You are on page 1of 20

29.1 .

- ) , , ,(.
- .
3-:
.1

) ( Ground tissue system

.2

) ( Vascular tissue system

.3

) ( Dermal tissue system

1 :

)(Xylem
)( Phloem

, .
. .
, .

:

-

29.2 .
.


. ,,
)(

.


.


.
) ,
(



) (.
.
: ,
.
.
: ,
,
,

.
:

Xylem
,
. )Pits
(.

Phloem
.
.


.
.

.

: ,.

.
.

.
.

- -.

3 3

4 5

)(

) :(Cotyledon - , .
. .

29.3 .
,
).(Primodia
-

) ( Node .

) (Internode .

) (Bud .

" " . , .
:
,
:
. -
. .

29.4 .
.

- .
.
) ( .
. - , .
. )(
.
:
-

. .

.
-

, ,

. ,
.
.
-

. .

.29.6 .
.
-

) .-(
-

) .-(.


. . ) (Root hairs
.
),( Vascular Cylinder
:
-

) -( Pericycle ,

.
.
, - ,
.

.29.7 .
-.
-

- ) (annuals

) .
-

- ) (biennials

. , .
, . .
-

- ) (perennials ,

.
.

. ,
. ,
, - .
, , .
.
,
.

29.8 .

90%- . ,
. -
, , - .
.
.
.
,
. ,
, .
) ,(bark .

, :
- , .

. ) (cork ,
. ,
, .
: , .
) (Lentices ,
.
.
, )
(heartwood :
-

) , , ,(

.
-

) (sapwood .
-

.
.
.
.
-

, -

.
-

- ,

.
-

.
. .
.
-

, - .

, .
-

. .

.
-

) ,

(.

30.1 .
) (soli ) (
) ,
(( .
:
-

) 0.05-2" ( , .

) (slit ) 0.002-0.5"(.

) (clay ,

, .
.
, ,
. ,
, .
) ,(loam
, . ,
.
. .
. 20%-10%
.
:
-

0 .

A ,

. ) 30"(.
.
-

- B , .

30- 60".
-

C ,

. .
-

) (leaching .
, .
) (erosion , .


,,

,
,

,
,
.
,
.

,
.
,
ATP ,



,
,
.
,
, ,
, .
,
,
.
, .
, ,
.
,
.



, ,

.
.
,
,

.
.

,,

, , ,
.
.
,
,

.
.
, ,
,

. . .
.
, .
.

.
- ,

.
.

30.2 .
.
,
, .
.
:
-

.
-

) , ,(.
-

, .
Mutualism , .

30.3 .
, .
, .
,
. .
.
. ,
.
) (
.
.
- ,
. .
- , .

- , .
. ,
.
. ,
. -
. . -
.
. .
, , -
. . CAM-
.

30.5 .

) ( . .
,
) ( . .
) (source )(.
) (sink ),
,(.
- ,
- .
.
, . ,
.

31.1 -.

. , .
, .
, .
.
. - .
) .(receptacle ,
. ) (sepals
) .(calyx ) ,(petals
) .(corolla ,
. :
-

)(

: , ) (.

.
-

: ) ,(stamens )

(anther ) (filament- .
) ,(pollen grains
.
-

: ) ,(pistil

) .(carpel ) (ovary
. .
) ,(stigma ,
. .

31.3 .
-,
- .
. .
.
. .
,
. ,
, ) .(integuments
. ,
, .
, -
. )- ( .
. .
) ( pollination .
. ,
. ,
, .
:
-

+ = . 2n

+ - =

3n ) (.

31.4 .
)
( . = .
.
:
:
-

- .
- , .
:
, ,
. , , ).(seed
.
. .
-

, .

) (.

) (.

31.7 - -.
- -.

-.

- .
-

(.

,,

-.

32.1 .

:
) (germination
, . :
-

. ) (imbibition
,
. .
, .
.

32.2 .
:
-

) (growth - ,

.
-

) (development

.
, ,
. ,
. -.

'

,
, .

.
.
)
( .
.
,
.


, ,
.
,
.


,
.


,.


.
,,
.
,,
,,
.

32.3 .
:
-

) (tropism

.
-

. .
) (statoliths
.
.
. .
-

) (Phototropism

.
)
(.
-

) (thigmotropism

)( .
) ,(vines ) (tendrils
.

) , , -(

32.4 .
-

. )
- ( .
) ,(Pfr - ).(Pf
-

) ( cicardian rhythm

24 . .
-

) (Photoperiodism

. Pfr- .
. ,
. .
,
. .

32.5 .
-

) - (senescence

. : , , ,
. IAA- .
,
) ( .
).(abscission
-

) (dormancy .

.
, .
-

'

.
.

You might also like