NSS Mathematics in Action - 5A02

2 Tangents to Circles
2 Tangents to Circles (b)
Activity
Activity 2.1 (p. 2.3)

1. Yes
∵ (given)
∴ (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
 chord)
∴
2. (a) (i) Yes

∵ The mid-point M always lies on OT.
∴ AB always perpendicular to OM.
(line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord 
chord)
∴ PQ always perpendicular to the radius OT.
(ii) Yes
(b) (i) Yes

(ii) PQ is the tangent to the circle at T because PQ
intersects the circle at only one point T.
(iii) Yes
Activity 2.2 (p. 2.27)

1. (a) (tangent  radius)
In △ATN,
(sum of △)
(b) (i) (s in the same segment)
(ii) (s in the same segment)
(c)
2. (a) (from Q1(b)(i))
(adj. s on st. line)
(opp. s, cyclic
quad.)
43
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions
Maths Dialogue 1. (tangent properties)
Maths Dialogue (p. 2.33) (tangent properties)

Angel’s proof:
If TP is the tangent to the circle at P,
then, (tangent 
radius)
∵ (radii)
∴ (base s, isos.
△)
∵ (given)
△)
i.e.
∴ TQ is the tangent to the circle at Q. (converse of tangent
 radius)
Ken’s proof:
If TP is the tangent to the circle at P,
then, ( in alt.
segment)
∵ (given)
△)
∴
∴ TQ is the tangent to the circle at Q. (converse of  in
alt. segment)
To Learn More
To Learn More (p. 2.10)

tangent  radius
tangent  radius
∴ COT is a straight line.
∴ CT is a diameter of the circle.
Classwork
Classwork (p. 2.4)

1. (tangent  radius)
(tangent  radius)
∵ (radii)
∴ (base s, isos. △)
3. ∵ (alt. s, CA // TB)

∴
Classwork (p. 2.17)
44
2. (tangent properties) Quick Practice
(base s, isos. △) Quick Practice 2.1 (p. 2.5)

( at centre twice 
3. (tangent properties)
at ☉ )
ce
(s at a pt.)
In △OPT,
( sum of
In quadrilateral AOBT,
△)
Classwork (p. 2.26) Quick Practice 2.2 (p. 2.6)

1.
2.
3.
Classwork (p. 2.29) Join OQ.

1. ( in alt. segment) (property of // gram)
( in alt. segment) (alt. s, PS // QR)
PQ = RS = 6 cm (opp. sides of // gram)

Let r cm be the radius of the circle.
In △POQ,
2. ( in alt. segment)
( in alt. segment)
3. ( in alt.
segment) ∴ The radius of the circle is cm (or cm).
(adj. s on st. Quick Practice 2.3 (p. 2.7)

(a) ( in semi-
circle)
In △ABD,
line) (Pyth. theorem)
4. In △ABT,
( sum of
(adj. s on st.
△)
( in alt. segment) line)
In △BCD,
45
(Pyth. theorem) Quick Practice 2.4 (p. 2.8)
(b)
Join OB.
In △OBC,
( sum of △)
∵
∴ converse of
Pyth. theorem ( at centre twice
∴ BC is the tangent to the circle converse of
at B. tangent  radius
at
☉ )
ce
∴ TA is not the tangent to the circle at A.
Quick Practice 2.5 (p. 2.9)
Join O1 to a point D on O2B such that O1D  O2B.

∵ O1A  PQ and O2B  PQ (tangent  radius)
∴ AO1DB is a rectangle.
Consider the right-angled triangle O1DO2.

(Pyth. theorem)

46
(ext.  of △) In △AOC,
( sum of
(tangent
properties) △)

Let
then
(tangent properties)
∴

Let
∵ (tangent properties)
∴
( at centre twice
at
☉ )
ce
∵
∴ (corr. s equal)

(a) ( in alt. segment)
In △ABC,
(sum of
△)
(b) ( in alt. segment)
47

(a) △BDC ~ △ABC
Consider △BDC and △ABC.
In △ACR, common angle
( sum of  in alt.
segment
∴ △BDC ~ △ABC AAA
△) (b) Let BC = x cm.
∵ △BDC ~ △ABC (proved in (a))
∴ (corr. sides,
~△s)

(opp. s,
cyclic quad.)
∵ (given)
In △QRS,
( sum of △)
∵
∴ CR is the tangent to the circle at R.
(converse of  in alt. segment)
Further Practice
Further Practice (p. 2.10)

1. Let r cm be the radius of the circle.
(radii)
In △OTB,
48
∴ The radius of the circle is 7 cm. 3. (tangent  radius)

2. (alt. s, BD // CE)
∴ is a straight line.
(s in the same segment)
In △O2AP,
(Pyth. theorem)
∴ CE is the tangent to the circle at C.
(converse of tangent  radius)

1. (a) (tangent properties)
∵
∴ △TAB is an equilateral triangle.
∴
(b) (tangent  radius)
∵ (radii)
△)
In △OAB,
( sum of △)
2. Let and
then
∴
∴
3. Let
In △OBC,
49
( (tangent
properties)
sum of △) In △ABC,
(
(tangent
properties)
sum of △)

1. (a) ( in alt.
segment)
( in alt.
segment)
In △ABD,
( sum of △)
(b) (ext.
 of △)
∵
∴ AC is not parallel to DE.
2. ( in alt.
segment)
(alt. s, AC //
TP)
∴
In △ABC,
(
sum of △)
(int. s,
AC // TP)
∵
∴ TA is the tangent to the circle at A.
50
Exercise
Exercise 2A (p. 2.11)
(ext. , cyclic Level 1
quad.) In △OAP,
( sum of
In △BCT,
( sum of
△)
△)
2. (int. s, AB //
CD)
3. ∵ (radii)
In △OCP,
( sum of
△)
In △OAP,
(Pyth. theorem)
5. (tangent 
radius)
In △OAP,
(Pyth. theorem)
In △OBP,
51
(Pyth. theorem) 6. (tangent  radius)

In △OAP,
(Pyth. theorem)
∵ CP is a diameter.
In △ACP,
(Pyth. theorem)
∵ (radii)
In △TAB,
(
sum of △)
8. ∵ (radii)
△)
In △OPT,
(
sum of △)
(tangent 
radius)
In △OBT,
(
sum of △)
9.
∵ radii
52
∵ 10. (a) ∵ (radii)

∴ PB⊥OB converse of ∴ (base s, isos.
Pyth. theorem △) In △OAB,
∴ PB is the tangent to the circle converse of (
at B. tangent  radius
sum of △)
∴ TB is not the tangent to the circle at B.
(b) (tangent 
radius)
In quadrilateral BOAT,
( sum of polygon)
11. ( at centre twice
at
☉ )
ce
In △ABC,
(
sum of △)
∴ BC is the tangent to the circle at B.

12. (a) (s in the

same segment)
(b) (ext.  of △)
(s in the same
segment)
53
13. (tangent  In △ABC,

radius) ( sum of
In △OBD,
( sum of
△)
△)
14.
Join OA.
at ☉ ) In △OAP,
(Pyth. theorem)
ce
∵
∴ (line from centre 
chord bisects chord)
15.
Join OB.
(tangent 
radius)
∵ (radii)
△)
In △ABD,
(
sum of △)
16. ( in
semi-circle)
54
∵ (radii) 17. (tangent  radius)

∴ (base s, In △TAC,
isos. △) ( sum of △)
(tangent 
radius)
In △ABC,
(
sum of △) (opp. s,
cyclic quad.)
18. ∵ arcs prop. to s at
centre
adj. s on st. line
 at centre twice 
at ☉
ce
∵ given
∴ base s, isos. △
∴ BC is the tangent to converse of tangent 

the circle at B. radius
19.
Join OC.
∵ (radii)
55
∴ (base s, isos. TO)

△)
∵ (radii) (tangent 
△)
∵ (radii)
In △ABC, radius)
( sum of △)
22. (a) (opp. s,
cyclic quad.)
In △TPA,
(ext.  of △)
∴ AD is the tangent to the circle at A.

Level 2
20. ∵ (given) (b) (tangent 
(ext.  of △)
radius)
∵ (radii)
∴ (base s, isos. △) ∵ (radii)
∴ (base s,
(tangent  isos. △)
In △OTA,
(
radius)
sum of △)
21. (a) (s at a
pt.)
at ☉ )
ce
(b) (int. s, QP //
56
23. (a) Consider △ABC and △ADB. sum of △)

ABC = 90 tangent  radius
ADB = 90  in semi-circle
∴ ABC = ADB
BAC = DAB common angle
∴ △ABC ~ △ADB AAA
(b) ∵ △ABC ~ △ADB (proved in (a))

∴ DC is not the tangent to the circle at C.
∴ (corr. sides, ~△s)
24. (a)
Join OP.
(tangent 
radius)
(ext.  of
△)
∵ (radii)
△)
In △OPC,
(
sum of △)
(b) (adj. s
on st. line)
∵ (given)
△)
In △PCD,
(
57
25. 27. (a) Consider △O1AP and △O2BP.

tangent 
radius
tangent 
radius
∴
Join OP.
Let OQP = . vert. opp.
∵ OP = OQ (radii) s
∴ OPQ = OQP =  (base s, isos. △) ∴ △O1AP ~ △O2BP AAA
OPA = 90 (tangent  radius)
(b) (i) Let O1P = x cm.
∵ △O1AP ~ △O2BP (proved in (a))
In △OQB,
( sum of △ (corr. sides, ~△s)
∴
(vert. opp. s)
∵
∴ (sides opp. equal s)
∴
i.e. △ABP is an isosceles triangle.
(ii) In △O1AP,
26. Let O2 and r cm be the centre and the radius of the smaller
circle respectively. (Pyth. theorem)
Join O2 to a point F on OE such that O2F⊥OE.
(corr.
With the notations in the figure,

OE  BC and O2G  BC (tangent  radius)
∴ O2FEG is a rectangle.
sides, ~△s)
28. (a) (i) (radii)

In △OFO2, ∵ (tangent 
radius)
∴ (line from
centre 
chord bisects chord)
∴ The radius of the smaller circle is 1 cm.

In △OAT,
(Pyth.
58
theorem)

∴ The radius of the larger circle is 17 cm.
(ii) Consider △OCD and △OAB.
(radii)
(radii)
∴
(b) ∵ EF = AB (given)
∴ EF and AB are equidistant from the centre O.
(common angle)
(equal chords, equidistant from centre)
∴ △OCD ~ △OAB (ratio of 2 sides, inc. ) ∴ The distance from O to EF is equal to the radius of
the smaller circle.
∴ EF is a tangent to the smaller circle.
29. ∵ OC = OD (radii)
△)
In △OCD,
( sum of △)
(corr. s, AB // OC)
OBA = 90 (tangent  radius)

(alt. s, AB // OC)
∵ OC = OE (radii)
∴ OCE = OEC (base s, isos. △)
(ext.  of △)
∵
∴ A, B, F and E are not concyclic.
Exercise 2B (p. 2.20)

Level 1
1. ∵ (tangent
properties)
∴ (base s,
isos. △)
In △TAB,
( sum of
△)
2. ∵ (tangent
properties)
(tangent 
radius)
In △OAT,
59
( In △ACD,
( sum of
sum of △)
△)
3. (tangent
properties) 8. ∵ (given)
(s ∴ (base s, isos. △)
(ext.  of △)
at a pt.)
(tangent  ∵ (tangent properties)

radius)
In △OBT, ∴ (base s, isos. △)
(
In △ABT,
( sum of
sum of △)
△)
(ext.  of △)
7. (alt. s, BA // CD)
60
In △OQB,
( sum of
In △OBC,
( sum of
△)
△)
In △OAB,
( sum of
In △ABC,
( sum of △)
△)
10. (tangent 
radius)
In △ABQ,
( sum of
△)
11. (adj. s on st.
line)
(ext.  of △)
(vert. opp. s)
(ext.  of △)
12. OQB  90 (tangent  radius)
61
PAR  OAP  OAR

∴  27  27
 54 ∴
13. ∵ BP  BQ (tangent properties)

∴ BPQ  BQP (base s, isos. △)
In △BPQ,
BPQ  BQP  PBQ  180 ( sum of △) (alt. s, AE //
2BQP  90  180
BQP  45 BF)
∵ CQ = CR (tangent properties)
∴ CQR = CRQ (base s, isos. △)
In △CQR,
CRQ  CQR  QCR  180 ( sum of △)
2CQR  124  180
CQR  28
(adj. s
on st. line)
PSR  PQR  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)

PSR  107  180
PSR  73
14. (tangent
properties)
(tangent 
radius)
In quadrilateral ODBC,
15. (a) OAT  90 tangent  radius

OBT  90 tangent  radius
∵
∴ O, A, T and B are concyclic. opp. s supp.
(b) ∵ O, A, T and B are concyclic. proved in (a)

∴ OAB = OTB s in the same segment
∵ OTB = OTA tangent properties
∴ OAB = OTA
Level 2
16. (a) (adj. s on st.
line)
∵ (tangent
properties)
62
∵ (tangent ∵ (tangent properties)

properties) ∴ (base s, isos.
△)
In △ABC,
∴
(
(b) In △OEC, sum of △)

(
∵
∴ △ABC is an equilateral triangle.
sum of △)
17. Let O be the centre of the circle.
Join OC, OD and OQ.

(5  2)  180
PCQ  ( sum of polygon)
5
 108
QDR  108 ( sum of polygon)

∵ OCQ  ODQ
and (tangent  radius)
∴ CQ = DQ (prop. of isos. △)
∴ Q is the mid-point of CD.
18. (a) In △APQ,

(
sum of △)
63
(b) (i) ∵ (tangent properties) (adj.

△)
(ext.  of s on st. line)
∵ CBD  CDB
△) ∴ CB  CD (sides opp. equal s)
∴ Kenneth’s claim is correct.
(ii) ∵ (tangent properties)

△) 21. given
(ext.  of tangent properties
∴
△) tangent properties
tangent properties
∴
tangent properties
∴
In △BCD,
∴ △BCD is an isosceles triangle.

( sum of △)
19. Let BP = x cm.
23. (a) (tangent 

radius)
(tangent 
∴ radius)
(given)
20. (a) ∵ AT  BT (tangent properties)
( sum of
∴ AB  AT  BT
polygon)
∴ ATB  ABT  TAB  60(prop. of equil. △)
(radii)
DAT  90 (tangent  radius)
In △ADT, ∵ All four interior angles are equal to 90 and two
adjacent sides are equal.
( ∴ OPBQ is a square.
(b) Let r cm be the radius of the circle.

sum of △) ∵ OPBQ is a square. (proved in (a))
∴
(b) ( in (tangent properties)

semi-circle)
64
∴
alt. s, OA //
(tangent BC
∴ △OAC ~ △COB AAA
(ii) proved in (a)(ii)
properties)
In △OAC,
Pyth. theorem
radii
∵ △OAC ~ △COB proved in (b)(i)
∴ corr. sides, ~△s

∴
∴ The radius of the circle is 2 cm.
24. (a) AB  BD tangent properties

BD  BC tangent properties
∴ AB  BC
(b) BAD  BDA (base s, isos. △)
BCD  BDC (base s, isos. △)
In △ACD, (tangent properties)
(
∴
(b) PAD  90 tangent  radius

∵
sum of △)
∴ AD // PQ int. s supp.
∴ AD is perpendicular to CD. Consider △CQR and △CDA.
CQR  CDA corr. s, AD // PQ
25. (a) (i) tangent  CRQ  CAD corr. s, AD // PQ
radius RCQ  ACD common angle
∴ △CQR ~ △CDA AAA
int. s,
∴ corr. sides,
OC // BT
∴ OC  OB
(ii)
~△s
(c) Consider △APR and △ABC.

Join OT. ∵ ABC  90 (tangent  radius)
tangent properties ∴ APR  ABC
alt. s, OC // BT PAR  BAC (common angle)
∴ △APR ~ △ABC (AAA)
∴
∴ sides opp. equal s ∴ (corr. sides,
(b) (i) Consider △OAC and △COB. ~△s)

∵ △CQR ~ △CDA (proved in (b))
∵ tangent 
radius
65
( in semi-circle)
(adj. s on st.
line)
(corr. sides, ~ s)
∴ △
(ext.  of △)
(opp. s,
cyclic quad.)
∴ R is the mid-point of PQ.

Exercise 2C (p. 2.34)
Level 1 ( in alt. segment)
(alt. s, CA // TB)
(alt. s, AB // PQ)
(opp. s,
In △TAB,
( sum of △)
cyclic quad.)
2. ( in alt. segment) 7. ( in semi-circle)

In △ACD,
( sum of
(adj. s on st.
△)
line)
∵
∴ DC is not the tangent to the circle at C.
3. ∵ (given)
8. (a) (adj. s on st.
( in alt. segment) line)
In △BDT,
(ext.  of △)
66
(b) ∵ (tangent ∴
properties)
∴ (base s, isos. 11.
△)
In △TAB,
( sum of
△)
Join AT.
( in alt. ( in alt. segment)
segment) (ext.  of △)
(alt. s, DB // EF)
(adj. s
on st. line)
(opp. s,
cyclic quad.)
In △CEF,
( sum of
△)
10. Let ACB  x.

∵ (given)
(alt. s, AC // PQ)
(alt. s, AC // PQ)
(adj. s on st.
line)
67
In △ABT, adj. s on
( sum of
st. line
△)
∴
( in alt. segment) ∴ △ABC ~ △BTC AAA
(b) Let TB = x cm.

In △ABC,
12.
(Pyth. theorem)
Join BD.
( in alt.
segment)
(opp. s,
cyclic quad.)
13. (a) Consider △BCT and △CAT.

 in alt.
segment
common angle
∴ △BCT ~ △CAT AAA
(b) Let AB = x cm.

∵ △BCT ~ △CAT (proved in (a))
∴ (corr. sides,
~△s)
14. (a) Consider △ABC and △BTC.

 in alt.
segment
 in semi-
circle
68
∵ △ABC ~ △BTC (proved in (a))

18. (adj. s on st.

line)
(ext.  of △)
∴
15.
Join CD.
(alt. s, AB // FE)
(ext. , cyclic
quad.)
∴
∴ FE is the tangent to the smaller circle at E.
16. (a) Consider △BPT and △TPA.

common angle
∴ △BPT ~ △TPA ratio of 2 sides, inc. 
(b) ∵ △BPT ~ △TPA proved in (a)

∴ PTB  PAT corr. s, ~△s
∴ TP is the tangent to the converse of  in
circle at T. alt. segment
Level 2
17. ( in alt.
segment)
( in alt.
segment)
In △BCD,
(
sum of △)
69
20. (a) ( in alt.
segment)
(opp. s, In △APB,
( sum of
cyclic quad.)
△)
19. (a) ∵ given

∴ base s, isos.
△
In △ABD,
In △ACD,
 (ext.  of △)
sum of △
∵
∴ DA is the tangent to the converse of  in
circle at A. alt. segment
(b) (tangent 
radius)
In △ABC,
(
sum of △)
Alternative Solution
∵ (radii)
△)
In △OAB,
(
sum of △)
at ☉ )
ce
70
21. (a) (ext. , cyclic △)
quad.)
∴
(adj.
(b) (proved in
(a))
( in alt.
s on st. line)
segment)
( in alt.
segment)
(b) (ext.  of △)
22.
Join AB.
 in alt. segment
s in the same
segment
∴
∴ BE is parallel to CD. alt. s equal
23. (a)
Join AB.
Let TAC = x.
( in alt.
segment)
(alt. s, BC //
AT)
In △ABC,
(
sum of △)
In △CBQ,
(ext.  of
71
(
24. ∵ (arcs prop. to s at

sum of △)
☉ce) 26. (a)  in alt.

segment
∴  in alt.
segment
(opp. s, ∴
∴ AB // CD corr. s equal

cyclic quad.) (alt. s, AB // CD)
∴
∵ (given)
In △ABC,
( sum of
△)
25. (a) ∵ PC  PD (tangent properties)

∴ PCD  PDC (base s, isos. △)
In △PCD,
(
sum of △)
∵ AB  AD (given)
∴ ABD ADB (base s, isos. △)
ABC ADC  180
(opp. s, cyclic quad.)
(b) ( in alt.
segment)
In △ADK,
72
27. (a) (i) ( in alt. segment) (converse of  in alt. segment)
Check Yourself (p. 2.42)

( in alt. segment) 1. (a) 
In △BCQ, (b) 
( sum of △)
(ii) ( in alt. segment)
In △ADS,
( sum of △)
(b) In △ABE,
 sum of △
∴ PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. opp. s supp.
28. (a) Consider △AMD and △BMP.
(b) ∵ △AMD  △BMP (proved in (a))

∴ (corr. sides, △s)
∵ (property of square)
∴
∴ APB  PAB (base s, isos. △)
In △APB,
(
sum of △)
(c) ACB  45 (property of square)

∵
∴ PA is the tangent to the circle at A.
73
(c)  In △ACT,
(ext.  of ( sum of
△) △)
∴ PQ is the tangent to the circle at P.

(d) 
∵ (given)
△)
In △ABT,
( sum of
△)
∵
∴ PT is not the tangent to the circle at T.
( at centre twice  at ☉ )
ce
In △OBT,
( sum of △)
(adj. s
on st. line)
(adj. s
on st. line)
74
5. (tangent properties) (alt. s, PQ // ED)
(b) (ext.  of △)
∴
5. (a) In △ABQ,
(
Revision Exercise 2 (p. 2.43) sum of △)

Level 1
1. (radii) (tangent  radius)
In △OAT,
(Pyth. theorem)
(b) ∵ (tangent properties)
(ext.  of △)
2. (a) ∵ (tangent
properties)
△) 6. (alt. s, OB // TP)
In △TAB,
 ( sum of (tangent  radius)
△)
∵ (radii)
(ext.  of △)
(alt. s, AC // TF)
7. (Pyth. theorem)
In △ACT,
( sum of
Let AR = x cm, then CR = (10 – x) cm.

△)
∴
4. (a) ( in alt. segment)

∵
75
(b) Let BD = y cm.

∴
Area of △ABC
∴
8. (a) (tangent 
radius)
∵ ( in semi-
In △ABC,
circle)
(Pyth. theorem) ∴ Area of △ABC
9.
Join OA.
∵ (radii)
(ext.  of △)
Join AC.
In △ACP,
( sum of
△)
76
10. cyclic quad.)
12.
Join OB.
(s in the same
Join R to a point B on OP such that RB  OP.
segment) ∵ OP  AQ (tangent  radius)
and RQ  AQ (given)
∵ (radii) ∴ BPQR is a rectangle.
∴ (base s, isos. △) Let r cm be the radius of the circle.
OP = OR = r cm (radii)
∴ PB is the tangent to the circle at B.

Join AD.
( in
semi-circle)
∵
∴ PB is the tangent to the circle at B.
11. (a)
Join AC.
( in semi-
circle)
( in alt.
segment)
(
sum of △)
(b) (opp. s,
77
Consider the right-angled triangle OBR.

(Pyth. (b) (ext.  of
△)
∵ (radii)
theorem)
△)
In △OAF,
(
13. (a) (corr. s, AQ // sum of △)
BC)
(ext.  of
△)
(b) ( in alt.
Join CF.
segment)
(ext.  of
(adj.
△)
s on st. line)
14. (a) (tangent 

radius)
In △ADE,
(
at ☉ )
ce
sum of △)
∵ (tangent
properties)
15. ∵ (arcs prop. to s at
In △ODE,
(
⊙ce)
∴
sum of △)
( in semi-
circle)
78
In △ABC, 17.
(
sum of △)
Join D to a point E on BC such that DE  BC.
∵ BC  AB and AD  AB (tangent  radius)
∴ ABED is a rectangle.
Let r cm be the radius of the circle.
(ext.  of (tangent properties)
△)
∵
∴ TC is the tangent to the circle at C.
Consider the right-angled triangle CDE.
16. Let
(tangent
properties)
(tangent
properties) ∴ The radius of the circle is 6 cm.

∴
18.
In △ABC,
(
sum of △)
In △OBC,
( Join BC.
sum of △)
at ⊙ )
ce
∵ (given)
In △ABC,
ABC  ACB  BAC  180 ( sum of △)
2ABC  44  180
ABC  68
79
In △ABD,
( sum of
19. ( at centre twice 
at ⊙ )
△) ce
In △BOF,
( sum of
△)
(alt. s, BE // CD)
∴ CD is not the tangent to the circle at C.
20.
Join OP and OQ.

OP  AB tangent  radius
OQ  AC tangent  radius
OP = OQ radii
∴ AB = AC chords equidistant from centre are equal
21. (a) ∵ given

∴ line joining centre to mid-pt.
of chord  chord
∵ given
∴ line joining centre to mid-pt.
of chord  chord
∵
and
∴ chords equidistant from centre

are equal
(b) ∵ proved in (a)

△
alt. s, PA //
CB
∴
∴ PA is the tangent to the converse of  in
circle at A. alt. segment
Level 2
22. (a) (alt. s, PQ //
BC)
(alt. s, BA //
CD)
80
(b) ( in alt.
segment)
(ext.  of
△)
(opp. s,
Produce PQ and RS to meet at T.

(adj. s on st.
cyclic quad.)
line)
23.
25. (a) ∵ radii

Join CD. ∴ base s, isos.
( in alt. segment) △
∵ given
△
∴
(b) (ext.
 of △)
24.
∴ DQ is the tangent to the circle at D.

26. (a) Consider △PBC and △PAB.

PBC = PAB  in alt. segment
BPC = APB common angle
Let C be any point on major arc AB. Join AC and BC. ∴ △PBC ~ △PAB AAA
(b) Let PB = x cm and PC = y cm.
∵ △PBC ~ △PAB (proved in (a))
∴ (corr.
(adj. s on st.
sides, ~△s)
line)
81
Let XY = a cm,
then BX = BY = a cm.
and (corr. sides,
~△s)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have ∵
29.
By substituting (3) into (1), we have
∴ and
27. Join OB.
Join CE.
(opp. s, cyclic quad.)
(int. s, AB // DC)

In quadrilateral OAPB,
∴
∴ BC is the tangent to the circle CDE at C.
28. ∵ (tangent properties)

∴ (base s, isos. △) Similarly,
In △BXY,
(s
( sum of
△) at a pt.)
∴
30. (a) Consider △AOC and △CBT.
∴ △BXY is an equilateral triangle.
 in alt. segment
∵ given
∵ radii
∴
∴ △AOC  △CBT ASA
(b) ∵ △AOC  △CBT (proved in (a))

∴ (corr. sides, △s)
∵ (radii)
∴
82
∵ △CAT and △CBT have the same height. 33. (a)

∴ Area of △CAT : area of △CBT
31. (a) (i) Consider △CON and △CBA.

Join BD.
tangent 
radius ( in alt. segment)
given
∴
common angle
∴ △CON ~ △CBA AAA
(ii) OMA = 90 (tangent  radius) (s in the same
ONA = 90 (tangent  radius)
AM // NO (int. s supp.)
AN // MO (int. s supp.) segment)
AM = AN (tangent properties)
∴ AMON is a square.
(b) Let r cm be the radius of the circle.

(property of
square)
∵ △CON ~ △CBA (proved in (a)(i))
∴ (corr. sides, △s)
∴ The radius of the circle is 2.4 cm.

∵ Perimeter of △ABC = 20 cm
(b) (tangent properties)

∵ Perimeter of △ABC = 20 cm
∴
83
(b)
∴ opp. s,
cyclic quad.
∴ CT is the tangent to the converse of

Join CD. circle at C. tangent  radius
(opp. s,
36. (a) ∵ given
∴ line joining
centre to mid-pt. of
cyclic quad.) chord  chord
tangent 
radius
∴ O, P, Q and M are opp. s supp.

(ext. , cyclic
concyclic.
quad.) (b)
34. (a) (ext.  of △)
∵ (given)
∴ (base s, isos. △) Join OQ.
∵ (given)
(b) (angle bisector) △)
In △POQ,
(ext.  of △) (
∵ sum of △)
∴ TA is the tangent to the circle at A.
(converse of  in alt. segment) (s in the
35. (a)
same segment)
(adj. s
on st. line)
Join OC.
 in alt.
segment 37. (a)
∵ radii
△
alt. s, CA //
TO
∴
∴ C, O, B and T are concyclic. converse of s in Join AP and AQ.
the same segment Consider △TAP and △TQA.
 in alt.
(b) OBT = 90 tangent  radius segment
∵ COBT is a cyclic proved in (a) common angle
quadrilateral. ∴ △TAP  △TQA AAA
84
∴ corr. sides,
Pyth. theorem
△s
(b) (i)
∴
(b) From the result of (a), we can deduce that
Join PR and QS.

Consider △TPR and △TSQ.
ext. , cyclic
quad.
ext. , cyclic ∴
quad.
common angle Multiple Choice Questions (p. 2.50)
1. Answer: C
∴ △TPR  △TSQ AAA
(tangent 
radius)
∴ corr.
sides, △s
∵ (radii)
(ii) proved in (a) In △ABP,

Similarly,
(ext.  of △)
∵ proved in
(b)(i)
∴
38. (a)
Join S to point Z on OX such that SZ  OX.

OX  PQ tangent  radius
SY  PQ tangent  radius
SZ  OX by construction
∴ ZXYS is a rectangle.
property of rectangle
property of
rectangle
In △OZS,
85
2. Answer: B cyclic quad.)

(s in the same
segment)
In △ABD,
6. Answer: B
( sum of
△) In △ABC,
( sum of
( in alt.
segment)
△)
3. Answer: B (ext.  of △)
∵ TA = TB (tangent properties)
In △TAB,
( sum of △)
4. Answer: C
In △ABC,
(
sum of △)
5. Answer: A
(alt. s, AD //
PQ)
( in alt.
segment)
(opp. s,
86
7. Answer: D
(s in the same
segment)
Join OP and OQ.

Let r be the radius of the semi-circle.
OP = OQ = r (radii)
(tangent 
radius)
(arcs prop. to s at ( sum of
polygon)
∵ All four interior angles are equal to 90 and two
adjacent sides are equal.
☉ ) ∴ OPBQ is a square.
ce
Consider △OQC and △ABC.
In △ABC, (common angle)
( sum of
∴ △OQC  △ABC (AAA)

△) (corr. sides, △s)
8. Answer: B
Join AB. With the notations in the figure, ∴ The radius of the semi-circle is .
10. Answer: A
Consider △ACT and △CBT.
(adj. s ( in alt. segment)
(common angle)
on st. line) ∴ △ACT  △CBT (AAA)
∵ (tangent properties) ∴ (corr. sides, △s)

In △ABP,
11. Answer: B
( sum of Produce O1A to a point D such that O2D  O1D.
△)
9. Answer: C
∵ O1A  PQ and O2B  PQ (tangent  radius)

∴ ADO2B is a rectangle.
87
∴
In △O1DO2, ∴ III must be true.
∴ The answer is C.
HKMO (p. 2.51)

(Pyth. theorem)
∴
With the notations in the figure, X, Y and Z are the points of
contact.
∴ OX  BC, OY  BA and OZ  CA (tangent  radius)
12. Answer: A Draw a perpendicular line from B to AC.
Then, BOZ is a straight line passing through the centre of the
circle.
(tangent properties) ∵
∴
∴
∵ AB = AP + PB
13. Answer: C
For I,
If △ABC  △PBC,
then (corr. s, △s)
(adj. s on st. line)
Then, AC is a diameter. (converse of  in semi-circle)

(int. s, TA // CB) Exam Focus
Exam-type Questions (p. 2.53)
Then, AB is a diameter, which is a contradiction. 1. (a) (i) ∵ AD is the altitude of △ABC. given
( to tangent at its point of contact passes through centre) ∴
∴ I is not true. ∵ BE is the altitude of △ABC. given
For II,
∴
Consider △ABC and △TCA.
(alt. s, TA // CB) ∵
( in alt. segment) ∴ A, B, D and E are concyclic. converse of s
in the same
∴ △ABC  △TCA (AAA) segment
∴ II must be true.
(ii) (ext. , cyclic quad.)
For III,
( in alt. segment) ( in alt. segment)
∵ (given) ∴
∴ (base s, isos. △) ∴ FC // ED (alt. s equal)
88
(b) (s in the same (tangent properties)

(proved in (a))
segment)
In △ACD,
(ext.  of △)
2. (a) (tangent properties) Consider the right-angled triangle AFT.
(prop. of equil. △)
and (tangent properties)
∴
∴ (prop. of isos.
△)
(tangent 
radius) ∴ The radius of the circle is cm.
3. (a) (i)  in alt. segment

∵ tangent properties
∴ F, D and T are collinear. ∴ base s, isos. △
s in the same
(b) (tangent properties) segment
∴
∴ FE // CD corr. s equal
(prop. of equil. △) (ii)
(prop. of equil. △)
∴ GC = GD (sides opp. equal s)

∴ △CDG is an isosceles triangle.
(b)
With the notations in the figure,

∵ GC = GD and GH  CD
∴ CH = HD (prop. of isos. △)
∴ GH is the perpendicular bisector of CD.
∴ The centre of the circle ABCDE lies on the line
joining G and H.
( bisector of chord passes through centre)
4. Answer: C
For I,
Therefore, I must be true.
For III,
89
∵ (given) 5. Answer: D
∴
Therefore, III must be true.
∴ The answer is C.
Join BD.
∵ (given)
In △ABD,
( sum of
△)
(opp. s,
cyclic quad.)
6. Answer: D
Consider △ABC and △ADB.
(common angle)
∴ △ABC  △ADB (AAA)
Area of △ADB : area of △ABC
∴ Area of △BCD : area of △ABC
7. Answer: A
Join A to point M on BC such that AM  BC.
Then, AM passes through the centre O of the circle.
Let D be the point where AC touches the circle.
∵ (prop. of isos. △)
90
In △AMC,
(Pyth. theorem)
(tangent 
radius)
(radii)
∴ ABO2O is a rectangle.
(tangent properties) ∴
Similarly,
(tangent 
radius)
Let r cm be the radius of the circle,
then AO = (8 – r) cm.
In △OAD,
(Pyth. theorem)
Investigation Corner (p. 2.57)
(a) equilateral triangle
(b) (i) (prop. of equil.

△)
(tangent 
radius)
In quadrilateral AOFP,
(ii)
(c) ∵ The three circles are identical.
Let O2 be the centre of the circle at the bottom left.
91
The shortest length of the metal band required
∴ The metal band is long enough to wrap around the

three metal pipes.
(d) Using similar approach in (a) to (c), we have:

The shortest length of the metal band
92

NSS Mathematics in Action - 5A02

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2 Tangents to Circles

2 Tangents to Circles (b)

Activity 2.1 (p. 2.3)

2. (a) (i) Yes

(b) (i) Yes

Activity 2.2 (p. 2.27)

(b) (i) (s in the same segment)

(ii) (s in the same segment)

2. (a) (from Q1(b)(i))

(adj. s on st. line)

(opp. s, cyclic

Maths Dialogue 1. (tangent properties)

Maths Dialogue (p. 2.33) (tangent properties)

To Learn More (p. 2.10)

Classwork (p. 2.4)

3. ∵ (alt. s, CA // TB)

Classwork (p. 2.17)

2. (tangent properties) Quick Practice

(base s, isos. △) Quick Practice 2.1 (p. 2.5)

Classwork (p. 2.26) Quick Practice 2.2 (p. 2.6)

Classwork (p. 2.29) Join OQ.

PQ = RS = 6 cm (opp. sides of // gram)

segment) ∴ The radius of the circle is cm (or cm).

(adj. s on st. Quick Practice 2.3 (p. 2.7)

( in alt. segment) line)

(Pyth. theorem) Quick Practice 2.4 (p. 2.8)

∴ TA is not the tangent to the circle at A.

Quick Practice 2.5 (p. 2.9)

Join O1 to a point D on O2B such that O1D  O2B.

Consider the right-angled triangle O1DO2.

Quick Practice 2.6 (p. 2.18)

Quick Practice 2.7 (p. 2.19)

Quick Practice 2.8 (p. 2.19)

Quick Practice 2.9 (p. 2.30)

(b) ( in alt. segment)

Quick Practice 2.10 (p. 2.31)

Quick Practice 2.11 (p. 2.32)

Further Practice (p. 2.10)

∴ The radius of the circle is 7 cm. 3. (tangent  radius)

Further Practice (p. 2.20)

(b) (tangent  radius)

Further Practice (p. 2.32)

(Pyth. theorem) 6. (tangent  radius)

∵ 10. (a) ∵ (radii)

∴ TB is not the tangent to the circle at B.

11. ( at centre twice

∴ BC is the tangent to the circle at B.

12. (a) (s in the

(s in the same

13. (tangent  In △ABC,

∵ (radii) 17. (tangent  radius)

sum of △) (opp. s,

18. ∵ arcs prop. to s at

adj. s on st. line

∴ BC is the tangent to converse of tangent 

∴ (base s, isos. TO)

22. (a) (opp. s,

∴ AD is the tangent to the circle at A.

21. (a) (s at a

(b) (int. s, QP //

23. (a) Consider △ABC and △ADB. sum of △)

(b) ∵ △ABC ~ △ADB (proved in (a))

∴ (corr. sides, ~△s)