Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune

system in all organisms.

Immunity State of protection from infectious diseases.
Immune system A remarkably versatile defense system that has evolved to protect animals from
invading pathogenic microorganisms and cancer. restore, repair, replace and regenerate cells.
Chinese (1500 A.D) custom of inhaling crusts from smallpox lesions
*In 1796 an English surgeon, Edward Jenner, developed the concept of vaccination
Louis Pasteur- demonstrated that it was possible to attenuate, or weaken, a pathogen and administer
the attenuated strain as a vaccine. In 1885, Pasteur administered his first vaccine to a human, a young
boy who had been bitten repeatedly by a rabid dog. Popularized the germ theory of disease, and
introduced the hope that all infectious diseases could be prevented by prophylactic vaccination
Passive Immunity
Innate immunity: Everyone is born with innate
(or natural )immunity, a type of general
TYPES OF IMMUNITY protection. EX.ORGAN SKIN TISSUE CELLS
Innate Immunity
Adaptive immunity
Adaptive immunity: Adaptive (or active) Coenzymes are small nonprotein molecules
immunity develops throughout our lives.
The apoenzyme is responsible for the enzyme’s
Passive immunity: Passive immunity is substrate
"borrowed" from another source and it lasts for
a short time. For example, antibodies in a
mother's breast milk give a baby temporary
immunity

ENZYME
Enzymology a field of study that deals with a
specific group of proteins called enzymes

WHY ENZYMES ARE IMPORTANT?
Enzymes are critical for every aspect of cellular
life.
Cell shape and motility. Surface receptor  Cell
cycle Metabolism Transcription Hormone
release  PRotein synthesis
Enzymes can be classified using a numbering
system consists of a four digit number which
classifies based on the type of reaction the
enzyme catalyzes.
Classification of Enzymes
EC 1. Oxidoreductases – Transfer electrons
(Redox reactions).
EC 2. Transferases – Transfer functional groups
between
molecules.
EC 3. Hydrolases – Break bonds by adding
H2O.
EC 4. Lyases – Elimination reactions to form
double bonds. 
EC 5. Isomerases – Intramolecular
rearrangements. 
EC 6. Ligases – Join molecules with new bonds
Lipases: This group of enzymes helps digest fats
in the gut.
Examples of Enzyme
Amylase: In the saliva, amylase helps change
starches into
sugars.
Maltase: This also occurs in the saliva, and
breaks the sugar
maltose into glucose.
Trypsin: These enzymes break proteins down
into amino acids in the small intestine.
Lactase: Lactase breaks lactose, into glucose
and galactose.
Acetylcholinesterase: These enzymes break
down the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine in nerves and
muscles.
Helicase: Helicase enzymes unravel DNA.
DNA polymerase: These enzymes synthesize
DNA from
deoxyribonucleotides.
BIOMOLECULES
Biomolecules, also called biological molecules,
are the molecules that are necessary for every
living organism on earth to survive. They are
our main source of energy, storage of that
energy
Carbohydrates provide the body
with glucose, which is converted to
energy used to support bodily
functions and physical activity help
fuel your brain, kidneys, heart
muscles, and central nervous
system. fiber is a carbohydrate that
aids in digestion examples are grains
dairy products and fruits

Carbohydrates' two main classification:

SIMPLE ; MONOSACCHARIDES ,OLIGO, DISA
COMPLEX; POLYSACCHARIDES

Simple carbohydrates are composed of one or

two sugar molecules
Monosaccharides, also known as simple sugars,
are the most basic units
Two monosaccharides combine to form a
disaccharide through or via glycosidic bond. Like
monosaccharides, disaccharides are soluble in
water. Examples of carbohydrates having two
monomers include- Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose,
etc.
Carbohydrates formed by the condensation of
2-9 monosaccharides called
oligosaccharides
PROTEINS

Protein is a macronutrient essential

for fueling healthy working
bodies.Protein is also essential for
healing wounds and repairing tissue,
especially in the muscles, skin, bones,
and hair. It also plays a big part in our
diet to help our body repair cells and
make new ones. Protein is also
important for growth and
development