) an optical isomer of a substance (iv) They rotate plane-polarised light in opposite
directions.
(ii) O

=
(f )
*
O
=

(iii) H
C2H5 C2H5
−

−
− C C
H H

−
OH5C4 C4H5O
CH3 H3C

15
Unit 25
Paper 1 style questions
1 C 10  C 19  C
2 C 11  A 20  D
3 D 12  D 21  C
4 D 13  C 22  C
5 C 14  D 23  A
6 D 15  D 24  B
7 B 16  A 25  C
8 A 17  D 26  C
9 B 18  C 27  C

16
 Answers to exam-style questions 25
Paper 2 style questions mark scheme

Q Marking point Marks

3
1 (a) 1.09 dm
= 0.04542 mol [1]
24 dm3mol −1
(b) 0.818 g
= 0.04544 mol [1]
18.0 gmol −1
(c) (i) 0.04542 mol × 12.0 g mol–1 = 0.5450 g [1]
(ii) (2 × 0.04544) mol × 1.0 g mol = 0.09088 g
–1
[1]
(d) 1.00 g – (0.5450 g + 0.09088 g) = 0.3641 g [1]
(e) number of mol of C = 0.04542 mol
number of mol of H atoms 0.04544 × 2 = 0.09088
0.3641g
number of mol of O atoms = = 0.02276 mol
16.0 gmol −1
C   :  H  :  O
0.04542 : 0.09088 : 0.02276
2 : 4 :   1
C2H4O [3]

(f) relative mass of empirical formula = (2 × 12.0) + (4 × 1.0) + 16.0 = 44.0 [1]
Mr = 88.0 so molecular formula = C4H8O2 [1]
(g) C2H5COOCH3
CH3COOC2H5
Note that the first impression of the book requests three isomers matching the
molecular formula found in (f). The following are all acceptable, but they cannot
be compound X.

Other isomers that do not match the properties of compound X include butanoic
acid, C3H7COOH, and many diols with C=C bonds, for example:
CH3C(OH)=C(OH)CH3
CH3C(OH)=CHCH2(OH)
CH2(OH)CH=CHCH2(OH)
CH(OH)=CHCH(OH)CH3 [3]
(h) (i) CHI3 [1]
(ii) Ethanol [1]
Ethanol makes CHI3 in the reaction with iodine and alkali, methanol does not. [1]
(iii) Ethyl ethanoate [1]
One of the products of hydrolysis of ethyl ethanoate is ethanol. [1]
2 (a) Bonding – metallic (positive gold ions surrounded by delocalised electrons) [1]
Structure – crystalline lattice [1]
(b) (i) Au(s) → Au(g) [1]
(ii) Energy must be transferred to solid gold to overcome the forces of attraction holding
the ions and delocalised electrons in the lattice and allow them to move around from
place to place. [1]
(c) Far apart from each other [1]
Moving randomly in all directions [1]
(d) Protons 79
Electrons 79
Neutrons (197−79) = 118 [2]

17
3 (a) Going down the group, the number of electrons increases so the instantaneous and
induced dipoles become larger. [1]
This means that the strength of the attractive forces between molecules increases. [1]
This means that more energy is needed to overcome the intermolecular forces, so
boiling point increases down the group. [1]
(b) (i) F2 + 2Cl → 2F + Cl2
− −
[1]
Oxidising agents remove electrons from other species. Since fluorine removes
electrons from chloride ions, fluorine is the stronger oxidising agent. [1]
(ii) The electron configuration of fluorine is 1s 2s 2p and the electron configuration of
2 2 5

chlorine is 1s2 2s22p63s23p5. [1]

Incoming electrons are attracted more strongly to a fluorine atom than to a chlorine
atom because there is less shielding of the positive nucleus by negative electrons in
fluorine than in chlorine. [1]
4 (a) (i) From Li to F atomic radius decreases. [1]
This is because the nuclear charge increases but electrons are added to the same shell. [1]
This means that, from left to right, electrons are attracted more strongly by the
increasing positive charge. [1]
(ii) The ionic radius decreases from Li+ to B3+. [1]
All three ions have the same number of electrons, but B3+ has the greatest nuclear
charge, so it attracts its electrons more strongly, and pulls them in more closely. [1]
(iii) For non-metals, ionic radius is greater than atomic radius. [1]
This is because the extra electron(s) results in an increase in repulsion within the
cloud of negative charge. [1]
(b) (i) The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of atoms in
the gas state to make one mole of ions in the gas state, each with a single positive
charge. [1]
(ii) The general trend is for ionisation energy to increase from left to right of the period. [1]
This is because nuclear charge increases from left to right, but the outer electrons
are in the same shell, so the shielding is the same for atoms of all elements. [1]
The greater nuclear charge attracts the outer electrons more strongly, and pulls them
in more closely. [1]
(iii) Magnesium: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Aluminium: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
The electron from aluminium is removed from a 3p orbit, but the electron from
magnesium is removed from a 3s orbit. [1]
The 3p electron is slightly further from the nucleus than the 3s electrons, and the 3p
electron is shielded from the nucleus by 3s electrons. [1]
These factors mean that less energy is required to remove the first electron from an
aluminium atom than is required to remove the first electron from a sodium atom.
(c) The first ionisation energy of each Period 2 element is greater than the first ionisation
energy of each Period 3 element directly below it. [1]
The patterns across the two periods are the same, with the first ionisation energy for
the Group 3 element being less than that of the Group 2 element. [1]
The reason is that there is less shielding between the outer electron and the nucleus
for a Period 2 element than for the Period 3 element directly below it. [1]
5 (a) Chlorofluoroalkanes damage the ozone layer, but 1-bromopropane does not. [1]
(b) (i) propan-1-ol [1]
sodium bromide or phosphorus tribromide or a mixture of phosphorus and bromine [1]

18
 Answers to exam-style questions 25

(ii) one of the following

sodium bromide – heat with concentrated sulfuric acid
phosphorus tribromide/phosphorus and bromine mixture – heat under reflux [1]
(c) (i) electrophilic addition [1]
(ii) H H H H H H
−

−
H−C−C−C−H H−C−C−C−H
[2]
−

−
H H Br H Br H
1-bromopropane 2-bromopropane
(iii) 2-bromopropane [1]
The first step of the reaction mechanism is the addition of H+ to one of the carbon
atoms of propene, forming a positively charged carbocation. [1]
The carbocation formed when H+ adds to a terminal carbon atom in propene (shown
left below) is more stable than the carbocation formed when H+ adds to the middle
carbon atom, resulting in charge on a terminal carbon atom (shown right below). This
difference in stability is because the positive inductive effect (or electron-donating
tendency) of two CH3 groups is greater than the positive inductive effect (or electron-
donating tendency) of one CH2CH3 group.
The more stable carbocations exist for longer, so more of them can react with Br –
ions, producing 2-bromopropane as the major product. [1]
+ +
CH3 − CH − CH3 CH3 − CH2 − CH2
(d) (i) Boiling point, using distillation [1]
2-bromopropane is removed when the temperature of the mixture reaches 59 °C and
1-bromopropane is removed at 71 °C. [1]
(ii) 1-bromopropane molecules have permanent dipoles, but propane molecules have
only instantaneous and induced dipoles. [1]
The intermolecular forces are therefore stronger in 1-bromopropane, so it has the
higher boiling point. [1]
6 (a) O
=

[1]
OH

(b) (i) A weak acid is an acid that is only partially dissociated in solution. [1]
(ii) The pH of the weak acid is higher than the pH of the strong acid of the same
concentration. [1]
(c) (i) Bubbles of gas would form, relatively slowly, as the acid releases carbon dioxide
from the carbonate. [1]
(ii) 2C5H11COOH + Na2CO3 → 2C5H11COONa + H2O + CO2 [1]
(d) (i) −
H

H Al H [1]

(ii) −
H
−

− AI [1]
H
H
H

19
 (iii) hexan-1-ol [1]
C5H11CH2OH [1]
(e) (i) alkene [1]
ester [1]
(ii) O

=
− CH2 − CH2 − C − O − CH3 [1]

(f) (i) O

=
− CH = CH − C − O − CH3 + H2O

H+
[1]
O
=

− CH = CH − C − OH + CH3OH

(ii) O
=

− CH = CH − C − OH CH3OH
Kc = [1]
O
=

− CH = CH − C − O − CH3 H2O

(iii) There are no units, since the units of concentration cancel out. [1]
(iv) Equilibrium will shift to the right. [1]
According to Le Chatelier’s principle, the system adjusts itself in order to minimise
the effects of the change, so in this case the extra methyl cinnamate added is
removed by reacting with water. [1]
7 (a) (i) poly(chloroethene) [1]
(ii) H CI
−

−C−C− [1]
−

H H n
(b) (i) 180° [1]
(ii) H−C≡C−H(g) + HCl(g) → CH2=CHCl(g) [1]
(iii) electrophilic addition [1]
The C≡C bond has a high electron charge density, and so is attractive to
electrophiles such as the hydrogen atom of HCl. [1]
(c) (i) A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, and is not chemically
changed by the end of the reaction. [1]
(ii) Heterogeneous, because the catalyst is in the solid state and the reactants and
products are in the gas state. [1]
(iii) The minimum energy needed for a reaction to happen for the amounts shown in an
equation. [1]

20
 Answers to exam-style questions 25

(iv)

Number of molecules
with energy E
possible position for Ea of
the catalysed reaction
[1]

Ea
Kinetic energy

(v)
(energy content)
Enthalpy

Ea
[1]
HCl and C2H2

CH2CHCl + HCl

Progress of reaction

(d) (i) 1,2-dichloroethane [1]

(ii) bonds broken:
C=C
Cl−Cl
bonds made:
C−C
2 × C−Cl
Energy required to break bonds = 610 kJ mol–1 + 242 kJ mol–1 = 852 kJ mol–1
Energy released on making new bonds = −350 kJ mol–1 + (2 × −340) kJ mol–1 
= −1030 kJ mol–1 [1]
Energy change = 852 kJ mol − 1030 kJ mol–1
–1

= −178 kJ mol–1 [1]
(iii) The enthalpy change when one mole of the substance forms from its elements under
standard conditions.  [1]
(iv) ΔHr = 165 kJ mol – (22.09 kJ mol + 92.3 kJ mol )
–1 –1 –1
[1]
ΔHr = −50.61 kJ mol–1 [1]

21
Paper 3 style questions mark scheme

Q Marking point Marks

1 (a) See method outlined in printed book
(b) (i) 90

80

70
Time for cross to become invisible / s

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
15 25 35 45 55 65
Temperature at end of reaction / °C

Axes correctly labelled, with suitable scale [1]

points plotted correctly. [1]
(ii) As shown on the graph in (i)
there are no anomalous points. [1]
(iii) As temperature increases, the time for the cross to disappear decreases, showing
that the reaction rate has increased. [1]
The rate increases as temperature increases because collisions between reactant
particles are more frequent, [1]
and because reactant particles are more energetic, so collisions are more likely to
result in reaction/be successful. [1]
(c) (i) The temperature of the mixture at this point is the temperature at which the
reaction occurs – the temperature of the reacting mixture is less than that of the
sodium thiosulfate alone. [1]
(ii) Concentration of reactants [1]
Volume of reactants [1]
(iii) Deciding when the reactant ends is a matter of judgement, because it is not easy to
decide exactly when the cross disappears. [1]
2 (a) See method outlined in printed book
(b) (25.45 cm3 + 25.40 cm3 + 25.35 cm3) ÷ 3 = 25.40 cm3 [1]
(c) (i) 25.40 cm = 0.0254 dm 3 3

n = cv
n = 0.01 mol dm–3 × 0.0254 dm3
n = 2.54 × 10–4 mol [1]

22
 Answers to exam-style questions 25

(ii) 1 mol MnO4− reacts with 5 mol Fe2+

number of moles of Fe2+ = 5 × 2.54 × 10–4 mol
= 1.27 × 10–3 mol [1]
(iii) amount of Fe in 250 cm = 10 × 1.27 × 10  mol
2+ 3 –3

= 1.27 × 10–2 mol [1]

(iv) amount of Fe in one tablet = 1.27 × 10  mol ÷ 5
2+ –2

= 2.54 × 10–3 mol [1]

(v) mass = number of mol × molar mass
= 2.54 × 10–3 mol × 55.8 g mol–1
= 0.142 g [1]
(vi) 3 or 4 significant figures are suitable. [1]
3 (a) See completed table in printed book
(b) ammonium [1]
(c) (i) Zn or Al
2+ 3+
[1]
(ii) Add a few drops of aqueous ammonia to a fresh sample of solution, follow by
excess.
If the precipitate dissolves in excess, X contains Zn2+.
If the precipitate does not dissolve in excess, X contains Al3+. [1]
(iii) See results recorded in printed book
(d) Cations:
NH4+ – results of test 2 [1]
Zn2+ – results of test 5 and extra test with aqueous ammonia [1]
Anions:
CO32− – result of test 1 [1]
I− – result of first part of test 4 shows the anion is Br− or I−, and the second part of
this test confirms the presence of I− [1]

23
Paper 4 style questions mark scheme

Q Marking point Marks

1 (a) (i) (COOH)2 → 2CO2 + 2H + 2e + −
[1]
(ii) MnO4− + 8H+ + 5e− → Mn2+ + 4H2O [1]
(iii) 5(COOH)2 + 2MnO4 + 6H + → 10CO2 + 2Mn + 8H2O
− + 2+
[1]
(b) (COOH)2 → 2CO2 + 2H+ + 2e− E = −0.49 V
MnO4− + 8H+ + 5e− → Mn2+ + 4H2O E = +1.52 V [1]
Overall E cell = −0.49 V + +1.52 V
 = +1.03 V
Since E cell is positive, the reaction is feasible [1]
+
[H (aq)][HO2CCO2− (aq)]
(c) (i) Ka = [1]
[HO2CCO2H(aq)]
(ii) pKa = −log10Ka = 1.27 [1]
(iii) The first equilibrium lies further to the right than the second equilibrium. [1]
(iv) Ethanedioic acid is a stronger acid than ethanoic acid [1]
because the negative ions formed when ethanedioic acid dissociates are more
stable than the negative ion formed when ethanoic acid dissociates. [1]
(v) Ethanoic acid has a higher pH because the equilibria H2A H + HA and
+ −

HA− H+ + A2− lie further to the right for ethanedioic acid than does the equilibrium
HA H+ + A− for ethanoic acid so [H+] is greater for ethanedioic acid. [1]
2 (a) A ethanoyl chloride [1]
D chlorobenzene [1]
(b) CH3COCl + CH3OH → CH3COOCH3 [1]
methyl ethanoate [1]
(c) (i) CH3COCl + H2O → CH3COOH + HCl [1]
(ii) violent reaction – the liquids boil and fumes of hydrogen chloride are evolved [1]
(d) (i) CH3COCl + 2NaOH → CH3COONa + NaCl + H2O [1]
CH3Cl + NaOH → CH3OH + NaCl [1]
(ii) The carbon atom in the C−Cl bond in ethanoyl chloride has a greater δ+ charge
than that in chloromethane. [1]
The carbon atom in the C−Cl bond in ethanoyl chloride is therefore more attractive
to nucleophiles. [1]
(iii) Either The C–Cl bond in chlorobenzene is particularly strong because of
interactions between the lone pairs on the chlorine atom and the delocalised ring
electrons, which strengthen the bond.
Or The delocalised ring electrons repel nucleophiles that approach the δ+ carbon
atom joined to the chlorine atom. [2]
(e) (i) The two carbon atoms [1]
They each have a relatively large δ+ charge because they are joined to electron-
withdrawing groups. [1]
(ii) Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. [1]
(iii) Positive
The reactants are in the liquid state, and the products are in the gas state – a
substance is more disordered, and so has a higher entropy, in the gas state. [1]

24
 Answers to exam-style questions 25

(iv) entropy of reactants = (174.4 + 69.9) J mol−1 K−1

entropy of products = [(2 × 186.8) + 213.6 + 197.6] J mol−1 K−1 [1]
ΔS = entropy of products – entropy of reactants
= [(2 × 186.8) + 213.6 + 197.6] − (174.4 + 69.9) J mol−1 K−1
= +540.5 J mol−1 K−1 [1]
(v) ΔHr = ΣΔHf (products) − ΣΔHf (reactants) [1]
 = [(2 × −92.3) + −393.5 + −110.5] – (–367.6 – 285.5) kJ mol−1
 = −35.5 kJ mol−1 [1]
(vi) ΔG = ΔH − T ΔS [1]
= −35 500 J mol−1 – (298 K × 540.5 J mol−1 K−1)
= −196.6 kJ mol−1 [1]
(vii) ΔG is negative so the reaction is spontaneous. [1]
3 (a) (i) Ionic bonding, with ions arranged in a regular lattice [1]
It consists of oppositely charged ions. [1]
(ii) Electrostatic forces of attraction between the ions are strong. [1]
(b) N2O5 oxidation state of nitrogen = +5
NO2 oxidation state of nitrogen = +4
Nitrogen is reduced [1]
(c) (i) smooth curve drawn correctly [1]
(ii) For example: time for concentration to fall from 0.010 mol dm−3 to 0.005 mol dm−3 =
4100 s – 2700 s = 1400 s [1]
time for concentration to fall from 0.020 mol dm−3 to 0.010 mol dm−3 =
2700 s – 1300 s = 1400 s
Since the half-life is constant the reaction is first order with respect to N2O5. [1]
(iii) rate = k [N2O5] [1]
(iv)
Note that there is an error in the first impression of the printed book. The value
for k should be 4.80 × 10−4 s−1. [1]

initial rate = 4.80 × 10−4 s−1 × 3.7 × 10−2 mol dm−3

 = 1.78 × 10−5 mol dm−3 s−1 [1]
In2 0.693
(v) half-life = = = 1444 s [1]
k 4.80 × 10−4 s−1
Values are the same to 2 sig fig. [1]
Difference results from inaccuracies in reading graph. [1]
4 (a) prop-2-enamide [1]
(b) (i)
O
[1]
=

NH2

(ii) from left – alkene, amide [1]

(c) (i) Colour change from brown/orange to colourless. [1]
(ii) CH2BrCHBrCONH2 [1]
(iii) electrophilic addition
H H H H H
H O O O
−

=
=

=
−

C=C−C H−C−C−C H−C−C−C

[3]
−

+
−

H NH2 NH2 NH2

Brδ+ Br Br Br
Br–
−

Brδ–

25
5 A: C−H bond in alkane group, CH3
B: C=O in ester group, COO
C: C−O in ester group, COO [2]
6 (a) heat under reflux with potassium manganate(VII) solution [1]
then add dilute sulfuric acid [1]
(b) (i) 2C6H5COOH + 2Na → 2C6H5COONa + H2 [1]
(ii) sodium benzoate [1]
(c) (i) electrophilic substitution [1]
(ii) COOH
−

[1]
−
NO2− NO2

(d) (i) antilog10(−2.94) = 1.15 × 10−3 mol dm−3 [1]

(ii) Ka ≈ [H+]2 [1]

[ − COOH]

[ H + ]2
[ − COOH] ≈
Ka
(1.15 × 10−3 moldm−3 )2
       ≈
6.3 × 10−5 moldm−3 [1]
       ≈ 2.1 × 10–2 mol dm–3
(iii)
[ − COOH]
(octan-1-ol)
= 79.4 [1]
[ − COOH]
(water)

[ − COOH
]= 79.4 × [ − COOH ]
(octan-1-ol) (water)

          = 
79.4 × 2.10 × 10–2 mol dm–3
          = 
1.67 
mol  dm–3 [1]
(e) (i) carbon atom 6 [1]
(ii) peak at δ = 168 ppm [1]
(iii) The four carbon atoms labelled 3 and 4 are in very similar environments, so there is
one peak for all of them. [2]
(iv) The peak at δ = 21 ppm is not present in the benzoic acid spectrum. [1]
(f) (i) hydrogen atom 4 [1]
(ii) hydrogen atom 1 [1]
(iii) There are three hydrogen atoms in the CH3 group, which give rise to the peak at
δ = 2.4 ppm, so this peak is correspondingly larger than the peak at δ = 12.8 ppm,
which arises from the one carbon atom in the COOH group. [1]

26
 Answers to exam-style questions 25
Paper 5 style questions mark scheme

Q Marking point Marks

1 (a) (i) what the catalyst is [1]
(i) volume of oxygen gas [1]
(iii) two from:
temperature
concentration of hydrogen peroxide solution
volume of hydrogen peroxide solution
amount of catalyst [1]
(iv) for example
carry out each test at room temperature [1]
weigh out the same mass of each catalyst
(b) (i) Clamp
Rubber tubing

Measuring
Bung cylinder
[2]
Conical
flask Catalyst
in small Trough
test tube
Hydrogen Water
peroxide
solution

(ii) • Measure out a suitable volume of hydrogen peroxide solution and pour
into flask.
• Place a suitable mass of catalyst in the small test tube, and place in the
flask, without allowing the solution to enter.
• Set up the rest of the apparatus.
• Shake the flask to mix the reagents and start a timer.
• Measure the volume of gas collected in the measuring cylinder in 1 minute.
• Repeat for the other catalysts. [3]
(c) (i) Group C, because the volumes of gas collected are proportionally less than
the volumes collected by the other groups for all catalysts. [1]
(ii) Group D, because their results for MnO2 and CuO are very different from
those of the other groups (but would match if transposed). [1]
(iii) Bar chart, because the independent variable is categoric. [1]
(iv) ZnO, CuO, MnO2/PbO2, catalase [1]
(v) enzyme [1]
(d) (i)
Note: in the first impression of the book, the last two values in the central
column of the table should read 6.90 and 5.40. The exam tip after (d)(iv)
should be deleted.
From top: 0.93, 2.76, 2.82, 3.62, 4.63 [1]

27
 (ii) 5

4.5

3.5
Rate of reaction / cm3 s–1

2.5
[3]
2

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
[H2O2] / mol dm–3

(iii) anomalous result is second from left

straight line going close to the other four points [1]
(iv) They may have used hydrogen peroxide of concentration 0.60 mol dm −3

instead of 0.40 mol dm−3. [1]

(v) 2.3 cm3 s−1 [1]
(vi) first order [1]
(vii) Repeat the experiment 3 times at each concentration, and calculate a mean
time for each concentration. [1]
2 (a) (i) independent variable – current
dependent variable – mass of copper deposited [2]
(ii) concentration of solution [1]
(b) 0.25
Mass of copper deposited / g

0.2

0.15

[2]
0.1

0.05

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Current / A
(c) As current increases, the mass of copper deposited increases. [1]
(d) 0.165 g [1]
(e) Possibly some copper fell into the solution, or was removed during cleaning
and before weighing. [1]

28