Force of attraction  7

Very strong  8 Strong but weaker than  9 Very weak

between particles Sangat kuat in solid Sangat lemah
Daya tarikan antara zarah Kuat tetapi lebih lemah
daripada dalam pepejal

Energy content of
particles
Kandungan tenaga zarah
10 The energy content is 11 The energy content is 12 The energy content is
very low. higher than solid but very high.
Kandungan tenaga adalah lower than gas. Kandungan tenaga adalah
sangat rendah. Kandungan tenaga adalah sangat tinggi.
lebih tinggi daripada pepejal
tetapi lebih rendah daripada
gas.

Quick Notes
 1 Heating curve of a substance:
Lengkung pemanasan suatu bahan:
Temperature (°C)
Suhu

D E
Boiling point
Takat didih
Melting point B C
Takat lebur

A Time (min)
t1 t2 t3 t4 Masa

Part
AB BC CD DE EF
Bahagian
Physical state Solid Solid + Liquid Liquid Liquid + Gas Gas
Keadaan fizikal Pepejal Pepejal + Cecair Cecair Cecair + Gas Gas

The temperature is constant at BC and DE because the heat energy absorbed by the particles is used to
overcome the forces between particles until the physical state changes.
Suhu adalah malar di BC dan DE kerana tenaga haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah digunakan untuk mengatasi daya
tarikan di antara zarah sehingga keadaan fizikal berubah.

 2 Cooling curve of a substance at room temperature:

Lengkung penyejukan suatu bahan pada suhu bilik:
Temperature (°C)
Suhu

P
Q R

S T
Freezing point
Takat beku

U
A Time (min)
t1 t2 t3 t4
Masa

Part
PQ QR RS ST TU
Bahagian

Physical state Gas Gas + Liquid Liquid Liquid + Solid Solid

Keadaan fizikal Gas Gas + Cecair Cecair Cecair + Pepejal Pepejal

Modul F4 Chemistry(2).indd 9 25/10/2021 4:49 PM