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ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ،ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ.ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ،ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ
ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ،ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء .ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ:
ﺧﺪﺷﺖﺍﻟﻘﻄﺔ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺎ .ﺧﺪﺷﺖ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺎ
ﻣﻦﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺔ.
ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ )ﻫﻮ ،ﻛﺎﻥ ،ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﻣﺎ
ﺇﻟﻰﺫﻟﻚ( .ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ،ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ:
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ،ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ .ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﺒﺮﺓ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ .ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ
ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺕﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ.
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩﺗﻌﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯ.
ﻃﺎﺭﺩﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺠﺎﺏ.
ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺻﻮﺕ ﻧﺸﻂ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉﻗﺮﺩﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﺃﻋﺸﻖ .ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉﺃﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻑﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﺗﺤﺴﺐ .ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﻣﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕﺗﻔﻌﻞ ،ﺗﻔﻌﻞ -ﻫﻢﺃﺑﺪﻱ ﻓﻌﻞﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻬﻢ.
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ،ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ،ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ.
ﻳﺘﻢﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻦﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ .ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً .ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍً ﻣﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ -ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺳﻬﻞ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﻪ .ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ،ﺳﻨﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ.
ﺗﻌﺸﻖﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯ.
ﺩﻋﻨﺎﻧﻠﻘﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻓﺎﺣﺼﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ " ،ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩ ﺗﻌﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯ" ﻭ "ﺗﻌﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯ
" .ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩ)ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ(
+ﺃﻋﺸﻖ)ﻓﻌﻞ( +ﻣﻮﺯ)ﻫﺪﻑ( .ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦﻣﻮﺯ)ﻫﺪﻑ(
+ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ)ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲﻣﺤﺒﻮﺏ( +ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ)ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ(
+ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩ)ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ( .ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ :ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ:
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ :ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ
ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ،ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝﻫﻮﺃﻭﻧﻜﻮﻥ+ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ.
ﻳﺘﻢﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ .ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ،ﻳﺼﺒﺢ Bﻫﻮ
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ.
ﻓﻲﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﻴﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ،ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ
ﻻﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ.
ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ + am / is / are :ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ(.
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ!
ﻻﺣﻆﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻫﻮﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ.
ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻧﺸﻴﻂ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐﻳﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻦ .ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺑﻦﻳﻤﺸﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐ .ﺇﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺼﻨﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ
ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﻨﺎ. ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﻨﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ :ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ
ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝﻫﻮﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﻛﻨﺖﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ+ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ
ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
ﻧﺸﻂ:ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎء .ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ :ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎءﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ.
ﻗﺎﻡﺗﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ - .ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﺗﻢ ﺇﺻﻼﺡﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻮﻡ. •
ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱﺍﺩﻳﺴﻮﻥ.
ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﻞ
ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿﻲ .ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﺩﺧﻞ "ﻟﻴﺲ"ﺑﻴﻦ" ﻛﺎﻥ "ﺃﻭ" ﻛﺎﻥ "ﻭ"
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻚ ")ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ" ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ "ﻭ" ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ "(.
ﻣﺎﺭﻱﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﻪﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻠﺔ. •
ﻟﻌﻤﻞﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻓﻲ ، Past Simple Passiveﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭ "ﻛﺎﻥ" ﺃﻭ "ﻛﺎﻥ" .ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻃﺮﺡ
ﺍﻷﺳﺉﻠﺔﻓﻲ Past Simple Passiveﻫﻮ:
ﻛﺎﻥ /ﻛﺎﻥ ] +ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ[ +ﺷﺮﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ
ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏﻳﻌﻠﻢﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻝ؟ •
ﺃﻳﻦﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍﺍﻟﻌﻨﺐﻧﺎﺑﻌﺔ؟ •
ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺕﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻧﻔﺲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ).(add –ed
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻣﺎﺿﻲﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺻﻴﻐﻪﺍﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ
)ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ(
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻣﺎﺿﻲﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺻﻴﻐﻪﺍﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ
)ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ(
ﻫﻨﺎﻙﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ .ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻞﺗﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺠﺉﺔ.