jrefrmEdkifiH\ pyg;pdkufysKd;csed fumvtwGif; obm0pGrf;tifrsm;\

vTrf;rdk;rI?&moDtvdkuf toifhavsmfqHk;pkdufcsdef ESifh

toHk;jyKoifhonfh rsKd;rsm;/
• aeomcsdefESifh aea&mifjcnfpGrf;tif\ vTrf;rdk;rIrsm;/

• tylcsdef\ vTrf;rdk;rIrsm;/

• rdk;pyg; aemufqGJpdkufcsdefESifh toHk;jyKoihfonhf rsKd;rsm;/

• aEGpyg;twGuf toifhavsmfqHk; pdkufcsdefESifh toHk;jyKoifhonhf rsKd;rsm;/

• &moDpyg;twGuf toifhavsmfqHk; pdkufcsdefESifh toHk;jyKoifhonhf rsKd;rsm;/

usrf;udk;tnTef;/ (References)
 jrefrmEdkifiH\ pyg;pdkufysKd;csdefumvtwGif; obm0pGrf;tifrsm;\vTrf;rdk;rI? &moDtvdkuf
toifhavsmfqHk; pdkufcsdefESifh toHk;jyKoifhonfhrsKd;rsm;/

taMumif; taMumif;-tusdK;qufpyfrI
enf;vrf;^aqmif&Guf&ef
t&m &v'f^tESpfcsKyf
aeomcsdefESifh • pyg;pdkufysKd;&ma'owdkif;wGif a&vHkavmuf tylcsdef\vTrf;rdk;rI/
aea&mifjcnf . .
pGm&&dSrnfqdkygu wpfESpftwGif; pyg; • tat;vGefuJjcif; (10 - 16 C) jzpfay:yg
pGrf;tif\ (3)oD;cefYtxd pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyf edkifyg u tanSmufraygufjcif;? tESHjrHKjcif;?tESH
vTrf;rdk;rIrsm;/ onf/ odkY&mwGif wpf{u txGufEIef; xGufaemufusjcif;rsm; jzpfedkifonf/
jrifhrm;&efrSm pyg;rsKd;? a&ajrESifh &moDD
Owk obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: rlwnf • tESHxGufcsdefESifh &ifhrSnfhcsdefwdkYwGif 20. C
ygonf/ pyg;rsKd;ESifh a&ajrobm0udk
jyKjyiffzefwD;edkifaomfvnf; &moDOwkkü xuf edrfhusygu odkYr[kwf 35. C xuf
tusHK;0ifaom tylcsdef (Temperature)? jrifhygu tzsif;rsm;jcif; ? qefom;tuf
jcif;? qefom;aemufjcif; (chalky) rsm;
aea&mifjcnf &&SdrIumv (Sunshine jzpfay:apygonf/
duration) ESifh aea&mifjcnf pGrf;tif
(Solar radiation) &&dSedkifrIyrmP wdkYudk aeomcsdefESifhaea&mifjcnfpGrf;tifvTrf;rdk;rI/
jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef cufcJygonf/ rsKd;yGm; • tESHrxGufrD 15&uf tvdkcefYwGif aeom
jcif;qdkif&m ZD0ur®tqifh (zHk;wHk;vHk;wHk; csdef 2-3em&DcefYESifh aea&mifjcnfpGrf;tif
rS tESHxGufyef;yGifhcsdef) ESifh &iffhrSnfhcsdef 300 cal/m2/d cefY&dSNyD; tESHxGufNyD; 25
tqifh (EkdY&nfwnfonfrS pyg;aphrsm; &ufcefYumvtwGif; aeomcsdef 4-5 em&D
t0ga&mifoef;csde)f rsm;wGifaea&mifjcnf cefYESifh aea&mifjcnfpGrf;tif 400 cal/m2/d
&&dSrIumvESihf aea&mifjcnfpGrf;tif cefY&dSrnfqdkygu pyg;txGuf 1{u vQif
tjynfht0 &&dSrSomvQif atmifaph 80-100 wif;cefYtxd xGuf&dSedkifygonf/
&mcdkifEIef; jrifhrm;edkifygonf/ (Oyrm &v'f/
aEGpyg;txGufaumif;jcif;)/ • ESpftwGif; pdkufysKd;rnfh oD;ESHrsm;\ ajr,m
jyKjyifcsdef? pdkufcsde?f &dufodrf;csdef wdkYudk
tcsdefESifh wpfajy;nD vkyfaqmifedkifyg
• xdkYaMumifh tESHrxGufrD (15)&ufESifh onf/
tESHxGufNyD; (25)&uf ? pkpkaygif;&uf
(40)udk aeomaomtcsdefESifh aea&mif
jcnfpGrf;tifrsm;aom umvtwGif;
usa&mufatmif csdefqpdkufysKd;&ygrnf/

• xdkYtjyif pyg;tNyD; oD;xyfoD;ESHrsm;

pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf oD;ESHyHkpHrsm;udk
BudKwifowfrSwf a&;qGJxm;&ygrnf/

2
 aemufqufwGJ 1

jrefrmEkdifiH&Sda'otcsdKU\ vtvdkuf aeYpOfysrf;rQ aea&mifjcnf&&SdrI em&D/

pOf jrdKUe,f Zef az rwf {jyD ar ZGef Zlvdkif Mo*kwf puf atmuf Edk0if 'DZif
1 ylwmtdk 9.2 9.7 8. 0 7. 2 6. 3 3. 1 2. 6 2. 8 3. 6 5. 4 9. 2 9. 2
2 jrpfMuD;em; 9. 2 9. 3 9. 5 7. 9 6. 9 3. 8 2. 9 4. 5 5. 7 6. 8 7. 7 8. 9
3 Aef;armf 8. 2 9. 0 8. 1 8. 1 7. 2 4. 5 3. 7 3. 9 5. 2 6. 8 7. 3 7. 4
4 zvrf; 8. 2 9. 6 8. 9 8. 8 7. 6 5. 4 4. 8 4. 3 5. 7 6. 4 7. 0 7. 1
5 uom 8. 5 9. 2 8. 9 8. 2 7. 6 4. 9 4. 2 4. 6 5. 3 6. 8 7. 8 8. 2
6 vm;&Id; 8. 2 9. 7 8. 6 7. 6 7. 0 5. 1 3. 8 4. 1 5. 3 5. 8 6. 7 7. 1
7 rHk&Gm 9. 3 10. 3 9. 3 9. 3 8. 6 7. 1 5. 6 5. 3 6. 5 7. 1 8. 1 8. 7
8 rEÅav; 9. 3 10. 3 9. 3 9. 7 8. 6 7. 1 5. 6 5. 3 6. 5 7. 1 8. 1 8. 7
9 rdw¬Dvm 2. 9 9. 6 9. 5 9. 7 8. 4 5. 7 5. 3 5. 4 6. 4 7. 2 7. 9 8. 1
10 awmifMuD; 9. 0 10. 2 9. 4 8. 3 6. 6 4. 5 3. 7 3. 5 4. 6 5. 8 7. 0 8. 1
11 &rnf;oif; 9. 6 10. 3 9. 1 9. 6 8. 6 6. 8 5. 5 5. 2 6. 4 3. 5 8. 3 9. 2
12 rif;bl; 9. 9 9. 2 9. 0 9. 4 8. 1 6. 2 5. 4 5. 5 6. 5 7. 5 7. 7 9. 0
13 ppfawG 9. 4 10. 0 9. 3 9. 7 7. 5 3. 6 3. 0 3. 5 5. 7 8. 2 8. 6 9. 6
14 ysOf;rem; 9. 2 9. 9 8. 9 9. 0 7. 7 5. 5 4. 8 3. 8 6. 1 8. 3 9. 3 8. 4
15 vdGKifaumf 9. 4 10. 5 9. 5 9. 1 7. 0 6. 5 6. 6 6. 1 6. 5 7. 0 8. 9 9. 2
16 ausmufjzL 9. 3 10. 3 9. 5 9. 8 7. 5 3. 5 2. 9 3. 2 5. 4 8. 1 8. 9 8. 9
17 awmifil 9. 4 9. 3 7. 9 7. 6 6. 5 5. 7 3. 0 4. 1 6. 1 8. 1 8. 2 8. 6
18 jynf 9. 3 10.2 9. 3 8. 9 7. 6 4. 8 4. 1 4. 2 5. 8 7. 3 8. 2 8. 6
19 oHwGJ 8. 7 10. 6 9. 7 10. 0 7. 4 3. 4 2. 8 2. 9 5. 1 8. 0 9. 2 8. 3
20 [oFmw 9. 4 10. 1 9. 3 9. 9 6. 2 3. 3 2. 4 2. 7 4. 2 6. 8 8. 3 8. 7
21 om,m0wD 9. 3 10. 1 9. 5 9. 5 6. 7 3. 8 3. 0 3. 2 4. 7 7. 0 8. 2 8. 7
22 yJcl; 9. 4 9. 7 9. 1 9. 8 5. 9 3. 5 2. 5 2. 6 4. 2 7. 3 8. 8 9. 3
23 arSmfbD 9. 2 9. 7 8. 8 9. 5 3. 1 3. 1 2. 3 2. 7 4. 1 6. 9 8. 0 8. 4
24 r*Fvm'Hk 9. 4 9. 5 9. 0 9. 5 5. 9 2. 8 2. 2 2. 5 4. 6 6. 2 8. 2 7. 5
25 urÇmat; 9. 4 9. 5 9. 0 9. 5 5. 9 2. 8 2. 2 2. 5 4. 6 6. 2 8. 2 7. 5
26 ykodrf 9. 5 10. 4 9. 2 10. 2 6. 3 3. 4 2. 5 2. 8 4. 4 6. 8 8. 6 5. 0
27 bm;tH 9. 4 9. 4 8. 9 9. 6 5. 7 3. 8 2. 6 2. 3 4. 0 7. 4 9. 0 9. 6
28 rtlyif 9. 4 9. 9 9. 3 9. 9 6. 1 3. 2 2. 5 2. 8 4. 9 7. 1 8. 5 9. 0
29 armfvjrdKif 9. 2 9. 5 8. 7 9. 5 5. 6 2. 6 1. 8 2. 3 3. 9 7. 3 8. 5 9. 0
30 jrdwf 8. 8 8. 7 8. 8 9. 3 5. 9 3. 4 2. 5 2. 4 3. 7 6. 4 7. 4 7. 9
31 xm;0,f 9. 4 10. 1 9. 2 9. 6 6. 0 5. 9 2. 9 2. 7 4. 3 7. 3 9. 0 9. 5
32 aumhaomif; 8. 8 8. 7 8. 8 9. 3 5. 9 3. 4 2. 5 2. 4 3. 7 6. 4 7. 4 7. 9
rSwfcsuf/ /1960-1990rdk;av0oESifhZvaA'XmerSpm&if;tif;rsm;udktajccHygonf/

3
 aemufqufwGJ-2
2
jrefrmEkdifiH&Sda'otcsdKU\ vtvdkuf aeYpOfysrf;rQ aea&mifjcnfpGrftif (cal/m /d) &&SdrI tajcjy
pOf NrdKUe,f Zef az rwf {jyD ar ZGef Zlvdkif Mo*kwf puf atmuf Edk0if 'DZif
1 ylwmtdk 300 320 321 334 356 289 299 297 312 291 314 284
2 jrpfMuD;em; 335 370 419 425 411 324 321 350 382 333 316 303
3 Aef;armf 322 383 426 462 426 347 354 343 384 341 316 286
4 zvrf; 368 461 514 502 455 369 370 347 378 335 318 316
5 uom 323 373 418 446 434 376 389 372 386 342 322 295
6 vm;&Id; 340 415 483 476 440 400 380 364 390 332 307 286
7 rHk&Gm 384 481 561 587 529 489 484 448 456 374 346 343
8 rEÅav; 391 492 548 570 500 482 484 439 448 375 357 337
9 rdw¬Dvm 408 504 570 492 501 437 454 447 448 392 362 346
10 awmifMuD; 430 535 551 540 426 374 367 345 373 336 341 347
11 &rnf;oif; 423 521 557 388 539 463 457 424 455 891 368 364
12 rif;bl; 445 500 578 638 609 462 475 457 471 408 397 379
13 ppfawG 417 499 527 540 435 303 290 308 371 424 404 406
14 ysOf;rem; 417 504 541 555 478 405 397 364 425 399 391 355
15 vdGKifaumf 409 523 593 575 458 430 458 427 442 373 377 354
16 ausmufjzL 418 494 517 538 440 312 297 305 361 426 419 403
17 awmifil 401 456 482 504 462 441 340 356 415 398 369 356
18 jynf 425 522 550 559 848 383 382 376 417 382 372 364
19 oHwGJ 418 536 561 580 443 307 291 300 358 430 429 400
20 [oFmw 404 467 491 546 436 344 340 333 384 379 374 364
21 om,m0wD 421 506 543 584 458 868 349 351 390 375 368 364
22 yJcl; 418 465 493 547 414 320 331 324 375 382 397 381
23 arSmfbD 427 459 497 560 366 323 342 334 376 379 377 367
24 r*Fvm'Hk 434 562 596 607 414 306 298 309 355 391 427 411
25 urÇmat; 482 568 587 608 414 312 302 311 360 407 410 425
26 ykodrf 449 547 573 610 425 317 298 310 347 398 416 410
27 bm;tH 457 533 571 602 399 317 297 213 339 430 453 430
28 rtlyif 441 532 581 415 415 315 300 314 417 417 425 419
29 armfvjrdKif 473 537 555 579 391 297 282 293 339 427 447 436
30 jrdwf 464 504 553 558 412 332 318 316 337 417 441 446
31 xm;0,f 491 560 584 599 420 365 315 321 357 437 481 483
32 aumhaomif; 495 566 619 602 438 366 355 355 877 480 435 473
rSwfcsuf/ /Rs=Ra(a+b+n/N)Martinez-Lozano(1984)
yHkaoenf;udktoHk;jyKwGufcsufygonf/ 1960-1990 pm&if;tif;rsm;udktajccHwGufcsufygonf/
Zpfjrpf - tcsdefapmí arvESifhZGefvrsm;wGif pyg;pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyfjcif;qdkif&m enf;ynmrsm;ESifhyufoufí wifjycsuf/
jrefrmhpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;? 1996ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv/

4
 aemufqufwGJ 3

7 tyifyGm;pD;rIumv

&ifhrSnhfcsdefumv

6
txGuf(wef^[ufwm)

rsdK;yGm;csdefumv
4

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

aea&mifjcnfpGrf;tif(cal/m2/d)

(IR 747)pyg;rsKd;rsm;\tyifBuD;xGm;rI tqifhtqifhwGif aea&mifjcnfpGrf;tif\ tusKd;oufa&mufrI

5
 jrefrmEdkifiH\ pyg;pdkufysKd;csdefumvtwGif; obm0pGrf;tifrsm;\vTrf;rdk;rI &moDtvdkuf
toifhavsmfqHk; pdkufcsdefESifh toHk;jyKoifhonfhrsKd;rsm;/
taMumif;
enf;vrf;^aqmif&Guf&ef
t&m
tylcsdef\ • tylcsdefonfpyg;yifjzpfxGef;rIESifhtxGuf
vTrf;rdk;rIrsm;/ EIef;tenf;trsm;udk tqHk;tjzwfjyKEkdif
onfhtjyif pyg;yifoufwrf;avsmY?
enf;jcif;udkvnf; jzpfay:apedkifygonf/
• xdkYaMumifh tylcsdefonfvnf; aeomcsdef
ESifh aea&mifjcnfpGrf;tifuJhodkY ta&;yg
aom obm0w&m;wpfck jzpfonf/
• a,bl,stm;jzifh tylcsdef 30.C txuf
ESifh 20.C atmufudk pdk;&drfbG,f&m
aumif;aom tylcsdeftjzpf owfrSwf
avh&dSygonf/tvm;wl tyif\ZD0ur®
tqifhtvdkuf toifhavsmfqHk;aomtyl
csdefrsm;vnf; &dSygonf/
• orydkif;Zkef ukef;jrifhydkif; a'orsm;ESifh
aEGpyg; pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfonfhf umv
rsm;wGif tyifrsm;onf tat;'Pf\
vTrf;rdk;rIudk tenf;ESifhtrsm; cH&edkifyg
onf/
• wpfv (odkYr[kwf) wpfESpf\ ysrf;rQ
tylcsdefonf aeYpOfysrf;rQtylcsdefrSwGuf
,lxm;jcif;jzpfNyD;? ,if;aeYpOfysrf;rQtyl
csdefonfvnf; wpfaeYwm\ tjrifhqHk;
tylcsdefESifh tedrfhqHk;tylcsdefwdkY\ ysrf;rQ
&v'fjzpfonf/
6
taMumif;-tusdK;qufpyfrI
&v'f^tESpfcsKyf
tat;"mwfvGefuJaomaMumifhjzpfay:
avh&dSaom&v'frsm;/
. .
• tylcsdef 27 - 37 C twGif; tyifayguf
&mcdkifEIef; 90-97% udk 2&uftMum?
15.-37. C twGif; tyifayguf &mcdkifEIef;
90% udk 6&ufMumwGif &&dSedkifjyD; 8. CESifh
45. C rsm;wGif vHk;0 tyifraygufedkifyg/
• ysKd;yifi,frsm;\ BuD;xGm;rI taumif;qHk;
tylcsdefonf 25. - 30. C jzpfonf/
40.C txuffwGif ysKd;yifi,frsm; aoqHk;
onf/
• tylcsdef 10. C onf tjrpfESifh tnTefY
(xdyfzsm;ydkif;)rsm; &SnfxGufrItwGuf pdk;&drf
trSwfjzpfonf/
• tanSmuf &SnfxGuaf &;twGuf toifh
awmfqHk;tylcsdefonf 30.C jzpfjyD; 15. C
wGiftanSmuf&SnfxGufrI &yfqdkif;onf/
• rsKd;yGm;jcif;tqifhumvtwGif;tylcsdef2. C
atmuf usa&mufygu tESHaphrsm; tzsif;
jzpfNyD; 12. C wGif 6&ufcefYMumygu
tESHaphrsm; &mEIef;jynfh tzsif;jzpfedkifyg
onf/
 jrefrmEdkifiH\pyg;pdkufysKd;csdefumvtwGif; obm0pGrf;tifrsm;\vTrf;rdk;rI &moDtvdkuf
toifhavsmfqHk; pdkufcsdefESifh toHk;jyKoifhonfhrsKd;rsm;/

taMumif; taMumif; tusdK;qufpyfrI

enf;vrf;^aqmif&Guf&ef
t&m &v'f^tESpfcsKyf
tylcsdef\ • tat;"mwfvGefuJjcif; odkYr[kwf tyl • zHk;wHk;vHk;wkH; tqifhESifh tESHxGufcsdef (yef;
vTrf;rdk;rIrsm;/ &dSefjyif;vGef;jcif;wdkYaMumifh tyifrsm;\ yGifhcsdef) tqifhtwGif; tat;'Pfudk vHk;0
ZD0ur® jzpfpOfrsm;onf ,if;wdkY\ BuD; rcHedkifyg/ tESHxGuf aemufusjcif;ESifh
xGm;rI tqifhtvdkuf qdk;usKd;rsm; jzpf &ifhrSnfhrI yHkrSefr[kwfjcif;rsm; jzpfay:ap
ay:avh&dSonf/ Oyrm tat;zrf;aom ygonf/ Oyrm yHkrSeftaphtav;csdef &&dS
aMumifh tyifaygufedkifEIef;usqif;jcif;? ap&ef 16 HC wGif 33 &uftxd Mumjrifh
ysKd;yifi,frsm; BuD;xGm;rIaES;auG;jcif;? atmif upD"mwfjznfYwif;jcif; vkyfaqmif
t&Gufta&mif tqif;ysufjcif;? tESH &ygonf/
ysufpD;jcif;? tESHwpfvpfjzpfjcif;? tESH
xGufcsdefaemufusjcif;? tESHaphNrHKjcif;? tyl"mwf vGefuJaomaMumifh jzpfay:aom
&ifhrSnfhcsdef yHkrSefr[kwfjcif;rsm; jzpfap &v'frsm;/
ygonf/ .
• tylcsdef 35 C txufwGif tESHaphNrHKjcif;
rsm; jzpfay:avh&dSonf/

• 19. -25. C onf IR-20 pyg;rsKd; twGuf

taphtqefwnf&ef taumif;qHk; tylcsdef
jzpfonf/ odkYaomf tylcsdef 29. C txd
jrifhrm;aomfvnf; aea&mifjcnfpGrf;tifudk
vHkavmufpGm&&dSygu &ifhrSnfhjcif;tqifhudk
xdcdkufjcif;r&dSyg/

• oD;ESHyif\ BuD;xGm;rI tqifhwdkif; wGif • yHkrSeftaphtav;csdefudk&&dS&ef tylcsdef28.C

tqifh 1 ckcsif;twGuf toifhavsmf wGif 13&ufMum upD"mwf jznfhwif;jcif;
qHk;aom tylcsdefrsm;ESifh udkufnDwdkuf udk vkyfaqmif&onf/ odkYaomf tylcsdef
qdkifatmif oD;ESHpdkuyf sdK;csdefudk csdefq jrifhrm;NyD; aeomcsdefavsmYenf;ygu&ifhrSnfh
pdkufysdK;&ef vdktyfygonf/ jcif;udk xdcdkufapygonf/

7
 pyg;oD;ESH\ BuD;xGm;rItqifhqifhtay: tylcsdefvTrf;rdk;rI

tylcsdef(pifwD*&dwf)
pyg;yif\BuD;xGm;rItqifhqifh
enf; rsm; aumif;
tyifaygufjcif; 10 45 20-35
ysKd;yif&SifoefpGJNrJjcif; 12-13 35 25-30
tjrpfyGm;pD;jcif; 16 35 25-28
t&Guf&SnfxGufjcif; 7-12 45 31
yifyGm; yGm;pD;jcif; 9-16 33 25-31
rdIUuyfjcif; 15 - -
tESHpufjzpfay:MuD;xGm;jcif; 15-20 38 -
0wfrIefaygufuGJjcif; 22 35 30-33
&ifhrSnfhjcif; 12-18 30 20-25

taphtqefBuD;xGm;rItay: tvif;a&mifESifh tylcsdefwdkY\vTrf;rdk;rI

tvif;a&mif tylcsdef taphtav;csdef(mg) tESHaphjynfhrI(%) pyg;rsdK;

enf; enf; 15.5 65 tdkiftm(20)
enf; rsm; 14.8 62 /
rsm; enf; 16.3 87 /
rsm; rsm; 16.0 86 /

(20-25) 'D*&DpifwD*&dwfonf tqefjynfh0atmifjrifa&;ESifh tav;csdefpD;a&;twGuf taumif;qHk;

jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf tNrJwrf; wdrx f lxyfNyD; tvif;a&mifenf;onfhtjyif tylcsdefjrifhrm;ygu &ifhrSnfhcsdef
umv wdkawmif;onfhtwGuf tqefjynfh0atmifjrifa&;udk xdcdkufygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tylcsdefjrifhrm;jcif;
ESifh tvif;a&mifenf;yg;jcif; ESpf&yf 'GefwGJaernfqdkygu ,if;tajctaeonf pyg;xGufudk xdcdkufapaom
taMumif;&if;jzpfonf/

8
 jrefrmEdkifiH\pyg;pdkufysKd;csdefumvtwGif; obm0pGrf;tifrsm;\vTrf;rdk;rI &moDtvdkuf
toifhavsmfqHk; pdkufcsdefESifh toHk;jyKoifhonfhrsKd;rsm;/

taMumif; taMumif;-tusdK;qufpyfrI
enf;vrf;^aqmif&Guf&ef
t&m &v'f^tESpfcsKyf
rdk;pyg;aemuf • jrefrmEdkifiH tv,fykid f;ESifh txufydkif; okawoeawGY&dScsufrsm;/
qGJpdkufcsdefESifh a'orsm;wGif rdk;pyg;udk yHkrSeftm;jzifh • prf;oyfpyg;rsKd;rsm; tm;vHk;udk yHkrSefpdkufcsdef
toHk;jyKoifh ZlvdkifvtwGif; pdkufysKd;avh &dSygonf/ xuf wpfvcGJcefY aemufusí pdkufysdK;
onhfrsKd;rsm;/ aomfvnf; jzpfxGef;rI&dSygonf/

• odkYaomf ,if;a'orsm;\ rdk;&GmoGef;rI • prf;oyfpyg;rsKd;rsm;teuf a&qif;-3 onf

yHkpHonf ESpfpOf tajymif;tvJ&dSjcif;?
ZlvdkifvwGif ajcmufaoGYumv Mum&Snf
jcif;rsm;aMumifh pyg;udk ZlvdkifvtwGif;
pdkufysKd;&ef tcuftcJrsm; MuHKawGYavh&dS
ygonf/
tjzpfxGef;qHk; jzpfNyD; &moDpyg;jzpfaom
tif;r&JabmfESifh vHk;oG,farT;wdkYonfvnf;
pdkufysKd;jzpfxGef;aMumif; awGY&dSygonf/

• pdkufysKd;a&;okawoe(a&qif;)taejzifh • prf;oyfpyg;rsKd; tm;vHk;\ 50 &mcdkifESkef;

þjyóemudk ajz&Sif;edkif&ef twGuf
pufwifbmvtwGif; pdkufysKd;jzpfxGef;
edkifonfh pyg;rsKd;rsm;udk &SmazGjcif;ESifh
txGufaumif;pyg;ESifh &moDrSef pyg;rsKd;
wdkY\ jzpfxGef;rIudk EdIif;,SOfavhvmjcif;
okawoevkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifcJhyg
onf/
• prf;oyfaom pyg;rsKd;rsm;rSm a&qif;-1?
a&qif;-2? a&qif;-3? oD;xyf&if? a&T
oG,f&if? &wematmif? xGef;oD&d? ,m-
2? ,m-2xGef;? eHYomarT;? tif;r&Jabmf
ESifh vHk;oG,farT;pyg;rsm; jzpf onf/
tESHxGufcsdefwGif&dSonfh tedrfhqHk;tylcsdef
onf 15. C xuf renf;aomaMumifh
rsKd;udkvdkufí txGufEIef; uGmjcm;aomf
vnf; pufwifbmvv,ftwGif; pdkufysKd;
jzpfxGef;edkifaMumif; rSwfcsufjyKedkifygonf/
xdkYtjyif tESHrxGufrD 15&uf ESifh tESH
xGufjyD; 25 &uf pkpkaygif; &uf 40
('DZifbm - Zefe0g&Dv) twGif; aeom
csdef 9 em&D ESifhaea&mifjcnfpGrf;tifonf
350 - 410 cal/m2/d &dS&m taphtqef
jynfhNzdK;apa&;twGuf taxmuftuljzpf
apygonf/

• pufwifbm 15 &ufwGif tpdkwref;jyif

ü rsKd;aph 2 wif;EIef;jzifhf wdkuf&dkufrsKd;aph • xdkYaMumifhjrefrmjynftv,fydkif;ESifhtxuf
cspepfjzifh pdkufysKd;ygonf/ ydkif; a'orsm;wGif pufwifbmvv,f
twGif; pyg;pdkufysKd; xkwfvkyfedkifygonf/
(aemufqufwGJ 1?2?3)

9
 aemufqufwGJ 1

Z,m;-1 pufwifbmvtwGif; pyg;rsKd;rsm;jzpfxGef;rIESifh txGufEIef;tay:

tusKd;jyKrIudkprf;oyfjcif;/

(1999- 2000 ESifh2000- 2001 ckESpf)

0.25 pwk&ef;rDwm
atmifaph&mcdkifEIef; wpf{utxGufwif;
rsKd;trnf twGif;&dStESH ysrf;rQwif;
1999-2000 2000-2001 1999-2000 2000-2001 1999-2000 2000-2001
a&qif; 1 99.6bcd 95.5ab 67.8ab 74.3bcde 67.1ab 46.4bcd 56.8bc
a&qif; 2 134.6ab 117.5ab 78.4a 78.6ab 65.8abc 61.0a 63.4ab
a&qif; 3 130.6ab 114.6ab 77.7a 75.0bcd 74.4a 66.0a 70.2a
oD;xyf&if 125.6abc 117.5ab 72.5ab 70.5de 60.3bc 54.2abc 57.2bc
&wematmif 127.5ab 94.3ab 80.9a 82.6a 67.4ab 43.0cd 55.2bc
a&ToG,f&if 134.0ab 123.6a 78.4a 77.5ab 67.0ab 58.6ab 62.8ab
vHk;oG,farT; 118.9abc 92.3ab 69.2ab 76.2bcd 60.6bc 48.3bcd 54.4bc
eHYomarT; 91.6cd 94.6ab 62.9bc 74.8bcd 59.9bc 39.9d 49.9cd
,m2 82.1d 87.0b 73.4ab 76.8bc 56.6bc 54.4abc 55.5bc
,m2 xGef; 149.8a 91.8ab 51.2c 72.9bcde 61.1bc 40.2d 50.6cd
tif;r&Jabmf 81.0d 85.1b 70.2ab 71.3cde 53.5bc 46.6bcd 50.0cd
bdk&dk 117.3abc 106.0ab 71.7ab 68.8b 65.8abc 36.2d 51.0c
xGef;oD&d 74.77d 116.0ab 74.0ab 73.5bcde 38.9d 42.4cd 40.7d
CV&mcdkifESKef; 16.42 18.03 9.78 4.07 10.72 13.82 14. 36

rSwfcsuf- tu©&mwlazmfjycsufrsm;onf DMRT (0.05) wGifodompGmuGmjcm;jcif;r&dSyg/

10
 aemufqufwGJ 2

Z,m;-2 prf;oyfonfhpyg;rsKd;rsm;\ 50 &mcdkifEIef; tESHxGuf&ufESifhtjrifhqHk;?tedrfhqHk;tylcsdef/

1999-2000 2000-2001 ckESpf

.
pOf rsKd;trnf 50% tylcsdef ( C) 50% tylcsdef( . C)
tESHxGuf&uf tjrifhqHk; tedrfhqHk; tESHxuG f&uf tjrifhqHk; tedrfhqHk;
1 a&qif; 1 63 31. 45 19. 96 64 33. 03 19. 37
2 a&qif; 2 60 31. 27 19. 51 60 33. 70 19. 23
3 a&qif; 3 62 31.25 19. 46 65 32. 70 19. 33
4 oD;xyf&if 62 31. 25 19. 46 62 33. 40 19. 23
5 &wematmif 63 31. 45 19. 66 60 33. 70 19. 23
6 a&ToG,f&if 62 31. 25 19. 49 61 33. 50 18. 03
7 eHYomarT; 61 31. 36 19. 42 60 33. 70 19. 23
8 ,m2 71 31. 50 19. 42 74 31. 30 17. 35
9 ,m2 xGef; 65 31. 25 19. 46 64 33. 03 19. 37
10 bdk&dk 77 31. 45 19. 96 75 32. 87 16. 45
11 xGef;oD&d 40 31. 90 20. 90 42 33. 57 17. 72
12 vHk;oG,farT; 59 31. 18 20. 10 58 33. 90 19. 07
13 tif;r&Jabmf 68 31. 45 19. 66 66 32. 61 19. 43

aemufqufwGJ 3

oHk;oyfcsuf

tedrfhqHk;tylcsdef (15)rS (18)'D*&DpifwD*&dwfonf pyg;yef;yGih&f ef ta&;ygaom tylcsdefjzpfaMumif;

Enomoto (1993), Terao, Otani ESifh Doi (1937) wdkYu azmfjycJYonf/ prf;oyfonfhESpfrsm;twGif;
rsKd;tm;vHk;\(50)&mcdkifEIef; tESHxGufcsdefwGif&dSonfh tedrfhqHk;tylcsdefwdkoY nf pyg;txGufudk xdcdkufEdkifonfh
(15) 'D*&DpifwD*&dwfxuf renf;aomaMumifh rsKd;udkvdkufí txGufEIef;uGmjcm;aomfvnf; prf;oyfpyg;rsKd;
tm;vHk;onf pufwifbmvtwGif; pdkufysKd;jzpfxGef;aMumif;awGY&dS&ygonf/ (Z,m;-2) txGufaumif;
oufvsifpyg;rsKd;rsm;teuf a&qif;-3onf tjzpfxGef;qHk;rsKd;jzpfum a&qif;-2? a&ToG,f&ifwdkYonfvnf;
a&qif;-3 uJhodkY pdkufysKd;jzpfxGef;EkdifaMumif;? tvif;a&mifwkHYjyefrI&daS om tif;r&JabmfESifh vHk;oG,farT;wdkY
onfvnf; pdkufysKd;jzpfxGef;EdkifaMumif; awGY&dS&ygonf/

11
 jrefrmEdkifiH\pyg;pdkufysKd;csdefumvtwGif; obm0pGrf;tifrsm;\vTrf;rdk;rI &moDtvdkuf
toifhavsmfqHk; pdkufcsdefESifh toHk;jyKoifhonfhrsKd;rsm;/

taMumif;
enf;vrf;^aqmif&Guf&ef
t&m
aEGpyg;twGuf • jrefrmEdkifiHwGif atmufwdkbmv ESifh
toifhavsmf rwfvtwGif; pdkufysKd;aom pyg;rsm;udk
qHk;pdkufcsdef aEGpyg;[kk a,bl,s owfrSwfygonf/
ESifhtoHk;jyK
oifhonhf
• ysOf;rem;uJhodkYaom jrefrmjynf tv,f
rsKd;rsm;/
ydkif; a'orsm;\ aEGpyg;pdkufysKd;csdefonf
atmuffjrefrmjynfxuf aemufusavh&dS
onf/ tat;'PfrS uif;vGwf&ef jzpf
onf/
• ae&ma'otvdkuf MuHKawGY&onfh jyó okawoe&v'frsm;/
emrSm aEGpyg;\ pdkufysKd;csdefonf apmyg • pdkufcsdefESifY pyg;rsKd;wdkYonf tjyeftvSef
u tat;'PfcH&edkifNyD; aemufusygu tusdK;quf &dSaMumif; awGU&dS&ygonf/
tyl'PfcH&edkifonfh tjyif &dwfodrf;csdef taxmuftxm;rsm;udk atmufwGifaz:jy
üfrkwfokefrdk;OD;avOD; MuHKawGYedkifygonf/ ygonf/
• jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;\ aEGpyg;twGuf
taumif;qHk; pdkufcsdefudkod&dS&ef atmuf
wdkbm 1 &ufrS rwfv 15 &ufaeYtxd
15 &uf wpfBudrfjcm;NyD; rsKd; 3rsKd;
(oD;xyf&if? a&qif;-1ESifha&qif;-2)udk
pdkufcsdef 14 BudrfcGJí pdkufysKd;prf;oyfcJhyg
onf/ rsKd;aphEIef;rSm 100uDvdk/[wfwm
jzpfNyD; tanSmufazgufíBuJyufpepfudk
toHk;jyKonf/
• EdkufBwdK*sif? azmYpzdwf? ydkwufpD,rfESifh
*spfyqefajrMoZmudk 58? 28? 38? 112
uDvdk*&rf^ [ufwmEIef; toHk;jyKonf/
azmYpzdwftm;vHk;?ydkwufpD,rfxuf0uf
ESifh *spfyqeftm;vHk;udk ajrjyKjyifcsdef
wGifxnfhoGif;NyD;usefydkwufxuf0ufudk
tESHjzpfwnfp tcsdefwGif xyfrHxnfh
oGif;onf/ EdkufBwdK*sifudk tyifaygufNyD;
2 ywfom;ESifh tESHjzpfwnfptcsdefrsm;
wGif xuff0ufpD xnfo h Gif;jcif;jzpfonf/
taMumif;-tusdK;qufpyfrI
&v'f^tESpfcsKyf
• aeomcsdef? aea&mifjcnfpGrf;tifESifhtylcsdef
wdkYonf pyg;yif\BuD;xGm;rIESifh txGufEIef;
wdkYudk vTrf;rdk;aom tcsufrsm;jzpfonf/
(Yoshida 1983)
• tylcsdef10. C wGifpyg;yifBuD;xGm;rI wHkYaES;
onf/(Matsushima 1980) xdkYtjyif taph
tav;csdef avsmYusonfhtjyif atmifaph
&mcdkifEIef;yg usqif;edkifygonf/
• oD;xyf&ifpyg;udk atmufwdkbmv 1&ufaeY
ESifh Zefe0g&Dv15&uf aeYrsm;wGif pdkufysKd;
ygu txGufEIef; 5.6 wef^[ufwmESifh
5.12 wef^[ufwmEIe;f toD;oD;&&dSyg
onf/
• a&qif;-1 ESifh a&qif;-2 rsKd;rsm;onf
atmufwdkbm 1 &ufwGif pdkufysKd;ygu
txGufEIef; 5.9 wef^[ufwmESifh 5.3
wef^[ufwm? Zefe0g&D15 &ufwGif pdkufysKd;
ygu 7.3 wef^[ufwmESifh 6.5 wef^
[ufwm? azaz:0g&D 1 &ufwGif pdkufysKd;
ygu 6.1 wef^[ufwmESifh 5.3 wef^
[ufwm toD;oD;&&dSygonf/
• qdkvdkonfrSm pyg;rsKd;tvdkuf az:jyyg
&uf? vrsm;udk taumif;qHk; (odkYr[kwf)
toifhavsmfqHk; pdkufcsdeftjzpf owfrSwf
edkifygonf/

12
 jrefrmEdkifiH\pyg;pdkufysKd;csdefumvtwGif; obm0pGrf;tifrsm;\vTrf;rdk;rI &moDtvdkuf
toifhavsmfqHk; pdkufcsdefESifh toHk;jyKoifhonfhrsKd;rsm;/
taMumif;
enf;vrf;^aqmif&Guf&ef
t&m
aEGpyg;twGuf • aEGpyg;tNyD; rdk;pyg; (odkYr[kwf) tjcm;
toifhavsmf oD;ESHwpfrsKd;rsKd;udk oD;xyftjzpf pdkufysKd;
qHk;pdkufcsdefESifh rnfjzpf&m tqdkyg aemufoD;ESHtwGuf
toHk;jyKoifh ajrjyKjyifcsdefESifh pdkufcsdefrsm;udk BudKwif
onhf rsKd;rsm;/ pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ xdkYtjyif
&dwfodrf;e,favSYcsdefESifh tajcmufvSrf;
csdefumvtwGif; rdk;avvGwfuif;a&;
udkyg xnfhoGif;wGufcsuf&ygrnf/
13
taMumif;-tusdK;qufpyfrI
&v'f^tESpfcsKyf
• oD;xyf&if? a&qif; 1ESifh a&qif;2pyg;rsKd;
rsm;udk atmufwdkbm 1&ufaeY pdkufysKd;yg
u Zefe0g&Dv wwd,ywfESifh azazmf0g&D
yxrywfcefYtwGif; &dwfodrf;&rnf jzpfyg
onf/ xdkYaMumifh &dwo
f drf;csdefwGif rdk;av
uif;vGwfonfhtjyif aemufoD;ESHtwGuf
jyifqifcsdef tvHktavmuf &&dSygonf/
• a&qif;-1 ESifh a&qif;-2 pyg;rsKd;rsm;udk
Zefe0g&Dv 15&ufaeY pdkufysKd;ygu txGuf
EIef; taumif;qHk;jzpfaomfvnf; arv
twGif; &dwfodrf;&ojzifh rkwfokefrdk;OD;
avOD;rsm;ESifh wdkufqdkifedkifygonf/
 Z,m; 1/ aEGpyg;rsKd;3rsKd;\ pdkufysKd;csdeftvdkuf ysrf;rQtxGufEIef; wef^[ufwm
(1997-98 ESifh 1998-99)

oD;xyf&if a&qif;-1 a&qif;-2

pOf pdkufcsdef
1997-98 1998-99 1997-98 1998-99 1997-98 1998-99
1 atmufwdkbm 1 &uf 5. 59 - 5. 86 - 5. 31 -
2 atmufwdkbm 15 &uf 4. 92 - 1. 39 - 5. 65 -
3 Edk0bFm 1 &uf 1. 48 - 0. 99 - 0. 56 -
4 Edk0bFm 15 &uf 1. 37 - 2. 78 - 0. 91 -
5 'DZifbm 1 &uf 4. 21 - 5. 31 - 4. 14 -
6 'DDZifbm 15 &uf 3. 88 - 5. 69 - 4. 43 -
7 ZEé0g&D 1 &uf 4. 79 3. 92 6. 24 4. 86 4. 15 3. 19
8 ZEé0g&D 15 &uf 5. 12 5. 13 7. 25 6. 29 6. 48 4. 55
9 azaz:0g&D 1 &uf 5. 07 5. 17 6. 09 5. 56 5. 30 4. 83
10 azaz:0g&D 15 &uf 4. 94 3. 50 5. 85 5. 07 4. 16 3. 12
11 rwf 1 &uf 4. 95 3. 85 5. 16 4. 27 4. 74 3. 33
12 rwf 15 &uf 4. 91 5. 52 5. 69 5. 41 4. 95 5. 16
ysrf;rQ 4. 27 4. 55 4. 86 5. 24 4. 23 4. 06

14
 jrefrmEdkifiH\ pyg;pdkufysKd;csdefumvtwGif; obm0pGrf;tifrsm;\vTrf;rdk;rI &moDtvdkuf
toifhavsmfqHk; pdkufcsdefESifh toHk;jyKoifhonfhrsKd;rsm;/
taMumif;
enf;vrf;^aqmif&Guf&ef
t&m
&moDpyg; • tvif;a&mifwkefYjyefrI&dSaom &moDpyg;
twGuf (a'opyg;rsm;) \ yHkrSefpdkufcsdefonf
toifhavsmf ZGefvv,fcefY jzpfonf/ v,form;
qHk;pdkufcsdef trsm;pkonf &moDpyg;rsKd;rsm;udk ZGefv
ESifhtoHk;jyK v,faemufydkif; tcsdefrsm;wGif pdkufysKd;
oifhonhf vdkonfh qE´ r&dSMuyg/
rsKd;rsm;/
• xdkYaMumifhpdkufysKd;a&;okawoe(a&qif;)
rS &moDpyg;rsm; twGuftaumif;qHk;
pdkufcsdefudk od&dS&efESifh pdkufcsdefajymif;vJ
jcif;aMumifhpyg;txGufEIef;tay:tusdK;
oufa&mufrIudk od&dS&ef okawoejyK
vkyfcJhygonf/
• prf;oyfaom pyg;rsKd;rsm;rSm t&nft
aoG;aumif; pyg; 10 rsKd; (&Jabmf&if?
&Jabmfvwf? &Jabmf&dk;pdrf;? &Jabmfpdef?
tif;r&Jabmf? yifwdkpdrf;? vHk;oG,farT;?
ay:qef;arT;? iuRJESiafh &T'*Fg;) jzpfonf/
• ysKd;axmifcsdefrSm ZGef(15)? Zlvdkif(5)?
Zlvdkif(25)ESifh Mo*kwfv (14)&ufrsm;
jzpfjyD;? ysKd;ouf(30) &ufom;wGif
aumufuGuf 10"_8"jzifhpdkufysKd;prf;oyf
cJhygonf/
• þprf;oyfrIonf taumif;qHk;pdkufcsdef
udk od&dSedkifrnfhtjyif oD;ESHyHkpHcsrSwfa&;
twGufudkyg taxmuftuljzpfapedkifyg
onf/
15
taMumif;-tusdK;qufpyfrI
&v'f^tESpfcsKyf
okawoeawGY&dScsufrsm;/
• &Jabmf&if? &Jabmfvwf? &Jabmfpdef? tif;r
&Jabmf? ay:qef;arT;? a&T'*Fg;paom &moD
pyg;rsm;onf Mo*kwfvv,ftxd pdkufaomf
vnf; txGufravsmYyg/ xdkYaMumifh þpyg;
rsKd;rsm;udk yHkrSefpdkufcsdef ZGefvv,frS pwif
í &moDaESmif;ydkif;jzpfaom Mo*kwfvv,f
txd pdkufysKd;edkifaMumif;ESifh txGufEIef;udk
yHkrSeftwdkif; xdef;odrf;edkifaMumif; rSwfcsuf
jyKedkifygonf/
• yifwdkpdrf; pyg;rsKd;udkrlum; Mo*kwfvv,f
wGif rpdkufoifhyg/ ,if;umvwGif pdkufyg
u txGufEIef; 2 q txdusqif; oGm;
aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
• yHkrSefpdkufcsdefumvxuf aemufuspdkufjcif;
tm;jzifh touf&uf 170 rS 190 &dSaom
rsKd;rsm;onf touf&uf 120 rS130txd
vnf;aumif;? touf&uf 135 rS 155
&uf&dSaom rsKd;rsm;onf ouf&uf 102
rS 110 &uf txdvnf;aumif;? oufwrf;
i,foGm;aomfvnf; txGufEIef;rSm rsm;pGm
avsmYenf;jcif;r&dSyg/ (aemufqufwGJ 1?2)
 aemufqufwGJ 1

(Z,m;-2 u) rsKd;tvdkufpdkufcsdefay:rlwnfí prf;oyf&&dSaom pyg;txGufEIef;rsm;

(3ESpfysrf;rQ)

pOf rsKd;trnf pdkufcsdeftvdkufwpf{utxGufEIef;(wif;)

ZGef-15 Zlvdkif-5 Zlvdkif-25 Mo*kwf-14 ysrf;rQ
1 &Jabmf&if 53 66 50 57 56. 5
2 &Jabmfvwf 66 83 63 68 69. 7
3 &Jabmfpdef 60 68 60 63 62. 7
4 &Jabmf&dk;pdrf; 70 74 72 71 71. 7
5 tif;r&Jabmf 68 85 71 78 75. 5
6 yifwdkpdrf; 65 78 65 33 60. 2
7 vHk;oG,farT; 63 66 75 61 66. 2
8 ay:qef;arT; 55 52 54 59 55. 0
9 iuRJ 58 65 65 52 60. 0
10 a&T'*Fg; 63 75 68 78 71. 0
ysrf;rQ 62. 1 71. 2 64. 3 61. 9

aemufqufwGJ 2

(Z,m;-4) pdkufcsdeftvdkuf? rsKd;tvdkuf? yef;yGifh&ufESifhtouf&uf/

ZGefv-15 Zlvdkif-5 Zlvdkif-25 Mo*kwf-14

pOf rsKd;trnf
yef;yGifhcsdef touf&uf yef;yGifch sdef touf&uf yef;yGifhcsdef touf&uf yef;yGifhcsdef touf&uf
1 &Jabmf&if 28?9 136 4?10 121 17?10 114 25?10 102
2 &Jabmfvwf 17?10 154 20?10 137 26?10 123 2?11 110
3 &Jabmfpdef 20?10 158 22?10 139 26?10 123 15?11 123
4 &Jabmf&dk;pdrf; 4?11 172 6?11 154 9?10 137 12?11 120
5 tif;r&Jabmf 4?11 172 7?11 155 7?11 135 12?11 120
6 yifwdkpdrf; 7?11 175 7?11 155 9?11 137 12?11 120
7 vHk;oG,farT; 20?10 158 22?10 139 21?10 118 2?11 110
8 ay:qef;arT; 23?11 192 23?11 171 23?11 151 25?11 133
9 iuRJ 7?11 176 13?11 161 15?11 143 23?11 131
10 a&T'*Fg; 3?11 172 5?11 153 6?11 134 12?11 120

16
 aemufqufwGJ 3

oHk;oyfcsuf

1/ txufyg awGY&dScsufrsm;ay:rlwnfí oHk;oyf&rnfqdkaomf tif;r&Jabmf? a&T'*Fg; ESifh &Jabmf&dk;pdrf;

pyg;rsKd;wdkYonf txGuftrsm;qHk; ay;EdkifpGrf;&dSaom rsKd;rsm;jzpfygonf/

2/ tvif;a&mifwHkYjyefrI&dSaom pyg;rsKd;rsm;onf Zlvdkifvyxrywfpdkufjcif;u txGuftrsm;qHk; &&dSedkif

jyD; rsKd;tm;jzifh &Jabmf&if? &Jabmfvwf? tif;r&Jabmf? yifwdkpdrf;pyg;rsKd;rsm;onf usefrsKd;rsm;xuf
Zlvdkifv yxrywfpdkufjcif;u ydkxGufaMumif;awGU&onf/

3/ &Jabmf&if? &Jabmfvwf? &Jabmfpdef? tif;r&Jabmf? ay:qef;arT; ESifh a&T'*Fg;pyg;rsKd;wdkYonf Mo*kwfv

v,fxd pdkufaomfvnf; yHkrSefpdkufcsdef(ZGefvv,f)xuf txGufusroGm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/

4/ Mo*kwfvv,fxd aemufuspdkufygu touf&uf (102) rS (155) &ufxdom&dSaomfvnf; tESHyg

yifyGm;ESifh atmifaph&mcdkifEIef;avsmhenf;jcif; r&dSojzifh txGufrsm;pGm ravsmhenf;jcif;jzpfygonf/

5/ yifwdkpdrf;ESifhiuRJrSvGJí usefrsKd;tm;vHk;udk Mo*kwfvv,fxdpdkufjcif;jzifh txGufEIef;udkrsm;pGm ravsmh

usaMumif;awGU&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh rdk;a&aomufa'o&dS v,fajrrsm;? tedryfh dkif;v,fajrrsm;wGif
aemufuspdkuf&rnfh tajctaersKd; MuHKawGU&ygu tvif;a&mifwkHYjyefrI&dSaom a'opyg;rsKd;rsm;udk
BudKwif ysKd;axmifípdkufjcif; (odkYr[kwf) wdkuf&dkufpdkufjcif;udk Mo*kwfvv,fxd aqmif&GufedkifjyD;
yHkrSefpdkufpdkufcsdefxuf txGufEIef;rsm;pGm avsmYenf;jcif;r&dSaMumif; awGU&dS&ygonf/

17
 usrf;udk;tnTef;/ (References)

Matsushima,S.(1980)Rice Cultivation for the Million.

Yoshida,S.(1981)Fundamental of Rice Crop Science.International Rice Research Institute,Los Banos,

Laguna,Philippines.

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