AC ANALYSIS

AC CIRCUITS
JURIEVE R. BAGAY
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
DC – DIRECT CURRENT
• Has Polarity
• Commonly Low Voltage
(1.5V, 3V, 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V)
• Has No Frequency, f=0
• Direct Current Waveform
(Straight Line Waveform)
• Storable (Battery)
• Non Transformable
• Widely Use
JURIEVE R. BAGAY
AC – ALTERNATING CURRENT
• Has No Polarity
(Instantaneous Polarity)
• Commonly High Voltage
(110 V, 220 V, 440 V, 13.8 kV, 69 kV,
115kV, 138 kV, 230 kV, 500 KV)
• Has Frequency, f=60Hz
(Sinusoidal Waveform)
• Non Storable
• Transformable (Through the use
of Transformer)
• Widely Use
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 PASSIVE ELEMENTS
RESISTANCE (R) INDUCTANCE (L) CAPACITANCE (C)
• RESISTOR • INDUCTOR or COIL • CAPACITOR
• V=IR • V=L di • i=C dv
• i= V • i= 1 dt dt
R
L  idt 1
v   idt
• Stores energy on C
• Resist Electric its magnetic field • Stores energy on
Current its electric field
• At DC Source:
• At DC Source: Shorted • At DC Source:
Resist current • At AC Source: Open
• At AC Source: It has Inductive • At AC Source:
Resist current Reactance It has Capacitive
Power Factor = 1 Power Factor = Reactance
lagging Power Factor =
leading
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 3
 IMPORTANT TERMS
RESISTANCE (R) – the unit is in ohms
- Opposition effect of Resistor to electric current.
REACTANCE (X) – the unit is in ohms
- Opposition effect of Inductor and Capacitor to current.
IMPEDANCE (Z) – the unit is in ohms
– the phasor combination of resistance and reactance.
INDUCTIVE REACTANCE (XL) – the unit is in ohms
- the resistance effect of Inductor to electric current due
to the frequency of AC source.
CAPACITIVE REACTANCE (XC) – the unit is in ohms
- the resistance effect of Capacitor to electric current due
to the frequency of AC source.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 4
 IMPORTANT TERMS
TRUE POWER (P) – the unit is in Watts
– the power consumption of a resistor.
REACTIVE POWER (Q) – the unit is in VAR’s (Volt Ampere
Reactive)
– the power consumption of a reactance.
APPARENT POWER (S) – the unit is in VA (Volt Ampere)
– the power consumption in an impedance
INDUCTIVE REACTIVE POWER (QL)
- the power consumption of inductive reactance.
- the unit is in “KVAR”
CAPACITIVE REACTIVE POWER (QC)
- the power consumption of capacitive reactance.
- the unit is in “KVAR”
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JURIEVE R. BAGAY
 IMPORTANT TERMS
CONDUCTANCE (G) – the unit is in mho
– the reciprocal of resistance
SUSCEPTANCE (B) – the unit is in mho
– the reciprocal of reactance
ADMITTANCE (Y) – the unit is in mho
– the reciprocal of impedance
- the phasor combination of conductance and susceptance.
POWER FACTOR (pf) – cos Φ
- Ratio of resistance to its impedance.
- Ratio of true power to the apparent power.
REACTIVE FACTOR (rf) – sin Φ
- Ratio of reactance to its impedance.
- Ratio of reactive power to the apparent power.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 6
 FORMULAS
VR 2 R P
P  VR I R   IR2R pf  cos   
R Z S

VX 2 X Q
Q  VX I X   IX 2X rf  sin   
X Z S

2
VZ X Q
S  VZ I Z   IZ 2Z qf  tan   
Z R P
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 7
 FORMULAS
1
Y
Z  R  jX
Z

1
B
X
SP jQ 1
G
R
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 8
BAR ANGLE SIGN CONVENTION

 Z I S pf Symbol

R 0 0 0 1
L    lag

C    lead
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 9
“When you eat the labor of your
hands, you shall be happy, and it
shall be well with you.”
– Psalm 128:2

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JURIEVE R. BAGAY
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 11
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 12
THANK YOU VERY
MUCH!

Jurieve R. Bagay
TIPQC EE Faculty