CHUYÊN ĐỀ:

Effective Writing

A/ MỤC TIÊU CẦN ĐẠT:

- Thông qua nội dung chuyên đề, giúp HS đội tuyển HSG có cái nhìn khái quát, hệ
thống, đầy đủ về kĩ năng làm phần thi viết, một trong những phần khó trong đề thi môn
tiếng Anh. Bao gồm viết câu theo cấu trúc, và viết esay.
- HS có kiến thức mở rộng nâng cao và biết vận dụng kiến thức vào làm các bài tập liên
quan đến nội dung chuyên đề.
- Giáo dục cho HS có ý thức tìm hiểu tài liệu để mở rộng, nâng cao, hiểu sâu sắc kiến
thức trong chương trình học; kích thích tinh thần ham học, sự sáng tạo của HS trong học
và làm bài thi.

B/ ĐỐI TƯỢNG- PHẠM VI- PHƯƠNG PHÁP BỒI DƯỠNG.

1- Đối tượng bồi dưỡng: HS đội tuyển HSG Tiếng Anh lớp 9( đang bồi dưỡng thi HSG
cấp Tỉnh)
Thời gian thực hiện: 8 tiết.
2- Phạm vi kiến thức bồi dưỡng: - Sentence writing.
- Essay.
- Unity, coherence, and progression.
3- Phương pháp bồi dưỡng: Phương pháp dạy kỹ năng viết.

C/ NỘI DUNG CHUYÊN ĐỀ:

Chapter I
I- Sentence writing.
A- Định nghĩa câu.
Câu là một nhóm từ chúng ta sử dụng để giao tiếp dưới dạng chữ viết hoặc lời nói.
Câu là một đơn vị ngôn ngữ hành chính, độc lập và bao gồm hai thành phần chính: chủ
ngữ (subject) và vị ngữ (predicate).
+ Chủ ngữ là một từ hoặc một cụm từ định danh con người, sự vật hoặc địa điểm
mà câu nói tới. Chủ ngữ thường là một danh từ (noun), cụm danh từ (noun phrase) hoặc
đại từ (pronoun).
+ Vị ngữ cung cấp thông tin về chủ ngữ. Vị ngữ bao gồm một động từ (verb) và
thành phần phụ (modifier) hoặc bổ ngữ (complement). Động từ là một bộ phận quan
trọng nhất của vị ngữ. Động từ diễn tả hành động (action) hoặc trạng thái (state of
being). Bổ ngữ là một từ hoặc một cụm từ được sử dụng để hoàn thiện nghĩa của động
từ.
Note: Tất cả các câu trong tiếng Anh phải có chủ ngữ và động từ (Trường hợp với câu
mệnh lệnh ẩn chủ ngữ “you”). Một câu có thể là câu trần thuật (statement), câu hỏi
(question), câu mệnh lệnh (command), câu cầu khiến (request) hoặc câu cảm thán
(exclamation). Chữ cái đầu tiên của một câu phải được viết hoa và câu phải được kết
thúc bằng một đấu chấm hết – full stop (.), dấu chấm hỏi – question mark (?) hoặc dấu
chấm than –exclamation mark (!).
B- Phân loại câu.
Chức năng , câu có thể được phân thành 5 loại.
1. What is ecology? Question
2. Our environment is being seriously polluted. Statement
3. Save the environment! Command
4. Would you write a report on environment and man? Request
5. What a polluted lake! Exclamation
Cấu trúc có thể có 3 loại câu cơ bản trong tiêng Anh:
1. Câu đơn ( Simple sentence)
2. Câu ghép ( Compound sentence)
3. Câu phức ( Complex sentence)
C- Viết câu.
1. Viết câu đơn.
Một câu đơn có thể có tới 5 thành tố (element), bao gồm chủ ngữ- Subject (S), động từ-
Verb (V), bổ ngữ- (Complement) (C), tân ngữ -Object (O), và trạng ngữ - Abverbial (A).
5 thành tố này khi sắp xếp sẽ tạo ra các loại câu khác nhau. Trong tiếng Anh có 7 cấu
trúc câu cơ bản.
a. Chủ ngữ + động từ ( SV)
Ví dụ: Water pollution is increasing.
S V
She has gone.
S V
The Moon rose.
S V
b. Chủ ngữ + động từ + bổ ngữ ( SVC)
Nhóm động từ trong cấu trúc này chủ yếu là các động từ nối ( link verbs), bao gồm: be,
seem, become, appear, remain, sound, look, taste, smell, stay, feel….Bổ ngữ thường là
tính từ (adjective), danh từ (noun), và đại từ (pronoun), có chức năng hoàn thiện ngữ
nghĩa của một phát ngôn và cho ta biết thêm về chủ ngữ.
Ví dụ: I want to become a teacher.
S V O
That picture is hers.
S V C
She seems very tired.
S V C
c. Chủ ngữ + động từ + Trạng ngữ ( SVA)
Thành phần trạng ngữ trong cấu trúc này thường là các trạng từ (adverbial phrase), mệnh
đề trạng ngữ (adverbial clause), cụm danh từ (noun phrase), hoặc cụm giới từ
(prepositional phrase), Các trạng ngữ có thể được đặt ở các vị trí khác nhau trong câu.
Trạng ngữ trong tiếng Anh thường dùng để chỉ thời gian (time), hoặc nơi chốn (place).
Ví dụ: That sweet memory is always in my mind.
S V A
We can come back there this summer.
S V A( place) A (time)
Last summer our family went to Ha Long Bay.
A (time) S V A (place)
d. Chủ ngữ + động từ + tân ngữ ( SVO)
Trong cấu trúc này thành phần tân ngữ phải là một tân ngữ trực tiếp (direct object). Tân
ngữ trực tiếp đề cập đến con người hay sự vật bị tác động bởi hành động của động từ.
Tân ngữ trực tiếp phải đứng ngay sau động từ. Tân ngữ ở cấu trúc này có thể là một
danh từ, đại từ, một cụm từ hoặc một mệnh đề.
Ví dụ: I like watching horror film.
S V O
They didn’t see me.
S V O
e. Chủ ngữ + động từ + tân ngữ + bổ ngữ ( SVOC)
Trong cấu trúc này động từ luôn là một nội động từ (intransitive verb), tân ngữ
luôn là một tân ngữ trực tiếp (direct object) và bổ ngữ (complement) theo sau tân ngữ
cung cấp thông tin cho tân ngữ chứ không phải là chủ ngữ. Thành phần bổ ngữ có thể là
danh từ hoặc tính từ.
Ví dụ: Sports and games make our bodies strong.
S V O C
I consider him my elder brother.
S V O C
f. Chủ ngữ + động từ + tân ngữ + trạng ngữ (SVOA)
Cũng giống như ở cấu trúc SVOC, tân ngữ trong cấu trúc này cũng là một tân ngữ
trực tiếp và thành phần trạng ngữ bổ nghĩa cho tân ngữ chứ không phải là chủ ngữ.
Ví dụ: She keeps her stamp collection in the wordrope.
S V O A
You can put it anywhere you want.
S V O A
g. Chủ ngữ + động từ + tân ngữ + tân ngữ ( SVOO)
Trong cấu trúc này tân ngữ đầu là tân ngữ gián tiếp (Indirect object: Oi). Tân ngữ
gián tiếp đứng ngay sau động từ và thường chỉ người. Tân ngữ trực tiếp ( direct object:
Od) đứng ngay sau tân ngữ gián tiếp và thường đề cập đến những vật bị tác động bởi
hành động của động từ.

Ví dụ: My parents bought me a computer on my birthday.

S V Oi Od A
Keeping pets brings me a lot of benefits.
S V Oi Od
h. Một số dạng thức biến đổi câu.
 Cấu trúc câu được biến đổi nhiều nhất ở đây là chuyển câu chủ động sang bị động
hoặc ngược lại.
( Kết hợp trong phần dạy ngữ pháp.)
2. Viết câu hỏi.(QUESTIONS)
Trong tiếng Anh có hai dạng câu hỏi chính: Câu hỏi trả lời Có /Không (Yes/ No
questions) và câu hỏi cung cấp thông tin ( information questions).
a. Yes/ No questions and information questions.
(Dạy kết hợp trong phần dạy kiến thức cơ bản)
Note: Câu hỏi phủ định ( Negative questions)
Câu hỏi phủ định trả lời có/ không được bắt đầu bằng một trợ động từ phủ định
viết tắt như: Don’t, Doesn’t, Didn’t, Isn’t, Aren’t, Haven’t…
Ta dùng dạng thức câu hỏi này để bày tỏ ý kiến hoặc thái độ của người phát ngôn
như ngạc nhiên, tức giận, sốc.
Ví dụ: Didn’t you hear the bell? I rang it four times. (Bày tỏ sự ngạc nhiên)
Hoặc mong muốn người nghe đồng ý với mình.
Ví dụ: Isn’t it a beautiful day?
Ở đây cần chú ý về nghĩa của cách trả lời Yes hoặc No cho dạng câu hỏi này.
Ví dụ: Don’t you want to go to the party?
Yes ( = Yes, I want to go)
No ( = No, I don’t want to go)
b. Câu hỏi đuôi ( Tag questions).
* Phần cơ bản h/s đã được học trong chương trình kỳ I)
* Note: Nghĩa của phần trả lời Yes/No đối với câu hỏi phủ định cũng tương tự như
với câu hỏi trả lời Yes/ No phủ định thông thường.
Ví dụ : You’re not going out tonight, are you?
- Yes. ( =Yes, I am going out).
- No. ( = No, I am not going out).
Ở mệnh đề tường thuật nếu có những từ sau: neither, none, no one, nobody,
nothing, scarcely, barely, hardly (ever), seldom, never, ta coi như câu phủ định và
dùng đuôi hỏi khẳng định.
Ví dụ: Neither of them failed the exam, did they?
Nothing was said, was it?
Tom hardly ever goes to parties , does he?
+ Ngoài ra ta còn một số mẫu câu hỏi đuôi đặc biệt như sau:
(a). - This/ That is your bag, isn’t it?
- These/ Those are yours, aren’t they?
* Đại từ nhân xưng đuôi cho this/ that = it; cho these/ those = they.
(b). - There is a meeting tonight, isn’t there?
* Cho những cấu tạo There + be thì there được sử dụng làm đại từ nhân xưng
đuôi.
(c). - Everything is ready, is it?
- Everyone took the rest, didn’t they?
* Chủ ngữ mệnh đề tường thuật là everything, something, anything, nothing thì đại
từ nhân xưng đuôi là it.
* Chủ ngữ là everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one,
nobody thì ta dùng they.
(d). Let’s go for a walk, shall we?
* Sau Let’s thì đuôi để hỏi là shall we.
(e) - Open the door, will you?
- Don’t be late, will you?
* Ở câu mệnh lệnh kể cả câu khẳng định và phủ định ta đều dùng đuôi hỏi will you.
(f) I’m late, aren’t I?
* Ở mệnh đề khẳng định là I am, ta dùng đuôi hỏi aren’t I. Ta cũng có thể dùng am
I not nhưng không phổ biến và chỉ được dùng trong văn phong trang trọng, xã giao
( formal).
(g). I think you shouldn’t buy that house, should you?
* Mệnh đề tường thuật bắt đầu bằng I think, I don’t think, I’m sure, I suppose +
mệnh đề (clause) thì ta cấu tạo câu hỏi đuôi cho mệnh đề sau.
Note: Nghĩa của câu hỏi đuôi phụ thuộc vào ngữ điệu (tone) của phần đuôi.
Nếu ngữ điệu giáng ( falling tone), thì đó không thực sự là một câu hỏi mà thực chất
người nói muốn tranh thủ sự đồng tình của người nghe. Nếu ngữ điệu thăng (rising
tone), đó thực chất là câu hỏi để kiếm chứng xem thông tin, ý kiến của người nói có
đúng không.
3. Viết câu phức hợp. ( COMPLEX SENTENCE)
Một câu phức được cấu tạo bởi một mệnh đề độc lập (independent clause) và một
hoặc nhiều mệnh đề phụ thuộc (dependent clause). Mệnh đề phụ thuộc là một mệnh đề
đi với một từ nối phụ thuộc (subordinator) như: when, while, where, who, because, as,
if, even though, so that…
Mệnh đề phụ thuộc có thể đứng ở đầu hoặc cuối câu phức. Khi mệnh đề phụ
thuộc đứng ở đầu câu, ta phải dùng dấu phẩy (,) để tách với mệnh đề độc lập.
Trong một câu phức nối hai ý, một ý thường quan trọng hơn ý kia. Ý quan trọng hơn
được đặt ở mệnh đề độc lập, còn ý ít quan trọng hơn được đặt ở mệnh đề phụ thuộc.
Một câu phức được tạo bởi:
Mệnh đề độc lập + Mệnh đề phụ
( Independent clause) ( Dependent clause)
Hoặc:
Mệnh đề phụ + Mệnh đề độc lập
( Dependent clause) ( Independent clause)
Note: Mệnh đề phụ thuộc được tạo bởi:
Từ nối phụ thuộc + Chủ ngữ + Động từ + Bổ ngữ
( Subordinator) (Subject) (Verb) ( Complement)
Ví dụ:
1. Because the cost of education is rising, many students must work part-time
Sub Independent clause
 Dependent clause
2. You will failed the exam unless you work hard.
Independent clause Sub .
Dependent clause
4. Các loại mệnh đề phụ thuộc (Types of subordinate clauses).
A. Mệnh đề quan hệ ( Relative clause).

Từ nối phụ thuộc Nghĩa

( Subordinators) ( Meaning)
Đại từ quan hệ Who Chỉ người ( chủ ngữ)
( Relative Pronoun) Whom Chỉ người ( tân ngữ)
Whose + Noun / of which Sở hữu của người và vật
That ( posessive) chỉ vật, chỉ
Which người ( dùng trong mệnh đề
hạn định)
Chỉ vật
Phó từ quan hệ When = on/at which Thời gian (time)
( Relative Adverb) Where = at/in which Địa điểm (place)
Why = for which Lý do (reason)
Ví dụ:
- I thanked the woman who /that helped me.
- The book which / that is on the table is mine.
- She is the woman about whom I told you.
- I know the boy whose bicycle was stolen.
- I will never forget the day when I first met you.
- The building where he lives is very old.
- The reason why he left was that he felt disappointed.
B. Mệnh đề điều kiện ( Conditional clause).
Từ nối phụ thuộc Nghĩa
(Subordinator) ( Meaning)
If Nếu
Even if Chỉ nếu; chỉ khi
Only if; only when
In case Trong trường hợp
Unless = if ….not Trừ khi; trừ phi
As long as; so long as; Miễn là ( dùng cho câu điều
provided/ providing (that) kiện loại I)
On condition (that) Với điều kiện là ( Loại I)
Suppose/ supposing (that) Giả sử như ( Loại I + II)
Imagine (if)
Ví dụ:
- If you don’t hurry, you’ll miss the train.
- (=Unless you hurry, you’ll miss the train.)
- You can use my car as long as you drive carefully.
- Suppose you won the first prize, what would you do?
- She’ll go to the party only if she has finished her work.
- You should take some water with you in case you get thirsty.
C. Mệnh đề danh từ ( Noun clause)
Từ nối phụ thuộc Nghĩa
(Subordinator ( Meaning)
That
Who
Whoever Bất cứ người nào
What Bất cứ cái gì
Bao gồm những câu hỏi lấy Whatever Bất cứ nơi đâu
thông tin ( Wh- questions) Where Bất cứ nơi nào
Wherever
How much (many, often…)
Bao gồm những câu hỏi trả Whether ( or not) Liệu ……..(có) không
lời Có/ Không ( Yes / No If
questions)
Ví dụ:
- I think that he is a good teacher.
- That the world is round is a fact.
( = It is the fact that the world is round.)
- I don’t know where she lives.
- We don’t care whatever he has done.
- What she said surprised me.
- I don’t know whether / If she will come.
- I wonder whether or she will come or not.
D. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ ( Adverbial Clauses)
Từ nối phụ thuộc Nghĩa
(Subordinator ( Meaning)
When Khi
While Trong khi
As soon as Ngay sau khi
Thời gian ( Time) After Sau khi
Before Trước khi
Until/ till Mãi đến khi
Since Kể từ khi
As = while / when Trong khi; khi
Where
Địa điểm (place) Wherever Nơi (một địa điểm xác
 Everywhere định)
Cách thức ( manner) Bất cứ nơi nào
As
Lí do ( reason) Giống như
Because
Kết quả ( result) As Bởi vì
Since Đến nỗi mà
So +Adj/ Adv + that
Mục đích (purpose) Such + (a/an) + N-phrase +
that..
So that
Đối lập / Nhượng bộ In order that Vì thế
(contrast/ Concession) Although
Even though
though Mặc dù

Ví dụ:
- When I came, she was watching TV.
- We will go as soon as the lecture finishes.
- You should have done it as I showed you.
- Mary couldn’t go to school yesterday because she was sick.
- John is so short that he can’t become a good basketball player.
- Jane hid the letter under the pillow so that her mother couldn’t see it.
- Even though the weather was bad, We went camping.
* Câu phức ghép ( compound-complex sentence).
Một câu phức ghép là sự kết hợp của hai hoặc nhiều mệnh đề phụ thuộc (dependent
clause).
Ví dụ:
- Many students drive their cars to college, but others prefer to take public transportation
because free parking near the campus is unavailable.
- Statistics show beyond doubt that cigarette smoking can be harmful to the health, yet a
large number of people continue to smoke though they are all warn about its damage.
5. Viết câu ghép ( COMPOUND SENTENCE)
Một câu ghép được tạo bởi hai mệnh đề độc lập (independent clause) được nối với
nhau bởi một từ nối mệnh đề (coordinating cọnjunction) như: and, or, nor, but, for, so,
yet, hoặc một cụm từ nối câu (sentence connector) như: furthermore, however,
otherwise, therefore.
a. Từ nối mệnh đề và từ nối câu.( Coodinators and connectors)
Từ nối mệnh đề Từ nối câu Nghĩa
( CoordinatingConjunctions) ( Sentence Connectors) ( Meaning)
And Furthermore, besides, in
 addition, moreover, also, Cung cấp thêm thông tin.
But, yet however, nevertheless, still,
in contrast, on the contrary, Cho ý kiến trái ngược
on the other hand
For Otherwise, consequently, Lí do
Or therefore, thus, Lựa chọn giữa hai khả
accordingly, as a result năng có thể.
So Kết quả
nor Sự lựa chọn phủ định.
b. Cách cấu tạo câu ghép ( Formation of a compound sentence)
b1. Sử dụng từ nối mệnh đề ( Using coordinating conjunctions).
- Một câu ghép được cấu tạo bởi:
Mệnh đề độc lập + Từ nối mệnh đề + Mệnh đề độc lập
( Independent clause) ( Coordinating conjunction) ( Independent clause)
Ví dụ:
- John is very good at speaking in the public, and his ambition is to become an orator.
- I enjoy playing tennis, but I hate playing golf.
- We have taken two tests, yet we must take two more this week.
- We listened eagerly, for he bought news of our families.
- Are you planning to meet her, or she’ll go to meet you?
- Tom finished his homework early, so he decided to go to the party.
- She didn’t study maths, nor did she study English.
b2. Sử dụng từ nối câu ( Using sentence connectors).
Một câu ghép cúng có thể được tạo bởi:
Mệnh đề độc lập + Từ nối câu + Mệnh đề độc lập
( Independent clause) ( Sentence connector) ( Independent clause)
Ví dụ:
- I know this painting is a forgery; moreover, I know who painted it.
- Travelling by train is very interesting; however, it has both its advantages and
disadvantages.
- I have no problems; otherwise,I would have telephoned you.
- He is on holiday; therefore, he is unable to attend the meeting.
Note: Ta có thể dùng những từ nối câu ( sentence connectors) ở trên để nối các ý câu
hoặc các đoạn văn với nhau bằng cách dùng dấu chấm (.) thay cho dấu chấm phảy (;).
Ví dụ:
- I know the painting is a forgery. Moreover, I know who painted it.
- Tavelling by train is very interesting. However, it has both its advantages and
disadvantages.
6. Viết câu đảo ngữ ( INVERSION)
Trong tiếng Anh, khi những từ và nhóm từ sau đứng ở đầu câu thì động từ trong mệnh
đề chính của câu đảo lên trước chủ ngữ để nhấn mạnh nghĩa câu.
6.1 Khi gặp các yếu tố phủ định ở đầu câu
( not , no, hardly, little, never, seldom , few, only, rarely .....)
Nhìn chung, câu đảo ngữ thường được dùng để nhấn mạnh tính đặc biệt của một sự kiện
nào đó và thường được mở đầu bằng một phủ định từ.
• Đảo ngữ với No / Not
- No+ N + auxiliary + S + Verb(inf) = Not any+ N+ auxiliary+ S+ verb(inf)
Ví dụ:
- I will lend you no money from now on.
→ No money will I lend you from now on.
- I won’t lend you any money from now on.
→ Not any money will I lend you from now on.
• Đảo ngữ với các cụm giới từ có NO
- At no time: chưa từng bao giờ
Ví dụ: - He never knew she came from a rich family.
→ ĐN1: At no time did he know she came from a rich family.
→ ĐN2: Never did he know she came from a rich family.
- On no condition: Không điều kiện nào
Ví dụ: On no condition shall we accept their proposal
- For no season: Không có lý do
Ví dụ: For no reason what you play traunt
- In/ Under no circumstances: Dù trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không.
Ví dụ: The money is not tobe paid under any circumstances
→ ĐN: Under no circumsstances is the money tobe paid
- No longer:không còn nữa
Ví dụ:- He no longer works as an accountant. He has just found another job.
→ ĐN: No longer does he works as an accountant. He …………………………..
- On no account: Dù bất cứ lý do gì cũng không
Ví dụ:    On no accout must this switch be touched.
- In no way: Không sao có thể 
Ví dụ:  - Keith certainly cant be held responsible for the accident.
→ ĐN: In no way can Keith be held responsible for the accident.
- By no means: Hoàn toàn không
    By no means does he intend to criticize your idea.
- No where + Au+ S+V
Ví dụ:
No where in the VN is the cenery as beautiful as that in my country
No where do I feel as comfortable as I do at home
No where can you buy the goods as good as those in my country
• Đảo ngữ với Not only....... but......also.....(không những mà còn)
- Not only + auxiliary + S + V but.... also..........
Ví dụ:
- He is not only good at English but he can also draw very well.
→ ĐN: Not only is he good at English but he can also draw very well.
 • Đảo ngữ với Negative ..., nor + auxiliary + S + V
Ví dụ: He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow.
• Đảo ngữ với Neither/ Nor và so
Ví dụ:- They dont like chicken, and neither/nor do I.
- She can play the guitar, and so can I.
• Đảo ngữ với Neither …..Nor
Ví dụ: - There is neither excitement nor entertainment in this small town.
→ ĐN: Neither is there excitement nor entertainment in this small town.
• Đảo ngữ với until/ till+ clause/ adv of time+ auxiliary+ S+ V
Ví dụ:
- I won't come home till 10 o'clock
→ ĐN1: Not until/ till 10 o'clock that I will come home
→ ĐN2: It is not until 10 o'clock that I will come home
- I didn't know that I had lost my key till I got home
→ ĐN: Not until/ till I got home did I know that I had lost my key
• Đảo ngữ với nhóm từ: never (không bao giờ), rarely (hiếm khi), seldom (hiếm khi),
little (hầu như không).
Câu đảo ngữ chứa những trạng ngữ này thường được dùng với động từ ở dạng hoàn
thành hay động từ khuyết thiếu và có chứa so sánh hơn.
Ví dụ:
- I have never been more insulted → ĐN: Never have I been more insulted! (Chưa bao
giờ tôi bị lăng mạ hơn thế).
- So many people have never been unemployed as today → ĐN: Never have so many
people been unemployed as today. (Quá nhiều người đã bị thất nghiệp như ngày hôm
nay)
- We have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven himself to be.
→ ĐN: Rarely have we seen such an effective actor as he has proven himself to be.
- He has seldom seen anything stranger. → ĐN: Seldom has he seen anything stranger.
(Hiếm khi anh ấy nhìn thấy một cái gì kì lạ hơn thế).
- The boss has seldom been so upset. → ĐN: Seldom has the boss been so upset!
(Hiếm khi thủ trưởng thất vọng như vậy!)
- Class seldom lets out early. → ĐN: Seldom does class let out early.
- She little understands me. → ĐN: Little does she understand me.
 • Đảo ngữ với nhóm từ: hardly (hầu như khôngbao giờ), barely (chỉ vừa đủ, vừa vặn),
no sooner (vừa mới), or scarcely (chỉ mới, vừa vặn).
Câu đảo ngữ chứa trạng ngữ này thường được dùng để diễn đạt một chuỗi các sự kiện
xảy ra trong quá khứ và theo công thức sau:
* Hardly/Barely/Scarcely had S PP/V3 when/before clause (QKĐ)
Ví dụ:
- He had hardly fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-way lands.
→ ĐN: Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-way lands.
 - I had scarcely got out of bed when the doorbell rang.
→ ĐN: Scarcely had I got out of bed when the doorbell rang.
(Hiếm khi chuông cửa reo mà tôi thức dậy).
* No sooner had S PP/V3 than clause (QKĐ)
- I had no sooner arrived home than the phone rang.
→ ĐN: No sooner had I arrived home than the phone rang.
- He had no sooner finished dinner, when she walked in the door.
→ ĐN: No sooner had he finished dinner than she walked in the door.
(Khi anh ấy vừa mới ăn tối xong thì chị ta bước vào cửa).
6.2. Khi có các chữ sau ở đầu câu:
so, such, often, much, many, many a, tính từ
Ví dụ:
- He read many books yesterday.
→ ĐN: Many books did he read yesterday ( đảo many ra đầu )
- The trees are beautiful in their colors.→ ĐN: Beautiful are the trees in their autumn
colors (đảo tính từ ra đầu)
- The days when we lived in poverty are gone .( gone là tính từ)
→ ĐN: Gone are the days when we lived in poverty. ( đảo gone ra đầu)
- Many a time has he helped me with my experiment
- Many a rose did he give her
- Câu đảo ngữ có chứa “So” mang cấu trúc như sau:
So + adj + to be + Danh từ + that + clause…
Ví dụ:
- The doctor was so angry that he went away.
→ ĐN: So angry was the doctor that he went away.
- The situation was so strange that I couldn't sleep
→ ĐN: So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep.(Tình huống này kì lạ khiến tôi
không thể ngủ được).
- The test is so difficult that students need three months to prepare.
→ ĐN: So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare.
(Bài kiểm tra khó tới mức mà các sinh viên cần 3 tháng chuẩn bị).
- Câu đảo ngữ có chứa “Such” mang cấu trúc như sau:
“Such + to be + Danh từ + that + clause…”
Ví dụ:
- It was such a boring speech that I got sleepy.
→ ĐN: Such was a boring speech that I got sleepy.
Note: trong trường hợp BE SO MUCH/GREAT đổi thành SUCH BE NOUN
- The force of the storm was so great that trees were uprooted.
→ ĐN: Such was the force of the storm that trees were uprooted.
6.3. Nhóm từ kết hợp sau “Only” như: only after, only when, only then…
Only after/only when/only then/only if + trợ động từ + S + V…
Only by + noun/V-ing + trợ động từ/ động từ khuyết thiếu + S + V….: chỉ bằng cách
làm gì
Ví dụ:
Only then did I understand the problem.(Chỉ sau lúc đó tôi mới hiểu ra được vấn đề).
Only by hard work will we be able to accomplish this great task.
Only by studying hard can you pass this exam.
Chú ý: nếu trong câu có hai mệnh đề, chúng ta dùng đảo ngữ ở mệnh đề thứ hai:
- Only when you grow up, can you understand it.
- Only if you tell me the truth, can I forgive you.
- Only after the film started did I realise that I'd seen it before.
- Only in this way: Chỉ bằng cách này
    Ví dụ:Only in this way could the problem be solved
6.4. Đảo ngữ trong so sánh với “as” và “than”:
Ví dụ:
- The cake was excellent, as the coffee was.
→ ĐN: The cake was excellent, as was the coffee.
- I thought, as my friend did, that the exam would be difficult.
→ ĐN: I thought, as did my friend, that the exam would be difficult.
- He has more money than you do.
→ ĐN: He has more money than do you.
6.5. Đảo ngữ nguyên động từ
Là hình thức đem nguyên động từ ra trước chủ từ (không cần mượn trợ động từ )
- Khi nào dùng đảo ngữ loại này ?
Khi có cụm trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn ở đầu câu: on the ...., in the.... , here, there...
Ví dụ:
His house stands at the foot of the hill
→ ĐN: At the foot of the hill stands his house .(đem nguyên động từ stands ra trước
chủ từ )
The bus came there
→ ĐN: There came the bus (đem nguyện động từ came ra, không mượn trợ động từ
did)
Lưu ý: trong cách này chủ ngữ phải là danh từ thì mới đảo ngữ được, đại từ không đảo
ngữ
Ví dụ:
Here came the bus
Nhưng chủ từ là đại từ thì không được
Here it came (không đảo came ra trước )
6.6. Đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện
Đảo từ với câu điều kiện loại 1
a) Câu điều kiện loại 1 có sử dụng “ should” thay hiện tại không xác định chỉ khả năng
xáy ra ít hơn ở tương lai. Đảo “should” lên đầu câu thay “If”
Ví dụ: If it should rain tonight, I will stay at home
→ Should it rain..........
b) Điều kiện loại 1 có sử dụng thời hiện tại hoàn thành
Lấy “should” thay “If” sao đó để nguyên thể hoàn thành với “have done” ở tất cả các
ngôi
Ví dụ: If she has finished the work, she can go home
→ Should she have finished ..........
Điều kiện loại 2
a) Mệnh đề điều kiện loại 2 có dùng động từ “tobe” ở số nhiều “were” dùng “were”
thay”if”
Ví dụ: If I were you, I would love him
→ Were I you.................
b) Trong mẫu câu điều kiện loại 2 đặc biệt có dùng “If” đầu câu ( nếu không phải
vì................. “were” khỏi “not’’sau đó đảo lên đầu câu thay “if”)
Ví dụ: If it weren’t for your progress, I wouldn’t be here
→ Were it not your ....
c) Mẫu câu điều kiện loại 3 đặc biệt
If + S+ were+ to do
Thay động từ ở quá khứ của mệnh đề điêu kiện loại 2
Ví dụ: If I were to speak.......
→ Với mẫu câu này đảo “were” lên đầu câu thay “If”
Điều kiện loại 3
a) Dùng “Had” đảo lên đầu câu thay “If”
Ví dụ: If she had worked harder last year, she wouldn’t have failed the exam
→ Had she worked harder last year............
b) Câu điều kiện loại 3 đặc biệt đi với đại từ “it” đầu câu
If it hadn’t been for + N → Nếu không phải vì.......
→ Tách “had” ra khỏi “not” đảo lên đầu câu thay “If”
Ví dụ: If it hadn’t been for hot weather,we would have had a wonderful holiday
→ Had it not been for............................
c) Mệnh để điều kiện loại 3 đặc biệt có sử dụng” were to have done” thay quá khứ hoàn
thành
Ví dụ: If she had driven carefully, she wouldn’t have cause the accident
→ If she were to have driven......
Đảo “were” lên đầu câu thay “If”
→ Were she to have driven….
6.7. Một số các trạng từ đặc biệt khác cũng thường đứng ở đầu câu, phải đảo cấu trúc
câu như trên:
Khi một mệnh đề mở đầu bằng các thành ngữ chỉ nơi chốn hoặc trật tự thì động từ chính
có thể đảo lên chủ ngữ nhưng tuyệt đối không được sử dụng trợ động từ trong trường
hợp này.
Clause of place/ order + main verb + S (no auxiliary)
Eg: In front of the museum is a statue.
First came the ambulance, then came the police.
( Thoạt đầu là xe cứu thương chạy đến, tiếp sau là cảnh sát.)
Khi một ngữ giới từ làm phó từ chỉ địa điểm hoặc phương hướng đứng ở đầu câu,
các nội động từ đặt lên trước chủ ngữ nhưng tuyệt đối không được sử dụng trợ động từ
trong loại câu này. Nó rất phổ biến trong văn mô tả khi muốn diễn đạt một chủ ngữ
không xác định:
- Under the tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen.
- Directly in front of them stood a great castle.
- On the grass sat an enormous frog.
- Along the road came a strange procession.
Tính từ cũng có thể đảo lên trên đầu câu để nhấn mạnh và sau đó là liên từ nhưng
tuyệt đối không được sử dụng trợ động từ.
- So determined was she to take the university course that she taught school and
gave music lesson for her tuition fees.
Trong một số trường hợp người ta cũng có thể đảo toàn bộ động từ chính lên trên
chủ ngữ để nhấn mạnh, những động từ được đảo lên trên trong trường hợp này phần lớn
đều mang sắc thái bị động nhưng hoàn toàn không có nghĩa bị động.
Lost, however, are the secrets of the Mayan astronomers and the Inca builders as well as
many medicinal practices.
(Mất đi vĩnh viễn, tuy vậy, lại là những bí mật của những nhà thiên văn thuộc nền văn
minh Mayan, ...)
Các phó từ away ( = off ), down, in, off, out, over, round, up... có thể theo sau là một
động từ chuyển động và sau đó là một danh từ làm chủ ngữ:
+ Away/down/in/off/out/over/round/up...+ motion verb + noun/noun phrase as a subject.
Away went the runners/ Down fell a dozen of apples...
+ Nhưng nếu một đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ ngữ thì động từ phải để sau chủ ngữ:
Away they went/ Round and round it flew.
+ Trong tiếng Anh viết (written English) các ngữ giới từ mở đầu bằng các giới từ down,
from, in, on, over, out of, round, up... có thể được theo sau ngay bởi động từ chỉ vị trí
(crouch, hang, lie, sit, stand...) hoặc các dạng động từ chỉ chuyển động, các động từ như
be born/ die/ live và một số dạng động từ khác.
- From the rafters hung strings of onions.
- In the doorway stood a man with a gun.
- On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot.
- Over the wall came a shower of stones.
*Note: 3 ví dụ đầu của các ví dụ trên có thể diễn đạt bằng một VERB-ING mở đầu
cho câu và động từ BE đảo lên trên chủ ngữ:
- Hanging from the rafters were strings of onion.
- Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun.
- Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot.
Hiện tượng này còn xảy ra khi chủ ngữ sau các phó từ so sánh as/than quá dài:
- She was very religious, as were most of her friends.
- City dwellers have a higher death rate than do country people.
Tân ngữ mang tính nhấn mạnh cũng có thể đảo lên đầu câu:
- Not a single word did he say.
Here/There hoặc một số các phó từ đi kết hợp với động từ đứng đầu câu cũng phải đảo
động từ lên trên chủ ngữ là một danh từ, nhưng nếu chủ ngữ là một đại từ thì không
được đảo động từ:
- Here comes Freddy.
Incorrect: Here comes he
        Off we go
Incorrect: Off go we
        There goes your brother
        I stopped the car, and up walked a policeman.
D. Exercises.
I. Choose the most suitable words underlined.
1. Jim promised that he would never/ never would he tell anyone else.
2. Not until it was too late I remembered / did I remember I call Susan.
3. Hardly had we settle down in our seats than/when the lights went out.
4. Only after checking three times I was/was I certain of the answer.
5. At no time I was aware/was I aware of anything out of usual.
6. Only Mary sang Sally passed/ did they pass the final examination.
7. So the waves were high/ So high were the waves that swimming was dangerous.
8. Only when Peter has arrived / has Peter arrived can we begin the program.
9. No sooner had it stopped raining than/when the sun came out.
10.If should you leave early/ should you leave early could you leave me a lift?
II- Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
1. We couldn’t have managed without my father’s money.
If it..............................................................................................................................
2. I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back.
 Hardly........................................................................................................................
3. It was Walter Raleigh who introduced potatoes and tobacco into England.
 The English owe........................................................................................................
4. “If my members agree to that, I’ll be very surprised,” said the union delegate.
 The union delegate observed that.............................................................................
5. While I strongly disapprove of your behavior, I will help you this time.
Despite my.................................................................................................................
6. I’m sorry I missed Professor Baker’s lecture.
 I’m sorry not.............................................................................................................
7. We may not be able to give the condert.
 The concert................................................................................................................
8. I was not surprised to hear that Harry had failed his driving test.
It came........................................................................................................................
III- Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
1. John inflated the tyres of his bicycle. (blew)
………………………………………………………………………………
2. We’d better leave them a note, because it’s possible they’ll arrive later (case)
………………………………………………………………………………
3. Before he came here he worked for Mr/ Smith. (previous)
………………………………………………………………………………
4. He speaks German extremely well (command)
………………………………………………………………………………
5. His criticisms are quite unfair. (justification)
………………………………………………………………………………
6. I can’t understand why they are reluctant to sign the contract (baffled)
………………………………………………………………………………
7. I always find chess problems like that quite impossible. (defeat)
………………………………………………………………………………
8. This must be kept secret. (know)
………………………………………………………………………………
IV- Complete these sentences, using Tag- questions.
1. You used to be in the army,………………?
2. I’m going to play Hamlet in our next production,…………….?
3. They ought to be here by now,………………?
4. She must have known what was happening,……………?
5. You’d better get the work finished by Tuesday,……………..?
6. I think you’d rather do it yourself,……………….?
7. It might have been a ghost,…………….?
8. It couldn’t have been done by animal,………………?
9. I’m not sure that that’s the right answer,……………?
10. It’s a pity that Sheila didn’t know about it,…………..?
11. It will be the Minister who decides what must be done if people refuse to pay,
………...?
12. He wouldn’t have been arrested if the policeman hadn’t seen through his disguise,
……?
13. Let’s go to the beach,………?
14. Stop that noise,……………?
15. I don’t think he could have known what was going to happen,…………..?
16. Don’t spend all your money at once,…………..?
17. Nobody called on the phone,…………?
18. Do have another cucumber sandwich,…………….?
19. There was nothing we could do about the decisions he made,………….?
20. You’ve never been there,…………….?
V. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
1. He spent all his money. He even borrowed some from me.
Not only………………………………………………………………………….
2. He had hardly left the office when the telephone rang.
 No sooner ………………………………………………………………………
3. I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back.
 Hardly …………………………………………………………………………..
4. He didn’t finish his work until the bell rang.
 Not until ………………………………………………………………………..
5. We only began to see the symptoms of the disease after several months.
 Only…………………………………………………………………………….
6. I have never seen anyone in my life drink as much as you.
 Never ……………………………………………………………………………
7. A sleeping dog was lying under the table.
 Under the table …………………………………………………………………..
8. His brother had rarely been more excited.
Rarely……………………………………………………………………………..
9. The facts were not all made public until later.
Only………………………………………………………………………………
10. If I had realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job.
Had………………………………………………………………………………
11. The response to our appeal was so great that we has to take on more staff.
 Such…………………………………………………………………………….
12. Harry broke his leg, and also injured his shoulder.
Not only …………………………………………………………………………
13. The police didn’t at all suspect that the judge was the murderer.
 Little ……………………………………………………………………………..
14. If you do happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?
Should……………………………………………………………………………..
15. The bus driver can not be blamed for the accident in any way.
 In …………………………………………………………………………………
16. The snowfall was so heavy that all the trains had to be cancelled.
 So ………………………………………………………………………………..
17. If the government raised interest rates. They would lose the election.
Were………………………………………………………………………………
18. As soon as I got into the bath, someone knocked at the door.
 No sooner…………………………………………………………………………
19. There was so much uncertainty that the financial markets remained closed.
Such………………………………………………………………………………..
20. It’s not common for there to be so much rain in March.
Seldom……………………………………………………………………………….
21. You won’t allowed in until your identify has been checked.
Only…………………………………………………………………………………
22. Just after the play started there was a power failure.
Hardly……………………………………………………………………………….
23. The Prime Minister has hardly ever made a speech as inept as this.
Rarely……………………………………………………………………………….
24. We had only just arrived home when the police called.
Scarcely……………………………………………………………………………..
25. Press photographers are banned from taking photographs backstage.
 On no……………………………………………………………………………….
26. The way so much money has been spent to so little purpose must be a record.
 Never before…………………………………………………………………………
27. The judge was taken ill just after the trial proceedings began.
 Barely…………………………………………………………………………………
VI-Using the suggested word to complete the letter below.
Dear sir,
1. I / write / reply / your / advertisement/ position chief accountant / Manchester bank.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
2. I / be / qualified accountant / and /work/ Smith and Brown, Architects / last four
years.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
3. They / be/ happy/ give / you / reference.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
4. I / be anxious/ improve / my position / as / have wife/ two children / support.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
5. I / be glad / oppotuntunity / take on / more responsibility.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
6. We / be willing / move / London/ Manchester / short notice.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
7. I / be / happy / present job / but / no prospects / promotion.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
8. I / hope / hear/ you/ earliest convenience.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
Yours faithfully,
James Green
VII- Write the sentence beginning with the word given so that it has a similar
meaning to the original one.
(KÌ THI CHỌN HSG LỚP 9- NĂM HỌC 2012- 2013)
1. As far as I know, Mr Green is a lecture.
→To……………………………………………………………………….
2. In the unlikely event of a fire, please do not use the lift.
→Should…………………………………………………………………..
3. Immediately after his arrival, things went wrong.
→No sooner……………………………………………………………….
4. They believe that Mary got the scholarship.
→Mary…………………………………………………………………….
5. It is not a habit of mine to drive to the left of the road.
→I am………………………………………………………………………
VIII. Rewrite the following sentences so that they have the same meaning as the
given sentences.
(KÌ THI CHỌN HSG LỚP 9- NĂM HỌC 2010- 2011)
1. Chris will pass his exams, but he has to work hard.
→ If Chris …………………………………………………………….
2. He can’t run as fast as he did.
→ He used ……………………………………………………………
3. In spite of having a good salary, he was unhappy in his job.
→ Although …………………………………………………………..
4. He can’t drive faster because there is an accident.
→ The accident ……………………………………………………….
5. My car really needs to be cleaned soon.
→ I really must………………………………………………………..
* Một số đề tham khảo
Exercise 1: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.

1. You can’t possibly expect me to have supper ready by 8 o’clock. (question).

……………………………………………………………………………………….
2. It is my opinion that there is no advantage in further discussion. (see)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Please excuse Jane’s poor typing. She’s only been learning for a month. (allowances)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
4. There is no way that young man can achieve success in this test. (bound)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Although the dog appeared harmless, it was, in fact, quite dangerous. (contrary)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
6. If Smith hadn’t broken his leg, he would have played football for England.
(represented).
……………………………………………………………………………………….
7. This hotel is inaccessible in winter. (possible)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
8. As far as I know he is still working in Bristol.  (knowledge).
……………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences so that they have the same meaning as
the given sentences.

1. The workers only called off the strike after a new pay offer.
 Only after....................................................................................
2. He was sentenced to six months in prison for his part in the robbery.
He received a...................................................................................
3. You can eat as much as you like for 5$ at the new lunch-bar.
There is no......................................................................................
4. She wore a hearing-aid, even though she could hear the phone ring perfectly well.
She wasn’t so.................................................................................
5.You will never meet anyone more generous than Mrs. Jones.
Mrs. Jones is...................................................................................
6. My parents let me go abroad alone for the first time last year.
 I was..............................................................................................
7. It was his incompetence which led to their capture.
 If...................................................................................................
8. I’m certainly not going to give you any more money.
 I have no.......................................................................................

Exercise 3: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.

1. I don’t think there will be any applicants for this post. (likelihood)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
2. It was difficult for Susan to believe the good news (hardly)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
3. You must make allowances for his inexperience. (account)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
4. This contract is not binding until we both sign it. (bound)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
5. He wasn’t to blame for the accident. (fault)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
6. You shouldn’t take his help for granted. (assume)
……………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise 4: Rewrite the following sentences so that they have the same meaning as
the given sentences.
1.Our hotel booking hasn’t been confirmed.
 We haven’t received.....................................................................................
2.The sales man told me that my new car would be delivered next Wednesday.
 According...................................................................................................
3.The Yeti has very rarely been seen at this altitude.
 There have.................................................................................................
4.It’s not certain that Jones will get the job.
 It is open...................................................................................................
5.Everyone started complaining the moment the announcement was made.
 No sooner.................................................................................................
6.As I get older, I want to travel less.
 The older...................................................................................................
7.A house in that district will cost you at least 100,000$.
 You won’t be able.....................................................................................
8.Alan worked too hard at the office, and this led to his illness.
 Alan’s illness.............................................................................................

Exercise 5: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.

1. Mr. Bill managed to repair the garage roof only because his neighbor helped him.
(without)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Nobody is infallible. (mistakes)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
3. The last Olympic Games were held in Seoul. (took)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
4. He talked about nothing except the weather (sole)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
5. n the end, I felt I had been right to leave the club. (regrets)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
6. It is stuped of you to refuse Richard’s offer of a loan. (idiot)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
7. The company has decided to replace this model. (intention)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
8. In the next few years we’ll probably hear a lot more about environmental pollution
(likely)
…………………………………………………………………………………….

KEYS
I. Choose the most suitable words underlined.
1. he would never 6. passed
2. did I remember 7. so high were the waves
3. when 8. Peter has arrived
4. was I 9. than
5. was I aware 10. should you leave early
II- Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
1. If it hadn’d been for my father’s money, we couldn’t have managed.
2. Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back.
3. The English owe the introduction of potatoes and tobacco to WR
4. The union delegate observed that he would be very surprised if his members agreed.
5. Despite my strong disapproval of your behavior, I will help you this time.
6. I’m sorry not to have heard/attended Pro Baker’s lecture.
7. The concert may have to be cancelled.
8. It came as no surprise to me that Harry had failed his driving test.
III- Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
1.John blew up the tyres of his bicycle.
2.We’d better leave them a note in case they arrive later.
3.Before the came here, his previous boss/employer was Mr. Smith.
4.He has an excellent command of German.
5.There is no justification for his criticisms.
6.I am baffled by their reluctance to sign the contract.
7.Chess problens like that (always) defeat me!
8.You mustn’t let anyone (else) know (this).
IV- Complete these sentences, using Tag- questions.
1. didn’t you 11.won’t it
2. aren’t I 12.would he
3. oughtn’t they 13.shall we
4. mustn’t she 14.will you
5. hadn’t you 15.could he
6. wouldn’t you 16.will you
7. mightn’t it 17.did they
8. could it 18.won’t you
9. is it 19.was there
10.isn’t it 20.have you

V. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
1. Not only did he spend all his money but she also borrowed some from me.
2. No sooner had I left the office than the phone rang.
3. Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back.
4. Not until the bell rang did he finish his work.
5. Only after several months did we begin to see the symptoms of the disease.
6. Never in my life have seen anyone drink as much as you.
7. Under the table was lying a sleeping dog.
8. Rarely had his brother been more excited.
9. Only later were all the facts made public.
10. Had I realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job.
11. Such was the responsible to our appeal that we has to take on more staff
12. Not only did Harry break his leg but he also injured his shoulder.
13. Little did the police suspect that the judgment was the murderer.
14. Should you see Helen, could you ask her to call me?
15. In no way can the bus be blamed for the accident.
16. So heavy was the snowfall that all the trains had to be cancelled.
17. Were the government to write interest rates they would lose the election.
18. No sooner had I got into the bath than someone knocked on the door.
19. Such was the uncertainty that the financial markets remained closed.
20. Seldom is there so much rain in March.
21. Only when your identity has been checked will you be allowed in.
22. Hardly had the play started when there was a power failure.
23. Rarely has the Prime Minister made so inept a speech.
24. Scarcely had we arrived home when the police called.
25. On no account are press photographers allowed to take photographs backstage.
26. Never before has so much money been spent to so little purpose!.
27. Barely had the trial proceedings begun when the judge was taken ill.
VI-Using the suggested word to complete the letter below.
1. I am writing in reply to your advertisement for/ of the position of chief accountant in /
at your Manchester branch.
2. I am a qualified accountant and have been working with / for Smith and Brown,
Architects, for the last four years.
3. They would/ will be happy to give you a reference.
4. I am anxious to improve my position as I have a wife and two children to support.
5. I should/ would be glad of the opportunity to take on more responsibility.
6. We would be willing to move from London to Manchester at short notice.
7. I am / have been happy in my present job, but there are no prospects for/ of
promotion.
8. I hope to hear from you at your earliest convenience.
VII- Write the sentence beginning with the word given so that it has a similar
meaning to the original one.
1. To ( the best of ) my knowledge, Mr Green is a lecturer.
2. Should there be a fire, please do not use the lift.
3. No sooner had he arrived than things went wrong.
4. Mary is believe to have got/ gotten the scholarship.
5. I am not used to driving to the left of the road.
VIII. Rewrite the following sentences so that they have the same meaning as the
given sentences.
1. If Chris works hard, he will pass his exams.
2. He used to run faster (than he does).
3. Although he had a good salary, he was unhappy in his job.
4. The accident prevents him from driving faster.
5. I really must have my car cleaned soon.
* Một số đề tham khảo ( Key).
Exercise 1:
1. There is no question of supper being ready by 8 o’clock.
2. As far as I can see, there is no advantage in further discussion.
3. Please make allowance for Jane’s poor typing; she’s only been learning for a
month.
4. That young man is bound to fail in this test.
5. Trontrary to (its) (harmless) appearance, the dog was in fact quite dangerous.
6. If Smith hadn’t broken his leg, he would have represented England.
7. It’s not possible to get to/to reach this hotel in winter.
8. To (the best of) my knowledge, he is still working in Bristol.

Exercise 2:
1. Only after a new pay offer did the workers call off the strike.
2. He received a sentence of six months for his part in the robbery.
3. There is no limit/restriction to how much you eat at the new lunch-bar.
4. She wasn’t so deaf/hard of hearing that she couln’t hear the phone.
5. Mrs. Jones is the most generous person you will/could ever meet/ (be likely) to
meet.
6. I was allowed to go abroad alone for the first time last year.
7. If he hadn’t been so imcompetent they wouldn’t have been captured.
8. I have no intention of giving you any more money.

Exercise 3:
1. There is little/no likelihood that there will be applicants for this post.
2. Susan could hardly believe the good news.
3. You must take his experience into account/ You must take account of his
experience.
4. Neither (one) of us is bound by this contract until we both sign it.
5. The accident was not his fault.
6. You should /do not assume (that) he will help you.
Exercise 4:
1. We haven’t received confirmation of/about our hotel booking (yet)
2. According to the salesman my new car would/will be delivered next Wednesday.
3. There have been very few sightings of the Yeti at this altitude.
 4. It is open to question (as to) whether Jones will get the job.
5. No sooner had the announcement been made than everyone started complaining.
6. The older I get the less I want to travel.
7. You won’t be able to buy/get a house in that district for less than/under $100.000.
8. Alan’s illness was caused by/brought about/due to/the result of his working too
hard at the office.

Exercise 5:
1. Without the help of his neighbor, Mr. Bill would/could not/never have repairted
the garage roof.
2. We all make mistakes/ Everyone makes mistakes/Everyone can make mistakes.
3. The last Olympic Games took place in Seoul.
4. His sole topic/subject of conversation was the weather.
5. I had no regrets about/on/over leaving the club in the end.
6. You are an idiot to refuse Richard’s offer of a loan.
7. It’s the company’s intention to replace this model.
8. We’re likely to hear a lot more about environmental pollution in the next few
years.

Chapter II
Essay writing
Essays require you to explore issues by comparing, evaluating or challenging
ideas. You may be asked to present an argument or offer a sollution to a problem. This
means demonstrating your understanding of the topic by including example s and evidence.
You should think of your audience as non-specialist, educated reader. The Main essay types are
outlined below.
Essay Types Task words This means……..
For and Against - What are the advantages Give a balanced
( 2 sides of an issue) and disadvantages of…. presentation. This means
- Discuss you should write equally
- Compare/ contrast about both sides of the
issue. In the conclusion you
can indicate your position.
Opinion essays - Do you agree or disagree? Take a position.
( Agree or disagree/ - Explain your opinion. Defend it strongly. Give
Argumentative essays) - Justify your opinion. several reasons to support
- What is your opinion? your argument. ( 1
paragraph each)
It is useful to acknowledge
the opposite view (counter-
argument) and say why
 you don’t accept it.
Problem/ solution - What can be done to Explain 2 or 3 aspects of
solve….? the issue ( 1 paragraph
- How can this problem be each)
addressed? Suggest solutions.
- What challenges….? Make recommendations.
- What strategies……?
Evaluate an argument - To what extent…. You will probaly take a
- How important…? position, which is neither in
- What do you think? total agreement. (100%),
not total disagreement
(0%), but somewhere in
between. Explain why.
Make choices and justify - From options A, B, C , D Each of your choices
etc…choose 3 most becomes the topic of one
important. Justify your paragraph.
choice. Give reasons for choosing
in this order.
* Trong chuyên đề này, tôi xin được đề cập đến 2 dạng essays thường gặp trong đề
thi học sinh giỏi cấp tỉnh.
1. For and against.
For and against essays present both sides of an isue, discussing points in favor of a
particular topic as well as those against, or the advantages of a particular question. Each
point should be supported by justifications, examples, and/ or reasons. The writer’s own
opinion should be presented only in the final paragraph.

A good essay of this type should consist of:

* an introductory paragraph in which you clearly state the topic to be discusses.

without giving your opinion;
* a main body in which the points for and against along with your justifications,
examples or reasons are presented in separate paragraph;
* a closing paragraph in which you state your opinion or give a balanced consideration
of the topic.

Note: Opinion words such as I think, I believe, In my opinion, etc, can only be used in
the closing paragraph where you give your opinion on the topic.

Model analysis
 Email has had a huge impact on professional and social communication, but this
impact has been negative as well as positive.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using email?

It is certainly true that the use of email has greatly changed the way we communicate
with each other at work as well as socially. However, it is also true that not all the
effects of this innovation have been positive although there are certainly some
advantages.

Generally, email has created a number of objections. A common criticism of email in the
workplace is that it causes extra work and stress. This is because employees receive
more messages than they can answer every day and since email writers expect a quick
response, this further increases pressure on employees. Other objections to email for
both social and professional users include the way it encourages people to spend even
longer at their computers and also the danger of incoming messages allowing viruses
into your computer system.

In spite of these negative effects; however, email has brought important benefits as well.
One such advantage of using email is that it is a fast and easy way to communicate with
family, friends and work colleagues wherever they are in the world. It is not only alloes
people to stay in touch with each other, but it also allows them to send all kinds of
information ( such as pictures, photos, diagrams, texts, etc) very quickly, cheaply and
with a very good quality of reproduction. This is a huge advance on ealier
communication systems, and the low cost of email means it is very widenly used.

To sum up, while there are some obvious drawbacks to use email, this fast and user-
friendly technology has greatly improved our ability to communicate both professionally
and socially. Therefore, I think email has brought us many more benefits than
disadvantages.

Language notes
1. Useful expressions and linking words/ phrases.
* To list points:
- Firstly, First of all, In the first place, To start with, To begin with,
- Secondly, Thirdly, Finally
* To list advantages.
- One / Another / A further / A additional (major) advantage/ benefit of …is
- The main/ greatest/ first advantage of…is
* To list disadvantages.
- One / Another / A further / A additional (major) disadvantage/ drawback of…
- The main/ greatest / most serious/ first disadvantage/ drawback of…
- An other negative aspect of………..is
* To introduce points/ arguments for or against:
- One ( very convincing) point / argument in favor of……../ against…,
- A further common criticism of…/ It could be argued that…
often claimed/ suggested
It is widely argued/ maintained that…..
generally felt/believed/ held

2. Opinion essays ( Agree or disagree/ Argumentative essays)

A. Agreeing or disagreeing.

- In this essay, you must state an opinion and defend your point of view. You must
give reasons for your thinking. You usually discuss only one side of the issue.

Key words or phrases

Do you agree or disagree…..?
Do you support or oppose….?
In your opinion, which is the most effective?
Why or why not?
Note: Your opinion is an important part of every essay. You will see many different
topics asking for your opinion. In determining the writing task, you must look at what
the topic is asking you to do.

Examples
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Only people who earn a lot of
money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Model essay:
Many people believe that a large income equals success. I believe, however, that
success is more than how much money you made. Some of those measures of success
in include fame, respect, and knowledge.
Most people assume that famous people are rich people, but that is not always true.
For example, some day I would like to be a famous researcher. Few scientists are rich by
today’s standards. Still, I will feel myself successful if I am well known. Additionally,
there are many famous humanitarians who are not rich. Mother Theresa was one.
Certainly no one would say she was not successful.
I also believe that being respected by coworkers indicates success. Without that
respect, money means very little. For example, I once did some work for a top attorney
in a law firm. He made a very good salary, but he was not a nice man. No one ever did
work for him unwillingly. He ordered everyone around, and we did not respect him. In
contrast, however, I had a wonderful band director in my school. He had to take extra
job just to make enough money to support his family. However, his students had great
respect for him and always listened to what he said, As a result, we were a very good
band. In my opinion, my band director was more successful than the attorney was.
 Finally, I think one of the most important indicators of success is knowledge.
Wealthy people don’t know all the answers. For example, in the movie Good Will
Hunting, the only person who could solve complex problems was the janitor. He knew a
lot and decided what he wanted to do with that knowledge rather than just think about
money. In my opinion, he was extremely successful.
When we think of history, there are few people we remember simply because they
were rich. Overall, we remember people who did something with their lives- they were
influential in politics, or contributed science or art or religion. If history is the ultimate
judge of success, then money surely is not everything.

B. Making an argument
- In this essay, you will be presented with a hypothetical situation. You will have to
determine what needs to be done, make a choice, and support your hypothesis. In these
essays, the topic is usually written in the future or conditional tense.

Key words or phrases

If…………………
How……………..
In your opinion………
If you could change ( something), what would you change?
What is the best way to ( do something)?
What should be the main focus?
Which of the following is the most important to you?
What would you give to help someone?
How would you do something?
How would you do something/ choose between two things?
How will (something) affect (something else)?
Examples
When students move to a new school, they sometimes face problems. How can schools
help these students with their problems? Use specific reasons and examples to explain
your answer.
Model essay:
When students go to a new school, they often have a problem fitting in. They do not
know how the school operates and they do not have any friends. The school
administrators, the school counselors, and the teachers can do a lot to help new students
become part of the community.
School administrators can help orient new students to their school. They can take the
new students on a tour of the school, showing them classrooms, the gym, the cafeteria,
the computer labs, and other school facilities. They can explain the school program and
tell the students about what is expected of them.
The school counselors can talk to new students about their goals and interests. They
should explain the school schedule and help the students choose the appropriate classes.
They should also talk about extracurricular activities such as the school newspaper,
sports teams, band, and language clubs. They should encourage new students to
participate in such activities because it is a good way to make friends.
Teachers can help new students the most. They explain their coursework to them, of
course. They can also encourage old students to be friendly with the new students and
help them learn the school system. They are with the students all day, so they are aware
if a student is having difficulties. Then they can try to help the student themselves, or
ask for assistance from the counselors and administrators.
School administrators, counselors, and teachers can do a lot to help students adjust
to their new school. It is not easy, but it pays off with happier, more successful students
in the end.

Note: When stating an opinion, we often use the following words and expressions to
indicate our attitude.
- Reason and result links: in order to, for this reason, because, so, consequently,
therefore, as a result, so as to…
- Useful expressions: In my opinion, I think, I believe, I feel, I strongly agree, I was
interested/ surprised/ shocked, It seems to me, As I see, As far as I’m concerned, To be
honest, Personally, Undoubtedly, Obviously, In short, etc…
- These other expressions can be used to order your ideas as you develop them: Firstly,
socondly, thirdly, lastly, finnally, First of all…

*Một số đề thi tham khảo.

1. Within 150 words, write a passage about the advantages and disadvantages of using
the Internet.
(KỲ THI CHỌN HSG LỚP 9 THCS - NĂM HỌC 2007- 2008 )
2. Holidays honor people or events. It you could create a new holiday, what person or
event would it honor and how would you want people to celebrate it? Use specific
reasons and details to support your answer.
(KÌ THI CHỌN HSG LỚP 9- NĂM HỌC 2009- 2010)
3. If you could make one important change in a school that you attended, what change
would you make? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.
4.Write a passage (150-200 words) on the following topic: ‘Most teachers think that
homework is necessary’. How far do you agree? Give reasons for your answer and
include any relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience.
(KÌ THI CHỌN HSG LỚP 9- NĂM HỌC 2011- 2012)
5. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing games teaches us
about life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
6. “ Children should never be educated at home by their parents.” Do you agree or
disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. You should write
about 200-250 words.
(KÌ THI CHỌN HSG LỚP 9- NĂM HỌC 2012- 2013)

Chapter III
Unity, coherence, and progression in an essay
I- Using Transition words Effectively.
Often the essay is a statement that you must agree or disagree with. Another common
type of topic is an issue with two sides. You are asked to describe both sides of the issue
and then to choose one.
There are expressions known as transitions which assist you in explaining agreement or
opposition. In this section we look at transitions which express contrast, addition, and
cause and effect.
1. Transitions of contrast
Transitions of contrast come in two types. They show contrast or opposition or they concede a point,
meaning that they agree with another’s opinion, but with qualification. In the two boxes below, you
will find many familiar words:
Contrast Concession
but, yet, however, on the one hand, although, even though, nevertheless,
on the other hand, in contrast, while even so, in spite of
* Contrast:
A, However and yet function like but. They appear most frequently in the middle of
the sentence. Yet and but are preceded by a comma. In the middle of a sentence.
However is preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma.
Example:
Jack likes butter, but his roommate prefers margarine.
The bookstore accepts credit cards, but not checks.
Alice walks to school, yet she owns a car.
Frederick still can’t play very well, yet he practices every day.
The government declared fireworks to be illegal; however, most people can still
purchase them.
The facts are clear; however, no one wants to listen.
B, On the one hand must be used with on the other hand.
Example:
- On the one hand, the state needs more money to balance the budget. On the other hand,
most people don’t want to pay higher taxes
- On the one hand, pesticides are harmful to humans. On the other hand, harmful insects
are difficult to kill without pesticides.
C, In contrast appears at the beginning of a sentence.
Example:
- Families in Denmark receive free day care for their children. In contrast, American
families must pay for day care.
- Each child at Washington Elementary School has a computer to use in the lab. In
contrast, there is only one computer for every five children at Lincoln Elementary
School.
D, While is followed by a clause or a full sentence, and not just a noun.
Example:
- While I don’t like the idea of paying higher prices, I understand that the price of
basic materials has gone up.
- While most citizens resent the idea of higher taxes, they benefit from the services
that the taxes provide.
Exercise 1: Determine which transition of contrast best completes the following
sentences. More than one answer may be possible.
Example:
- I like cats; however, Marie doesn’t.
- Residents of California pay sales tax. In contrast, residents of Nevada don’t
- Dr. Carver had many disappointments, yet he never gave up his search for a cure.
1……………….I understand the basic idea, the directions are not clear enough for me
to understand.
2. Mark is allergic to cats,………………….his wife insists on keeping one in their small
flat.
3. The price of this car may be low;…………….., than car insurance will be high.
4. Most families in California have two or three cars…………….., families in Network
City generally have only one car.
5. ………………, I have always wanted to go on a cruise. On the other hand, cruises are
very expensive.
6. Sam owns a computer, …………………..he doesn’t use it.
7. A number of homes were destroyed by the hurricane…………………., the sports
stadium was left intact.
8. ……………….that may be true, it’s not a very popular idea.
* Concession.
A. Although and even though are followed by a complete clause or sentence. Both
transition expressions can be used at the beginning or the middle of the sentence.
Example: Although I got a raise this year, the increase in the cost of living made it seem
like I got nothing.
Jack continues to attend class even though he has no chance of passing.
B. Nevertheless and even so are used at the beginning of the second sentence.
Example: Paul has been saving money for years. Nevertheless, he still doesn’t have
enough money to buy a house.
Arriving on campus in the middle of the school year was hard. Nevertheless, I enjoyed
my first semester very much.
I don’t agree with his political views. Even so, I voted for him since the other candidate
was worse.
C. In spite of is followed by a noun phrase or a gerund.
Example:
In spite of his hard work in the garden, all of the new plants died.
In spite of my complaining, the landlord didn’t fix the heat.
Exercise 2: Determine which transition of concession best completes the following
sentences. More than one answer may be possible.
Example:
- The class was dull and boring. Even so/ Nevertheless, I had to take it.
- In spite of my attempts to repair the situation, the negotiations were not
successful.
- Although Charles doesn’t like cigarette smoke, he agreed to go to the club.
1. ………………….his efforts, George didn’t get elected.
2. The new class was added the first day of registration………………….., very few
students registered for it.
3. …………………..the price was low, I didn’t like the sofa enough to buy it.
4. The delivery charge for the washing machine was very expensive;
……………………, I had no way to deliver it myself.
5. Mr. Williams continues to worry about his children………………..they are adults and
have children of their own.
6. Both countries thought that they were right and that the other should be the first to
apologize……………….., one country had to admit that the policy had been violated.
Exercise 3: Connect the two sentences with a transition of either contrast or
concession. More than one answer may be possible. Pay close attention to
punctuation.
Example: Although/ Even though/ While that may be true, I will not change my
decision.
1………………I understand the problem, I don’t think that I can solve it.
2………………his efforts to explain, the driver couldn’t avoid paying for damaged
property.
3. The government warns citizens that smoking is harmful,…………….it allows
cigarettes to be sold.
4.……………..he didn’t intend to shoot the child. On the other hand, he loaded gun in
the house.
5. When both the husband and the wife work, both are tired when they get
home…………………, one or both of them has to cook dinner.
6. The salary of a begging worker at that company is six dollars an hour………………..,
a senior worker makes three times that amount.
7. The tuition at a private college is $20,000 a year………………, the tuition at a state
college is only about $10,000 a year.
8………………the criminal was sorry for his actions, the judge sentences him to life in
prison.

2. Transitions of addition.
Transitions that show addition come in two two types. They show that there is an additional
idea, or they can be used to show emphasis. When using these transitions, be sure that the relationship
between the two boxes below, you will find several familiar words.
Addition Emphasis
(Sự bổ sung) ( Sự nhấn mạnh)
and not only/ but also
in addition furthermore
in addition to infact
plus actually
besides
not to mention
Addition
1. And is best used in the middle of a sentence. Avoid using it to start a sentence.
Eg: - The court ordered the owner to pay for damages and to compenssate the person for
lost wages.
2. In addition, in addition to, and plus are used at the geginning of a sentence. In
addition to is followed by a gerund.
Eg: - In addition to taking 16 units, Carl plays on the soccer team.
- The child required surgery. In addition, he will need physical therapy to restore his
arm to normal.
Exercise 4: Determine which transition or addition best completes the following
sentences. More than one answer may be possible.
1. Catherine requested that her seat assignment be changed . …………………, she
wished to have a window seat.
2. Expecting too much leads to frustration…………………..anger.
3. ………………..developing strong language skills, a journalism student must learn to
think critically.
4. Marilyn will probably be selected for the basketball team. She has natural skill and
quick reflexes. …………….., she is quick.
5. Each manager was issued a computer…………….a printer.
Emphasis
1. Not only must be paired with but also.
Eg: - Not only does he get a higher salary, but he will also move into a larger office.
- The captain not only restricted the sailor to his quarters, but he also put him on a
diet of bread and water.
2. Furthermore, in fact, actually, and besides are generally used at the beginning of a
sentence. They show emphasis by presenting yet another fact. Besides can also be used
with a gerund.
Eg: - Besides being the best in his class, Henry is a star player on the swim team.
- This project is poorly designed and doesn’t follow standard design procedures.
Furthermore, the cost has exceeded the original estimates.
Exercise 5: Determine which transition of emphasis best completes the following
sentences. More than one answer may be possible.
1. The architect’s first drawings of the museum originally included a pool near the
entrance………………………, the steps that are near the cafeteria were originally
meant to lead to the pool.
2. …………………having two final exams and one paper due this week, Jeff has to see
the dean about his last tuition payment.
3. I decided not to sell the painting after I learned that it was more valuable than I had
thought……………………., I like it.
4. Children often intimate their parents’ gestures and expressions……………….., if you
see the child making a strange expression, you can be positive that one of the parents
does this as well.
5. Bees communicate with each other through a series of movements that look very
much like a dance……………………., they use movement to signal each other about
danger or location of a new hive.
3. Transitions of Cause and Effects.
Transition of cause and effect come in three types. They show reason, result, or condition. These
transitoins appear in three boxes below.
Reason Result Condition
because / since consequently if, then
for, due to as a result or else
accordingly therefore providing
due to the fact that so, so that
for that reason in oder that
Reason
1. Because and since can be used either at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.
Eg: - Because/ Since she didn’t have all of the materials that she needed, Sue couldn’t
finished the garage.
- The project remains unfinished because/ since there weren’t enough materials to
complete it.
2. For is generally used in the middle of the sentence.
Eg: He was tired, for he had been up all night.
3. Accordingly follows the reason and introduces the consequence.
Eg: Accordingly, the zoo will raise its entrance fee.
4. Due to is followed by a noun phrase, while due to the fact that is followed by a
complete sentence. Both may appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.
Eg: Due to low enrollment, the course was cancelled.
Due to the fact that not enough students enrolled, the course was cancelled.
5. For that reason is usually used at the beginning of a sentence.
Eg: - Lions live in prides, or groups, but jaguars usually live alone. For that reason, zoos
generally put several lioons together in one area.
Result
1. Consequently, as a result, and therefore introduce the result. They can be used at
the beginning of the second sentence. Consequently and therefore can be used in the
middle of a sentence.
2. So and so that don’t normally begin a sentence.
3. In order to is followed by an infinitive. It may be used at the beginning or in the
middle of a sentence.
Eg: In order to get a lower price, Angela had to buy her ticket in advance.
Condition
If, then, or else, and providing are followed by a complete sentence. If and then are
often used in the same sentence.
Exercise 6: Complete the following paragraphs using transitions of reason, result, and
condition.
John tried to start his car, but the engine wouldn’t turn over. (a)………………..,
he had to call a garage to come to his home (b)…………………….check the car’s
battery. The mechanic told him that the battery was old and that he should replaced it (c)
………………..the battery would fail again. John agreed, (d)…………………he let the
mechanic replace the battery on the spot. (e)……………………this took longer than
expected, John was late to an important meeting. (f)………………, his boss was
unhappy.
NOTE:
 Avoiding:
- Unclear references.
-Unknown references.
-Unclear subject or reference.
 Clarifying pronoun references.
  Organizing examples or details.
- Paragraph order.
- Sequence words.

Answer key chapter III.

Exercise 1:
1. While 5. On the other hand
2. yet/ but 6. but/ yet
3. however 7. However
4. In contrast 8. While

Exercise 2:
1. In spite of
2. Even so/ Nevertheless
3. Even though / Although
4. nevertheless
5. even though/ although
6. Nevertheless

Exercise 3:
1. Although/ Even though/ While 5. Nevertheless
2. In spite of 6. However
3. yet/ but 7. In contrast
4. On the other hand 8. Even though / Although

Exercise 4:
1. In addition
2. and
3. In addition
4. Plus/ In addition
5. and
Exercise 5:
1. Actually/ In fact
2. Besides
3. Besides
4. In fact
5. In fact

Exercise 6:
(a) As a result/ Consequently/ (d) so
Therefore (e) Because/ Since
(b) in order to (f) For that reason ? Accordingly
(c) or else

PHẦN KẾT LUẬN

Trên đây tôi đã trình bày ba chương kiến thức “Effective writing”, nhằm nâng cao
hiệu quả phần kỹ năng viết cho học sinh đội tuyển tham dự kỳ thi học sinh giỏi cấp tỉnh
môn tiếng Anh lớp 9. Sau một thời gian vận dụng, tôi thấy những kiến thức này đã thực
sự có hiệu quả. Các em học sinh trong đội tuyển đã viết được câu đúng với cấu trúc và
văn phong, cũng như viết được bài “Essays” với chất lượng được cải thiện rõ rệt. Hy
vọng các em sẽ thêm phần tự tin làm tốt phần kỹ năng viết trong kỳ thi cấp Tỉnh sắp tới.
Với mong muốn như vậy, tôi đã cố gắng thể hiện một phần kiến nhằm nâng cao
hiệu quả bài thi viết trong chuyên đề. Tuy nhiên chuyên đề chắc chắn sẽ không tránh
khỏi thiếu sót. Rất mong được sự góp ý của các đồng chí để chất lượng giảng dạy đội
tuyển ngày càng không ngừng được nâng cao, đồng thời nâng cao chất lượng giải trong
các kỳ thi học sinh giỏi cấp huyện, cấp tỉnh.