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BAB

CHAPTER
Ekosistem
2 Ecosistem

Eksperimen Penyesuaian Hidupan terhadap Alam Sekitar


Experiment 2.1 Adaptation of Life on the Environment

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji kesan suhu, cahaya dan kelembapan terhadap taburan
AIM
organisma. / To study the effects of temperature, light and humidity on the
distribution of organisms.

PERNYATAAN MASALAH Apakah kesan suhu, cahaya dan kelembapan terhadap taburan kutu kayu?
PROBLEM STATEMENT
What is the effect of temperature, light and humidity on the distribution of
woodlice?

RADAS Bikar, termometer, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen, piring petri dengan
APPARATUS
pembahagi, penutup piring petri, kasa dawai, jam randik, kertas hitam
Beaker, thermometer, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, petri dish with partition,
petri dish lid, wire gauze, stopwatch, black paper

BAHAN Kutu kayu, air, kalsium klorida kontang


MATERIAL
Woodlice, water, anhydrous calcium chloride

A Kesan suhu terhadap taburan organisma


The effect of temperature on the distribution of organisms

HIPOTESIS Kutu kayu lebih banyak berkumpul di kawasan yang bersuhu sederhana.
HYPOTHESIS
Woodlice gather more at the medium temperature area.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Suhu


VARIABLES
Manipulated: Temperature
(b) Bergerak balas: Bilangan kutu kayu yang berkumpul, taburan kutu kayu
Responding: Number of woodlice gather, distribution of woodlice
(c) Dimalarkan: Cahaya, kelembapan, bilangan kutu kayu
Constant: Light, humidity, number of woodlice

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE Penutup piring petri Kutu kayu
Petri dish lid Woodlice

Kasar dawai
Wire gauze

K L
Air 60 °C Air 30 °C
Water 60 °C Water 30 °C

1 Masukkan sebanyak 20 ml air ke dalam bikar dan panaskan air sehingga


suhu 60 °C kemudian masukkan ke dalam piring petri di bahagian K.
Pour 20 ml of water in the beaker and heat it until the temperature of
60 °C then pour into partition K of petri dish.
2 Masukkan sebanyak 20 ml air ke dalam bikar dan panaskan suhu
sehingga 30 °C kemudian masukkan ke dalam piring petri di bahagian L.
Pour 20 ml of water in the beaker and heat it until the temperature of
30 °C then pour into partition L of petri dish.
3 Letakkan kasa dawai di atas piring petri mengikut ukuran diameter piring
petri. / Put the wire gauze on the petri dish which follow the diametric
size of petri dish.
4 Letakkan 14 ekor kutu kayu di atas kasa dawai dan tutupkan dengan
penutup piring petri.
Put 14 woodlice on the wire gauze and cover with petri dish lid.
5 Catatkan bilangan kutu kayu di setiap bahagian selepas lima minit.
Record the number of wood lice at each partition after five minutes.

KEPUTUSAN Bahagian / Partition K L


RESULT
Bilangan kutu katu / Number of woodlice 4 10

KESIMPULAN Hipotesis diterima / Hypothesis is accepted.


CONCLUSION

B Kesan cahaya terhadap taburan organisma


The effect of light on the distribution of organisms

HIPOTESIS Kutu kayu lebih banyak berkumpul di kawasan yang gelap.


HYPOTHESIS
Woodlice gather more at the dark area.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Cahaya


VARIABLES Manipulated: Light
(b) Bergerak balas: Bilangan kutu kayu yang berkumpul, taburan kutu kayu
Responding: Number of woodlice gather, distribution of woodlice
(c) Dimalarkan: Suhu, kelembapan, bilangan kutu kayu
Constant: Temperature, humidity, number of woodlice


PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE Kertas hitam / Black paper

M N

Air / Water

1 Masukkan 20 ml air ke dalam piring petri di bahagian M dan 20 ml air


di bahagian N.
Pour 20 ml of water each into partition M and N of petri dish.
2 Letakkan kasa dawai di atas piring petri mengikut ukuran diameter
piring petri. / Put the wire gauze on the petri dish which follow the
diametric size of petri dish.
3 Letakkan 14 ekor kutu kayu di atas kasa dawai dan tutupkan dengan
penutup piring petri.
Put 14 woodlice on the wire gauze and cover with petri dish lid.
4 Tutupkan bahagian M dengan kertas hitam untuk mengelakkan cahaya
masuk.
Cover the partition M with black paper to avoid the light enter into it.
5 Catatkan bilangan kutu kayu di setiap bahagian selepas lima minit.
Record the number of woodlice at each partition after five minutes.

KEPUTUSAN Bahagian / Partition M N


RESULT
Bilangan kutu katu / Number of woodlice 11 3

KESIMPULAN Hipotesis diterima.


CONCLUSION Hypothesis is accepted.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

C Kesan kelembapan terhadap taburan organisma


The effect of humidity on the distribution of organisms

HIPOTESIS Kutu kayu lebih banyak berkumpul di kawasan yang lembap.


HYPOTHESIS Woodlice gather more at the damp area.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Kelembapan


VARIABLES Manipulated: Humidity
(b) Bergerak balas: Bilangan kutu kayu yang berkumpul, taburan kutu kayu
Responding: Number of woodlice gather, distribution of woodlice
(c) Dimalarkan: Suhu, cahaya, bilangan kutu kayu
Constant: Temperature, light, number of woodlice

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE
Kalsium klorida
kontang
Anhydrous calcium
P Q chloride

Air / Water

1 Masukkan 20 ml air ke dalam piring petri di bahagian P dan satu spatula


kalsium klorida kontang di bahagian Q.
Pour 20 ml of water into partition P and a spatula of anhydrous calcium
chloride into partition Q of petri dish.
2 Letakkan kasa dawai di atas piring petri mengikut ukuran diameter piring
petri. / Put the wire gauze on the petri dish which follow the diametric
size of petri dish.
3 Letakkan 14 ekor kutu kayu di atas kasa dawai dan tutupkan dengan
penutup piring petri.
Put 14 woodlice on the wire gauze and cover with petri dish lid.
4 Catatkan bilangan kutu kayu di setiap bahagian selepas lima minit.
Record the number of woodlice at each partition after five minutes.

KEPUTUSAN Bahagian / Partition P Q


RESULT
Bilangan kutu katu / Number of woodlice 12 2

KESIMPULAN Hipotesis diterima. / Hypothesis is accepted.


CONCLUSION

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BAB
CHAPTER
Nutrisi
3 Nutrition

Eksperimen Menguji Kehadiran Kanji, Glukosa, Protein dan Lemak dalam Makanan
Experiment 3.1 Test the Presence of Starch, Glucose, Protein and Fat in Foods

Ujian makanan / Food test

TUJUAN Menguji kehadiran kanji, glukosa, protein dan lemak dalam makanan
AIM
To test the presence of starch, glucose, protein and fat in food

RADAS Tabung uji, bikar 250 cm3, corong turas, kertas turas, penitis, tungku kaki
APPARATUS
tiga, penunu Bunsen, kasa dawai, kepingan asbestos, rak tabung uji
Test tubes, 250 cm3 beakers, filter funnel, filter paper, dropper, tripod stand,
Bunsen burner, wire gauze, asbestos sheet, test tube rack

BAHAN Kanji, albumen, minyak masak, larutan glukosa, larutan iodin, larutan
MATERIAL
Benedict, reagen Millon, etanol, air suling
Starch, albumen, cooking oil, glucose solution, iodine solution, Benedict’s
solution, Millon’s reagent, ethanol, distilled water

A Ujian untuk kanji – Ujian Iodin / Test for starch – Iodine test

PROSEDUR 1 Masukkan 3 cm3 kanji ke dalam tabung uji.


PROCEDURE
Put 3 cm3 of starch into a test tube.
2 Tambah dua hingga tiga titis larutan iodin ke dalam tabung uji.
Add two to three drops of iodine solution into the test tube.
3 Rekod sebarang perubahan yang berlaku. / Record any changes.

Larutan iodin
Iodine solution

Kanji
Starch

PEMERHATIAN Larutan kanji menjadi biru tua.


OBSERVATION
The starch solution turns dark blue.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

B Ujian untuk glukosa (gula ringkas) – Ujian Benedict


Tests for glucose (simple sugar) – Benedict’s test

PROSEDUR 1 Masukkan 3 cm3 glukosa ke dalam tabung uji.


PROCEDURE
Put 3 cm3 of glucose into a test tube.
2 Tambah dua hingga tiga titis larutan Benedict ke dalam tabung uji.
Add two to three drops of Benedict’s solution into the test tube.
3 Letakkan tabung uji ke dalam kukus air dan panaskannya.
Place the test tube in a water bath and heat it.
4 Rekod sebarang perubahan yang berlaku. / Record any changes.

Kukus air
Glukosa + Larutan Benedict Water bath
Glucose + Benedict’s solution

Panaskan
Heat

PEMERHATIAN Campuran berubah dari biru ke merah bata apabila dipanaskan.


OBSERVATION
The mixture turns from blue to brick-red when heated.

C Ujian untuk protein – Ujian Millon / Test for protein – Millon’s test

PROSEDUR 1 Masukkan 3 cm3 larutan albumin ke dalam tabung uji.


PROCEDURE
Put 3 cm3 of albumin solution into a test tube.
2 Tambah dua hingga tiga titis reagen Millon ke dalam tabung uji.
Add two to three drops of Millon’s reagent into the test tube.
3 Letakkan tabung uji ke dalam kukus air dan panaskanya.
Place the test tube in a water bath and heat it.
4 Rekod sebarang perubahan yang berlaku. / Record any changes.

Larutan albumin
+
Reagen Millon
Albumen solution Kukus air
+ Water bath
Millon’s reagent

Panaskan
Heat

NOTA Berhati-hati! Reagen millon bertoksik dan mengakis.


NOTES Handle with care! Millon’s reagent is toxic and corrosive.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PEMERHATIAN Mendakan putih terbentuk dan berubah menjadi merah bata apabila
OBSERVATION
dipanaskan.
A white precipitate is formed which turns to brick-red upon heating.

D Ujian untuk lemak (minyak) – Ujian Emulsi / Test for (oils) – Emulsion test

PROSEDUR 1 Masukkan 3 cm3 minyak masak ke dalam tabung uji.


PROCEDURE
Put 3 cm3 of cooking oil into a test tube.
2 Tambah 5 cm3 etanol ke dalam tabung uji dan goncang campuran itu
dengan baik.
Add 5 cm3 of ethanol into the test tube and shake the mixture well.
3 Turas campuran itu dengan menggunakan kertas turas dan corong turas.
Filter the mixture using filter paper and a filter funnel.
4 Tambahkan 5 cm3 air suling kepada hasil turasan.
Add about 5 cm3 of distilled water to the filtrate.
5 Rekod sebarang perubahan yang berlaku.
Record any changes that occur.

Minyak masak +
etanol Tambah air suling
Turas campuran
Cooking oil + kepada hasil turasan
Filter the mixture
ethanol Add distilled water to
the filtrate
Hasil turasan
Filtrate

PEMERHATIAN Emulsi putih terbentuk.


OBSERVATION
A white emulsion is formed.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Aktiviti Tindakan Enzim di dalam Air Liur terhadap Kanji


Activity 3.1 Action of Enzyme in the Saliva on Starch

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji tindakan enzim di dalam air liur terhadap kanji .
AIM starch
To study the action of enzyme in saliva on .

RADAS Tabung uji, bikar 250 cm3, penitis, termometer, rod kaca, tungku kaki tiga, penunu
APPARATUS
Bunsen, kasa dawai, kepingan asbestos, rak tabung uji, kaki retort dan pengapit,
pemegang tabung uji
Test tubes, 250 cm3 beaker, dropper, thermometer, glass rod, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner, wire gauze, asbestos sheet, test-tube rack, retort stand and clamp, test tube
holder

BAHAN Kanji masak, air liur, larutan iodin, larutan Benedict, air suling
MATERIALS Cooked starch, saliva, iodine solution, Benedict’s solution, distilled water

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE Termometer
Thermometer
A B
Kukus air pada 37 °C
Kanji + Water bath at 37 °C
air liur
Starch +
Kanji + air suling
saliva
Starch + distilled
water

Panaskan
Heat up

1 Kumpulkan sedikit air liur di dalam bikar selepas kumur mulut anda.
Collect some saliva in a beaker after rinsing your mouth.
2 Isikan 2 tabung uji A dan B dengan 5 cm3 kanji.
Fill 2 test tubes A and B with 5 cm3 of starch.
3 Tambahkan 2 cm3 air liur ke dalam tabung uji A dan 2 cm3 air suling ke dalam
tabung uji B.
Add 2 cm3 of saliva into test tube A and 2 cm3 of distilled water into test
tube B.
4 Dengan rod kaca yang berlainan, kacau kandungan tabung uji A dan B.
With different glass rods, stir the contents of test tubes A and B.
5 Dengan menggunakan penitis, keluarkan sedikit kandungan dari setiap tabung
uji dan jalankan ujian iodin dan ujian Benedict ke atas kandungan tersebut.
Using a dropper, get some content out from each test tube and carry out
iodine test and Benedict’s test on the content.
6 Letakkan kedua-dua tabung uji di dalam kukusan air pada 37 °C seperti yang
ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
Put both test tubes in water bath at 37 °C as shown in the diagram.
7 Jalankan ujian iodin dan Benedict ke atas kandungan dalam kedua-dua tabung
uji sekali lagi selepas 20 minit.
Carry out iodine and Benedict’s tests on the contents of both test tubes again
after 20 minutes.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PEMERHATIAN
Tabung uji A Tabung uji B
OBSERVATION
(kanji + air liur) (kanji + air suling)
Test tube A Test tube B
(starch + saliva) (starch + distilled water)
Ujian
Test Selepas Selepas
Pada awal 20 minit Pada awal 20 minit
Initial After Initial After
20 minutes 20 minutes

Ujian iodin Biru tua Perang Biru tua Biru tua


Iodine test Dark blue Brown Dark blue Dark blue

Ujian Mendakan
Benedict Biru muda merah bata Biru muda Biru muda
Benedict’s Light blue Brick-red Light blue Light blue
test precipitate

1 Pada mulanya, terdapat kanji di dalam kedua-dua tabung


PERBINCANGAN
DISSCUSSION gula
uji; tiada di dalamnya.
In the beginning, starch is found in both test tubes;
sugar is not found in either test tube.
2 Selepas 20 minit, tiada lagi kanji di dalam tabung uji A ;
manakala kanji masih terdapat di dalam tabung uji B .
After 20 minutes, no more starch found in test tube A ;
meanwhile starch is still present in test tube B .
3 Selepas 20 minit, terdapat gula di dalam tabung uji A
kerana kanji di dalamnya dicernakan kepada gula oleh tindakan
amilase di dalam air liur.
After 20 minutes, sugar is found in the test tube A because starch
in it is digested into sugar by the action of amylase in the saliva.
4 Enzim di dalam air liur dikenali sebagai amilase .
The enzyme in the saliva is called amylase .
5 Tabung uji B disusun sebagai kawalan .
Test tube B is set up as a control .
6 Tabung uji diletakkan di dalam kukusan air pada 37 °C kerana suhu ini
ialah suhu optimum pada mana tindakan enzim adalah terbaik .
The test tubes are kept in water bath at 37 °C because it is the
optimum temperature at which the action of enzyme is the best .

KESIMPULAN Enzim amilase yang hadir dalam air liur menukar kanji kepada
CONCLUSION maltosa iaitu sejenis gula penurun.
The amylase enzyme present in saliva converts starch into
maltose which is a reducing sugar.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Eksperimen Penyerapan Makanan di dalam Usus Kecil


Experiment 3.2 Absorption of Food in the Small Intestine

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji penyerapan glukosa melalui tiub Visking.


AIM
To study the absorption of glucose through a Visking tube.

RADAS Bikar 250 cm3, corong turas, penitis, tungku kaki tiga, kasa dawai, penunu
APPARATUS
Bunsen, tiub Visking, benang kapas / 250 cm3 beaker, filter funnel, dropper,
tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, Visking tube, cotton thread

BAHAN Air suling, ampaian kanji, larutan glukosa, larutan iodin, larutan Benedict
MATERIAL Distilled water, starch suspension, glucose solution, iodine solution, Benedict’s
solution

PROSEDUR
Air suling
PROCEDURE Distilled water

Tiub Visking
Visking tube

Larutan glukosa + larutan kanji


Glucose solution + starch solution

1 Lembutkan tiub Visking dengan merendamnya di dalam air suling.


Soften the Visking tube by soaking it in distilled water.
2 Ikat satu hujung tiub Visking dengan ketat dengan menggunakan benang
kapas. / Tie one end of the Visking tube tightly with cotton thread.
3 Isi 6 cm3 larutan glukosa dan 6 cm3 larutan kanji ke dalam tiub Visking
dengan menggunakan corong turas. / Using a filter funnel, fill the Visking
tube with 6 cm3 of glucose solution and 6 cm3 of starch solution.
4 Ikat hujung terbuka tiub Visking dengan ketat dengan menggunakan benang
kapas. / Tie the open end of the Visking tube tightly with cotton thread.
5 Bilas bahagian luar tiub Visking dengan aliran air.
Rinse the outside of the Visking tube thoroughly with running water.
6 Masukkan tiub Visking ke dalam bikar yang mengandungi air suling.
Place the Visking tube into a beaker containing distilled water.
7 Dengan serta-merta, ambil sedikit air suling dalam bikar dan uji untuk
kehadiran kanji serta glukosa pada awal eksperimen. Rekodkan
pemerhatian anda. / Immediately take some of the distilled water in the
beaker and test for the presence of starch and glucose at begining of
experiment. Record your observations.
8 Biarkan radas selama 15 minit dan ulang langkah 7.
Leave the apparatus for 15 minutes and repeat step 7.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PEMERHATIAN
OBSERVATION
Air suling diuji untuk kehadiran
Distilled water tested for presence of
Kanji Glukosa
Starch Glucose
Awal Campuran kekal berwarna Campuran kekal berwarna
eksperimen kuning biru
Beginning of Mixture remains yellow Mixture remains blue
the experiment
Akhir Campuran kekal berwarna Mendakan merah bata
eksperimen kuning terbentuk
End of the Mixture remains yellow Brick-red precipitate
experiment formed

PERBINCANGAN 1 Usus kecil ialah organ yang diwakili oleh tiub Visking dalam sistem
DISSCUSSION
pencernaan manusia. / Small intestine is the organ represented by the
Visking tube in the human digestive system.
2 Darah diwakili oleh air suling dalam badan.
Distilled water represent blood in the human body.
3 Tiub Visking dibilas dengan aliran air pada awalnya untuk menyingkirkan
semua kesan kanji dan glukosa pada dinding luar tiub Visking.
The Visking tube rinsed with running water at the beginning to remove
all traces of starch and glucose on the outside wall of the Visking tube.
4 Glukosa hadir dalam air suling pada akhir eksperimen kerana glukosa
dalam tiub Visking telah meresap melalui dinding tiub Visking ke dalam
air suling.
Glucose was present in the distilled water at the end of the experiment
because the glucose in the Visking tube has diffused through the walls of
the Visking tube into the distilled water.

KESIMPULAN Molekul makanan tercerna yang lebih kecil membolehkannya diserap melalui
CONCLUSION
dinding usus kecil.
The smaller molecules of digested food enable them to be absorbed
through the walls of the small intestine.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2
BAB
CHAPTER
Air dan Larutan
5 Water and Solution

Aktiviti Komposisi Air


Activity 5.1 Composition of Water

TUJUAN Untuk menentukan nisbah hidrogen kepada oksigen dalam satu molekul air.
AIM To determine the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of water.

RADAS Set elektrolisis, dua tabung uji yang sama besar


APPARATUS Electrolysis set, two identical test tubes

BAHAN Air suling, asid sulfurik cair, kayu uji berbara, kayu uji bernyala / Distilled water,
MATERIAL dilute sulphuric acid, glowing wooden splinter, burning wooden splinter

PROSEDUR 1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.


PROCEDURE Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2 Tambah beberapa titis asid sulfurik cair kepada air suling.
Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to the distilled water.
3 Hidupkan arus elektrik dan perhatikan kedua-dua elektrod karbon.
Switch on the electric current and observe the carbon electrode.
4 Selepas 10 minit, ukur dan bandingkan ketinggian gas yang terkumpul dalam
kedua-dua tabung uji. / After 10 minutes, measure and compare the height of
the gas collected in both test tube are displaced.
5 Terus kumpulkan gas yang terbebas pada kedua-dua elektrod sehingga semua
air di dalam tabung uji disesarkan. / Continue to collect the gas released at
both electrodes until all water in the test tubes been displaced.
6 Uji kedua-dua gas dengan kayu uji berbara dan kayu uji bernyala. / Test both
of the gases with a glowing wooden splinter and burning wooden splinter.

P Q
Air suling + Beberapa titis asid
sulfurik cair
Distilled water + A few drops of
dilute sulphuric acid

Elektrod karbon Elektrod karbon


Carbon electrode Carbon electrode

Ammeter Bateri Suis


A Battery Switch
Ammeter
+ –

PEMERHATIAN 1 Apakah yang dapat anda perhatikan pada elektrod apabila arus elektrik
OBSERVATION dihidupkan? / What did you observe at the electrodes when the electric
current was switched on?
Gelembung gas terbentuk pada elektrod.
Gas bubbles are formed at the electrodes.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

2 Selepas 10 minit, / After 10 minutes,


(a) ketinggian gas dalam tabung uji P: 3 cm3
the height of gas column in test tube P: 3 cm3
(b) ketinggian gas dalam tabung uji Q: 6 cm3
the height of gas column in test tube Q: 6 cm3

3 Pada akhirnya, selepas semua air di dalam tabung uji telah disesarkan.
At the end, after all water in the test tubes are displaced.

Ujian dengan kayu uji Ujian dengan kayu uji


Tabung uji berbara bernyala
Test tubes Test with glowing wooden Test with burning wooden
splinter splinter

Kayu uji menyala semula


P The splinter reignites –

Bunyi ‘pop’ kedengaran


Q – A ‘pop’ sound is heard

PERBINCANGAN 1 Apakah nisbah ketinggian gas yang terkumpul dalam P berbanding dengan
DISCUSSION Q? / What is the ratio of height of gas collected at P to at Q?
1:2

2 Kenal pasti gas yang terkumpul dalam / Identify the gas collected at
(a) tabung uji P / test tube P: Oksigen / Oxygen
(b) tabung uji Q / test tube Q: Hidrogen / Hydrogen

3 Berdasarkan nisbah gas-gas, simpulkan formula air.


Based on the ratio of gases, infer the formula of water.
H2O

4 Dalam ruangan di bawah, lukis dan label molekul air mengikut formula yang
anda simpulkan. / In the space below, draw and label a water molecule
according to the formula you infer.

Hidrogen Oksigen
Hydrogen Oxygen

Molekul air terdiri daripada dua atom hidrogen dan satu atom
KESIMPULAN
CONCLUSION oksigen .
A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Aktiviti Kesan Bendasing ke atas Takat Lebur dan Takat Didih Air
Activity 5.2 The Effect of Impurities on the Melting Point and Boiling Point of Water

TUJUAN Untuk memerhatikan kesan bendasing terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air.
AIM To observe the effects of impurities on the melting point of ice and boiling points
of water.

RADAS Bikar 250 cm3, tabung uji, termometer, tungku kaki tiga, kasa dawai, penunu Bunsen.
APPARATUS 250 cm3 beaker, test tube, thermometer, tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner.

BAHAN
MATERIAL Ais, air suling, garam / Ice, distilled water, salt

PROSEDUR A Kesan bendasing ke atas takat lebur ais


PROCEDURE
The effect of impurities on the melting point of ice

Simulasi
Simulation
Termometer
Thermometer

Ais + garam
Ice + salt

1. Isikan sebuah bikar dengan ais hingga separuh penuh dan tambahkan satu
spatula garam biasa kepada ais dalam bikar.
Fill in the half content of beaker with ice and add a spoon of spatula of table
salt into the ice.
2. Kacau campuran garam biasa dan ais. / Mix the mixture of ice and table salt.
3. Letakkan termometer ke dalam bikar berisi campuran ais dan garam biasa.
Pastikan bebuli termometer ditutup sepenuhnya dengan ais.
Place a thermometer in the in a beaker with a mixture of ice and table salt.
Make sure the thermometer bulb dipped in the ice.
4. Perhatikan dan rekodkan bacaan terendah pada termometer apabila campuran
ais dan garam biasa melebur menjadi larutan garam.
Observe and record the lowest temperature reading when the mixture ice and
table salt melts into a salt solution.

B Kesan bendasing ke atas takat didih air


The effect of impurities on the boiling point of water

Termometer
Thermometer

Air suling
Distilled water
Kasa dawai
Wire gauze

Panaskan Tungku kaki tiga


Heat Tripod stand

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

1 Didihkan 100 cm3 air suling di dalam bikar seperti dalam rajah. / Boil 100 cm3
of distilled water in a beaker as shown in the diagram.
2 Tambahkan satu spatula garam ke dalam air yang mendidih dan perhatikan.
Add a spatula of salt to the boiling water and observe.
3 Apabila air mula mendidih lagi, catatkan suhu air mendidih. / When the water
begins to boil again, record the temperature of the boiling water.

PEMERHATIAN 1 Campuran air dan garam biasa cair pada suhu -2 °C.
OBSERVATION The water and table salt mixture melts at -2 °C temperature.
2 Campuran air dan garam mendidih pada 102 °C.
The water and salt mixture boils at 102 °C.

ANALISIS 1 Apabila terdapat bendasing, berapakah takat lebur ais?


ANALYSIS When there are impurities, what is the melting point of ice?
–2 °C

2 Apakah yang berlaku kepada air yang mendidih apabila garam ditambahkan
kepadanya?
What happened to the boiling water when salt was added in?
Air berhenti mendidih.
The water stopped boiling.

3 Pada suhu apakah air mula mendidih lagi?


At what temperature did the water start to boil again?
Pada 102 °C / At 102 °C

4 Apakah yang berlaku kepada takat lebur dan takat didih air apabila bendasing
ditambahkan?
What happened to the melting and boiling points of water when impurities
were added?
Takat lebur ais menurun dan takat didihnya meningkat.
The melting point of ice decreased and its boiling point increased.

KESIMPULAN Bendasing menurunkan takat lebur ais dan meningkatkan takat didih air.
CONCLUSION decrease increase
Impurities the melting point of ice and the
boiling point of water.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Eksperimen Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Penyejatan Air


Experiment 5.1 Factors that Affect the Rate of Evaporation of Water

A Kelembapan udara / Humidity of air

PERNYATAAN MASALAH Bagaimanakah kelembapan udara mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air?


PROBLEM STATEMENT
How does humidity of air affect the rate of evaporation of water?

HIPOTESIS Apabila udara persekitaran lebih lembap, kadar penyejatan air lebih rendah.
HYPOTHESIS
The more humid the surrounding, the lower the rate of evaporation of water.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Kelembapan udara


VARIABLES
Manipulated: Humidity of air
(b) Bergerak balas: Kadar penyejatan air
Responding: Rate of evaporation of water
(c) Dimalarkan: Suhu persekitaran, luas permukaan terdedah,
pergerakan udara
Constant: Surrounding temperature, exposed surface area,
movement of air

RADAS Piring petri, bikar 100 cm3 / Petri dish, 100 cm3 beakers
APPARATUS

BAHAN Kertas turas, kalsium klorida kontang, air, benang, pita selofan
MATERIALS
Filter paper, anhydrous calcium chloride, water, thread, cellophane tape

Pita selofan
Cellophane
PROSEDUR 1 Titiskan tiga titis air ke atas dua helai tape
PROCEDURE P Q
kertas turas. / Drip three drops of Benang
Thread
water onto two pieces of filter papers.
Kertas turas
2 Letakkan sehelai kertas turas ke Filter paper
dalam serkup kaca P yang Serkup kaca
Bell jar
mengandungi sebuah bikar air dan
Air Bikar Kalsium klorida
sehelai lagi ke dalam serkup kaca Beaker
Water kontang
Q yang mengandungi sebikar Anhydrous calcium
chloride
kalsium klorida kontang seperti
dalam rajah. / Place one piece of filter paper in bell jar P containing a beaker
of water and the other piece of filter paper in bell jar Q containing a
beaker of anhydrous calcium chloride as shown in the diagram.
3 Perhatikan kertas turas yang mana mengering dahulu.
Observe which filter paper dries faster.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PEMERHATIAN Kertas turas di dalam serkup kaca Q mengering dengan lebih cepat daripada
OBSERVATION
kertas turas di dalam serkup kaca P.
The filter paper in bell jar Q dries up faster than the filter paper in bell jar P.

PERBINCANGAN 1 Air di dalam serkup kaca P menyejat dan meningkatkan kelembapan udara
DISCUSSION
di dalam serkup kaca P. / Water in bell jar P evaporates and increases the
humidity of air in bell jar P.
2 Kalsium klorida kontang menyerap kelembapan dalam udara dan
mengurangkan kelembapan udara. / Anhydrous calcium chloride absorbs
the moisture in air and reduces the humidity of air.
3 Bahan kimia lain yang boleh menyerap kelembapan ialah gel silika.
Another chemical which can absorb moisture is silica gel.

KESIMPULAN Kadar penyejatan air meningkat apabila kelembapan udara persekitaran


CONCLUSION
berkurang. / The rate of evaporation of water increases when the humidity of
surrounding air reduces.

B Suhu persekitaran / Surrounding temperature

PERNYATAAN MASALAH Bagaimana suhu persekitaran mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air?


PROBLEM STATEMENT
How does surrounding temperature affect the rate of evaporation of water?

HIPOTESIS Semakin tinggi suhu persekitaran, semakin tinggi kadar penyejatan.


HYPOTHESIS
The higher the surrounding temperature, the higher the rate of evaporation
of water.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Suhu persekitaran


VARIABLES
Manipulated: Surrounding temperature
(b) Bergerak balas: Kadar penyejatan air
Responding: Rate of evaporation of water
(c) Dimalarkan: Kelembapan udara, luas permukaan terdedah, pergerakan
udara
Constant: Humidity of air, exposed surface area, movement of air

RADAS Kaki retort


APPARATUS
Retort stand

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

BAHAN Kertas turas, air, benang


MATERIAL
Filter paper, water, thread

PROSEDUR 1 Celupkan dua helai kertas turas di dalam air.


PROCEDURE
Dip two pieces of filter papers in water.
2 Gantungkan kertas turas tersebut Kaki Benang
pada dua kaki retort yang berlainan retort Thread
Retort
seperti dalam rajah. stand Kertas
turas
Hang the two pieces of filter papers Filter
on two different retort stands as paper

shown in the diagram.


3 Letakkan satu set di dalam makmal yang tidak ada penyaman
udara; dan satu lagi di dalam makmal yang ada penyaman udara.
Place one set in a laboratory which is not air-conditioned; and place
another set in a laboratory which is air-conditioned.
4 Perhatikan kertas turas yang mana kering dengan lebih cepat.
Observe which filter paper dries faster.

PEMERHATIAN Kertas turas di dalam makmal yang ada penyaman udara mengering dengan
OBSERVATION lebih perlahan berbanding dengan kertas turas di dalam makmal yang tidak
ada penyaman udara.
The filter paper in an air-conditioned laboratory dried up slower compared to
the one in a non-air-conditioned laboratory.

KESIMPULAN Kadar penyejatan air meningkat apabila suhu persekitaran meningkat.


CONCLUSION
The rate of evaporation of water increases when the temperature of
surrounding increases.

C Luas permukaan air terdedah / Exposed surface area of water

PERNYATAAN MASALAH Bagaimanakah kawasan permukaan air terdedah mempengaruhi kadar


PROBLEM STATEMENT
penyejatan air?
How does exposed surface area of water affect the rate of evaporation of
water?

HIPOTESIS Lebih besar kawasan permukaan terdedah, lebih tinggi kadar penyejatan air.
HYPOTHESIS
The bigger the exposed surface area, the higher the rate of evaporation
of water.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Luas permukaan air yang terdedah


VARIABLES
Manipulated: Exposed surface area of water
(b) Bergerak balas: Kadar penyejatan air
Responding: Rate of evaporation of water
(c) Dimalarkan: Kelembapan udara, suhu persekitaran, pergerakan udara
Constant: Humidity of air, temperature of surrounding, movement of air

RADAS Piring petri, bikar 100 cm3


APPARATUS
Petri dish, 100 cm3 beakers

BAHAN Air
MATERIALS
Water

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE

Air
Water

Piring petri Bikar


Petri dish Beaker

1 Tuangkan 20 cm3 air ke dalam sebuah piring petri dan sebuah bikar 100 cm3.
Pour 20 cm3 of water each into a petri dish and a 100 cm3 beaker.
2 Tinggalkan radas di bawah kipas di dalam makmal.
Leave the apparatus under the fan in the laboratory.
3 Perhatikan air di dalam radas mana mengering dengan lebih cepat.
Observe in which apparatus water dries up faster.

PEMERHATIAN Air di dalam piring petri mengering dengan lebih cepat berbanding dengan
OBSERVATION
air di dalam bikar 100 cm3. / The water in the petri dish dried up faster
compared to the water in the 100 cm3 beaker.

KESIMPULAN Kadar penyejatan air meningkat apabila kawasan permukaan air terdedah
CONCLUSION
adalah luas. / The rate of evaporation of water increases when the exposed
surface area of water is large.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

D. Pergerakan udara / Movement of air

PERNYATAAN MASALAH Bagaimanakah pergerakan udara mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air?


PROBLEM STATEMENT
How does movement of air affect the rate of evaporation of water?

HIPOTESIS Lebih cepat pergerakan udara, lebih tinggi kadar penyejatan air.
HYPOTHESIS
The faster the movement of air, the higher the rate of evaporation of water.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Pergerakan udara


VARIABLES
Manipulated: Movement of air
(b) Bergerak balas: Kadar penyejatan air
Responding: Rate of evaporation of water
(c) Dimalarkan: Kelembapan udara, suhu persekitaran, kawasan permukaan
terdedah
Constant: Humidity of air, temperature of surrounding, exposed
surface area

RADAS Piring petri / Petri dish


APPARATUS

BAHAN Air / Water


MATERIAL

PROSEDUR 1 Tuangkan 20 cm3 air ke dalam dua piring petri yang berlainan.
PROCEDURE
Pour 20 cm3 of water each into two different petri dishes.
2 Letakkan sebuah piring petri di bawah kipas dan satu lagi jauh daripada
kipas di dalam makmal. / Leave one petri dish under the fan and another
one away from the fan in a laboratory.
3 Perhatikan air di dalam piring petri yang mana mengering dengan lebih
cepat. / Observe the water in which petri dish dries up faster.

PEMERHATIAN Air di dalam piring petri yang diletak di bawah kipas mengering dengan
OBSERVATION
lebih cepat berbanding dengan air di dalam piring petri yang jauh daripada
kipas. / The water in the petri dish that is placed under the fan dried up faster
compared to the one away from the fan.

KESIMPULAN Kadar penyejatan air meningkat apabila pergerakan udara adalah cepat.
CONCLUSION
The rate of evaporation of water increases when the movement of air is fast.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Eksperimen Menentukan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Keterlarutan


Experiment 5.2 To Determine the Factors that Affect the Rate of Solubility

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan sesuatu


AIM
zat terlarut. / To investigate factors that affect the rate of solubility of a solute.

A Suhu pelarut / Temperature of solvent

HIPOTESIS Semakin tinggi suhu pelarut, semakin tinggi kadar keterlarutan.


HYPOTHESIS
The higher the temperature of solvent, the higher the rate of solubility.

PEMBOLEH UBAH
VARIABLES (a) Dimanipulasikan: Suhu pelarut
Manipulated: Temperature of solvent
(b) Bergerak balas: Kadar keterlarutan
Responding: The rate of solubility
(c) Dimalarkan: Jenis dan isi padu pelarut, kadar pengacauan, isi padu dan
saiz zarah zat terlarut
Constant: Type and volume of solvent, rate of stirring, volume and size
of solute

RADAS Bikar 250 cm3, rod kaca / 250 cm3 beaker, glass rod
APPARATUS

BAHAN Air suling panas, air suling sejuk, garam kasar


MATERIALS
Hot distilled water, Cold distilled water, coarse salt

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE 100 cm3 air suling sejuk 100 cm3 air suling panas
100 cm3 of cold distilled water 100 cm3 of hot distilled water

Garam kasar
Coarse salt
P Q


1 Dua spatula garam kasar ditambahkan kepada 100 cm3 air suling sejuk
di dalam bikar P dan dua spatula garam kasar ditambahkan kepada
100 cm3 air suling panas di dalam bikar Q.
Two spatulas of coarse salt is added to 100 cm3 of cold distilled water in
beaker P and also to 100 cm3 of hot distilled water in beaker Q.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

2 Kedua-dua campuran dikacau pada masa yang sama dengan kadar yang
sama. / Both mixtures are stirred at the same time at the same rate.
3 Garam di dalam bikar mana yang terlarut terlebih dahulu diperhatikan.
The beaker in which the salt dissolves first is observed.

PEMERHATIAN Pemerhatian Inferens


OBSERVATION
Observation Inference
Semua garam di dalam bikar Q Air panas meningkatkan kadar
terlarut terlebih dahulu. keterlarutan. / Hot water increases
The salt in beaker Q dissolves first. the rate of solubility.

PERBINCANGAN Zarah pelarut yang panas mempunyai tenaga kinetik yang lebih tinggi. Ini
DISCUSSION
meningkatkan kadar perlanggaran antara zarah-zarah pelarut dan zat terlarut.
The particles of hot solvent have high kinetic energy. This increase the rate of
collision between particles of solvent and particles of solute.

KESIMPULAN Suhu pelarut yang lebih tinggi meningkatkan kadar keterlarutan.


CONCLUSION
A higher temperature of solvent increases the rate of solubility.

B Kadar pengacauan / Rate of stirring

HIPOTESIS Semakin tinggi kadar pengacauan, semakin tinggi kadar keterlarutan.


HYPOTHESIS
The higher the rate of stirring, the higher the rate of solubility.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Kadar pengacauan


VARIABLES
Manipulated: Rate of stirring
(b) Bergerak balas: Kadar keterlarutan
Responding: The rate of solubility
(c) Dimalarkan: Jenis, isi padu dan suhu pelarut, isi padu dan saiz zat terlarut
Constant: Type, volume and temperature of solvent, volume and size
of solute

RADAS Bikar 250 cm3, rod kaca / 250 cm3 beaker, glass rod
APPARATUS

BAHAN Air suling, garam kasar / Distilled water, coarse salt


MATERIAL

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE
Rod kaca / Glass rod
100 cm3 air
suling
100 cm3 of
distilled water
Garam kasar
Coarse salt
R S

1 Dua spatula garam kasar ditambahkan kepada 100 cm3 air suling
di dalam setiap bikar R dan S. / Two spatulas of coarse salt is added to
100 cm3 of distilled water in each beaker, R and S.
2 Campuran di dalam bikar S tidak dikacau manakala campuran di dalam
bikar R dikacau dengan cepat. / The mixture in beaker S is not stirred
while the mixture in beaker R is stirred vigourously.
3 Garam di dalam bikar mana yang terlarut terlebih dahulu diperhatikan.
The beaker in which the salt dissolves first is observed.

PEMERHATIAN Pemerhatian Inferens


OBSERVATION
Observation Inference
Semua garam di dalam bikar R Pengacauan meningkatkan kadar
terlarut terlebih dahulu. / The salt in keterlarutan. Stirring increases the
beaker R dissolves first. rate of solubility.

PERBINCANGAN Apabila dikacau, zarah pelarut bergerak dengan lebih cepat dan berlanggar
DISCUSSION
dengan zarah zat terlarut dengan lebih kerap. / When stirred, the particles
of solvent move faster and collide with the particles of solute more frequently.

KESIMPULAN Kadar pengacauan yang lebih tinggi meningkatkan kadar keterlarutan.


CONCLUSION
A higher rate of stirring increase the rate of solubility.

C Saiz zat terlarut / Size of solute

HIPOTESIS Semakin kecil saiz zat terlarut, semakin tinggi kadar keterlarutan.
HYPOTHESIS
The smaller the size of solute, the higher the rate of solubility.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Saiz zat terlarut


VARIABLES
Manipulated: Size of solute
(b) Bergerak balas: Kadar keterlarutan
Responding : The rate of solubility
(c) Dimalarkan: Jenis, isi padu dan suhu pelarut; kadar pengacauan
Constant: Type, volume and temperature of solvent; rate of stirring

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

RADAS Bikar 250 cm3, rod kaca


APPARATUS
250 cm3 beaker, glass rod

BAHAN Air suling, garam kasar, garam halus


MATERIALS
Distilled water, coarse salt, fine salt

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE
Rod kaca
Glass rod

100 cm3 air


suling
100 cm3 of
distilled water

Garam kasar (10 g) Garam halus (10 g)


Coarse salt (10 g) Fine salt (10 g)
T U


1 10 g garam kasar ditambahkan ke dalam bikar T yang mengandungi
100 cm3 air suling dan 10 g garam halus ditambahkan ke dalam bikar U
yang mengandungi 100 cm3 air suling. / 10 g of coarse salt is added
into beaker T that contains 100 cm3 of distilled water and 10 g of fine
salt is added into beaker U that contains 100 cm3 of distilled water.
2 Kedua-dua campuran dikacau pada kadar yang sama dan pada masa
yang sama.
Both mixtures are stirred at the same rate and at the same time.
3 Garam di dalam bikar mana yang terlarut terlebih dahulu diperhatikan.
The beaker in which the salt dissolves first is observed.

PEMERHATIAN
Pemerhatian Inferens
OBSERVATION
Observation Inference
Semua garam di dalam bikar U Saiz zat terlarut yang lebih kecil
terlarut terlebih dahulu. meningkatkan kadar keterlarutan.
The salt in beaker U dissolves first. The smaller size of solute increases
the rate of solubility.

PERBINCANGAN Saiz zat terlarut yang lebih kecil mendedahkan luas permukaan yang lebih
DISCUSSION
besar untuk berlanggar dengan zarah-zarah pelarut.
The smaller size of solute exposes a bigger surface area for collision
between the particles of solvent.

KESIMPULAN Saiz zat terlarut yang lebih kecil meningkatkan kadar keterlarutan.
CONCLUSION
A smaller size of solute increases the rate of solubility.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2
BAB
CHAPTER
Asid dan Alkali
6 Acid and Alkali

Aktiviti Tindak Balas Peneutralan


Activity 6.1 Neutralisation Reaction

TUJUAN Untuk menunjukkan peneutralan antara asid dan alkali


AIM To show neutralisation between acid and alkali.

RADAS Buret, pipet, kelalang kon, corong turas, piring penyejat, kasa dawai, kaki retort,
APPARATUS tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen, bikar, jubin putih.
Burette, pipette, conical flask, filter funnel, evaporating dish, wire gauze, retort
stand, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, beaker, white tile.

BAHAN Larutan natrium hidroksida 1.0 M, asid hidroklorik 1.0 M, penunjuk fenolftalein
MATERIAL 1.0 M sodium hydroxide, 1.0 M hydrochloric acid, phenolphthalein indicator

PROSEDUR
Kaki retort / Retort stand
PROCEDURE

Asid hidroklorik
Hydrochloric acid

Kelalang kon
Conical flask

Jubin putih
White tile

Larutan natrium hidroksida + fenolftalein


Sodium hydroxide solution + phenolphthalein

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.


Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2 Isikan buret dengan asid hidroklorik dan lepaskan sedikit asid daripada buret
ke dalam bikar yang kosong. Rekodkan bacaan buret.
Fill the burette with hydrochloric acid and release some acid from the burette
into an empty beaker. Record the reading of the burette.
3 Pipetkan 25 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida ke dalam kelalang kon. Tambahkan
beberapa titis penunjuk fenolftalein dan goncangkan campuran itu.
Transfer 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution into conical flask using pipette.
Add a few drops of phenolphtalein indicator and swirl the mixture.
4 Titiskan asid dalam buret ke dalam kelalang kon dengan perlahan, teruskan
menggoncang untuk mencampurkan asid dan alkali.
slowly release the acid in the burette into conical flask, swirling continuously to
mix the acid and alkali.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

5 Terus tambahkan asid sehingga warna campuran menjadi pudar, kemudian


tambahkan asid setitis demi setitis sehingga campuran dinyahwarnakan.
Rekod bacaan buret. / Continue adding acid until the colour of mixture
becomes faded then add the acid drop by drop until the mixture becomes
colourless. Take the reading of the burette.
6 Tuang sedikit campuran dalam kelalang kon piring penyejat dan panaskan
dengan penunu Bunsen. / Pour some of the mixture in the conical flask onto
an evaporating dish and heat it over a Bunsen burner.
7 Periksa piring penyejat apabila cecair telah tersejat.
Examine the evaporating dish when all liquid has evaporated.

KEPUTUSAN Bacaan akhir buret / Final reading of the burette = 30.00 cm3
RESULTS
Bacaan awal buret / Initial reading of the burette = 5.00 cm3
Isi padu asid hidroklorik yang digunakan
Volume of hydrochloric acid used = 25.00 cm3
Isi padu natrium hidroksida yang digunakan
Volume of sodium hydroxide used = 25.00 cm3

Apakah yang tinggal dalam piring penyejat?


What is left in the evaporating dish?
Bahan yang berwarna putih / A white substance

PERBINCANGAN 1 Apakah tujuan penunjuk fenolftalein digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?


DISCUSSION
What is the purpose of using phenolphthalein indicator in this experiment?
Untuk menunjukkan bahawa campuran telah menjadi neutral
To indicate that the mixture has become neutral

2 Apakah bahan yang tertinggal apabila campuran yang diperoleh daripada


eksperimen ini dipanaskan dengan penunu Bunsen? / What was the substance
left when the mixture obtained from this experiment was heated over a
Bunsen burner?
Garam natrium klorida / Sodium chloride salt

3 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan di bawah untuk menunjukkan peneutralan


antara asid hidroklorik dengan natrium hidroksida. / Complete the word
equation below to show the neutralisation of hydrochloric acid with sodium
hydroxide. TP3

Asid hidroklorik Natrium hidroksida Natrium klorida Air



Hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide Sodium chloride + Water

4 Cara peneutralan yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini dikenali sebagai


pentitratan
. / The method of neutralisation used in this experiment is
titration
known as .

garam air
KESIMPULAN Asid meneutralkan alkali untuk menghasilkan dan .
CONCLUSION salt water
Acid neutralises alkali to produce and .

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2
BAB
CHAPTER
Keelektrikan dan Kemagnetan
7 Electricity and Magnetism

Aktiviti Kewujudan Cas Elektrostatik


Activity 7.1 The Existence of Electrostatic Charge

TUJUAN Mengkaji kewujudan cas elektrostatik pada bahan.


AIM To study the existence of electrostatic charge.

RADAS Rod politena, jalur selulosa asetat, kain bulu


APPARATUS Polythene rod, cellulose acetate strip, wool cloth

BAHAN Belon, cebisan kecil kertas


MATERIAL Balloon, small pieces of paper

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE Rod politena
Polythene rod

Cebisan kertas
Pieces of paper

1 Gosok rod politena dengan kain bulu.


Rub the polythene rod with wool cloth.
2 Dekatkan rod itu pada cebisan kertas kecil.
Bring the rod over a small piece of paper.
3 Ulang langkah 1. / Repeat step 1.
4 Dekatkan rod itu dengan aliran air paip yang halus dan rekodkan
pemerhatian anda.
Bring the rod near to a small flow of tap water and record your observation.
5 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 4 dengan jalur selulosa asetat dan belon menggantikan
rod politena. / Repeat steps 1 to 4 with cellulose acetate strip and balloon to
replace the polythene rod.

PEMERHATIAN
OBSERVATIONS Bahan Cebisan kertas Aliran air paip
Materials Pieces of paper Flow of water tap
Rod politena Menarik kertas Aliran air membengkok
Polythene rods Attract paper Water flow bent
Jalur selulosa Menarik kertas Aliran air membengkok
Celulose acetate strip Attract paper Water flow bent
Belon Menarik kertas Aliran air membengkok
Balloon Attract paper Water flow bent

Cas elektrostatik wujud pada suatu bahan.


KESIMPULAN
CONCLUSION Electrostatic charges exist on an object.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Eksperimen Hubungan antara Rintangan dan Arus


Experiment 7.1 Relationship between Resistance and Current

PERNYATAAN MASALAH Bagaimanakah perubahan dalam rintangan mempengaruhi arus yang


PROBLEM STATEMENT mengalir melalui litar pada voltan tetap?
How does a change in the resistance affect the current flowing through a
circuit with a fixed voltage?

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara rintangan dan arus.


AIM
To investigate the relationship between resistance and current.

HIPOTESIS Semakin tinggi rintangan, semakin kecil arus yang mengalir melalui litar itu.
HYPOTHESIS The higher the resistance, the smaller the current that flows through a
circuit.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Panjang dawai nikrom/rintangan


VARIABLES
Manipulated: Length of nichrome wire/resistance
(b) Bergerak balas: Arus/bacaan ammeter
Responding: Current/reading of ammeter
(c) Dimalarkan: Voltan, suhu wayar dan dawai nikrom
Constant: Voltage, temperature of wire and nichrome wire

RADAS DAN BAHAN Ammeter, wayar penyambung, joki, pembaris meter, mentol, wayar nikrom,
APPARATUS AND
MATERIAL paku, sel kering
Ammeter, connecting wires, jockey, metre ruler, bulb, nichrome wire, nails,
dry cell

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE Sel kering Ammeter
Dry cells Ammeter

Mentol
Bulb
Wayar
Wire

Wayar nikrom Joki


Paku Nichrome wire Jockey
Nail Paku
Nail

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

1 Litar disambung seperti dalam rajah.


The circuit is connected as in the diagram.
2 Satu terminal sel kering disambungkan pada paku di titik A.
One terminal of the dry cell is connected to the nail at point A.
3 Wayar nikrom disentuhkan dengan joki pada titik B yang panjangnya
10 cm dari titik A.
The nichrome is touched with a jockey at point B which 10 cm away
from point A.
4 Bacaan ammeter direkodkan.
The reading of the ammeter is recorded.
5 Langkah 3 dan 4 diulangi dengan menambahkan jarak di antara titik A
dengan titik B.
Steps 3 and 4 are repeated by increasing the distance between points
A and B.
6 Eksperimen diulangi sebanyak dua kali untuk mengurangkan ralat.
The experiment is repeated twice to reduce error.

PEMERHATIAN Bacaan ammeter (A)


OBSERVATIONS
Jarak A ke B (cm) Reading of ammeter (A)
Distance A to B (cm) Bacaan 1 Bacaan 2 Bacaan 3
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3
10 0.50 0.50 0.50
20 0.40 0.45 0.43
30 0.30 0.30 0.30
40 0.25 0.20 0.23
50 0.20 0.20 0.20

PERBINCANGAN 1 Rintangan dalam litar meningkat apabila panjang dawai nikrom meningkat.
DISCUSSION
The resistance in the circuit increases when the length of the nichrome
wire increases.
2 Arus dalam litar berkurang apabila rintangan meningkat.
The current in the circuit decreases when the resistance increases.

KESIMPULAN 1 Hipotesis diterima.


CONCLUSION
Hypothesis is accepted.
2 Arus berubah secara songsang dengan rintangan. Semakin tinggi
rintangan, semakin kecil arus yang mengalir melalui sesuatu litar.
Current is inversely changed to resistance. The higher the resistance,
the smaller the current that flows through a circuit.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Eksperimen Hubungan antara Voltan dan Arus


Experiment 7.2 Relationship between Voltage and Current

PERNYATAAN MASALAH Bagaimanakah perubahan dalam voltan mempengaruhi aliran arus elektrik
PROBLEM STATEMENT yang melalui sesuatu komponen pada rintangan tetap?
How does a change in the voltage affect the current flowing through a
component at a fixed resistance?

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara voltan dan arus


AIM
To investigate the relationship between voltage and current

HIPOTESIS Semakin tinggi voltan, semakin besar arus yang mengalir melalui sesuatu litar.
HYPOTHESIS
The higher the voltage, the greater the current that flows through a circuit.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Voltan/Bilangan sel kering


VARIABLES
Manipulated: Voltage/Number of dry cells
(b) Bergerak balas: Arus/Bacaan ammeter
Responding: Current/Reading of ammeter
(c) Dimalarkan: Rintangan
Constant: Resistance

RADAS DAN BAHAN Ammeter, voltmeter, mentol, pemegang mentol, pemegang sel kering,
APPARATUS AND
MATERIAL suis, wayar penyambung, sel kering / Ammeter, voltmeter, bulb, bulb
holder, battery holder, switch, connecting wires, dry cells

PROSEDUR
Sel kering
PROCEDURE Dry cells
Suis
Switch

Mentol
Bulb

Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Ammeter

1 Litar disambung seperti dalam rajah.


The circuit is connected as in the diagram.
2 Suis dihidupkan. / The switch is switched on.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

3 Bacaan ammeter dan voltmeter direkodkan.


The readings of the ammeter and voltmeter are recorded.
4 Langkah 2 dan 3 diulangi dengan menggunakan dua, tiga, empat dan
lima sel kering.
Steps 2 and 3 are repeated by using two, three, four and five dry cells.

PEMERHATIAN
OBSERVATIONS Bilangan sel
Voltan/Voltage (V)
kering Voltan (V) Arus (A)
Number of dry Voltage (V) Current (A) Arus/Current (A)
cells

1 1.5 0.3 5
2 3.0 0.6 5
3 4.5 0.9 5
4 6.0 1.2 5
5 7.5 1.5 5

ANALISIS DATA Graf arus melawan voltan / Graph current against voltage
DATA ANALYSIS

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0
Current (A)
Arus (A)

∆I
0.8

0.6

0.4

∆V
0.2

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Voltan (V) / Voltage (V)

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PERBINCANGAN 1 Apabila bilangan sel kering bertambah,


DISCUSSION When the number of dry cells increases,
(a) kecerahan cahaya mentol bertambah.
the brightness of light bulb increases.
(b) voltan yang merentasi mentol bertambah.
the voltage across the light bulb increases.
(c) arus yang mengalir melalui litar bertambah.
the current flowing through the circuit increases.

voltan
2 (a) Nilai merujuk kepada rintangan litar itu.
arus
voltage
The value of shows the resistance in the circuit.
current

(b) Nilai ini kekal apabila voltan dan arus dalam sesuatu litar berubah.
The value is constant when voltage and current of the circuit change.
(c) Dari graf, nilai rintangan dapat dikira daripada kecerunan graf.
From the graph, the value of resistance can be calculated from the
gradient of the graph.

Kecerunan 1
Gradient = R(rintangan / resistance)

(Dari graf) I2 – I1
= V2 – V1 = 1.5 – 0.3 = 0.2
(From graph) 7.5 – 1.5
1
= 0.2
R
R = 5 Ω

(d) Hubungan voltan, arus dan rintangan boleh dijelaskan dengan


menggunakan Hukum Ohm iaitu,
Relationship between voltage, current and resistance can be
explained using Ohm’s Law, that is,

Voltan (V) = Arus (I) × Rintangan (R)
Voltage (V) = Current (I) × Resistance (R)
V = IR

KESIMPULAN 1 Hipotesis diterima.


CONCLUSION
Hypothesis is accepted.
2 Arus berubah secara terus dengan voltan. Semakin tinggi voltan,
semakin besar nilai arus yang mengalir melalui litar.
Voltage is proportionally related to current. The higher the voltage,
the greater the current that flows through the circuit.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Eksperimen Untuk Menentukan Kekuatan Elektromagnet


Experiment 7.3 To Determine the Strength of an Electromagnet

A Hubungan antara kekuatan elektromagnet dengan arus


The relationship between the strength of an electromagnet and the current

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara kekuatan elektromagnet dan arus.


AIM To investigate the relationship between the strength of an electromagnet
and the current.

HIPOTESIS Kekuatan elektromagnet (berdasarkan bilangan paku yang terlekat kepada


HYPOTHESIS
elektromagnet) bertambah apabila arus elektrik bertambah.
The strength of an electromagnet (indicated by the number of nails attached
to the electromagnet) increases as the current increases.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Arus


VARIABLES
Manipulated: Current
(b) Bergerak balas: Bilangan paku yang terlekat kepada elektromagnet
Responding: The number of nails attached to the electromagnet
(c) Dimalarkan: Bilangan lilitan gegelung, jenis teras
Constant: The number of turns of coil, type of core

RADAS DAN BAHAN Ammeter, wayar penyambung, reostat, kaki retort, suis, bekalan kuasa a.t.,
APPARATUS AND
teras besi lembut, dawai kuprum, paku besi kecil dan bekas plastik.
MATERIAL
Ammeter, connection wires, rheostat, retort stand, switch, d.c. supply, soft
iron core, copper wire, small iron nails and plastic container.

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE
Dawai kuprum
Copper wire Reostat
Teras besi Rheostat
lembut
Soft iron
core

Paku besi
kecil Bekas
H plastik
Small iron
nails Plastic
container

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

1 Suis dihidupkan. / The switch is switched on.


2 Bacaan ammeter direkodkan, I = 0.1 A.
The reading of the ammeter is recorded, I = 0.1 A.
3 Hujung bawah gegelung ditetapkan pada jarak H, dari bekas plastik
yang mengandungi paku besi kecil.
The lower end of the coil is fixed at a height H, from the plastic
container full of small iron nails.
4 Bekas plastik dialihkan dan bilangan paku yang terlekat kepada
elektromagnet, N dikira dan dicatatkan.
The plastic container is removed and the number of nails attached to
the electromagnet, N are counted and recorded.
5 Eksperimen diulang dengan nilai arus, yang berbeza, I = 0.2 A, 0.3 A,
0.4 A dan 0.5 A dengan melaraskan reostat.
The experiment is repeated with different values of current, I = 0.2 A,
0.3 A, 0.4 A and 0.5 A by adjusting the rheostat.

PEMERHATIAN Arus, I 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5


OBSERVATION
Current, A
Bilangan paku besi yang terlekat 2 3 4 5 6
kepada elektromagnet, N
Number of iron nails attached to
the electromagnet, N

KESIMPULAN Hipotesis diterima. Kekuatan elektromagnet meningkat apabila arus


CONCLUSION
meningkat.
Hypothesis is accepted. Strength of electromagnet increases when current
increases.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

B Hubungan antara kekuatan elektromagnet dengan bilangan lilitan gegelung.


The relationship between the strength of an electromagnet and the number of turns of the coil

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara kekuatan elektromagnet dan bilangan


AIM
lilitan gegelung.
To investigate the relationship between the strength of an electromagnet
and the number of turns of coil.

HIPOTESIS Kekuatan elektormagnet (berdasarkan bilangan paku yang terlekat kepada


HYPOTHESIS
elektromagnet) bertambah apabila bilangan lilitan gegelung bertambah.
The strength of an electromagnet (indicated by the number of the nails
attached to the electromagnet) increases as the number of turns of coil
increases.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Bilangan lilitan gegelung, M


VARIABLES
Manipulated: The number of turns of coil, M
(b) Bergerak balas: Bilangan paku yang terlekat kepada elektromagnet, N
Responding: The number of nails attached to the electromagnet, N
(c) Dimalarkan: Arus, jenis teras
Constant: Current, type of core

RADAS DAN BAHAN Ammeter, wayar penyambung, reostat, kaki retort, suis, bekalan kuasa a.t.,
APPARATUS AND
MATERIAL
teras besi lembut, dawai kuprum, paku besi kecil dan bekas plastik.
Ammeter, connection wires, rheostat, retort stand, switch, d.c. supply, soft
iron core, copper wire, small iron nails and plastic container.

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE

Dawai kuprum
Copper wire Reostat
Teras besi Rheostat
lembut
Soft iron
core

Paku besi
kecil Bekas
H plastik
Small iron
nails Plastic
container

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

1 Suis dihidupkan.
The switch is switched on.
2 Bilangan lilitan gegelung direkodkan, M = 5.
The number of turns of coil is recorded, M = 5.
3 Hujung bawah gegelung ditetapkan pada jarak H, dari bekas yang
mengandungi paku besi.
The lower end of the coil is fixed at a height H, from the container full
of small iron nails.
4 Bekas plastik dialihkan dan bilangan paku yang tertarik kepada
elektromagnet, N dikira dan dicatat.
The plastic container is removed and the number of nails attached to
the electromagnet, N is counted and recorded.
5 Eksperimen diulang dengan bilangan lilitan gegelung yang berbeza,
M = 10, 15, 20, 25.
The experiment is repeated with different number of turns of coil,
M = 10, 15, 20, 25.

PEMERHATIAN Bilangan lilitan, 5 10 15 20 25


OBSERVATION
Number of turns, M
Bilangan paku besi yang terlekat 2 3 4 5 6
kepada elektromagnet, N
Number of iron nails attached to
the electromagnet, N

KESIMPULAN Hipotesis diterima. Kekuatan elektromagnet meningkat apabila bilangan


CONCLUSION
lilitan gegelung meningkat.
Hypothesis is accepted. Strength of electromagnet increases when number
of turns of coil increases.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2
BAB
CHAPTER
Daya dan Gerakan
8 Force and Motion

Aktiviti Pengukuran Daya


Activity 8.1 Measurement of Force

TUJUAN Untuk mengukur magnitud daya.


AIM To measure magnitude of force.

RADAS Kaki retort, pembaris meter, spring, tangkai pemberat


APPARATUS Retort stand, metre ruler, spring, weight hook

BAHAN Empat pemberat 20 g, benang, pencungkil gigi, pita selofan


MATERIAL Four 20 g weight, thread, toothpick, cellophane tape

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE

Spring / Spring
Kaki retort
Retort stand
Tangkai pemberat / Weight hook

Pencungkil gigi / Toothpick

Pembaris meter / Metre ruler

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan di dalam rajah.


Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2 Lekatkan sebatang pencungkil gigi dengan menggunakan pita selofan di
bahagian bawah pemberat untuk bertindak sebagai penunjuk.
Attach a toothpick with cellophane tape below the weight to act as a
pointer.
3 Apitkan sebatang pembaris meter berdekatan spring secara menegak.
Perhatikan dan rekodkan bacaan pada pembaris yang ditunjukkan oleh
penunjuk.
Clamp a metre ruler near the spring such that it stands upright. Observe
and record the reading on the ruler shown by the pointer.
4 Letakkan satu pemberat pada tangkai pemberat dan rekodkan bacaannya.
Place a weight onto the weight hook and record the reading.
5 Ulang langkah 4 dengan menambah pemberat, satu pada suatu masa,
sehingga anda meletakkan sejumlah empat pemberat. Rekod pemerhatian
anda pada jadual di bawah.
Repeat step 4 by adding additional weights, one at a time, until you have
placed a total of four weights. Record your observation in the table below.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PEMERHATIAN Bilangan pemberat


OBSERVATION 0 1 2 3 4
Number of weights

Jumlah jisim pemberat (g)


0 10 20 30 40
Total mass of weights (g)

Bacaan pada pembaris meter (cm)


14 16 18 20 22
Reading on metre ruler (cm)

Pemanjangan spring (cm)


0 2 4 6 8
Extension of spring (cm)

PERBINCANGAN 1 Daya yang bertindak dalam eksperimen ini ialah daya graviti .
DISCUSSION
The type of force involved in this experiment is gravitational force.

2 Magnitud daya menunjukkan jumlah daya yang bertindak ke atas sesuatu


objek. Lebih kuat daya tersebut, lebih besar magnitud daya.
Magnitude of force refers to the amount of force acting on an object. The
stronger the force, the greater the magnitude of force.

3 Apabila bilangan pemberat meningkat, magnitud daya atas spring turut


meningkat .
As the number of weight increases, the magnitude of force on the spring
also increases .

4 Apabila magnitud meningkat, tarikan atas spring turut meningkat .


Dengan itu, spring menjadi lebih panjang.
As the magnitude increases, the pull on the spring also increases .
Thus the spring becomes longer.

5 Disebabkan kekenyalannya, spring boleh digunakan untuk mengukur


magnitud daya dalam semua arah. Berdasarkan ciri-ciri ini, suatu alat
pengukur yang dipanggil neraca spring dicipta untuk mengukur
magnitud daya.
Due to its elasticity, a spring can be used to measure magnitude of force in any
direction. Based on this property, measuring tool called spring balance
is invented to measure the magnitude of force.

1 Magnitud daya diukur dengan unit Newton (N) .


KESIMPULAN
CONCLUSION Newton (N)
Magnitude of force is measured with the unit .

2 Neraca spring ialah alat pengukur yang digunakan dalam pengukuran
magnitud daya.
A spring balance is the measuring tool used in measuring the
magnitude of force.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Aktiviti Kesan Tindakan Daya


Activity 8.2 Effects of the Force

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji kesan-kesan daya.


AIM To study the effects of forces.

BAHAN Kereta mainan, pembaris kayu, bola plastisin


MATERIAL Toy car, wooden ruler, plasticine ball

PROSEDUR
Aktiviti I: Bentuk / Activity I: Shape
PROCEDURE

Bola plastisin
Plasticine ball

1 Golekkan seketul plastisin dalam bentuk bola.


Roll a lump of plasticine into ball shape.
2 Lepaskan bebola plastisin ke atas lantai daripada tinggi sebuah meja
makmal. Apakah yang berlaku kepada bebola plastisin?
Drop the plasticine ball onto the floor from the height of a laboratory table
What happens to the plasticine ball?

Aktiviti II: Kedudukan / Activity II: Position

Arah penolakan / Direction of push

Kereta mainan P Kereta mainan Q


Toy car P Toy car Q

1 Letakkan dua kereta mainan (P dan Q) sejauh 30 cm antara satu sama lain
dalam garis lurus di atas meja. / Place two toy cars (P and Q) about 30 cm
apart in a straight line on the table.
2 Tolak kereta mainan P ke arah kereta mainan Q. Apakah yang berlaku
kepada kereta mainan Q apabila dilanggar oleh kereta mainan P?
Push toy car P towards toy car Q. What happens to toy car Q when it is hit
by toy car P?

Aktiviti III: Kelajuan / Activity III: Speed

Pembaris kayu Pergerakan kereta mainan


Wooden ruler The movement of toy car

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

1 Tolak sebuah kereta mainan di atas meja.


Push a toy car along the table.
2 Apabila kereta mainan bergerak, pukulkannya dari belakang dengan
perlahan dengan menggunakan sebatang pembaris kayu. Apakah yang
berlaku kepada kereta mainan itu?
While the toy car is moving, gently hit it from the back with a wooden ruler.
What happens to the toy car?

Aktiviti IV: Arah pergerakan / Activity IV: Direction of motion

Pergerakan kereta mainan Q


Pergerakan
Movement of toy car Q
kereta mainan P
Movement of
toy car P

Titik perlanggaran
Collision point

1 Tolak kereta mainan P di atas meja. / Push a toy car P along the table.
2 Apabila kereta mainan P bergerak di atas meja, tolak kereta mainan Q pada
sudut tegak kepada kereta mainan P supaya kereta mainan Q berlanggar
dengan kereta mainan P. Apakah yang berlaku kepada kereta mainan P?
As toy car P moves on the table, push toy car Q at right angle to toy car P,
such that toy car Q collides with toy car P. What happens to toy car P?

PEMERHATIAN Aktiviti I / Activity I


OBSERVATION leper
Bahagian bebola plastisin yang terkena pada lantai menjadi .
The part of the plasticine ball that hit the floor was flattened .

Aktiviti II / Activity II
Kereta mainan Q yang tidak bergerak, mulai bergerak apabila
dilanggar oleh kereta mainan P. / Toy car Q which was not moving, started to
move when it was hit by toy car P.

Aktiviti III / Activity III


Kereta mainan bergerak lebih cepat
apabila dipukul dari belakang
dengan menggunakan pembaris. / The toy car moved faster when
it was hit from the back with a ruler.

Aktiviti IV / Activity IV
Kereta mainan P berubah arah pergerakannya apabila dilanggar
oleh kereta mainan Q. / Toy car P changed its direction of movement
when it was hit by toy car Q.

Daya menyebabkan suatu objek berubah bentuk , kedudukan ,


KESIMPULAN
CONCLUSION kelajuan arah
dan . / Force causes an object to change its
shape , position , speed and direction .

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Aktiviti Daya Apungan


Activity 8.3 Buoyant Force

TUJUAN Untuk menentukan daya apungan sesuatu objek.


AIM To determine buoyant force on an object.

RADAS Neraca spring, tali, silinder penyukat


APPARATUS Spring balance, string, measuring cylinder

BAHAN Air, batu, plastisin


MATERIAL Water, stone, plasticine

PROSEDUR 1 Isikan air ke dalam silinder penyukat sehingga 100 ml.


PROCEDURE
Pour water into measuring cylinder until 100 ml.

2 Ikatkan benang pada plastisin dan gantung pada neraca spring.


Tight the string at the plasticine and hang it at the spring balance.

3 Rekodkan berat plastisin di udara.


Record the weight of the plasticine in the air.

4 Secara perlahan-lahan masukkan plastisin ke dalam silinder penyukat yang


berisi air dan rekodkan berat plastisin.
Insert the plasticine into the measuring cylinder containing water slowly and
record the weight of the plasticine.

5 Rekodkan bacaan akhir isi padu air.


Record the final volume reading of water.

6 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 5 dengan menggantikan plastisin dengan batu.


Repeat steps 1 until 5 by replacing the plasticine with stone.

PEMERHATIAN
OBSERVATION Isi padu air Berat
Volume of water Weight
Objek
Object Awal Akhir Di udara Dalam air
Initial Final In the air In the water
(ml) (ml) (N) (N)

Plastisin
100 106 10 6
Plasticine

Batu / Stone 100 120 30 20

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PERBINCANGAN 1 Apabila plastisin direndam ke dalam air, sesaran air akan berlaku di mana
DISCUSSION meningkat
isi padu air .
When a plasticine is immersed in water, displacement of water will
occur where the volume of water increases .

2 Berat plastisin di udara ialah berat sebenar .


The weight of the plasticine in the air is the actual weight
.

3 Apabila plastisin direndam di dalam air, berat plastisin berkurang .
When the plasticine is immersed in the water, the weight of the plasticine
decreases .

4 Berat objek yang terendam di dalam satu bendalir ialah berat ketara .
The weight of object submerged in a fluid is the apparent weight .

5 Dua daya bertindak terhadap objek yang berada di dalam air yang
menyebabkan berlakunya perbezaan berat di udara dan di dalam air ialah:
Two force exert toward an object in the water which cause the difference of
weight on the air and in the water are:

Daya apungan / Buoyant force

Berat objek / Weight of object


6 Perbezaan antara berat sebenar dan berat ketara ialah daya apungan
objek yang mana daya apungan ialah kehilangan berat objek.
The difference between actual weight and apparent weight is
loss
buoyant force where the buoyant force is known as of
weight of an object.

Daya apungan = Berat sebenar – Berat ketara


Buoyant force = Actual weight – Apparent weight

7 Daya apungan adalah daya tujah ke atas yang membolehkan objek


terapung.
Buoyant force is upthrust force that enable the object to float.

berat air yang tersesar


KESIMPULAN Daya apungan sama dengan .
CONCLUSION weight of water displaced
Buoyant force equals to .

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Eksperimen Ketumpatan dan Kesan Apungan


Experiment 8.1 Density and Buoyant Effect

TUJUAN Untuk menyiasat kesan ketumpatan ke atas kedudukan objek dalam air.
AIM
To investigate the effect of density on the position of an object in water.

HIPOTESIS Objek yang lebih tumpat daripada air akan tenggelam, objek yang kurang
HYPOTHESIS
tumpat daripada air akan timbul.
Object that is denser than water will sink, object that is less dense than
water willl float.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan : Ketumpatan kiub


VARIABLES
Manipulated: Density of cube
(b) Bergerak balas: Kedudukan kiub
Responding: Position of cube
(c) Dimalarkan: Ketumpatan air
Constant: Density of water

RADAS Silinder penyukat


APPARATUS
Measuring cylinder

BAHAN Kiub kuprum, kiub aluminium, kiub besi, kiub gabus, air
MATERIAL
Copper cube, aluminium cube, iron cube, cork cube, water

PROSEDUR 1 Isikan air ke dalam silinder penyukat.


PROCEDURE
Pour water into the measuring cylinder.
2 Secara perlahan-lahan masukkan kiub kuprum, diikuti kiub aluminium,
kiub besi dan kiub gabus.
Slowly put the copper cube, followed by aluminium cube, iron cube
and cork cube.
3 Perhati dan lakar kedudukan kiub-kiub pada pemerhatian.
Observe and sketch the position of cubes on the observation.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PEMERHATIAN
OBSERVATION
Kiub gabus
Cork cube

Kiub kuprum Kiub besi


Copper cube Iron cube

Kiub aluminium
Aluminium cube

KESIMPULAN 1 Objek yang kurang tumpat daripada air akan timbul kerana daya
CONCLUSION
apungan lebih besar daripada berat objek.
Objects that are less dense than water will float because the buoyant
force is larger than the weight of the object.
2 Objek yang lebih tumpat daripada air akan tenggelam kerana daya
apungan kurang daripada berat objek.
Objects that are denser than water will sink because the buoyant force
is less than the weight of the object.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Aktiviti Momen Daya


Activity 8.4 Moment of Forces

TUJUAN Untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara momen dan hasil darab antara daya
AIM dan jarak.
To show the relationship between moment and the product of force and
distance.

RADAS Neraca spring, pembaris meter, kaki retort


APPARATUS Spring balance, metre rule, retort stands

BAHAN Pemberat (100 g)


MATERIAL Weight (100 g)


PROSEDUR

PROCEDURE

Neraca spring
Spring balance

Pembaris meter
Metre ruler

Pemberat
Weight

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.


Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2 Fulkrum pada pembaris meter berada pada tanda 5 cm manakala pemberat
100 g digantung pada tanda 15 cm.
The fulcrum is at the 5 cm mark of the metre ruler while the 100 g weight is
hung at the 15 cm mark.
3 Neraca spring digunakan untuk mengangkat bahagian hujung yang lain pada
pembaris meter yang bertanda 95 cm. Rekodkan bacaan neraca spring dan
jarak dari neraca spring ke fulkrum apabila pembaris meter berada dalam
keadaan mendatar.
The spring balance is used to lift the other end of the meter ruler at the
95 cm mark. When the metre ruler is horizontal, the reading of the spring
balance and the distance from the spring balance to the fulcrum is recorded.
4 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 2 dengan menggunakan tanda fulkrum 85 cm,
75 cm, dan 65 cm pada pembaris meter.
Steps 1 to 2 are repeated by using mark at meter ruler 85 cm, 75 cm, and
65 cm.
5 Bacaan direkodkan dalam jadual.
The readings are recorded in a table.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PEMERHATIAN Jarak neraca spring Bacaan neraca spring


OBSERVATION Momen daya
dari fulkrum / d (m) (Daya) / F (N)
F × d (N m)
Distance of spring Reading of spring
Moment of force
balance from the balance (Force) / F (N)
F × d (N m)
fulcrum / d (m)

0.9 0.6 0.54

0.8 0.7 0.56

0.7 0.8 0.56

0.6 0.9 0.54

omen putaran jam bagi daya 0.1 N ialah


M
Moment of clockwise rotation for 0.1 N is
= 0.1 N × (0.15 – 0.05) m
= 0.01 N m

PERBINCANGAN 1 Pemberat 0.1 N menghasilkan momen putaran jam pada pembaris meter
DISCUSSION fulkrum
dari .
0.1 N weight produce clockwise moment at the meter ruler from the
fulcrum
.

2 Daya dari neraca spring menghasilkan momen putaran lawan jam bagi
mengimbangi momen putaran jam.
The force from the spring balance produces an anticlockwise moment to
balance the clockwise moment.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Eksperimen Kesan Luas Permukaan terhadap Tekanan bagi Daya yang Sama
Experiment 8.2 The Effect of Surface Area towards Pressure of the Same Force

TUJUAN Mengkaji hubungan antara tekanan dengan luas permukaan.


AIM
Investigate the relation between pressure and surface area.

HIPOTESIS Semakin besar luas permukaan, semakin kecil tekanan yang dihasilkan.
HYPOTHESIS
The larger the surface area, the smaller the pressure produced.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Luas permukaan


VARIABLES
Manipulated: Surface area
(b) Bergerak balas: Tekanan atau kedalaman
Responding: Pressure or depth
(c) Dimalarkan: Jisim pemberat atau daya
Constant: Mass of weight or force

RADAS Pembaris
APPARATUS
Ruler

BAHAN Bongkah kayu, plastisin, pemberat 500 g


MATERIAL
Wooden block, plasticine, weight 500 g

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE
Pemberat / Weight


Bongkah kayu / Wooden block

Plastisin / Plasticine

Pemberat / Weight

Bongkah kayu / Wooden block

Plastisin / Plasticine

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti dalam rajah.


Set up the apparatus as in diagram.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

2 Letakkan pemberat 500 g di atas bongkah kayu.


Put the weight of 500 g on the wooden block.
3 Alihkan pemberat dan bongkah kayu dan ukur kedalaman lekuk pada
plastisin yang terbenam. Rekodkan pemerhatian.
Remove the weight and wooden block and measure the dented depth
of embedded plasticine. Record the observation.
4 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 3 dengan meletakkan bongkah kayu
secara melintang.
Repeat steps 1 to 3 by putting the wooden block horizontally.

PERBINCANGAN
DISCUSSION Luas permukaan bongkah kayu Kedalaman lekuk pada plastisin
(panjang × lebar) / cm2 (cm)
Surface area of wooden block Depth of dented at the plasticine
(length × width) / cm2 (cm)

25 6
50 1

1 Apabila bongkah kayu dengan luas permukaan yang kecil bersentuhan


dengan plastisin, kedalaman lekuk yang terhasil adalah besar kerana
tekanan tinggi.
When the smaller surface area of wooden block is in contact with
plasticine, the dented depth produced is larger because the pressure
is higher.
2 Semakin besar luas permukaan yang bersentuhan, semakin kecil
tekanan yang terhasil.
The larger the surface area in contact, the smaller the pressure
produced.

KESIMPULAN Hipotesis diterima.


CONCLUSION
Hypothesis is accepted.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Aktiviti Kesan Kedalaman terhadap Tekanan dalam Cecair


Activity 8.5 Effect of Depth on Pressure in Liquid

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji kesan kedalaman cecair terhadap tekanan dalam cecair.
AIM To investigate the effect of depth of water towards pressure in liquid.

HIPOTESIS Semakin bertambah kedalaman cecair, semakin bertambah tekanan dalam


HYPOTHESIS cecair. / As the depth of water increases, the pressure acts on liquid increases.

RADAS DAN BAHAN Bikar, pembaris, tiub getah, tiub-U, air, minyak masak
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL Beaker, ruler, rubber tube, U-tube, water, cooking oil

PROSEDUR
Tiub getah
PROCEDURE Rubber tube

Air
Water

Minyak masak Bekas plastik


Cooking oil Plastic container

1 Isikan bikar dengan air. / Fill the beaker with water.


2 Masukkan minyak masak ke dalam tiub-U dan sambungkan dengan tiub
getah. / Fill in the cooking oil inside the U-tube and connect it with the
rubber tube.
3 Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
Set up the apparatus as shown in diagram.
4 Tiub getah direndam ke dalam bikar yang berisi air sehingga kedalaman
5 cm dan perubahan aras ketinggian minyak masak dalam tiub-U diukur.
The rubber tube is immersed in the beaker containing water until 5 cm
depth and the changes of the level of cooking oil in U-tube is measured.
5 Langkah 4 diulang bagi kedalaman 7 cm, 9 cm dan 12 cm.
Step 4 is repeated for the depth of 7 cm, 9 cm and 12 cm.

PEMERHATIAN
OBSERVATION
Kedalaman (cm) Perubahan aras minyak masak (cm)
Depth (cm) Changes of level cooking oil (cm)
5 10
7 15
9 20
12 25

KESIMPULAN Apabila kedalaman air bertambah, perubahan aras minyak masak bertambah. Ini
CONCLUSION menunjukkan tekanan dalam cecair bertambah apabila kedalaman bertambah.
As the depth of water increases, the changes of level of cooking oil increases.
This shows that the pressure in liquid increases as the depth increases.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2
BAB
CHAPTER
Haba
9 Heat

Aktiviti Pengaliran Haba secara Konduksi


Activity 9.1 Heat Flow through Conduction

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji proses pengaliran haba melalui pepejal.


AIM To study the process of heat flow through solids.

RADAS Rod besi, kaki retort dengan pengapit, kadbod, penunu Bunsen
APPARATUS Iron rod, retort stand with clamp, cardboard, Bunsen burner

BAHAN Paku tekan, lilin, mancis


MATERIAL Thumbtacks, candle, matches

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE Kaki retort
Kadbod
Retort stand
Cardboard
Cairan lilin
Rod besi Candle wax
Iron rod
Penunu Bunsen Paku tekan
Bunsen burner A B C Thumbtack

1 Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah. Pasangkan tiga paku
tekan A, B dan C pada rod dengan menggunakan cairan lilin.
Set up the apparatus in the diagram. Fix three thumbtacks A, B and C to an
iron rod using candle wax from a candle.
2 Nyalakan penunu Bunsen untuk memanaskan satu hujung rod besi.
Light up the Bunsen burner to heat one end of the iron rod.
3 Perhatikan dan rekodkan turutan paku tekan yang jatuh.
Observe and record the sequence of the dropping of thumbtacks.

PEMERHATIAN Urutan paku tekan yang jatuh bermula dengan paku tekan pertama yang jatuh:
OBSERVATION Sequence of the dropping of thumbtacks starting with the thumbtack which
drops first:

A B C

PERBINCANGAN mencair
1 Paku tekan jatuh apabila cairan lilin .
DISCUSSION melts
A thumbtack drop when the candle wax .
2 Urutan paku tekan yang jatuh menunjukkan haba dipindahkan apabila
lebih panas
penunu Bunsen dipanaskan dari kawasan ke kawasan
lebih sejuk
.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

The sequence of the drop of the thumbtacks show that heat is transferred
hotter
from the Bunsen burner from a region to a
colder
region.
bergetar
3 Zarah-zarah besi dalam rod besi yang tersusun rapat akan
memindahkan
dengan kuat apabila menerima haba dan getaran
tersebut kepada zarah di sebelahnya.
vibrate
The iron particles with orderly arrange will strongly when
transfer
receive heat and the vibration to the particle next to it.

4 Kegunaan kadbod dalam eksperimen ini adalah bagi mengelakkan haba


dipindahkan secara sinaran.
The uses of cardboard in this experiment is to avoid the heat transferred
by radiation.

konduksi
KESIMPULAN Aliran haba dalam pepejal adalah melalui cara .
CONCLUSION conduction
Heat flows through solid by .

Aktiviti Pengaliran Haba Secara Perolakan


Activity 9.2 Heat Flow by Convection

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji proses aliran haba melalui cecair dan gas.
AIM To study the process of heat flow through liquids and gases.

RADAS Tungku kaki tiga, kasa dawai, penunu Bunsen, bikar, tiub kaca
APPARATUS Tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, beakers, glass tube

BAHAN Hablur kalium permanganat, kayu colok, lilin, kadbod berbentuk T, mancis
MATERIAL Potassium permanganate crystals, joss stick, candle, T-shaped cardboard,
matches

PROSEDUR Aktiviti I: Aliran haba melalui cecair


PROCEDURE Activity I: Heat flow through liquids

Air
Water

Hablur kalium
permanganat
Potassium
permanganate
crystals

1 Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.


Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

2 Letakkan beberapa hablur kalium permanganat pada dasar bikar yang berisi
air dengan menggunakan tiub kaca. / Place a few potassium permanganate
crystals at the bottom of a beaker filled with water using a glass tube.
3 Nyalakan penunu Bunsen dan panaskan air di dalam bikar dengan perlahan.
Turn on the Bunsen burner and heat the water in the beaker slowly.
4 Perhatikan aliran kalium permanganat dalam bentuk arus berwarna ungu
di dalam air. / Observe the flow of potassium permanganate crystals in the
water in the form of a purple current.
5 Lukiskan beberapa anak panah untuk menunjukkan pergerakan hablur
kalium permanganat. / Draw arrows to show the movement of potassium
permanganate crystals.

Aktiviti II: Aliran haba melalui gas


Activity II: Heat flow through gases

1 Letakkan lilin pada suatu sudut ruangan bikar seperti yang ditunjukkan
dalam rajah.
Place a candle on one side of a beaker as shown in the diagram.
2 Letakkan kadbod berbentuk T ke dalam bikar untuk membahagikan bikar
kepada dua bahagian. / Put a T-shaped cardboard into the beaker to divide
the beaker into two parts.

Kayu colok
Joss stick

Kadbod berbentuk T
T-shaped cardboard
Lilin menyala Bikar
Lighted candle Beaker

3 Nyalakan lilin. / Light up the candle.


4 Dekatkan sebatang kayu colok menyala ke bahagian mulut bikar pada
sebelah kadbod yang bertentangan dengan lilin. / Bring a lighted joss stick
near the mouth of the beaker on the opposite side of the cardboard from
the candle.
5 Perhatikan pergerakan asap dari kayu colok dan lukis beberapa anak panah
untuk menunjukkan pergerakan asap.
Observe the flow of the smoke from the joss stick and draw arrows to show
the movement of the smoke.

PEMERHATIAN
OBSERVATION Aktiviti I / Activity I Aktiviti II / Activity II

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PERBINCANGAN 1 Namakan proses pemindahan haba yang berlaku dalam Aktiviti I dan
DISCUSSION Aktiviti II. / Name the process of heat transfer that occurs in Activity I and
Activity II.
Perolakan / Convection

2 Huraikan aliran air dalam Aktiviti I apabila haba dikenakan. Gariskan
jawapan yang betul.
Describe the flow of water in Activity I when heat is applied. Underline the
correct answer.
Apabila haba dikenakan, air ( mengembang / mengecut ) dan menjadi
( lebih / kurang ) tumpat. Air panas mengalir ke ( atas / bawah ) dan air
sejuk daripada permukaan yang ( lebih / kurang ) tumpat mengalir ke
( atas / bawah ).
When heat is applied, the water ( expands / contracts ) and becomes
( denser / less dense ). The hot water flows ( upwards / downwards ) and
the cold water from the surface which is ( denser / less dense ) flows
( upwards / downwards ).

3 Berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam Aktiviti II, udara di sebelah atas


lilin yang menyala adalah kurang tumpat.
Based on the observation in Activity II, the air above the lighted
candle is less dense.

4 Tujuan penggunaan hablur kalium permanganat dan asap dari kayu colok
adalah untuk menampakkan arus perolakan dalam bendalir.
The purpose of using potassium permanganate and smoke from the joss
stick is to show the convection current in the fluid.

5 Haba tidak boleh mengalir melalui pepejal dengan cara perolakan kerana
zarah-zarah pepejal tidak boleh bergerak bebas .
Heat cannot flow through solids by convection because solid particles
cannot move freely .

Aliran haba dalam bendalir (cecair dan gas) adalah melalui cara perolakan .
KESIMPULAN
CONCLUSION
Heat flow in fluid (liquid and gas) is through convection .

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Aktiviti Proses Aliran Haba Melalui Sinaran


Activity 9.3 Heat Flow Process Through Radiation

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji proses aliran haba melalui vakum.


AIM To study the process of heat flow through vacuum.

RADAS Mentol lampu, serkup kaca, pam vakum


APPARATUS Light bulb, bell jar, vacuum pump

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE Ke suis / To switch

Serkup kaca
Glass jar
Mentol lampu
Light bulb

Ke pam vakum / To vacuum pump

1 Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.


Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2 Hidupkan pam vakum dan mentol lampu selama 5 minit.
Switch on the vacuum pump and the light bulb for 5 minutes.
3 Letakkan tapak tangan anda dekat dengan serkup kaca tanpa
menyentuhnya. / Place your palms near the bell jar without touching it.

PEMERHATIAN Tangan terasa panas .


OBSERVATION warm
The hands feel .

PERBINCANGAN 1 Proses pemindahan haba yang berlaku dalam aktiviti ini ialah sinaran .
DISCUSSION radiation .
The process of heat transfer that takes place in this activity is
2 Dalam aktiviti ini, fungsi pam vakum adalah untuk mengepam udara
keluar dari serkup kaca supaya bahagian dalam serkup kaca menjadi
vakum . / In this activity, the function of the vacuum pump is to
pump air out from the bell jar so that the inside of the bell jar becomes
vacuum .
3 Tapak tangan tidak diletakkan di atas dinding serkup kaca untuk
mengelakkan pemindahan haba secara konduksi dan perolakan .
The palms are not laid on the wall of the bell jar to avoid heat transfer to
the palms by conduction and convection .
4 Dalam serkup kaca, haba tidak boleh mengalir melalui perolakan kerana
tiada udara di dalam serkup kaca tersebut. / In the bell jar, heat
cannot flow by convection because there is no air in the bell jar.

Haba mengalir melalui vakum secara sinaran .


KESIMPULAN
CONCLUSION radiation .
Heat flows through vacuum by

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Eksperimen Penyerapan dan Pembebasan Haba


Experiment 9.1 Absorption and Release of Heat

I Penyerap haba yang baik / Good heat absorber

TUJUAN Untuk mengetahui jenis permukaan yang mana (gelap dan kusam atau
AIM
putih dan berkilat) menyerap haba dengan lebih baik. / To find out which
type of surface (a dark and dull or a white and shiny) absorbs heat better.

HIPOTESIS Permukaan yang gelap dan pudar menyerap haba lebih baik daripada
HYPOTHESIS
permukaan putih dan berkilat.
A dark and dull surface absorbs heat better than a white and shiny surface.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasika: Jenis dan warna permukaan


VARIABLES
Manipulated: Type and colour of surface
(b) Bergerak balas: Suhu udara dalam kelalang
Responding: Temperature of air in flask
(c) Dimalarkan: Saiz kelalang kon
Constant: Size of conical flask

RADAS Kelalang kon, termometer, penunu Bunsen


APPARATUS
Conical flask, thermometer, Bunsen burner

BAHAN Kertas hitam, kertas putih berkilat


MATERIAL
Black paper, shiny white paper

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE Balutan kertas hitam
Balutan kertas putih berkilat Penunu Bunsen
Wrap of shiny white paper Bunsen Burner Wrap of black paper

Termometer Termometer
Thermometer Thermometer

Gabus getah Gabus getah


Rubber stopper Rubber stopper

Kaki retort
Retort stand

1 Balutkan satu kelalang kon dengan kertas hitam dan satu lagi kelalang
kon dengan kertas putih berkilat. / Wrap a conical flask with black
paper and another one with shiny white paper.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

2 Tutup kedua-dua kelalang kon dengan gabus getah yang


mengandungi termometer.
Close both of the conical flask with rubber stopper containing
thermometer.
3 Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
4 Sediakan suhu kedua-dua kelalang kon.
Observe the temperature of both conical flasks.

PEMERHATIAN Jenis permukaan Pemerhatian


OBSERVATION
Type of surface Observation
Gelap dan pudar Bacaan termometer menunjukkan suhu yang lebih
Dark and dull tinggi / The thermometer reading shows higher
temperature
Putih dan berkilat Bacaan termometer menunjukkan suhu yang lebih
White and shiny rendah / The thermometer reading shows lower
temperature

KESIMPULAN Permukaan objek gelap dan pudar merupakan penyebab haba yang lebih
CONCLUSION
baik berbanding permukaan putih berkilat. / Dark and dull surface absorbs
heat better than white and shiny surface.

II Pembebas yang baik / Good heat radiator

TUJUAN Untuk mengetahui permukaan yang mana (gelap dan pudar atau putih dan
AIM
berkilat) dapat membebaskan haba dengan lebih baik. / To find out which
type of surface (dark and dull or white and shiny) can release heat better.

HIPOTESIS Permukaan yang gelap dan pudar dapat membebaskan haba lebih baik
HYPOTHESIS
daripada permukaan yang putih dan berkilat.
Dark and dull surface can radiate heat better than white and shiny surface.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan: Jenis dan warna permukaan


VARIABLES Manipulated: Type and colour of surface
(b) Bergerak balas: Suhu air
Responding: Temperature of water
(c) Dimalarkan: Saiz bekas
Constant: Size of container

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

RADAS Bekas air bertutup, termometer


APPARATUS Closed water container, thermometer

BAHAN Air panas, kertas hitam, kertas putih


MATERIAL Hot water, black paper, white paper


PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE Termometer
Thermometer

Gabus getah
Rubber stopper

Balutan kertas hitam Balutan kertas putih


Wrap of black paper Wrap of white paper

1 Balutkan satu bekas air dengan kertas hitam dan satu lagi dengan
kertas putih. / Wrap a conical flask with black paper and another one
with white paper.
2 Isikan kedua-dua bekas dengan air panas dan sediakan radas seperti
dalam rajah yang ditunjukkan.
Fill both water containers with hot water and set up the apparatus as
shown in the diagram.
3 Perhatikan dan rekodkan suhu bagi kedua-dua bekas air selepas
30 minit.
Observe and record the temperature for both water containers after
30 minutes.

PEMERHATIAN Jenis permukaan Bacaan suhu (°C)


OBSERVATION Type of surface Reading of temperature (°C)
Hitam / Black 45
Putih / White 65

KESIMPULAN Permukaan objek yang gelap dan kusam merupakan pembebas haba yang
CONCLUSION lebih baik daripada permukaan objek yang cerah dan berkilat.
Object with dark and dull surface has a better radiator compared to object
with bright and shiny surface.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2
BAB
Gelombang Bunyi
10
CHAPTER

Sound Waves

Aktiviti Ciri-ciri Gelombang Bunyi


Activity 10.1 Characteristics of Sound Waves

Aktiviti I / Activity I

TUJUAN Untuk menyelidik keperluan medium untuk perambatan bunyi.


AIM To investigate the need of medium in the propagation of sound.

RADAS Balang kaca, pam vakum, wayar, suis, loceng elektrik, bateri
APPARATUS Bell jar, vacuum pump, wire, switch, electric bell, battery

PROSEDUR
Bateri / Battery
PROCEDURE

Suis
Switch

Balang kaca
Bell jar
Loceng elektrik
Electric bell

Ke pam vakum
To vacuum pump

1 Pasangkan radas seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah.


Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2 Pasangkan loceng elektrik dan dengar bunyi yang terhasil.
Switch on the electric bell and listen to the sound produced.
3 Pasangkan pam vakum untuk mengepam udara keluar dan perhatikan.
Switch on the vacuum pump to pump the air out and observe it.
4 Padamkan pam vakum untuk membenarkan udara masuk secara perlahan
dan perhatikan.
Switch off the vacuum pump to let the air in slowly and observe it.

PEMERHATIAN 1 Bunyi loceng elektrik dapat didengar apabila ia dipasangkan.


OBSERVATION can be
The sound of the electric bell heard when it is switched on.
2 Apabila pam vakum dipasangkan, bunyi loceng elektrik menjadi
lemah dan akhirnya tidak kedengaran .
When the vacuum pump is switched on, the sound of the electric bell
becomes weaker and eventually cannot be heard .

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

3 Apabila pam vakum dipadamkan, bunyi loceng elektrik kedengaran

semula .
When the vacuum pump is switched off, the sound of the electric bell
can be heard again .

1 Apabila balang kaca diisi dengan udara, zarah-zarah udara


PERBINCANGAN
DISCUSSION memindahkan bunyi loceng elektrik.
When the bell jar is filled with air, the air particles transfer the
sound of the electric bell.

2 Apabila pam vakum dipasang, semua udara dalam balang kaca dipam
keluar. Bunyi loceng tidak kedengaran kerana tiada medium untuk
perambatan bunyi . Bunyi tidak dapat merambat melalui vakum.
When the vacuum pump is switched on, all the air in the bell jar is pumped
out. The sound of electric bell cannot be heard because no medium for
sound propagation . Sound cannot be propagated through vacuum.

Bunyi memerlukan medium untuk merambat.


KEPUTUSAN
RESULT Sound needs medium to propagate.

Aktiviti II / Activity II

TUJUAN Untuk mengkaji perambatan bunyi dalam medium yang berbeza.


AIM To study propagation of sounds in different medium.

RADAS Bekas plastik dan jam loceng / Plastic containers and alarm clock
APPARATUS

BAHAN Air dan tepung / Water and flour


MATERIALS

PROSEDUR 1 Sediakan tiga bekas plastik yang masing-masing diisi udara, air dan tepung
PROCEDURE dengan penuh.
Prepare three plastic containers filled with air, water and flour.
2 Letakkan bekas plastik berisi udara yang ditutup kemas di atas meja dan
lekapkan telinga pada bekas tersebut.
Put a plastic container filled with air that is firmly covered on the table and
place the ear on the container.
3 Minta rakan anda membunyikan jam loceng di hujung meja kemudian
dengarkan bunyi yang terhasil.
Ask your friend to ring the alarm clock at the end of the table and then hear
the resulting sound.
4 Ulang langkah 2 dan 3 dengan menggunakan bekas berisi air dan bekas
yang berisi tepung. Bandingkan kekuatan bunyi yang dihasilkan.
Repeat steps 2 and 3 using containers filled with water and flour. Compare
the loudness sound produced.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PEMERHATIAN 1 Bunyi loceng paling kuat didengari melalui bekas plastik berisi
OBSERVATION
tepung . / The loudest bell sound are heard through plastic
containers filled with flour .
2 Bunyi loceng paling perlahan didengari melalui bekas plastik berisi
udara . / The slowest bell sound is heard through the plastic
container filled with air .

PERBINCANGAN 1 Susunkan bekas plastik berisi udara, air dan tepung mengikut kekuatan
DISCUSSION bunyi dalam urutan menaik. / Arrange plastic containers filled with air,
water and flour according to the loudness of sound in ascending order.

Udara Air Tepung
Air Water Flour

2 Bunyi merambat paling cepat dalam tepung kerana zarah-


zarahnya tersusun rapat . Manakala paling lambat dalam
udara kerana zarah-zarahnya yang berjauhan
melambatkan pemindahan getaran.
The sound propagates the fastest in the flour because
the particles are closely arranged. While the slowest in the
air because of the distant particles slow down
the transfer of vibration.

Bunyi merambat paling cepat dalam pepejal , diikuti dalam cecair


KESIMPULAN
CONCLUSION dan paling perlahan dalam gas . / Sound propagates the fastest in
solid , followed by in liquid and the slowest in
gas .

Aktiviti III / Activity III

TUJUAN Untuk menyiasat pemantulan dan penyerapan bunyi.


AIM To investigate the reflection and absorption of sound.

RADAS Kepingan asbestos, jam randik, tiub kertas, kain tuala, kaki retort dan pengapit
APPARATUS Asbestos sheet, stopwatch, paper tube, towel, retort stand and clamp

PROSEDUR 1 Susun radas seperti dalam rajah di atas lantai simen makmal.
PROCEDURE Set up the apparatus as in the diagram on the lab cement floor.

Kepingan asbestos Jam randik
Asbestos sheet Stopwatch

Pendengar
60
55 5
30
50 27
24
3
6 10
21 9
18 12
45 15
15

Listener
40 20
35 25
30

Tiub kertas
Paper tube
Permukaan
Surface

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

2 Dengan menggunakan kaki retort dan pengapit, tegakkan kepingan


asbestos. Tinggalkan ruang di antara kepingan asbestos dengan lantai.
Using a retort stand and clamps, set an asbestos sheet upright. Leave a
gap between the edge of the asbestos sheet and the floor.
3 Serongkan satu tiub kertas dengan menggunakan kaki retort. Pegang jam
randik yang berdetik pada satu hujung tiub tersebut.
Angle a paper tube using a retort stand. Hold a running stopwatch at one
end of the tube.
4 Minta rakan anda menggunakan satu lagi tiub kertas dan cuba dengar
bunyi detikan jam randik. Laraskan sudut tiub kertas jika perlu.
Ask a friend to use another paper tube and try to listen to the ticking
sound of the stopwatch. Adjust the angle of the paper tube if necessary.
5 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 4 dengan meletakkan tuala di atas lantai simen.
Repeat steps 1 to 4 by putting the towel on the cement floor.

PEMERHATIAN
OBSERVATION Permukaan Pemerhatian
Surface Observation

Lantai simen unyi detikan jam randik jelas kedengaran.


B
Cement floor The ticking sound of the stopwatch is clearly heard.

Tuala Bunyi detikan jam randik tidak jelas kedengaran.


Towel The ticking sound of the stopwatch is not clearly heard.

PERBINCANGAN 1 Permukaan yang manakah: / Which surface is:


DISCUSSION (i) Pemantul bunyi yang baik / Good reflector of sound :
Lantai simen / Cement floor
(ii) Penyerap bunyi yang baik / Good absorber of sound :
Tuala / Towel

2 Bandingkan ciri-ciri antara dua permukaan tersebut.


Compare the properties of both surfaces.

Lantai simen / Cement floor Tuala / Towel

Licin dan keras Kasar dan lembut


Smooth and hard Rough and soft

Permukaan yang licin dan keras adalah pemantul bunyi


yang baik manakala
KESIMPULAN
CONCLUSION permukaan yang lembut dan kasar adalah penyerap bunyi yang baik.
Smooth and hard surface is good reflector of sound whereas soft and rough
surface is good absorber of sound .

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

Hubungan antara Frekuensi dengan Kelangsingan dan Hubungan antara


Aktiviti Amplitud dengan Kenyaringan / Relationship between Frequency with Pitch
Activity 10.2
and Relationship between Amplitude with Loudness

TUJUAN Untuk menyiasat kesan amplitud dan frekuensi terhadap kenyaringan dan
AIM kelangsingan. / To investigate the effects of amplitude and frequency on
loudness and pitch of sound.

HIPOTESIS 1 Semakin tinggi amplitud, semakin tinggi kenyaringan.


HYPOTHESES The higher the amplitude, the higher the loudness.
2 Semakin tinggi frekuensi, semakin tinggi kelangsingan.
The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch.

PEMBOLEH UBAH (a) Dimanipulasikan / Manipulated:


VARIABLES
Amplitud dan frekuensi / Amplitude and frequency
(b) Bergerak balas / Responding:
Kenyaringan dan kelangsingan / Loudness and pitch
(c) Dimalarkan / Constant:
Tegangan pemberat pada dawai sonometer
Tension (load) of string in sonometer

RADAS Sonometer, osiloskop sinar katod (O.S.K), pemberat (1 kg), mikrofon, dawai
APPARATUS Sonometer, cathode ray oscilloscope (C.R.O), load (1 kg), microphone, metal wire

PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE Dawai Alas kayu
Metal wire Wooden bridge

Pemberat Sonometer
Weight Sonometer

1 Pemberat 1 kg digantungkan kepada hujung seutas dawai yang


dipasangkan di atas sonometer. / A load of 1 kg is attached to the free end
of the metal wire which is installed on a sonometer.
2 Dua alas kayu diselaraskan supaya panjang dawai antara kedua-dua alas itu
ialah kira-kira 60 cm. / The two wooden bridges are arranged such that the
length of the wire between them is about 60 cm.
3 Suatu mikrofon yang disambungkan kepada input-Y osiloskop sinar katod
(O.S.K) diletakkan berhampiran dawai itu. Julat frekuensi tapak-masa
diselaraskan kepada julat paling rendah dan gandaan-Y diselaraskan pada
nilai maksimum. / A microphone connected to the Y-input of a cathode ray
oscilloscope (C.R.O) is placed near the wire. The frequency range of the time-
base is set to the lowest range and the Y-gain is set to the maximum value.
4 Dawai itu dipetik di bahagian tengah dengan amplitud yang kecil. Bunyi
yang dihasilkan didengari dan bentuk gelombang pada skrin O.S.K
diperhatikan. / The wire is plucked at the middle with a small amplitude.
The sound produced is heard and the waveform displayed on the C.R.O
screen is observed.

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

5 Dawai itu dipetik sekali lagi di bahagian tengah dengan amplitud yang
lebih besar.
Then, the wire is plucked at the middle with a larger amplitude.
6 Kedudukan alas kayu diselaraskan semula supaya panjang dawai antara
kedua-dua alas itu dikurangkan menjadi 30 cm. Dawai itu dipetik di
bahagian tengah dengan amplitud yang besar.
The wooden bridges are rearranged such that the length of the wire
between them is reduced to 30 cm. The wire is plucked at the middle with
a large amplitude.
7 Dawai itu digantikan dengan dawai yang lebih halus dengan panjangnya
antara kedua-dua alas kayu lebih kurang 60 cm. Dawai itu dipetik di
bahagian tengah dengan amplitud yang besar.
The wire is replaced by a thinner wire with its length between the two
bridges about 60 cm. This wire is plucked at the middle with a large
amplitude.
8 Bunyi yang dihasilkan didengar dan bentuk gelombang pada skrin O.S.K
diperhatikan.
The sound produced is heard and the waveform displayed on the C.R.O
screen is observed.

PEMERHATIAN
OBSERVATION
Keadaan / Condition Bentuk gelombang / Waveform
Amplitud / Amplitude

Amplitud getaran yang kecil


Small amplitude of vibration Masa
Time

Amplitud / Amplitude

Amplitud getaran yang besar


Larger amplitude of vibration Masa
Time

Amplitud / Amplitude

Frekuensi getaran meningkat


Frequency of vibration increases Masa
Time

Amplitud / Amplitude

Dawai halus digunakan


Thinner wire used Masa
Time

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SAINS TINGKATAN 2

PERBINCANGAN 1 Apabila dawai dipetik dengan amplitud yang lebih besar , bentuk
DISCUSSION gelombang dengan amplitud yang lebih besar dipamerkan pada skrin
O.S.K. Bunyi yang dihasilkan didapati mempunyai kenyaringan yang
meningkat .
When the wire is plucked with a larger amplitude, a waveform of
larger amplitude is displayed on the C.R.O screen. The sound
produced is found to have increased loudness.
2 Apabila frekuensi getaran dawai ditingkatkan dengan panjangnya
dikurangkan, bentuk gelombang dengan tempoh lebih pendek dipamerkan
pada skrin O.S.K. Bunyi yang dihasilkan didapati mempunyai kelangsingan
yang tinggi .
When the frequency of vibration of the wire is increased by reducing its
length, a waveform with a shorter period is displayed on the C.R.O screen.
The sound produced is found to have a higher pitch.
3 Apabila dawai halus dipetik, skrin O.S.K mempamerkan bentuk gelombang
dengan tempoh berkurang. Bunyi yang dihasilkan didapati mempunyai
kelangsingan yang lebih tinggi .

When the thinner wire is plucked, a waveform with a shorter period is


displayed on the C.R.O screen. The sound produced is found to have
higher pitch.

KESIMPULAN 1 Kenyaringan meningkat apabila amplitud getaran dawai meningkat .


CONCLUSION
The loudness of sound increases when the amplitude of vibration
of a wire increases .

2 Kelangsingan bunyi meningkat apabila frekuensi getaran dawai


meningkat .
The pitch of sound increases when the frequency of vibration of a wire
increases .
3 Frekuensi getaran dawai boleh ditingkatkan dengan mengurangkan
panjang atau diameter dawai.
The frequency of vibration of a wire can be increased by reducing its
length or diameter .

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