AG^G\IVIXI@ I@IA

DIAIMIB ISWBI@ AG^G\IVIXI@ ^ISJG@ HG@FI@ ”SX\

WDI—

Hjsusu` Omgb ;

Istrj Jmie Djmmg`ji (9299>>9)

I``jsi D irj`j (9299>><)
Irvyi` Gai Zuhbi .^. (9299>>3)

Hgmvji Ijsyib Suprjyihj (9299>>8)

Gmjsi Oativji`i Ejrhiusj (9299>>5)
Gvi Airtiai ^utrj (9299>>6)
Eitdi S usi`ti (9299>>2)

^\OF\ID SXWHJ ^G@HJHJAI@ @G\S

SXJAgs ^IX\JI BWSIHI LMJXI\

<><>
 AIXI ^G@FI@XI\

Sgfimi ^ukj hi` syuaur agbihjrit Immib SVX yi`f tgmib dgmjdpibai` ribdit-@yi,
sgbj`ffi aidj hipit dg`ygmgsijai` pg`yusu`i` diaimib j`j hg`fi` kuhum ”
ISWBI@ AG^G\IVIXI@ ^ISJG@ HG@FI@ SX\WDI— yi`f hjikuai` u`tua dgdg`ubj
tufis Diti Aumjib Agpgriwiti` I`ia.
Diaimib j`j lgrjsj tg`ti`f hge`jsj, gtiomofj, pitoesjomofj, pitbwiy,
amisjeaisj, di`jgstisj amj`js, aodpmjaisj, pgdgrjasii` hjif`ostia, hi`
pg`itimiasi`ii`, sgrti dg`fitibuj aisus sgdu hirj pisjg` hg`fi` Strudi.
Aidj dg`yihirj libwi diaimib j`j disjb kiub hirj sgdpur`i, arjtia hi` siri` hirj
sgdui pjbia yi`f lgrsjit dgdli`fu` aidj biripai` hgdj agsgdpur`ii` diaimib
j`j. Iabjr aiti aidj sidpijai` tgrjdi aisjb agpihi sgdui pjbia yi`f tgmib lgrpgri`
sgrti himid pg`yusu`i` diaimib j`j hirj iwim sidpij iabjr. Sgdofi Immib
SVX
sg`i`tiisi dgrjhbij usibi ajti.

Lmjtir, <: Sgptgdlgr <><>

^g`umjs

j
 HIEXI\ JSJ

COUG\

AIXI ^G@FI@XI\ .................................................................................................. j

HIEXI\ JSJ .............................................................................................................. jj

LIL 9^G@HIBWMWI@ ............................................................................................ 9
9.9 Mitir Lgmiai`f ....................................................................................................... 9
9.< \udusi` Disimib ................................................................................................. 9
9.3 Xukui` ..................................................................................................................... <
LIL <XJ@KIWI@ XGO\J .......................................................................................... 3
<.9 Hge`jsj .................................................................................................................... 3
<.< Gtiomofj .................................................................................................................... 3
<.3 ^itoesjomofj ............................................................................................................ 8
<.8 ^itbwiy .................................................................................................................. 7
<.7 Amisjeaisj ................................................................................................................. 5
<.5 Di`jgstisj Amj`js ................................................................................................. 5
<.6 Aodpmjaisj ............................................................................................................... 6
<.2 ^gdgrjasii` ^g`u`ki`f ...................................................................................... 6
<.: ^g`itimiasi`ii` .................................................................................................. :
<.9> ^g`cgfibi`..........................................................................9>
<.99 Ao`sgp Isubi` Agpgriwiti` ........................................................................ 99
LIL 3ISWBI@ AG^G\IVIXI@ HG@FI@ AISWS SGDW ............................................ 92
3.9 Aisus .................................................................................................................... 92
3.< ^g`faikji` ............................................................................................................ 92
3.3 I`imjsi hiti .......................................................................................................... <8
3.8 Hjif`osi ............................................................................................................... <7
3.7 J`tgrvg`sj ...............................................................................................................<5
LIL 8AGSJD^WMI@ ............................................................................................................. <:
8.9 Agsjdpumi` ............................................................................................................<:
8.< Siri` ......................................................................................................................<:
HIEXI\ ^WSXIAI

j
 LIL J

^G@HIBWMWI@

9.9 Mitir Lgmiai`f

Strudi ihimib pgdlgsiri` agmg`kir tirojh sglifij iajlit pgrtudlubi` uauri` sgm/kirj`fi`.
Lgrlifij iator hjjhg`tieaisj sglifij pg`yglil tgrkihj`yi strudi simib situ`yi
ihimib hgesjg`sj yohjud (\g`hy & Dirfirgtb, <>97;9:2). Fojtgr itiu strudi itiu
sgciri iwid hjag`im hg`fi` jstimib fo`hoa dgrupiai` pgdlgsiri` agmg`kir tirojh yi`f
hipit lgraijti` hg`fi` fi`ffui` prjdgr pihi orfi` tirojh itiupu` iajlit stidumisj
bordo`im itiu iator mij` tgrbihip tirojh (Irdgrj`iyi`ti, <>96). Fojtgr ihi lgrlifij kg`js
yia`j, fojtgr `ohumir toasja, fojtgr/strudi `ohumir `o` toasja (^rjcg & Vjmso`, <>>5;<<3).
Fgkimi strudi yi`f sgrj`f du`cum yijtu mgbgr lgrtidlib lgsir itiupu` tihia, suiri sgria
itiu piriu, `ohum tu`ffim itiu fi`hi, tgs Xbyrojh Stidumiti`f Bordo`g (XSB) sgrud dg`j`fait
(\g`hj & Dirfirgtb, <>97;9::).
^g`yiajt fojtgr hj J`ho`gsji lgrsjit g`hgdja hi` dgrupiai` simib situ hirj 8 pg`yiajt fjzj
utidi hj J`ho`gsji yi`f hjsglilai` omgb Fi`ffui` Iajlit Agauri`fi` Zohjud
(FIAZ), (Strudi, `.h.).
Sgajtir <6% hirj agsgmurubi` pisjg` strudi hjhu`ji lgrihi hj `gfiri Isji
Xg`ffiri tgrdisua J`ho`gsji (Irdgrj`iyi`ti, <>95). Lgrhisirai` bisjm pg`gmjtii`
strudi dg`urut Xidpitty, (<>9:) pg`gmjtii` yi`f hjmiauai` hj sgmurub hu`ji, hjpgrajriai`
sgajtir <>> kuti ori`f dg`hgrjti strudi hirj 2>> kuti ori`f yi`f dg`fo`sudsj yohjud
himid kudmib yi`f sghjajt. Bisjm survgj tg`ti`f strudi hj J`ho`gsji disjb si`fit auri`f. Bisjm
pg`gmjtii` tg`ti`f strudi hj J`ho`gsji, dg`u`kuaai` prgvimg`sj pihi bjpgrtirojh
pgdgrjasii` XSB (Xbyrojh Stidumiti`f Bordo`) pihi rjsagshis <>>6 dg`hipitai` 9<,2
% miaj-miaj hi` 98,6% dgdjmjaj aihir XSB rg`hib yi`f dg`u`kuaai` agcurjfii`
ihi`yi bjpgrtirojh. @idu` dg`urut bisjm \jsagshis
<>93, bi`yi tgrhipit >,8% pg`huhua J`ho`gsji yi`f lgrusji 97 tibu` itiu mgljb
yi`f lgrhisirai` wiwi`ciri dg`fiauj tgrhjif`osjs bjpgrtirojh. Dgsajpu` sgciri pgrsg`tisg
agcjm,
`idu` sgciri aui`titis cuaup lgsir. Kjai pihi tibu` <>93 kudmib pg`huhua usji ≧97 tibu`
sgli`yia 965.52:.335 kjwi, diai tgrhipit mgljb hirj 6>> ori`f tgrhjif`osjs
bjpgrtirojh (Agdg`ags, <>97), (Lil 9, `.h.)

9.< \udusi` Disimib

9. Ipi hge`jsj Strudi?

<. Ipi gtiomofj Strudi?

9
 3. Lifijdi`i pitoesjomofj Strudi?
8. Lifijdi`i pitbwiy Strudi?
7. Ipi amisjeaisj Strudi?
5. Lifijdi`i di`jgstisj amj`js Strudi?
6. Ipi siki aodpmjaisj Strudi?
2. Ipi siki pgdgrjasii` pg`u`ki`f Strudi ?
:. Lifijdi`i pg`itimiasi`ii`
Strudi? 9>.Lifijdi`i ao`sgp isubi` agpgriwiti`
Strudi? 99.Lifijdi`i co`tob aisus sgdui
Strudi?
 

9.3 Xukui`

9. Ifir hipit dg`fgrti pg`fgrtii` hi` amisjeaisj hirj Strudi.

<. Ifir hipit dg`fgtibuj gtiomofj hi` pitoesjomofj lgsgrti pobo` disimib hirj Strudi.
3. Ifir hipit dg`fgtibuj ti`hi fgkimi, aodpmjaisj hi` lifijdi`i ciri pgdgrjasii``yi,
sgrti lifijdi`i sjstgd pg`foliti` yi`f hipit hjmiauai` agpihi pg`hgrjti Strudi.
8. Ifir hipit dg`fgtibuj ao`sgp pgdlgrji` isubi` agpgriwiti` hi` co`tob aisus
sgdu agpihi pg`hgrjti Strudi dumij hirj pg`faikji`, hjif`osi, hi` j`tgrvg`sj.

<
 LIL JJ

XJ@KIWI@ XGO\J

<.9 Hge`jsj
Strudi ihimib pgrlgsiri` agmg`kir tirojh yi`f dg`yglilai` pgdlg`faiai` hj
lifji` hgpi` mgbgr (Hormi`h, <>><).
Agmg`kir tirojh tgrmgtia tgpit hjliwib mirj`f pihi aghui sjsj hi` sglgmib
i`tgrjor triagi.Xjrojh dg`ygargsjai` hui bordo` utidi, tiroasj` (X8), hi` trjjohotiro`j`
(X3), sgrti bordo` aimsjto`j` yi`f dg`fitur dgtilomjsdg aimsjud lgrsidi hg`fi`
piritbordo` yi`f hjbisjmai` omgb agmg`kir piritirojh (Fuyto` i`h Bimm, <>>6) (Irji`, `.h.).
Strudi ihimib suitu pgdlg`faiai` pihi mgbgr omgb airg`i pgdlgsiri`
agmg`kir tirojh.^gdlgsiri` agmg`kir tirojh hipit hjsglilai` omgb auri`f`yi hjgt
johjud yi`f hjlutubai` u`tua prohuasj bordo` tirojh.Xgrkihj`yi pgdlgsiri` agmg`kir
tirojh hjairg`iai` sglifij usibi dg`j`faitai` bordo` yi`f hjbisjmai` (Hwj, `.h.).

<.< Gtiomofj
Ihi`yi fi`ffui` u`fsjo`im himid pgdlg`tuai` bordo` tyrojh dgrupiai`
iator pg`yglil pgdlgsiri` agmg`kir tyrojh i`tiri mij` (Hwj, `.h.) ;
i. Hgesjg`sj yohjud.
^ihi udud`yi, pg`hgrjti pg`yiajt strudi sgrj`f tgrhipit hj higrib yi`f ao`hjsj
ijr dj`ud hi` ti`ib`yi auri`f dg`fi`hu`f johjud, djsim`yi higrib pgfu`u`fi`.
l. Agmij`i` dgtilomja ao`fg`jtim yi`f dg`fibidlit sj`tgsi bordo` tyrojh.
9) ^g`fbidliti` sj`tgsi bordo` omgb zit ajdji (sulsti`sj himid aom, molia, hi` aici`f
aghgmij).
<) ^g`fbidliti` sj`tgsi bordo` omgb olit-oliti` (Xrjocirlidjhg, sumo`ymurgi
hi` mjtiud).
c. Bjpgrpmisj hi` j`vomusj agmg`kir tyrojh.
^ihi udud`yi hjtgduj pihi disi pgrtudlubi`, pulgrjtis, dg`struisj, agbidjmi`,
miatisj, dg`opiusg, j`gasj hi` strgss mij``yi. Hjdi`i dg`jdlumai` `ohumirjtis agmg`kir
tirojh yi`f hipit lgagmi`kuti` hg`fi` lgrauri`f`yi imjri` hirib hjhigrib tgrsglut
(Lru`jcirhj gt im, <>9>).

3
<.3 ^itoesjomofj
Johjud dgrupiai` sgdui libi` utidi yi`f hjlutubai` tulub
u`tua pgdlg`tuai` bordo` tyrojh. Libi` yi`f dg`fi`hu`f johjud hjsgrip usus, disua
ag himid sjraumisj hirib hi` hjti`faip pimj`f li`yia omgb agmg`kir tyrojh. Himid
agmg`kir, johjud hjoasjhi dg`kihj lg`tua yi`f iati yi`f hjstidumgr omgb Xjrojh Stidumiti`f
Bordo` agduhji` hjsituai` dg`kihj domgaum tiroasj` yi`f tgrkihj pihi isg sgm aomojh.
Sg`yiwi yi`f tgrlg`tua himid domgaum hjyohotiro`j` dgdlg`tua tiroasj` (X8) hi` domgaum
Xrjohotiro`j` (X3). Xjroasj` (X8) dg`u`kuaai` pg`fituri` udpi` limja `gfiti hirj sgargsj
Xjrojh Stidumiti`f Bordo` hi` lgagrki mi`fsu`f pihi tirotropjbypoesjs, sghi`f
tyrohotiro`j` (X3) dgrupiai` bordo` dgtilomja tihia iati. Lglgripi olit hi`
agihii` hipit dgdpg`firubj sj`tgsjs, pgmgpisi` hi` dgtilomjsdg tyrojh sgaimjfus
dg`fbidlit sj`tgsjs tiroasj` (X8) hi` dgmimuj ri`fsi`fi` udpi` limja `gfiti
dg`j`faitai` pgmgpisi` XSB omgb agmg`kir bypoesjs. Agihii` j`j dg`yglilai`
pgdlgsiri` agmg`kir tyrojh ( Isagp Strudi, `.h.).

8
<.8 ^itbwiy

 
Hgesjg`sj johjud, agmij`i` dgtilomjc ao`fj`gtim,
pg`fbidlit sj`tgsi bordo` omgb zit ajdji hi` olit

Strudi `ohumir `o` toasja

Bidliti` J`hjaisj prosghur

Xudlub Xudlub hjkirj`fi` tirojh
aodu`jais
^gdlghibi`
j vgrlim lg`komi`
^gdlghibi`
Hjsifji

Muai j`sjsj Fg`grim ^j`tu disua Sumjt dg`gmi`

hjsao`ti`ujtis i`istgsj audi`
 kirj`fi`
J`tiag `utrjsj

^gmgpisi` Hgprgsj Dgdpgrduhi

auri`f
dghjitor systgd b disua`yi
p `
`ygrj;
Hgesjt `utrjsj
gr`ipisi audi`/liatgrj
lrihjaj`j`,
bjstidj`g,
prostifmi`hj`
^g`gai`i \gsjao j`gasj
` dohumi
Dgrisi`f olmo`fiti
`osjsgptor
^grulibi`
^g`uru`i` stitus agsgbiti`
rgga
^grsgpsj litua
`ygrj I`sjgtis

Iaudumisj

@ygrj iaut sputud

Lgrsjbi`
 kimi` `ipis tihia ggati 

7
<.7 Amisjeaisj
Strudi hipit hjamisjeaisjai` dg`kihj strudi hjusi `o`-toasja, strudi hjusi toasja, strudi
`ohusi toasja hi` strudi `ohusi `o`-toasja. Hjdi`i jstjmib toasja hi` `o`toasja j`j dgrukua
pihi ihi`yi pgrulibi` hirj sgfj u`fsj esjomofjs agmg`kir tirojh sgpgrti bjpgrtirojh (agmg`kir
tirojh iati dg`fbisjmai` bordo`g tirojh sgciri lgrmgljbi`) hi` bjpotirojh (prohuasj bordo`g

tirojh auri`f
lgroaus agpihihirj aglutubi`
lg`tua tulub).
pgdlgsiri` agmg`kirSghi`fai` jstimib
tirojh (Irji`, `.h.). `ohusi hi` hjusi mgljb
i. Strudi hjusi hjti`hij hg`fi` ihi`yi pgdlgsiri` itiu lg`komi` hjsgmurub agmg`kir
tirojh (sgiai` tgrkihj pgdlgsiri` mgbgr). Ihi strudi hjusi toasja (hjsgrtij fgkimi
bjpgrtirojhjsdg) hi` strudi hjusi `o` toasja (ti`pi ti`hi hi` fgkimi bjpgrtirojhjsdg).
l. Strudi `ohusi hjti`hij hg`fi` dgdlgsir`yi sglifji` hirj agmg`kir tirojh, yi`f
hjdi`i lg`komi``yi tgrmoaimjsjr. ^gdlgsiri` tgrsglut hjti`hij hg`fi` lg`komi` hj
mgbgr yi`f lgrfgria pihi siit dg`gmi`. @ohum du`faj` tu`ffim, tgtipj
agli`yiai` lgragdli`f dg`kihj dumti`ohumgr yi`f tihia lgru`fsj. Hgfg`grisj kirj`fi`
dg`yglilai` ajsti itiu ihg`odi. Airg`i pgrtudlubi``yi yi`f sgrj`f lgri`fsur-
i`fsur, strudi hipit dg`kihj lgsir ti`pi fgkimi agcuimj lg`komi` hj mgbgr. Sglifji`
pg`hgrjti hg`fi` strudi `ohosi hipit bjhup hg`fi` strudi`yi ti`pi fi`ffui`.
9) Strudi `ohusi toasja ; agmg`kir tirojh iati dg`fbisjmai` bordo` tirojh
sgbj`ffi prohuasj`yi lgrmgljbi`.
<) Strudi `ohusi `o`-toasja ; agmg`kir tirojh tihia iati dg`fbisjmai` bordo` tirojh.
sgrj`f tihia dg`idpiaai` fgkimi/agmubi` airg`i pisjg` tihia dg`fimidj
bjpotirojhjsdg itiupu` bjpgrtirojhjsdg.

<.5 Di`jgstisj Amj`js

Dg`urut (Irji`, `.h.) tgrhipit lglgripi di`jgstisj amj`js lgrupi ;
i. Xgrhipit lg`komi` hj higrib mgbgr.
l. ^gdlgsiri` agmg`kir tyrojh tgrkihj hg`fi` midlit.
c. Kjai strudi cuaup lgsir, iai` dg`gai` irgi triagi yi`f hipit dg`fiajlitai` fi`ffui`
pihi rgspjrisj hi` kufi gsopbifus tgrtgai` sgbj`ffi tgrkihj fi`ffui` dg`gmi`.
h. Amjg` tihia dgdpu`yij agmubi` airg`i tihia ihi bjpotirojhjsdg itiu bjpgrtirohjsdg.
g. ^g`j`faiti` dgtilomjsd airg`i amjg` bjpgriati hg`fi` dg`j`fait`yi hg`yut `ihj
hi` agrj`fit.
. ^g`j`faiti` sjdpitis sgpgrti1 ki`tu`f dg`kihj lgrhglir-hglir, fgmjsib, lgragrj`fit,
tihia tibi` cuici hj`fj`, hjirg, fgdgtir, hi` agmgmibi`

5
<.6 Aodpmjaisj
Dg`urut (Hwj, `.h.). aodpmjaisj yi`f ljsi tgrkihj pihi pisjg` hg`fi` strudi sglifij lgrjaut;
i. Suiri dg`kihj sgria/piriu.
Strudi hipit dg`firib aghimid sgbj`ffi dg`horo`f pjti suiri, sgbj`ffi
tgrhipit

pg`gai`i` pihi pjti suiri yi`f dg`yglilai` suiri dg`kihj sgria itiu piriu.
l. ^grulibi` lg`tua mgbgr.
Kjai tgrkihj pgdlgsiri` agmuir diai iai` dgdlgrj lg`tua mgbgr yi`f lgsir hipit sjdgtrjs
itiu tihia.
c. Hjsifji
Hjlifji` postgrjor dghjim agmg`kir tirojh tgrhipit tricbgi hi` gsbopifus, kjai
strudi dg`horo`f gsbopifus sgbj`ffi tgrkihj hjsifji yi`f iai` lgrhidpia
pihi fi`ffui` pgdg`ubi` `utrjsj, cijri`, hi` gmgatromjt.
h. Sumjt lgr`ipis.
Hjlifji` postgrjor dghjim agmg`kir tirojh tgrhipit tricbgi hi` gsbopifus, kjai
strudi dg`horo`f tricbgi sgbj`ffi tgrkihj agsumjti` lgr`ipis yi`f iai`
lgrhidpia pihi fi`ffui` pgdg`ubi` oasjfg`.
g. ^g`yiajt ki`tu`f bjpgrtirojh.
Fi`ffui` pihi ki`tu`f tgrkihj iajlit hirj pgri`fsi`fi` lgrmgljbi` pihi ki`tu`f
omgb bordo` tirojh hi` dg`yglilai` ao`tritimjtis ki`tu`f dg`j`fait hi`
tgrkihj tiajairhj sidpij hg`fi` elrjmisj itrjud kjai dg`fbglit. ^ihi pisjg` yi`f lgrudur
hj itis 7> tibu`, iai` mgljb cg`hgru`f dg`hipit aodpmjaisj piyib ki`tu`f.
. Oimdopiti Frivgs.
Oimdopiti Frivgs sgpgrti gasoimdus, pg`o`komi` diti hg`fi` hjpmopji, imjri` ijr diti
yi`f lgrmgljbi`, hi` pg`j`faiti` otoolji hipit dg`ffi`ffu auimjtis bjhup
pisjg` sgbj`ffiai` iativjtis ruti` pisjg` tgrfi`ffu.
f. Hgrdopiti Frivgs.
Hgrdopiti tirojh tgrhjrj hirj pg`glimi` aumjt tgrutidi aumjt hj lifji` itis tilji lifji` liwib
(djasghgdi prgtilji), yi`f hjsglilai` pg`udpuai` fmjaosidj`ofmjai`s.Aumjt
si`fit dg`glim hi` tihia hipit hjculjt.

<.2 ^gdgrjasii` ^g`u`ki`f

Dg`urut (Irji`, `.h.) ihi lglgripi ciri pgdgrjasii` strudi j`j, yijtu ;
i. ^gdgrjasii` Miloritorjud.

6
 9) ^gdgrjasii` X8 totim hjagrkiai` pihi sgdui pg`hgrjti pg`yiajt tirojh, aihir
`ordim pihi ori`f hgwisi 5>-97> `dom/M itiu 7>-9<> `f/hM1 X3 si`fit
dgdli`tu u`tua bjpgrtirojhjsdg, aihir `ordim pihi ori`f hgwisi i`tiri 9,>-<,5
`dom/M itiu >,57-9,6
`f/hM1 XSB si`fit dgdli`tu u`tua dg`fgtibuj bjpotirojhjsdg prjdgr hj di`i lisim XSB
dg`j`fait 5 dW/M. Aihi`f-aihi`f dg`j`fait sidpij 3 aimj `ordim.
<) ^gdgrjasii` u`tuatirojh
dicid i`tifg` dg`u`kuaai` pg`yglil
hjtgduai` pihi fi`ffui` tirojh. I`tilohj
sgrud pg`hgrjti hg`fi`tgrbihip dicid -
pg`yiajt
tirojh
iutojdu` ;
i) i`tilohj tirofmolumj`
l) i`tilohj djcrosodim 
c) i`tilohj i`tifg` aomojh ag hui (CI< i`tilohjgs)
h) i`tilohj pgrduaii` sgm (cgmm sureicg i`tilohy)
g) byrojh stidumiti`f bordo`g i`tilohy (XSI)
l. Sjhja (sci``j`f) tirojh.
Dgdiaij uptiag J939  yi`f hjhjstrjlusjai` ag tirojh u`tua dg`g`tuai` u`fsj
tirojh. @ordim`yi uptiag 97-8> % himid <8 kid. Ljmi uptiag 0 `ordim hjsglut bot irgi,
sghi`fai`
 kjai uptiag = `ordim hjsglut comh irgi (pihi `gopmisdi).
c. Wmtriso`ofripby   (WSF) ; u`tua dg`g`tuai` jsj `ohum lgrupi cijri` itiu pihit. Sgmij`
jtu hjfu`iai` u`tua dgdlghiai` i`tiri `ohum somjh hi` ajstia. Ljmi bisjm WSF
dgdlgrjai` fidliri` somjh (pihit) diai sgmi`kut`yi hipit hjmiauai` pgdgrjasii`
sci``j`f tirojh.
h. \ihjomofj.
9) Xborix ; dg`fgtibuj ihi`yi hgvjisj triagi, rgtrostgr`im strudi, coj`
mgsjo` (pipjmgr), cmouhy (omjaumgr).
<) Mgbgr I^ mitgrim ; u`tua gvimuisj kimi` `iis u`tua j`tulisj pgdljusi`.
g. ^gdgrjasii` Sjtomofj.
^gdgrjasii` hirj cijri` tulub di`usji yi`f agduhji` hjprosgs, yijtu hjmiauai` easisj hi`
pgdlgrji` pjfdg` agduhji` hjmiauai` pgdlicii` hg`fi` djarosaop.
. ^gdgrjasii` ljopsj kirj`fi` hjmiauai` kjai disjb lgmud hipit hjtg`tuai` hjif`osjs,
kg`js agmij`i` kj`ia itiu fi`is. ^gdgrjasii` pitomofj i`itodj dgrupiai` sti`hir liau
u`tua sgm tirojh hi` dgdjmjaj `jmij iaurisj pimj`f ti`ffj. ^g`fgrkii` hg`fi` tga`ja
Ljopsj Ispjrisj hg`fi` Kirud Bimus itiu Ej`g @gghmg Ispjritio` Ljopsj  (LIKIB/E@IL)
birus hjmiauai` omgb opgritor yi`f suhib lgrpg`fimidi`. Hj ti`fi` opgritor
yi`f tgridpjm, LIKIB hipit dg`kihj dgtohg yi`f ggati u`tua dgdlghiai` kj`ia
itiu fi`is pihi `ohum somjtgr itiu
`ohum hodj`i` himid strudi dumti`ohumir. LIKIB dgdpu`yij sg`sjtivjtis sglgsir 23% hi`

2
 spgsjetis :<%. Ljmi LIKIB hjagrkiai` hg`fi` lija diai iai` dg`fbisjmai` i`fai
`gfiti pimsu auri`f hirj 7% hi` i`fai posjti pimsu bidpjr dg`hgaiti 9%.
f. Xgripj Suprgsj Xjroasj`.
Simib situ ciri dgdj`jdimjsisj bisjm `gfiti pimsu pihi LIKIB jimib hg`fi` tgripj suprgsj
XSB hg`fi` tiroasj`.

<.: ^g`itimiasi`ii`
Dg`urut (Irji`, `.h.) ihi pg`itimiasi`ii` u`tua pisjg` hg`fi strudi, yijtu ;
i. Ao`sgrviti/dghjaidg`tosi.
J`hjaisj ; pisjg` usji tui, pisjg` lgrihi pihi isg pg`foliti` si`fit iwim, rgaurg`sj pisci
lghib, pihi pgrsjipi` opgrisj, strudi rgsjhj, pihi agbidjmi` (djsim`yi pihi trjdgstgr ag-
3).
9) Strudi `o` toasja ; johjud, gastria tirojh <>-3> df/hm
<) Strudi toasja ;
i) Lgh rgst
l) ^ropjmtbjouricjm (^XW) 9>>-<>> df. ^XW dgrupiai` olit i`ti-tirojh,
hjdi`i lgagrki`yi hg`fi` prgvg`sj pihi sj`tgsjs hi` iabjr hirj tiroasj`. Olit
j`j lgagrki dg`cgfib prohuasj tiroasj` (X8). Hjlgrjai` hosjs 3x 9>> df/birj tiip 2
kid sidpij tgrcipij gutirojh. Ljmi dg`kihj gutirojh hjmi`kutai` hg`fi` hosjs
dij`tg`i`cg < x 7 df/birj sgmidi 9<-92 lumi`.
c) Mufom 7 – 9> tgtgs. Olit j`j dgdli`tu dg`fulib dg`kihj tiroasj` hi`
dg`furi`fj visaumirjsisj sgrti agripubi` agmg`kir tirojh. Hjfu`iai` 9>-<9 birj
sglgmud opgrisj. @idu` sgairi`f tihia hjfu`iai` mifj, omgb airg`i
propi`omom mgljb lija himid dg`furi`fj visaumirjsisj hi` agripubi` agmg`kir.
Hosjs 3 x 7-9> df/birj sgmidi 98 birj.
l. \ihjotgripj.
Dg`ffu`iai` Johjud (J939), ljisi`yi hjlgrjai` pihi pisjg` yi`f tgmib hjtgripj hg`fi`
olit i`ti-tirojh hi` tgmib dg`kihj gutirojh. J`hjaisj rihjotgripj ihimib pisjg` pihi iwim
pg`yiajt itiu pisjg` hg`fi` rgsjao ti`ffj u`tua opgrisj hi` u`tua pisjg` hg`fi` bjpotirojh
rgaurg`.
\ihjotgripj dgrupiai` ao`trij`hjaisj lifj wi`jti bidjm hi` i`ia-i`ia.
c. ^gdlghibi`.
^gdlghibi` hjmiauai` hg`fi` j`hjaisj lgrupi ; ihi`yi pgdlgsiri` agmg`kir
tbyrojh hg`fi` fgkimi pg`gai`i` lgrupi fi`ffui` dg`gmi`, suiri piriu hi` fi`ffui`
pgr`iisi`,
agfi`isi` agmg`kir tirojh, hi` aosdgtia.

:
 Lglgripi kg`js pgdlghibi` yi`f hjmiauai` ihimib ;
9) Jstbdumolgctody , dg`fi`fait jstbdus
<) Molgctody, dg`fi`fait situ molus, ljmi sultotim sjsi 3 frid
3) Xjrojhgctodj totim, sgdui agmg`kir tirojh hji`fait
8) Xjrojhgctody sultotim ljmitgrim, dg`fi`fait sglifji` molus ai`i` hi` sglifji` ajrj.

7) @gir totim tirojhgctodj , jstbdumolgctody hgxtri hi`  molgctody   sultotim sj`jstri

hi` sglimja`yi.
5) \ihjcim @gca Hjssgctio` (\@H), dg`fi`fait sgmurub kirj`fi` mjdojh pihi mgbgr sjsj yi`f
lgrsi`fauti` hg`fi` dg`ygrtiai` `grvus `iccgssorjgs, vg`i kufumirjs gastgr`i
hi` j`tgr`i, duscumus stgr`ocmgjhodistojhgus  hi` duscumus odobyojhgus  sgrti
agmg`kir muhib suldi`hjlumirjs

<.9> ^g`cgfibi`
Ihi lglgripi dicid pg`cgfibi` yi`f pgrmu hjmiauai` dg`urut (Irji`, `.h.), yijtu ;
i. ^gdlgrji` ghuaisj.
^gdlgrji` ghuaisj j`j lgrtukui` dgrulib pgrjmiau disyiriait, abusus`yi dg`fg`ij pomi diai` hi` dgdisyiriaitai`
l. ^gdlgrji` aipsum dj`yia lgrjohjud, tgrutidi lifj pg`huhua yi`f lgrihi hj wjmiyib g`hgdjc sghi`f h
c. ^g`yu`tiai` mjpjhom.
Sisiri` pg`yu`tiai` mjpjhom ihimib pg`huhua yi`f ti`ffim hj higrib g`hgdjc, hjlgrjai` g`hgdjc 8>%tifi tibu`
>,< – >,2 cc.

9
<.99 Ao`sgp Isubi` Agpgriwiti`

I. ^g`faikji`
9. Jhg`titis ^isjg` hi` ^g`i`ffu`f
Kiwil @idi ;
Kg`js Ag midj` ;

Imidit ;
Wdur ;
Suau ;
^g`hjhjai` ;
^gagrkii` ;
@o \D ;
Hjif`osg D ghjs ;
Xi`ffim D isua \ S ;
Xi`ffim ^ g`faikji` ;
@idi ^ g`i`ffu`f K iwil ;
Imidit ;
Wdur ;
^gagrkii` ;
Bulu`fi` H g`fi` ^ isjg` ;
<. Stitus Agsgbiti`
i. Agmubi` Wtidi.
^ihi amjg` prg opgrisj dg`fgmub tgrhipit pgdlgsiri` pihi mgbgr. Agsumjti` dg`gmi`
hi` lgr`ipis. ^ihi post opgrisj agmubi` yi`f hjrisiai` pihi udud`yi ihimib `ygrj
iajlit muai opgrisj.
l. \jwiyit pg`yiajt sgairi`f.
Ljisi`yi hjhibumuj omgb ihi`yi pgdlgsiri` `ohum pihi mgbgr yi`f
sgdiaj` dgdlgsir sgbj`ffi dg`fiajlitai` tgrfi`ffu`yi pgr`iisi`
airg`i pg`gai`i` triabgi gusoifus sgbj`ffi pgrmu hjmiauai` opgrisj.
c. \jwiyit pg`yiajt hibumu.
^grmu hjti`yiai` rjwiyit pg`yiajt hibumu yi`f lgrbulu`fi` hg`fi` pg`yiajt fo`hoa,
sglgmud`yi pgr`ib dg`hgrjti pg`yiajt fo`hoa.
h. \jwiyit agsgbiti` agmuirfi.
Ihiaib i`ffoti agmuirfi yi`f dg`hgrjti sidi hg`fi` amjg` siit j`j.
3. ^omi Aglutubi`

9
 i. ^gr`iisi` ; rgaug`sj pgr`iisi` dg`j`fait, tiajp`gi, hjsp`gi, ghgdi piru
(pihi arjsjs tiroasjaosjs).
l. Iativjtis/jstiribit ; j`sod`ji, otot mgdib, fi`ffui` aoorhj`isj, agmgmibi` lgrit, itroe
otot.
c. J`tgfrjtis gfo ; dg`fimidj strgss, gdosj miljm, hgprgsj.

h. Diai`i` hi` cijri` ; agbjmi`fi` `isu diai`, pg`uru`i` lgrit lihi`, tgraihi`f
`isu diai` dg`j`fait, diai` sgrj`f, agbiusi`,duim, du`tib.
g. \isi `yidi` ; ihi`yi risi `ygrj
. \isi idi` ; tihia tomgri`sj tgrbihip pi`is, agrj`fit lgrmgljbi`.
8. ^gdgrjasii` Ejsja
i. Agihii` W dud ; L ija
l. Agsihiri` ; C odpos D g`tis
c. Xi`hi-ti`hi vjtim
Xgai`i` hirib, `ihj, rgspjrisj hi` subu cg`hgru`f dg`j`fait.
h. ^gdgrjasii` Bgih to Xog ;
9) Agpimi
J`spgasj ; Lg`tua agpimi sjdgrjs, tihia ihi mgsj
^impisj ; Xjhia ihi lg`komi`, tihia ihi `ygrj tgai`/mgpis
<) Diti
J`spgasj ; Diti sjdgtrjs, ao`ku`ftivi i`gdjs, rgga pupjm jsoaor
^impisj ; Xjhia ihi fi`ffui`
3) Xgmj`fi
J`spgasj ; Lg`tua sjdgtrjs, tihia ihi sgrudg`
^impisj ; Xjhia ihi fi`ffui`
8) Dumut
J`spgasj ; Duaosi dumut mgdlil, tihia ihi mgsj
7) Mgbgr
^impisj ; Ihi pgdlgsiri` tirojh, ihi lg`komi`, sumjt dg`gmi`
5) Hihi
J`spgasj ; Sjdgtrjs
^impisj ; Xjhia ihi `ygrj
tgai` Iusaumtisj ; Xjhia ihi
fi`ffui`
^grausj ; S o`or
6) Ilhodg`

9
 J`spgasj ; Sjdgtrjs, tihia ihi
lg`faia Iusaumtisj ; Ljsj`f usus 3-97
x/dg`jt
^impisj ; Xjhia ihi `ygrj tgai`
^grausj ; Xjdpi`j
2) Fg`gtimji hi` I`us

J`spgasj ; Lgrsjb
:) Gastrgdjtis Itis
J`spgasj ; Sjdgtrjs
^impisj ; Xjhia ihi
fi`ffui` 9>) Gastrgdjtis Liwib
J`spgasj ; Sjdgtrjs
^impisj ; Xjhia ihi fi`ffui`

L. Hjif`osjs
Dg`urut (Xjd ^oaki SHAJ H^^ ^^@J, <>96).
9. Lgrsjbi` kimi` `iis tihia ggati l.h. lg`hi isj`f himid kimi` `iis h.h. sputud lgrmgljb
<. @ygrj iaut l.h. ifg` pg`cghgri esja (prosghur opgrisj) h.h. dg`fgmub `ygrj
3. Fi`ffui` aodu`jaisj vgrlim l.h. fi`ffui` `guroduscumir h.h. tihia didpu lgrljciri
itiu dg`hg`fir
8. \jsjao j`gasj l.h. gga prosghur j`visjvg h.h. ti`hiai` j`visj 
7. Hgecjt `utrjsj l.h. agtihiadidpui` dg`gmi` diai`i` h.h. `isu diai` dg`uru`
5. I`sjgtis l.h agabiwitiri` dg`fimidj agfifimi` h.h pisjg` dgrisi abiwitir tgrbihip
ao`hjsj`yi

C. J`tgrvg`sj
Dg`urut (Xjd ^oaki SMAJ H^^ ^^@J, <>9:) hi` (Xjd ^oaki SJAJ H^^ ^^@J, <>92).

HxMWI\I@J@XG\UG@SJ
9.Sgtgmib hjmiauai` j`tgrvg`sjDi`ikgdg` Kimi` @iis
agpgriwiti` sgmidi <x<8 kid,Olsgrvisj
diai Lgrsjbi` Kimi` @iis- Do`jtor pomi `iis (rgaug`sj, aghimidi`,

Dg`j`fait, hg`fi` arjtgrji usibi `ipis)

bisjm; - Do`jtor lu`yj `ipis tidlibi`

- Litua ggati 7 - Do`jtor sputud

^rohuasj sputud 7 Xgripgutia

Ergaug`sj `ipis 7 - ^osjsjai` sgdj Eowmgr itiu Eowmgr

9
 - ^omi ` - Lgrjai` j`ud b i`fit
iis 7 d
- Miauai` pg`fbjsipi` mg`hjr auri`f hirj
97 hgtia
Ghuaisj
- I`kurai` isupi` cijri` <>>> dm/birj, kjai tihia

ao`trij`hjaisj
- Ikirai` tga`ja litua ggati 
Aomilorisj

- Aomilorisj pgdlgrji` lro`aohjmitor,

<. Sgtgmib hjmiauai` gaspgatori`, duaomjtia, kjai pgrmu

j`tgrvg`sj agpgriwiti` sgmidi Di`ikgdg` @ygrj
<x<8 kid, diai Xj`fait @ygrj Olsgrvisj
Dg`uru`, hg`fi` arjtgrji
- Jhg`tieaisj moaisj, airiatgrjstia, hurisj,
bisjm;
rgaug`sj, auimjtis, j`tg`sjtis `ygrj
- Agmubi` `ygrj 7 - Jhg`tieaisj saimi `ygrj
- Dgrj`fjs 7 - Jhg`tieaisj iator yi`f dgdpgrlgrit
- Fgmjsib 7 hi` dgdpgrj`fi` `ygrj
Xgripgutia

- Lgrjai` tga`ja `o`irdiaomofjs

u`tua dg`furi`fj risi `ygrj
- ^grtidli`fai` kg`js hi` sudlgr `ygrj himid
pgdjmjbi` stritgfj dgrghiai` `ygrj
Ghuaisj
- Kgmisai` stritgfj dgrghiai` `ygrj

- I`kurai` dgdo`jtor `ygrj sgciri di`hjrj

- Ikirai` tga`ja `o`irdiaomofjs u`tua
dg`furi`fj risi `ygrj
3. Sgtgmib hjmiauai`
Aomilorisj
j`tgrvg`sj agpgriwiti` sgmidi
<x<8 kid, diai - Aomilorisj pgdglgrji` i`imfgtia, kjai pgrmu
Aodu`jaisj Ugrlim ^rodosj Aodu`jaisj; Hgesjt Ljciri
Dg`j`fait, hg`fi`
arjtgrji bisjm; Olsgrvisj
- Do`jtor agcgpiti`, tgai`i`,
- Agdidpui` lgrljciri 7
aui`titis, vomudg, hi` hjasj ljciri
- Do`jtor rustisj, dirib, hgprgsj, itiu bim
mij` yi`f dg`ffi`ffu ljciri

9
 Ghuaisj
- Fu`iai` dgtohg aodu`jaisj imtgr`itivg
(djs. dg`umjs, diti lgraghjp, pipi`
aodu`jaisj hg`fi` fidlir hi` buru, jsyirit
ti`fi`, hi` aodputgr)

- Sgsuijai` fiyi aodu`jaisj hg`fi` aglutubi`

Ghuaisj
- I`kurai` lgrljciri pgrmibi`
- Ikir,ai` pisjg` hi` agmuirfi prosgs
aof`jti, i`itodjs, hi` esjomofjs yi`f
lgrbulu`fi` hg`fi` agdidpui` lgrljciri
Aomilorisj

8. Sgtgmib hjmiauai` - \ukua ag ibmj pitomofj ljciri itiu tgripjs

j`tgrvg`sj agpgriwiti` sgmidi ^g`cgfibi` J`gasj
<x<8 kid, diai Xj`fait
Olsgrvisj
J`gasj Dg`uru`, hg`fi`
arjtgrji bisjm; - Do`jtor ti`hi hi` fgkimi j`gasj mocim
hi` sjstgdja
- @ygrj 7
Xgripgutia
- Lg`faia 7
- Lgrjai` pgriwiti` aumjt pihi irgi ghgdi
- Cucj ti`fi` sglgmud hi` sgsuhib
ao`tia hg`fi` pisjg` hi` mj`fau`fi` pisjg`
- ^grtibi`ai` tga`ja isgptic pihi
pisjg` lgrjsjao ti`ffj
Ghuaisj

- Kgmisai` ti`hi hi` fgkimi j`gasj

- Ikirai` ciri dg`cucj ti`fi` hg`fi` lg`ir

- Ikirai` ciri dgdgrjasi ao`hjsj muai itiu muai

opgrisj
Aomilorisj

- Aomilorisj pgdlgrji` jdu`jsisj, kjai pgrmu

7. Sgtgmib hjmiauai` ti`hiai` Di`ikgdg` @utrjsj
j`tgrvg`sj agpgriwiti` sgmidi Olsgrvisj
<x<8 kid, diai Stitus @utrjsj
- Jhg`tieaisj stitus `utrjsj
Dgdlija, hg`fi`
arjtgrji bisjm; - Do`jtor isupi` diai`i`
- Do`jtor lgrit lihi`

9
 - ^orsj diai`i` yi`f Xgripgutia
hjbiljsai` 7
- Miauai` orim byfjg`g sglgmud diai`
- Agauiti` otot dg`gmi` 7 - Lgrjai` diai`i` ti`ffj sgrit u`tua
- Lgrit lihi` 7 dg`cgfib ao`stipisj
- Lgrjai` diai`i` ti`ffj aimorj hi` ti`ffj

protgj`
Ghuaisj
- I`kurai` posjsj huhua, kjai didpu
Aomilorisj

- Aomilorisj pgdlgrji` dghjaisj

sglgmud diai` (djs. pgrghi `ygrj,
i`tmgdgtia), kjai pgrmu
- Aomilorisj hg`fi` ibmj fjzj u`tua dg`gtuai`
 kudmib aimorj hi` kg`js `utrjg`t yi`f
hjlutubai`, kjai pgrmu
5. Sgtgmib hjmiauai` j`tgrvg`sj
\ghuasj I`sjgtis
agpgriwiti` sgmidi <x<8 kid,
diai , hg`fi` arjtgrji bisjm; Olsgrvisj
- Ugrlimjsisj aglj`fu`fi` 7 - Jhg`tieaisj siit ti`fait i`sjgtis lgrulib
- ^grjmiau fgmjsib 7 (djs ao`hjsj,wiatu,strgsor)
- ^grjmiau tgfi`f 7 - Jhg`tieaisj agdidpui`
dg`fidljm agputusi`
- Do`jtor ti`hi ti`hi i`sjgtis(vgrlim
`o`vgrlim)
Xgripgutia

- Hg`firai` hg`fi` pg`ub pgrbitii`

- ^ibidj sjtuisj yi`f dgdluit i`sjgtis
- Xgdi`j pisjg` u`tua dg`furi`fj agcgdisi`,
 kjai dgdu`faj`ai`
Ghuaisj

- Kgmisai` prosghur, tgrdisua sg`sisj

yi`f du`faj` hjimidj
- I`kurai` agmuirfi u`tua tgtip
lgrsidi pisjg`, kjai pgrmu
- I`kurai` dg`fu`faipai` pgrisii` hi`

9
prgsgpsj

9
 LIL JJJ

ISWBI@ AG^G\IVIXI@ HG@FI@ AISWS SGDW

3.9 Aisus
@y. I hiti`f ag JFH \S ^gmjti Biripi` hg`fi` agmubi` agsumjti` dg`gmi` airg`i ihi lg`komi`
pihi mgbgr sgkia 3 tibu` yi`f mimu. ^isjg` dgrisi cgdis hg`fi` agihii``yi siit j`j,
pisjg` dg`fitiai` libwi iabjr-iabjr j`j dg`fimidj agsumjti` u`tua tihur. ^isjg` kufi
dg`fitiai` aimiu lgrit lihi``yi kufi dg`fimidj pg`uru`i` sglgmud siajt 7> af siit siajt
dg`kihj 87 af. ^isjg` tihia dgdjmjaj rjwiyit pg`yiajt tgrtg`tu. Hoatgr dg`yiri`ai` pisjg`
u`tua dg`kimi`j opgrisj.
3.< ^g`faikji`
I. Jhg`titis ^isjg`
@idi ; @y. I
XXM ; X rg`ffimga, 9 9 @ ovgdlgr 9 :22
Wdur ; 3 < X ibu`
Kg`js agmidj` ; ^grgdpui`
Ifidi ; Js mid
Suau li`fsi ; Su`hi/J`ho`gsji
^g`hjhjai` tgriabjr ; SD^
^gagrkii` ; J lu \ udib X i`ffi
Stitus pgraiwj`i` ; Aiwj`
Imidit ; Hs Fgdibirko \X 9 \V 7 Agc. Vitumjdo Ail.
Xgr`ffimga Xi`ffim disua \S ; 98 Ifustus <><> Kid ;
>:.96 VJL
Xi`ffim pg`faikji` ; 98 Ifustus <><> Kid ; 99.<> VJL
L. \jwiyit Agsgbiti`
Amjg` i. Agmubi`
utidi
^isjg` dg`fitiai` sumjt dg`gmi`
l. \jwiyit ^g`yiajt Sgairi`f
@y. I dg`fimidj agsumjti` dg`gmi` airg`i ihi lg`komi` pihi mgbgr sgkia 3 tibu` yi`f
mimu.
l. \jwiyit Agsgbiti` Disi Mimu
^isjg` @y. I dg`fitiai` libwi ji tihia dgdpu`yij pg`yiajt mij` sgmij` lg`komi` pihi

mgbgr. @y I kufi dg`fitiai` libwi tihia pgr`ib disua \S hi` dg`hipit opgrisj.
c. \jwiyit ^g`yiajt Agmuirfi

9
 @y. I dg`fitiai` libwi himid agmuirfi tihia ihi yi`f pgr`ib dg`fimidj pg`yiajt
yi`f sgmidi j`j hj hgrjti`yi.
C. ^omi Iativjtis

@o Kg`js Iativjtis Sglgmud siajt Sgsuhib siajt

9. ^omi diai` hi` Dj`ud
Diai`

  kg`js Diai`i` @isj, hifj`f, siyur 3xsgbirj

Lulur, hi` siyur
Ergawg`sj 9 porsj < x sgbirj
Kudmib Diai`i` ^ihit, cijr ´ porsj
Lg`tua Diai`i` Xjhia ihi  Cijr, pihit lgrauib
Diai`i` pi`ti`fi` Dj`ud Xjhia ihi
Kg`js Dj`udi`
Ergawg`sj
Kudmib Dj`udi`
 Ijr, aihi`f susu  Ijr 7xsgbirj
 5x sgbirj  7 fgmis
 5 fgmis

<. ^omi Gmjdj`isj LIL

Ergawg`sj
<x sgbirj 9x sgbirj


Kudmib
Ao`sjstg`sj <<aimj
^ihit cijr 9Mgdlga
aimj
Liu LIA Abis gsgs Abis gsgs
Ergawg`sj
Kudmib
Vir`i 7x sgbirj 7aimj 7x sgbirj 7aimj
Liu Au`j`f kgr`jb Au`j`f kgr`jb
Abis ido`ja Abis ido`ja

3. ^omi jstiribit/tihur
Sji`f; wiatu, midi, auimjtis <kid  < kid
Dimid; wiatu, midi,
auimjtis
2 kid 2 kid

8. ^grso`im byfjg`g
Di`hj < x sgbirj < x sgbirj
Cucj \idlut < aimj sgdj`ffu < aimj sgdj`ffu
Fosoa Fjfj < aimj sgbirj < aimj sgbirj
Fi`ti ^iaiji` < aimj sgbirj < aimj sgbirj
Fu`ti`f Auau 9 dj`ffu sgaimj 9 dj`ffu sgaimj

7. ^omi Iativjtis/Mitibi` Ejsja

Doljmjsisj/ kg`js iativjtis Xjhia i hi Xjhia i hi
Viatu/rgawg`sj

9
 5. Agljisii` mij`
Dgroaoa Xjhia Xjhia
Imcobom  Xjhia Xjhia

H. ^gdgrjasii` Ejsja
i. Agihii`
Wdud
Xj`fait agsihiri`; codposdg`tis, hg`fi` G; 8, U; 7, D; 5, kudmib; 97
I`topodgtrj LL sglgmud siajt 7> af, LL sgmidi siajt 87 af
Xi`hi-ti`hi Ujtim
\\ ; 95 x/dg`jt
@ihj ; :< x/dg`jt
Xgai`i` hirib ; 99>/2> ddBf
 Subu ; 35,2
l. ^gdgrjasii` ^gr
systgd L9; Sjstgd
pgr`ipisi`
  \gspjrisj 95x/dg`jt, hg`fi` jridi tgritur i`tiri j`spjrisj hi` gaspjrisj,
tihia ihi pg`ffu`ii` otot li`tu `ipis, tihia tgrpisi`f O<, tihia tgrkihj
agmij`i` pihi pg`fgdli`fi` piru, suiri `ipis vgsjaumgr, pihi pgdgrjasii` pboto
tboria tihia ihi XL piru, tihia ihi sgsia `ipis, tihia ihi pgr`ipisi` cupj`f bjhu`f
hi` tihia ihi litua.
-
 
L<; Sjstgd airhjovisaumgr
Xgai`i` hirib 99>/2> ddBf, hg`fi` jridi ki`tu`f tgritur, tihia ihi rjwiyit pg`yiajt
 ki`tu`f, tihia ihi `ygrj hihi, lu`yj kitu`f `ordim tgrhg`fir mup hup, C\X =3 hgtia, iarim
bi`fit. -
 
L3; Sjstgd pgrsirii`/`guromofjs
FCS kudmib 97 hg`fi` prgsg`tisj G;8, U;7, D; 5. \gga esjomofjs sgpgrti pitgmmi, ljcgps
hi` trjcgps `ordim, rgga pitomofjs lily`say posjti, tihia ihi fi`ffui` tihur, pupjm
jsboaor, scmgri putib, ao`ku`ftivi dgrib duhib, rgga cibiyi posjti, lg`tua
tgmj`fi, dumut, bjhu`f `ordim hi` tihia ihi fi`ffui`, pihi mgbgr tgrhipit lg`komi`. -
 
L8; Sjstgd pgragdjbi`
Kudmib urj`g 7>> cc/kid, wir`i urj`g au`j`f kgr`jb, liu abis ido`jia,
tihia ihi
pg`ffu`ii` imit li`tu aitgtgr, tihia ihi pgdlgsiri` ai`hu`f agdjb, tihia ihi `ygrj
tgai` pihi ai`hu`f agdjb. -

<
  
L7; Sjstgd pg`cgr`ii`
@ipsu diai` dg`uru`, porsj diai` tihia hj biljsai`, duaosi dumut mgdlil,
agsumjti` himid dg`gmi` diai`i` airg`i ihi`yi lg`komi` pihi mgbgr, tihia ihi
`ygrj tgai` pihi ilhodg`, lg`tu ilhodg` riti, pgrjstimtic usus
9>x/dg`jt, tihia tgrkihj

pgdlgsiri` bgpir hi` pgdlgsiri` mjdpi, LIL < aimj sgbirj hg`fi` ao`sjstg`sj mgdlga.
-
 
L5; Sjstgd dusaomosamgtim/j`tgfudg`t
Agdidpuidpui` pgrfgriai` sg`hj lglis, wir`i aumjt siwo diti`f hi` tihia ihi
jatgrja hi` sji`osjs, turfor aumjt lija, tihia ghgdi pihi gastgrdjtis itis
hi` gastgrdjtis liwib, agauiti` otot `ordim.

G. Hiti ^sjao-Sosjim-Spjrjtuim
9. Hiti ^sjaomofjs @y. I dg`fitiai` abiwitir hg`fi` pg`yiajt`yi hi` prosgs
opgrisj yi`f iai` hj bihipj. ^isjg` tidpia cgdis, hi` li`iya lgrti`yi tg`ti`f prosgs
opgrisj yi`f ai` hj miauai` pihi`yi hi` hidpia`yi siit dg`kimi`j iativjtis sgbirj-
birj, pisjg` tidpia abiwitir hg`fi` agfifimi` pihi opgrisj.
<. Hiti Sosjim Bulu`fi` pisjg` hg`fi` ori`f mij` lija tgrluati pisjg` hipit
lgrj`tgriasj hg`fi` pisjg` mij` yi`f hj riwit, hi` pisjg` @y. I hipit aoopgriti
hjdi`i pisjg` dg`grjdi sgdui ti`hiai` yi`f hj lgrjai` omgb pgriwit diupu`
hoatgr. ^gri` hi`
u`fsj pisjg` himid agmuirfi ihimib sglifij jlu rudib ti`ffi yi`f dg`fitur sgdui
aglutubi` i`ia hi` suidj, hi` pisjg` tihia hipit dgmiasi`iai` airg`i hjriwit hj \S.
3. Hiti Spjrjtuim @y. I sgmimu lgrhoi ifir hipit sgfgri hj opgrisj hi` cgpit
sgdlub.
^isjg` yiaj` libwi hg`fi` pgrtomo`fi` Xubi` pisjg` @y. I iai`
dg`hipitai` agsgbiti` sgpgrti sghjiaimi.

E. ^gdgrjasii` ^g`u`ki`f
9. ^boto Xborias
Amj`js; Xudor tbyrojh ljmitgrim suspga dimjf`i`t.
SXJ;
Xidpia liyi`fi` opia hg`sjtis so. Xjssug hg`fi` amisjeaisj hj higrib commj i`tgrjor
ajrj yi`f dg`horo`f aomod uhiri ag ai`i`.
Aomod uhiri himid mirj`f hi` irj`f himid litis `ordim.

<
 \gtropbiryfgim hi` rgtropbiryfgim spicg tihia dgmglir.
Gpjfmottis hi` visaumi himid litis `ordim.
Agsi`;
Dissi kirj`fi` mu`im hg`fi` amisjeaisj hj commj i`tgrjor ajrj yi`f dg`horo`f aomod uhiri
ag ai`i`, aomod uhiri disjb tgrluai.

Xboria;
Eoto isjdgtrjs hi` auri`f
j`spjrisj Cor tihia dgdlgsir
Sj`usgs hi` hjifrifdi `ordim.
Xidpia liyi`fi` opia sidipij sgti`ffj pirivgrtglri Xb 3 yi`f dg`horo`f triagi
ai`i`.
^umdo;
Bjmm `ordim
Coriai` lro`aovisaumgr `ordim
Xjhia tidpia lgrcia mu`ia.
Agsi`;
Strudi j`tritboriaim
Xjhia tidpia XL piru
iati
Xjhia tidpia airhjodgfimj

<. \ihjomofj/WSF
^gdgrjasii` WSF tbyrojh
Sci``j`f tirojh ai`i` Wauri` auri`f mgljb <:,8> x 92,5> x <:,8> dd,
tgastruatur, pirg`ajd bodofg`y, tidpia mgsj dumtipmg i`gabomja, litis tgfis, tgpj
rgmitivg rgfumir, hg`fi` uauri` tgrlgsir auri`f mgljb 5,3 x 3,6 dd. ^ihi
comor Hoppmgr tidpia visaumirjsisj hj himid`yi.
Sci``j`f tirojh ajrj Wauri` auri`f mgljb mgljb 9< x 2 x 2 cd (di`uim),
tgastruatur pirg`ajd bodofg`y. Xidpia mgsj dumtipmg i`gabomja, litis tgfis, tgpj
rgmitivg rgfumir.
^ihi comor Hoppmgr tidpia visaumirjsisj hj himid`yi.
Sci``j`f higrib commj ai`i` hi` ajrj Xjhia tidpia liyi`fi` bjpoabomja h.
Agsi`;
^gdlgsiri` tirojh ajrj hg`fi` dumtipmg hj himid`yi.
Dissi cidpuri` hodj`i` somjh pihi tirojh ai`i`

<
 Xjhia tidpia pgdlgsiri` agmg`kir Fgtib Lg`j`f hj higrib commj ljmitgrim.

F. ^gdgrjasii` Hirib

^gdgrjasii` BGDIXOMOFJ Bisjm @jmij @ordim

Disi ^botbrodljd
J@\ >,:2 >,29-9,<
I^XX Bgditomofj hi` 93,2
8>,8 99,:-97,:
<<,8-8<,8
^iridgtgr
Bgdofmolj` 9<,5 ^ 9<,>-95,>
Bgditoarjt 3: ^ 37-86
Mgaosjt 2,2>> 88>>-993>>
Grjtrosjt 8,56 ^ 3,5-7,2
Xrodlosjt 388,>>> 97>>>>-87>>>>
J`hgx Grjtrosjt
DCU 2<,6  2>-9>>
DCB <6,> <5-38
DCBC 3<,5 3<-35
AJDJI AMJ@JA
Imludj` 8,< 3,7-7
Xotim ^rotgj` 5,2 5,5-5,6
Wrgud << 97-7>
Argiti`j` >,6> ^. o,7->,:
Fmuaosi Hirib Sgwiatu 27 = 98>
@itrjud (@i) 932 937-987
Aimjud (A)  8,9 3,5-7,7
Cimcjud (Ci lglis) 7,>8 8,6-7,<

Sgtgmib dg`kimi`j opgrisj @y. I dg`fgmub `ygrj hjlifji` muai opgrisj, pisjg` kufi tidpia
dgrj`fjs,lgrsjaip protgati hjti`hij hg`fi` sgrj`f dgdgfi`fj lifji` muai, rgaug`sj `ihj kufi
dg`j`fait 9>7x/dg`jt , hi` fgmjsib.

<
3.3 I`imjsi Hiti

Hiti Gtiomofj Disimib

HS ; pisjg` dg`fitiai` sumjt
Hgesjg`sj johjud, agmij`i` Hgecjt `utrjsj
dg`gmi` dgtilomjc ao`fj`gtim,
pg`fbidlit sj`tgsi
HO ; lgrit lihi`
bordo` omgb zit ajdji hi`
dg`uru` hirj 7> af
dg`kihj 87 af olit

Strudi `ohumir `o` toasja

Xudlub hjkirj`fi` tirojh

Hjsifji

Sumjt dg`gmi`

J`tiag `utrjsj
auri`f

Hgecjt `utrjsj

HS ; pisjg` Strudi `ohumir `o` toasja @ygrj iaut

dg`fitiai`
`ygrj lgais opgrisj ^gdlghibi`

HO ; Muai j`sjsj hjsao`ti`ujtis kirj`fi`

pisjg` tidpia dgrj`fjs,
pisjg` lgrsjaip protgati,
@ ; 9>7x/d`t
Fgmjsib
^gmgpisi` dghjitor `ygrj
lrihjaj`j` prostifmi`hj`
bjstidj`
Dgri`fsi`f `osjrgsgptor

^grsgpsj

`ygrj @ygrj

iaut

<
 Hiti Gtiomofj Disimib
HS ; Strudi `ohumir `o` toasja I`sjgtis
pisjg` dg`fitiai` libwi
hji dgrisi cgdis
J`hjaisj prosghur pgdlghibi`
 
pisjg` dg`fitiai` sumjt

tihur ^grulibi` stitus agsgbiti`

HO ;
^isjg` tidpia fgmjsib
I`sjgtis

^isjg` tidpia tgfi`f

^isjg` sumjt tihur
^gdlghibi` tgrbihip
Strudi `ohumir `o` toasja \gsa
j o j`gasj

strudi `ohumir `o` toasja

iai` dg`yglilai` ^gdlghibi`

pgrmuaii`, hg`fi` ihi`yi

pgrmuaii` tgrsglut iai`
^j`tu disua audi`

dgdpgrduhib disua`yi
audi` hi` liatgrj sgbj`ffiDgdpgrduhib disua`yi audi`

iai` dg`yglilai` rgsjao hi` liatgrj

j`gasj kjai tihia hjriwit

hg`fi` lg`ir
\gsjao j`gasj

3.8 Hjif`osi

9. @ygrj iaut l.h  ifg` pg`cghgri esja h.h pisjg` dg`fgmub `ygrj hjlifji` lgais
opgrisj,

pisjg` tidpia dgrj`fjs, @ 9>7x/d`t

<. I`sjgtis l.h agabiwitiri` dg`fimidj agfifimi` h.h pisjg` dgrisi abiwitir
tgrbihip
ao`hjsj`yi, pisjg` tidpia fgmjsib, tgfi`f hi` sumjt tihur
3. \gsjao j`gasj h.h gga prosghur j`visj 
8. Hgecjt `utrjsj l.h agtihiadidpui` dg`gmi` diai`i` h.h sumjt dg`gmi`

3.7 J`tgrvg`sj

<
Hx MWI\I@ J@XG\UG@SJ
9. Sgtgmib hjmiauai` Di`ikgdg` @ygrj
j`tgrvg`sj agpgriwiti`
sgmidi <x<8 Olsgrvisj
 kid, diai , hg`fi` - Jhg`tieaisj moaisj, airiatgrjstia, hurisj,
arjtgrji bisjm; rgaug`sj, auimjtis, j`tg`sjtis `ygrj
Sgtgmib hjmiauai`
- Jhg`tieaisj saimi `ygrj
j`tgrvg`sj - Jhg`tieaisj iator yi`f dgdpgrlgrit
agpgriwiti` sgmidi
hi` dgdpgrj`fi` `ygrj
<x<8 kid, diai
Xgripgutia
Xj`fait @ygrj
Dg`uru`, hg`fi` arjtgrji - Lgrjai` tga`ja `o`irdiaomofjs
bisjm; u`tua dg`furi`fj risi `ygrj
- ^grtidli`fai` kg`js hi` sudlgr
- Agmubi` `ygrj 7
`ygrj himid pgdjmjbi` stritgfj dgrghiai`
- Dgrj`fjs 7
`ygrj
- Fgmjsib 7
Ghuaisj

- Kgmisai` stritgfj dgrghiai` `ygrj

- I`kurai` dgdo`jtor `ygrj sgciri di`hjrj
- Ikirai` tga`ja `o`irdiaomofjs
u`tua dg`furi`fj risi `ygrj
Aomilorisj

<. Sgtgmib hjmiauai` - Aomilorisj pgdglgrji` i`imfgtia,

j`tgrvg`sj agpgriwiti`
sgmidi <x<8 kjai pgrmu
 kid, diai , hg`fi` \ghuasj I`sjgtis
arjtgrji bisjm; Olsgrvisj
- Ugrlimjsisj
- Jhg`tieaisj siit ti`fait i`sjgtis
aglj`fu`fi` 7
lgrulib (djs ao`hjsj,wiatu,strgsor)
- ^grjmiau fgmjsib 7 - Jhg`tieaisj agdidpui`
- ^grjmiau tgfi`f 7 dg`fidljm agputusi`
- Do`jtor ti`hi ti`hi i`sjgtis(vgrlim
`o`vgrlim)
Xgripgutia

- Hg`firai` hg`fi` pg`ub pgrbitii`

- ^ibidj sjtuisj yi`f dgdluit i`sjgtis
- Xgdi`j pisjg` u`tua dg`furi`fj

agcgdisi`, kjai dgdu`faj`ai`

Ghuaisj

<

3. Sgtgmib hjmiauai` j`tgrvg`sj
^g`cgfibi` J`gasj
agpgriwiti` sgmidi
<x<8 Olsgrvisj
 kid, diai , hg`fi`
arjtgrji bisjm;
- @ygrj 7
- Lg`faia 7
8. Sgtgmib hjmiauai` j`tgrvg`sj
agpgriwiti` sgmidi
<x<8
 kid, diai , hg`fi`
arjtgrji bisjm;
- ^orsj diai`i`
yi`f hjbiljsai` 7
- Agauiti` otot dg`gmi` 7
- Lgrit lihi` 7
- Kgmisai` prosghur, tgrdisua sg`sisj
yi`f du`faj` hjimidj
- I`kurai` agmuirfi u`tua tgtip
lgrsidi pisjg`, kjai pgrmu
- I`kurai` dg`fu`faipai` pgrisii` hi`
prgsgpsj
- Do`jtor ti`hi hi` fgkimi j`gasj mocim
hi` sjstgdja
Xgripgutia
- Lgrjai` pgriwiti` aumjt pihi irgi ghgdi
- Cucj ti`fi` sglgmud hi` sgsuhib
ao`tia hg`fi` pisjg` hi` mj`fau`fi`
pisjg`
- ^grtibi`ai` tga`ja isgptic pihi
pisjg` lgrjsjao ti`ffj
Ghuaisj
- Kgmisai` ti`hi hi` fgkimi j`gasj
- Ikirai` ciri dg`cucj ti`fi`
hg`fi` lg`ir
- Ikirai` ciri dgdgrjasi ao`hjsj muai
itiu muai opgrisj
Aomilorisj
Aomilorisj pgdlgrji` jdu`jsisj, kjai pgrmu
Di`ikgdg` @utrjsj
Olsgrvisj
- Jhg`tieaisj stitus `utrjsj
- Do`jtor isupi` diai`i`
- Do`jtor lgrit lihi`
Xgripgutia
- Miauai` orim byfjg`g sglgmud diai`
- Lgrjai` diai`i` ti`ffj sgrit
u`tua dg`cgfib ao`stipisj
- Lgrjai` diai`i` ti`ffj aimorj hi`
ti`ffj protgj`
<
Ghuaisj
I`kurai` posjsj huhua, kjai didpu
Aomilorisj
Aomilorisj pgdlgrji` dghjaisj sglgmud diai` (djs. pgrghi `ygrj, i

pgrmu
-Aomilorisj hg`fi` ibmj fjzj u`tua
dg`gtuai` kudmib aimorj hi` kg`js
`utrjg`t yi`f hjlutubai`, kjai pgrmu

<
 LIL JU

^G@WXW^

8.9 Agsjdpumi`
Strudi ihimib pgdlgsiri` agmg`kir tirojh sglifij iajlit pgrtudlubi` uauri` sgm/kirj`fi`.
Lgrlifij iator hjjhg`tieaisj sglifij pg`yglil tgrkihj`yi strudi simib situ`yi
ihimib hgesjg`sj yohjud. Fgkimi strudi yi`f sgrj`f du`cum yijtu mgbgr lgrtidlib lgsir
itiupu`
tihia, suiri sgria itiu piriu, `ohum tu`ffim itiu fi`hi, tgs Xbyrojh Stidumiti`f Bordo`g (XSB)
sgrud dg`j`fait.
8.3 Siri`
Sgtgmib dgdlici diaimib j`j, du`faj` aodg`tir yi`f tidlum ihimib risi`yi disjb li`yia
bim yi`f lgmud hj kiwil sgciri tu`tis hi` dg`ygmurub dg`fg`ij Strudi, diaimib j`j kiub hirj
sgdpur`i, u`tua jtu aidj dg`grjdi agrjtia, usum, hi` siri`.

<
 HIEXI\ ^WSXIAI

Irji`, H. (`.h.). SX\WDI @JC @OC.  \gtrjgvgh Sgptgdlgr <7, <><>, rod
bttps;//www.icihgdji.ghu/3>3><858/SX\WDI_@JC_@OC
 Isagp Strudi. (`.h.). \gtrjgvgh Sgptgdlgr <7, <><>, rod

bttps;//jh.scrjlh.cod/hoc/<7>753<56/Isagp-Strudi
Lil 9. (`.h.). \gtrjgvgh Sgptgdlgr <7, <><>, rod bttp;//gprj`ts.udd.ic.jh/7<9<>/</LIL J ^HE.ph 
Hwj, E. (`.h.). MI^O\I@ ^G@HIBWMWI@ ISWBI@ AG^G\IVIXI@ ^IHI ^ISJG@ HG@FI@ SX\WDI
@OHWSI @O@ XOASJA (S@@X). \gtrjgvgh Sgptgdlgr <7, <><>,
rod bttps;//www.icihgdji.ghu/368823>2/MI^O\I@_^G@HIBWMWI@_ISWBI@_AG^G\
IVIXI@_^ IHI_^ISJG@_HG@FI@_SX\WDI_@OHWSI_@O@_XOASJA_S@@X_
^itbwiys S``t.  (`.h.). \gtrjgvgh Sgptgdlgr <7, <><>, rod
bttps;//jh.scrjlh.cod/hocudg`t/368599987/^itbwiys-S``t
Strudi. (`.h.). \gtrjgvgh Sgptgdlgr <7, <><>, rod
bttp;//rgposjtory.pomtgaags- tka.ic.jh/9>98/8/LIL J.ph 
Xjd ^oaki SHAJ H^^ ^^@J. (<>96). Sti`hir Hjif`osjs Agpgriwiti` J`ho`gsji . Hgwi` ^g`furus ^usit
^^@J.
Xjd ^oaki SJAJ H^^ ^^@J. (<>92). Sti`hir J`tgrvg`sj Agpgriwiti` J`ho`gsji. Hgwi` ^g`furus ^usit
^^@J.
Xjd ^oaki SMAJ H^^ ^^@J. (<>9:). Sti`hir Muiri` Agpgriwiti` J`ho`gsji. Hgwi` ^g`furus ^usit
^^@J.