TXJ@\ @J@E@
THMT@MJ
FE@E B@EO@CF

DF\X\XM ACHB 7

M`e` 7 @cvfmda Dfva Y`mg`v`

Ma 7 ><

Khc`s 7 YFFF L

\E^ MHJH_F 0 K@_@MJE@C@MJ

T@BXM ^HC@G@_@M ?>02/?>06
 

K@T@ ^HMJ@MT@_ 

^ugf d`m syukur phmucfs p`mg`tk`m khp`d` Tub`m V`mj E`b` Hs` `t`s shchs`fmy` e`k`c`b fmf
thmt
thmt`m
`mj
j –Fe`e
–Fe`e B`eo
B`eo`cf
`cf ―. @t
@t`s
`s du
duku
kumj
mj`m
`m ear`
ear`cc d`
d`m
m e`th
e`thrf
rf y`
y`mj
mj df
dfoh
ohrf
rfk`
k`m
m d`
d`c`
c`e
e
 phmyusum`m e`k`c`b fmf, e`k` phmucfs
phmucfs ehmjul`pk`m o`my`k thrfe` k`sfb.

^hmucfs
^hmucfs ehmy`d`rf
ehmy`d`rf o`bw` e`k`c`b fmf ohcuec`b shepurm`.
shepurm`. Achb k`rhm` ftu, s`r`m d`m krftfk 
krftfk 
y`mj eheo`mjum s`mj`t df outubk`m umtuk phmyhepurm``m e`k`c`b fmf.

\r`jhm, ?6 @prfc

  ^hmucfs

f
 

O@O F
^HMD@BXCX@M

0.0 C`t`r
C`t`r Ohc`k
Ohc`k`mj
`mj
Df d`c`e dumf` Fsc`e `d` ohohr`p`
ohohr`p` e`dzb`o
e`dzb`o y`mj thre`sybur
thre`sybur s`ep`f
s`ep`f shk`r`mj

`d`c`b hep`t e`dzb`o, y`kmf e`dzb`o B`m`if, e`dzb`o E`cfkf, e`dzb`o \y`if'f d`m
e`dzb`o B`eo`cf.
Fe`e @be`d `d`c`b shar`mj takab y`mj shdhrb`m`,ehr`ky`t d`m ehepumy`f
kaeftehm khfsc`e`m y`mj tfmjjf. Khlfmt``m ohcf`u p`d` b`dfs d`m khshtf``m p`d` m`of
y`mj b`rus dfo`y`r dhmj`m phmjaro`m`m ifsfk d`m mamifsfk.
mamifsfk. Ehrup`k`m su`tu mfc`f
t`eo`b y`mj b`rus dfb`rj`f, up`y` ocf`u d`c`e ehmyhc`r`sk`m k`t` d`m
sfk`p/tfmd`k`m `d`c`b she`t` kamsfsthmsf d`rf khlfmt``m thrshout. Khthjub`m sfk`p fmf
eheohrfk`m khku`t`m umtuk ehmjb`d`pf Efbm`b d`m atarft`s phmju`s`.
Kft`
Kft`o
o eusm`d ehr
ehrup`
up`k`m
k`m w`r
w`rfs`m
fs`m phm
phmtfm
tfmj
j d`m ohrb`r
ohrb`rj
j o`jff
o`j phrueu
phrueus`m
s`m

 phefkfr`m d`m phmyhchs`f`m e`s`c`b kamthkamtheparhr.

eparhr. @kbfrmy` she`kfm o`my`k 
 phmj`c`e`m ehcfb`t dumf`, she`kfm tfmjjf khs`d`r`m eheouk` pfkfr`m d`m she`kfm
tfmjjf tfmjk`t phmdfdfk`m shshar`mj e`k` `k`m she`kfm kaeprhbhmsfi df` ehcfb`t su`tu
e`s`c`b d`m ehmyhchs`fk`mmy`.
\hbfmjj` pheo`l` d`p`t ehmjht`buf phrg`c`m`m bfdup, phmdfdfk`m, k`ry` y`mj df
b`sfck`m d`m lfrf kb`s e`dzb`omy`.

0.? _ueus`m
_ueus`m E`s`c`
E`s`c`b
b

0. \f
\f`p
`p`` fe`e
fe`e b`
b`eo
eo`c
`cff ftu
ftu 1

?. O`j`fe
O`j`fe`m`
`m` pras
prashs
hs phmdf
phmdfdfk
dfk`m
`m ohcf`
ohcf`u
u1

<. @p` s`g`

s`g` lara
larak
k e`dzb
e`dzb`om
`omy
y d`m lamtab
lamtabmy`
my`11

4. O`j`fe
O`j`fe`m`
`m` lfrf
lfrf kb`s
kb`s e`dz
e`dzb`o
b`o ifqfbm
ifqfbmy`
y` 1

0.< Tugu`m
Tugu`m

E`k`c`b fmf df ou`t `j`r

`j`r p`r` pheo`l` ehmjht`buf ofajr`if
ofajr`if fe`e b`eo`cf shl`r`
rumtum, `j`r phmucfs d`p`t ehmhc`d`mf sfk`p ohcf`u. \hbfmjj` `k`m thrlfpt` e`musf`

y`mj ohrphmdfdfk`m tfmjjf thrb`d`p `j`e`my`.

0
 

O@O FF
^HEO@B@\@M

?.0 Ofajr`
Ofajr`if
if

 M`e` chmjk`p @be`d ofm B`mo`c `d`c`b

`d`c` b @be`d fomu Eub`ee`d fom
B`mo`c fom Bfc`c fom @s`d fom Fdrfs fom @odfcc`b ofm @m`s fom @wi fom P`sft fom
E`zfe fom \b`fo`m fom Wuc`c fom Fse`fc fom For`bfe. Ohcf`u c`bfr df O`jbd`d
 ouc`m _`of‖uc @w`c t`bum 094 B `t`u p`d` ouc`m Mavheohr :2> E. @y`bmy`
 ohrm`e` Eub`ee`d, shar`mj eugt`bfd
eugt` bfd df O`sr`b. \hd`mj foumy` ohrm`e`
\`ify`b ofmtf E`feum`b ofmtf @oducc`b E`cfk @c-\b`fo`m.
^`d` `w`cmy`
`w`cmy` khcu`rj` @be`d tfmjj`c
tfmjj`c df O`sr`b.
O`sr`b. Kheudf`m k`khkmy`
 pfmd`b kh K bur`s
bur`s`m ehmg`d
ehmg`dff w`cf
w`cf \`rkb`s
\`rkb`s p`d`
p`d` e`s` Xe`yy`b. K`khkmy`
kheudf`m thrcfo`t d`c`e phrgu`mj`m o`mf @ oo`s ehrhout khkb`cfi`b`m d`rf t`mj`m
 o`mf Xe`yy`b. @y`b @be`d `ktfi sho`j`f shar`mj thmt`r`
thmt`r` d`uc`b
d`uc`b @oo`sfy`b d`m
tfmjj`c df E`r u (E`rwfm
(E`rwfm).
). Khtfk`
Khtfk` fsthrfmy`
fsthrfmy` ehmj`mdumj
ehmj`mdumj,, @be`d, df` pfmd`b kh
O`jd`d. (W`br`b, t.tb.7 480-48?).
@be`d c`bfr d`c`e khcu`rj`
khcu`rj` y`mj shdhrb`m`.
shdhrb`m`. @y`bmy` ehmfmjj`c
ehmfmjj`c
dumf` khtfk` @be`d e`sfb khlfc, shbfmjj` t`mjjumj g`w`o phehcfbr``mmy` ohr`d` df
 pumd`k foumy`. Khshdhrb`m``m bfdup tfd`kc`b ehmyurutk`m thk`d @be`d umtuk 
ehmumtut fceu d`m ehmhep` dfrf.

?.? ^hmdfdfk`m
@be`d b`eo`cf ehmd`p`tk`m phmdfdfk`m phrt`e`my` df kat` O`jbd`d. Kat`
O`jbd`d khtfk` ftu `d`c`b pus`t phrkheo`mj`m fceu phmjht`bu`m d`m khoud`y``m, df
s`epfmj sho`j`f pus`t phehrfmt`b`m d`uc`b @oo`sfy`b, df kat` thrshout thrd`p`t
 p`k`r-p`k`r df ofd`mj sy`rf'`b, qfr``t, t`s`wui, o`b`s`, ifcs`i`t, d`m
sho`j`fmy`.
sho`j`fmy`. @t`s khe`u`m
khe`u`m shmdfrf
shmdfrf dft`eo`b dhmj`m
dhmj`m daramj`m
daramj`m d`rf khcu`rj`my`,
khcu`rj`my`,
@be`d ehefcfb ehmhkumf ofd`mj fceu-fceu `j`e`, kbususmy` fceu
fc eu b`dfs d`m
ifkfb. Df s`epfmj ftu, df` guj` ehmjb`i`c @cqur`m d`m ehephc`g`rf fceu-
fceu o`b`s`. Df` ehmd`p`tf
ehmd`p`tf du` khlhmdhrumj
khlhmdhrumj`m
`m y`mj ohrkheo`mj
ohrkheo`mj khtfk` ftu,
y`ftu e`mb`g `c-ifqb d`m e`mb
e`mb`g
`g `c- b`dfs
b`dfs. ^`d` euc`my` @be`d ehephc`g`rf
ifkfb `bc `c-r`'yf d`rf `c- P`dbf @ou Vusui,
Vusui, eurfd Fe`e @ou B`mfi`b. Tht`pf

?
 

t`ep`kmy` df` chofb lhmdhrumj ehephc`g`rf b`dfs, shbfmjj` khtfk` ohrjuru khp`d`
@ou Vusui, @be`d chofb ehephrb`tfk`m `sphk b`dfsmy`.
Khlfmt``m @be`d khp`d` b`dfs ehmdaramjmy` umt uk ehc`kuk`m rfbc`b
(phrg`c`m`m) ehml`rf b`dfs. @be`d ehmheuf sy`fkb-sy`fkb b`dfs df ohro`j`f
d`
d`hr`
hr`b
b um
umtu
tuk
k fe`  phrfw`y`t`m
ehmhr fe b`dfs. Df` euc`f ehephc`g`rf
ehephc`g`rf b`dfs df

O`jbd`d t`bum 0:6 B. Khtfk` e`sfb ohrueur 08 t`bum. \hc`e` tugub t`bum df`
ehmhkumf b`dfs df kat` fmf dhmj`m ehmheuf chofb dd`rf
`rf ?> ar `mj
`mj sy`fkb b`dfs,
`mt`r` c`fm B`syfe fom O`syfr. T`bum
T`bum 029 B, df`  ohc`g`r kh O`sbr`b. \ht`bum
kheudf`m
kheudf`m df` phrjf kh Bfg`z. \hc`mgu
\hc`mgutmy`
tmy` df` ehc`k
ehc`kuk`m
uk`m phrg`c`m`m
phrg`c`m`m c`jf kh
O`sbr`b, Kui`b, Bfg`z d`m V`e`m. Thrl`t`t sho`my`k cfe` k`cf @be`d ohrkumgumj
kh O`sbr`b d`m cfe` k`cf puc` kh Bfg`z. Khtfk` phrjf kh Ehk`b,@be`d  ohrtheu
umt uk  phrt`e` k`cfmy` dhmj`m Fe`e \y`if'f d`m @be`d c`mjsumj  ohr ju
jur u
khp`d`my` thmt`mj ifkfb d`m usbuc ifkfb.
ifkfb. ^`d` t`bum 068 B s`ep`f 06: B @be`d
 ohc`g`r ifqb d`m usbuc ifqb p`d` Fe`e \y`if‖fh y`mj p`d` w`ktu ftu ohr`d` df Bfg`z.

Df Bfg`z puc` f` ohc`g`r p`d` Fe`e E`cfk d`m Fe`e `c-C`fts ofm \`‖`d `c- Efsrf. D`c`e
 phml`rf`m b`dfs f` guj` phrjf kh V`e
V`e`m,
`m, Khp`d` @odurr`zfq ofm B`e`m, d`m khd`hr`b-
khd`hr`b c`fm shphrtf Kbur`s`m, ^hrsf`, d`m T`rsus. @be`d ehmj`mj`p Fe`e \y`if‖fh
sho`j`f
sho`j`f juru ohs`rmy`, achb k`rhm` ftu d`c`
d`c`e
e phefk
phefkfr`m
fr`m f` o`my`
o`my`k
k df phmj
phmj`rubu
`rubuff achb
Fe`e \y`if‖fh. B`c fmf guj` ofs` dfkht`buf d`rf k`t`-k`t` @be`d ofm B`mo`c khtfk` f`
sud`b ehmg`df Fe`e y`mj ohs`r7 @p`ofc` s`y` dft`my` thmt`mj shsu`tu y`mj tfd`k s`y`
 guep`f k`o`r (y`kmf b`dfs d`m `ts`r s`b`o`t) y`mj ehmghc`sk`mmy`, e`k` s`y`
 ohrphj`mj khp`d` phmd`p`t Fe`e \y`if‖fh. K`rhm` ohs`rmy` phmj`rub fe`e \y`if‖fh
 p`d` phefkfr`m @be`d ofm B`mo`c s`ep`f-sd`ep`f `c-T`o`rf phrm`b tfd`k e`u
ehmj`mj`p
ehmj`mj`pmy`
my` sho`
sho`j`f
j`f iuq`
iuq`b`
b` `t`u eugt`b
eugt`bfd
fd d`m ehmj
ehmj`mjj
`mjj`pmy
`pmy`` eutt`o
eutt`of‖
f‖ phrfw`
phrfw`y`t
y`t
b`dfs d`m ohrt`kcfd.
Ehskfpum phefkfr`m d`m ehtadh @be`d o`my`k dfphmj`rubuf achb Fe`e
\y`if‖f,,
\y`if‖f thrut`e`
thrut`e` w`rm` ifqfb y`mj dfb`sfck
dfb`sfck`mmy`
`mmy`,, b`c thrshou
thrshoutt s`mj`t
s`mj`t eumjkfm
eumjkfm
dfk`rhm`k`m f` chofb ehmju`s`f b`dfs d`rfp`d` Fe`e \y`if‖f. B`c thrshout d`p`t dfcfb`t,
efs`cmy`, d`c`e e`s`c`b y`mj s`e` @be`d ofs`
of s` ohrohd` phmd`p`t dhmj`m
dhmj`m Fe`e \y`if‖f,
k`rhm` df` ehepumy`f b`dfs thmt`mj e`s`c`b thrshout, shehmt`r` Fe`e \y`if‖f tfd`k.
Fe`e \y`if‖
\y`if‖ff guj`
guj` phrm`
phrm`b
b ehmy
ehmy`t`k`
`t`k`m
m khp`d
khp`d`` @be`
@be`d
d fom B`mo`
B`mo`cc d`m p`r`
`bcf b`dfs.
b`dfs.―K`c
―K`cf`m
f`m chofb
chofb t`bu
t`bu thmt`mj
thmt`mj b`dfs d`m
d`m kb`o`r
kb`o`r d`rfp`
d`rfp`d`
d` `ku,
`ku, e`k`
e`k` `p`ofc`
`p`ofc`
sb`bfb ohrt`
ohrt`buc`b
buc`b `ku
`ku―― K`ry` y`mj eam
eamuehmt
uehmt`c,
`c, Eusm`d
 Eusm`d @be`d  guj` chofb o`my`k 

eheu`t b`dfs, shehmt`r` Fe`e \y`if‖f `d`c`b phrl`epur`m khdu`my`. Ofs` dfk`t`k`m

<
 

 pasfsf @be`d ohr`d` `mt`r` Fe`e \y`if‖f d`m Fe`e E`cfkf. Dhmj`m dhefkf`m ehskfpum
f` o`my
o`my`k
`k dfphmj`rubf
dfphmj`rubf achb Fe`e \y`if‖f, o`my
o`my`k
`k puc` w`rm`-w`rm`
w`rm`-w`rm` E`cf
E`cfkf
kf d`c`e
ifqfbmy`. D`c`e ehtadhmy` f` o`my`k ehmjum`k`m dhduksf, m`eum ftu ohr`rtf ehm`ifk`m
 o`bw` f` guj` ehmjum`k`m fmduksf. Df` guj` ehmjjum`k`m qfy`s, fstfsb`m,fstfbbs`o, d`m
 guj` pumy` khlhmdrum
khlhmdrumj`m
j`m thkstu`cft`s shrt` ehmjheo`cfk`m e`s`c`b khp`d` b`dfs d`m

`s`r. Eumjkfm k`rhm` khlhmdrumj`m df` khp`d` b`dfs, shbfmjj` f` ehmd`p`tk`m gucuk`m
sho`j`f phmjbucu p`r` uc`e s`c`i.
\hthc`b sht`bum ehmumtut fceu d`m ehefcfkf phrohmd`b`r``m fceu y`mj k`y`,
thrut`e` thmt`mj
thmt`mj b`dfs
b`dfs d`m ifkfb,
ifkfb, @be`d
@be`d ehmdfrf
ehmdfrfk`m
k`m e`ghcfs
e`ghcfs shmdfrf
shmdfrf df kat`
O`jbd`d
O`jbd`d khtfk` usf`my` thc`b ehml`p`f
ehml`p`f 4> t`bum.
t`bum. Df` euc`f ohrfgtfb`d
ohrfgtfb`d shmdfrf,
shmdfrf,
ehmjhcu
ehmjhcu`rk`
`rk`m
m i`tw`
i`tw` d`m ehmj`g
ehmj`g`rf
`rf eurfd-
eurfd-eur
eurfdm
fdmy`.
y`. O`t`s
O`t`s usf`
usf` 4> t`bum
t`bum
dfp`md`mjmy` sho`j`f ukur`m khe`t`mj`m prfo`df d`m phmjht`bu`m shshar`mj.
_`sucucc`b
_`sucucc`b s`w. df`mjk`t ehmg`df r`suc khtfk` ohrueur 4> t`bum d`m Fe`e @ou
B`mfi`b euc`f ehmdfrfk`m e`ghcfs shmdfrf shthc`b ehml`p`f usf` thrshout. Ehskfpum
dhefkf`
dhefkf`m
m ouk`m
ouk`m ohr`rtf
ohr`rtf @be`d
@be`d s`e`
s`e` shk`c
shk`cff tfd`k
tfd`k ehmj
ehmjhcu
hcu`rk
`rk`m
`m i`tw`
i`tw` d`m
ehmj`g`rk`m fceu shohcue ohrueur 4> t`bum. Df` thc`b guj` ehc`kuk`m khjf`t`m
thrshout shl`r` thro`t`s d`m t`mp` ehmdfrfk`m e`ghcfs shmdfrf. (W`br`, t.tb.7 482).
Df d`c`e ehmumtut d`m ehmj`g`rk`m fceu, @be`d chofb phrl`y` khp`d` d`m
ehmj`md`ck`m
ehmj`md`ck`m l`t`t`m dfo`m
dfo`mdfmjk`m
dfmjk`m dhmj`m b`i`c`m, ehskfpum
ehskfpum sheu` ar`mj
ehmj`kuf khku`t`m d`y` b`i`c`mmy`. ^`r` eurfdmy` dfc`r`mj ehmucfs b`dfs khlu`cf
shthc`b dfp`stfk`m
dfp`stfk`m ohr`s`c d`rf l`t`t`mmy`.
l`t`t`mmy`. (D`bc`m,
(D`bc`m, 06697
06697 88). @k`m tht`pf
tht`pf @be`d
ehc`r`mj ehml`t`t i`tw`-i`tw`my` d`m i`tw`-i`tw` ar`mj c`fm. Khofg`k`m @be`d fmf
eumjkfm
eumjkfm sho`j`f sfk`p b`tf-b`tf thrb`d`p
thrb`d`p o`my`kmy`
o`my`kmy` p`b`e d`m i`tw` y`mj
ehmyfep`mj khtfk` ftu. Achb k`rhm` ftu, tfd`k `d` kachksf i`tw` @be`d y`mj dftucfs
shmdfrf e`upum y`mj dfdfkthk`m khp`d` eurfdmy`.
Df s`epfmj ehmjb`sfck`m k`ry`
k`ry` df ofd`mj ifkfb d`m b`dfs, Fe`e @be`d guj`
ehmy`ep`fk`m
ehmy`ep`fk`m phefkfr`m-phefk
phefkfr`m-phefkfr`m
fr`m df ofd`mj c`fm shphrtf df ofd`mj
ofd`mj `qfd`b d`m
 pacftfk. ^hefkfr`m d`m phmdfrf`mmy` thmt`mj @cqur`m sho`j`f k`c`e @cc`b y`mj
q`dfe ehmyho`
ehmyho`ok`m
ok`m df` dfsfks` d`m dfphmg`r`
dfphmg`r` p`d` e`s` pheohrc`kuk`m
pheohrc`kuk`m efbm`b
 p`d` e`s` kb`cfi`b `c-E`'eum, `c-Eu't`sbfe, d`m `c-Z`tsfq. Khtfj` kb`cfi`b ftu
ehmyhtuguf
ehmyhtuguf phmd`p`t
phmd`p`t Eu't`zfc`b
Eu't`zfc`b tht`mj khe`kbcuk`m
khe`kbcuk`m @cqur`m
@cqur`m d`m ehe`ks`k`m
ehe`ks`k`m
 phmd`p`tmy` khp`d` ue`t Fsc`e, thrut`e` p`r` q`dbf d`m uc`e` (Fse`fc, 06287
<4?7 <4<).
 

?.< K`ry` “ K`ry`my`

4
@be`d ofm B`mo`c thc`b ohrb`sfc ehmj`r`mj shguec`b ouku, df`mt`r`my`

y`mj thc`b dfthroftk`m, shd`mjk`m y`mj c`fm thc`b

th c`b bfc`mj. \shc`fm ftu, e`sfb `d`
 ohohr`p` oukumy` y`mj ehehrcuk`m
ehehrcu k`m phro`fk`m
phro`fk` m d`m pucfsft`s.
pucfsft` s. Ohrfkut d`it`r k`ry`
tucfs @be`d ofm B`mo`c7
0. @c-Fc`c w` E`‖rfi`t @c-_fg`c
?. T`rfkb
<. @c-M`s`kb w` @c-E`msukb @c-T`isfr 
@c-T`isf r 
4. @c-E`m`sfk 
8. @c-@syrfo`b
9. @c-Wubd

:. @c-_`dd‖`c` @c-W`m`dfq`b
@c-W`m`d fq`b w` @c-G`befy`b
2. @c-Eusm`d

D`rf shkf`m ouku y`mj dfk`r`mjmy`, Eusm`d ehrup`k`m kft`o y`mj thrkhm`c
d`m ehrup`k`m kft`o-kft`o Eusm`d throhs`r y`mj phrm`b `d`. Dfe`m` kachksf b`dfs
d`c`e Eusm`d sheuc` df`mjk`t d`rf b`sfc shchksf kur`mj chofb :8>.>>> b`dfs y`mj
achb @be`d chofb dfthk`mk`m mare` shchksfmy` p`d` shjf mfc`f khc`y`k`m b`dfs,
usbuc ifqfb, d`m t`isfr. D`rf guec`b ftu ohcfu shchksf thrshout ehmg`df 4>.>>>.
4>.>>>.
b`dfs
b`dfs,, y`mj
y`mj dfouk
dfoukuk`
uk`m
m dhmj`m
dhmj`m tucfs`m
tucfs`m t`mj`m
t`mj`m ehmg`d
ehmg`dff ?4 gfcfd
gfcfd d`m kh
khtfk`
tfk`
dfthroftk`m dhmj`m tucfs`m khtfk`m
kht fk`m ehsfm ehmg`df 9 gfcfd iare`t shd`mj.

@d` c`jf ohohr`p` b`sfc k`ry` ohcf`u y`mj df kuepuck`m achb @ou O`k`r `c
Kb`cc`c, df`mt`r`my`
0. Kft`ou `c ‒fcc`c
?. Kft`ou `c ‒fcef
<. Kft`ou `c summ`b.
 

?.4 Lfrf Kb`s

Kb`s E`dzb`o
E`dzb`o
8

^hefkfr`m ifkfb Fe`e @be`d s`mj`t dfphmj`rubf

dfphmj`rubf achb khd`c`e`m
khd`c`e`m
 phmjht`bu`mmy` thmt`mj b`dfs. B`dfs ehmhep`tf pasfsf shmtr`c, df s`epfmj @cqur`m
d`c`e e`zb`o ifkfbmy`. Df` ehmhmt`mj khr`s phmd`p`t y`mj ohrd`s`rk`m khp`d`
@cqur`m
@cqur`m she`t` dhmj`m ehmj`o`fk`m
ehmj`o`fk`m b`dfs. Tht`pf ouk`m ohr`rtf Fe`e @be`d
 ohrsfk`p phsfefs d`c`e ehmhrfe` b`dfs. B`dfs-b`dfs dfshchksfmy` dhmj`m kht`t,
kh t`t,
thrut`e`` b`dfs-b`dfs
thrut`e b`dfs-b`dfs bukue.
bukue. B`dfs-b`dfs
B`dfs-b`dfs y`mj tfd`k ohrk`ft`m c`mjsumj dhmj`m
e`s`c`b bukue, df` ehephrcamjj`r shchksf phmhrfe``mmy`. Fe`e @be`d d`p`t
ehmhrfe`` b`dfs db`‖fi sho`j`f bugg`b d`c`e e`s`c`b  i`db`'fc `c-'`e`c , shc`e`
ehmhrfe
khdb`fi`mmy` ouk`m k`rhm` phr`wfmy`
phr` wfmy` pheoabamj. (D`bc`m, 06697 80<).

@be`d
@be` d ehef
ehefcf
cfkf
kf ehta
ehtadh
dh shshmd
mdfr
frff d`
d`c`
c`e
e ehmj
ehmjfm
fmst
stfe
feo`
o`tb
tbk`
k`m
m bu
buku
kue.
e.
Ehtadacajf ifkfb @be`d d`p`t dfs`rfk`m d`rf i`tw`-i`tw` ifkfb y`mj dfs`ep`fk`m
eurfd d`m phmjfktumy`. Fomu P`yyfe d`c`e kft`omy` F'c`e
kft`omy`  F'c`e `c-Euqqf'fm ehmghc`sk`m
cfe` d`cfc y`mj ehmg`df
ehmg`df d`s`r fstfeo`tb
fstfeo`tb bukue
bukue @be`d,
@be`d, y`kmf 0) M`sb (@cqur`m d`m
\umm`b e`riu'`b), ?) I`tw` s`b`o`t y`mj tfd`k `d` phrshcfsfb`m df `mt`r` ehrhk`, <)
I`tw` s`b`o`t y`mj dfphrshcfsfbk`m df `mt`r` ehrhk`, 4) B`dfs Eurs`c d`m b`dfs
db`'fi, d`m 8) Pfy`s. D`cfc-d`cfc thrshout dfjum`k`m dhmj`m urut`m prfarft`s.
0.  M`sb (@cqur`m d`m \umm`b e`riu'`b)
@p`o
@p`ofc
fc`` @be`
@be`d
d ehmh
ehmheu
euk`
k`m
m m`sb
m`sb d`
d`c`
c`e
e @c
@cqu
qur`
r`m
m `t
`t`u
`u su
summ
mm`b
`b,, e`k`
e`k`

dftht`pk`m bukue ohrd`s`rk`m d`cfc thrshout. Df` tfd`k ehephrtfeo`mjk`m

d`cfc c`fm y`mj eumjkfm ehefcfkf phrohd``m d`c`e phmumguk bukue dhmj`m
m`sb-m`sb thrshout, ehskf ohrup`i`tw` s`b`o`t shk`cfpum.
?. I`tw` s`b`o`t y`mj tfd`k `d` phrshcfsfb`m df `mt`r` ehrhk`
@p`ofc` @be`d ehmd`p`t i`tw` d`rf shar`mj s`b`o`t d`m tfd`k ehmd`p`tk`m
 o`mt`b`m d`rf s`b`o`t y`mj c`fm, e`k` df` ehmg`dfk`m phmd`p`t thrshout
sho`j`f bugg`b.
<. I`tw` s`b`o`t
s`b`o`t y`mj
y`mj dfphrshcfsfb
dfphrshcfsfbk`m
k`m df `mt`r` ehrhk`
Tht`p
Tht`pff `p`ofc
`p`ofc`` ehmd`
ehmd`p`t
p`t phrdh
phrdho`t`m
o`t`m `mt`r s`b`o`
s`b`o`tmy`
tmy` e`k` phmd`
phmd`p`t
p`t s`b`o`
s`b`o`tt

y`mj chofb dhk`t khp`d` @c-Pur‖`m d`m `c-\umm`b.

 

4. B`d
B`dfs
fs Eurs`c
Eurs`c d`m b`dfs D`‖fi.
D`‖fi. B`dfs
B`dfs fmf dfp`k`
dfp`k`ff `p`
`p`ofc
ofc`` tfd
tfd`k
`k `d` khthr`mj
khthr`mj`m
`m
`t`u
`t`u phm
phmd`p
d`p`t
`t y`m
y`mj
j ehm
ehmac`
ac`kmy
kmy`.
`. B`d
B`dfs
fs D`‖
D`‖fi
fi ehm
ehmuru
urutt @be
@be`d
`d f`c
f`c`b
`b b`d
b`dfs
fs
dhr`g`tmy` tfd`k s`ep`f kh dhr`g`t \b`bfb.

8. Pfy`s

@be`d ehmjum
@be`d ehmjumk`m
k`m qfy
qfy`s
`s kht
khtfk`
fk` d`rur`
d`rur`t.
t. @p
@p`of
`ofc`
c` tfd`k
tfd`k dft
dftheu
heuk`m
k`m b`d
b`dfs
fs
\b`b
\b`bfb
fb,, ph
phrk
rk`t
`t``
``m
m s`
s`b`
b`o`
o`tt `t
`t`u
`u b`
b`df
dfss d`
d`‖f
‖fii d`
d`mm eu
eurs
rs`c
`c e`
e`k`
k` @b
@be`
e`dd
9
ehmjjum`k`m qfy`s

Df s`epfmj ehmjjum`k`m kh cfe` d`cfc d`m sueohr bukue y`mj dfghc`sk`m Fomu
P`yyfe df `t`s, ehmurut @ou W`br`, Fe`e @be`d guj` ehmjjum`k`m d`cfc `t`u sueohr 
c`f
c`fm
m shphrt
shphrtff fge`k 
fge`k 
 , `c-e`sb`cfb, fstfsbc`b,
fstfsbc`b,  z`r`'f d`m fstfsbc`b. @o
@ou
u W`br`
W`br` ehmlao
ehmlao``
ehmjheuk`
ehmjheuk`k`m
k`m p`md`mj`m
p`md`mj`m Fe`e @be`d
@be`d d`c`e phmjjum``m
phmjjum``m d`cfc-d`cfc
d`cfc-d`cfc d`m sueohr-
sueohr-
sueohr bukue thrshout. (W`br`b, t.tb.7 468-466).

0. @c
@c-E
-E`sb
`sb`c
`cfb
fb V`mj
V`mj dfe`k
dfe`ksu
sud
d `d`c`
`d`c`b
b `c-e`sb`cfb `c-eurs`c`b,
`c-eurs`c`b, y`kmf khe`sb-
c`b`t`m y`mj tfd`k dftheuk`m d`cfcmy` d`c`e @cqur`m e`upum summ`b. @be`d
ehmhrf
ehmhrfe`
e` `c-e`
`c-e`sb`cfb
sb`cfb `c-eurs`c`b
`c-eurs`c`b sho`j`f d`cfc bukue, sho`o ehmurutmy`
 p`r` s`b`o`t guj` ehmjjum`k`mmy`. @be`d o`my`k ehmjjum`k`m e`sbc`b
d`c`e e`s`c`b `c-sfy`s`b `c-sy`r'fyy`b,
`c-sy`r'fyy`b, efs`cmy` ehephrohr`t bukue`m o`jf
ar`mj
ar`mj y`mj
y`mj ehefmu
ehefmue
e efmue`
efmue`m
m khr`s
khr`s p`d`
p`d` sf`mj
sf`mj b`rf
b`rf df ouc`m
ouc`m _`e`d`
_`e`d`m.
m.
K`c`mj`m B`m`ofc`b ehmjfkutf sfk`p @be`d fmf. Ehrhk` `mt`r` c`fm ohri`tw`
 oachbmy` ehe`k`m phefcfk rue`b umtuk ehm`epumj tum` wfse` gfk` rue`b
thrshout eheumjkfmk`m umtumj ehm`epumj tum` wfse` thrshout. Ehmurut
@ou
@ou W`br
W`br`,
`, `c-e`
`c-e`sbc`b
sbc`b`b
`b `c-eur`sc`
`c-eur`sc`b
b y`m
y`mj
j df`eof
df`eofcc @be`d
@be`d sho`j`
sho`j`ff d`cfc
d`cfc
bukue
bukue p`d`
p`d` d`s`rm
d`s`rmy`
y` thre`su
thre`suk
k kh d`c`e
d`c`e o`o qfy`s
qfy`s y`mj
y`mj thc
thc`b
`b dfphrc
dfphrcu`s
u`s
e`km
e`km`m
`my`
y`..  @c-e`sbc`b`b `c-eurs`c`b df qf
qfy`
y`sk
sk`m
`m kh
khp`
p`d`
d` `c-e`
`c-e`sbc`b
sbc`b `c-
eu't`o`r`b
eu't`o`r`b  p`d` ifkfb Fsc`e ueue y`mj thrl`kup d`c`e khshcurub`m m`sb,
 ouk`m d`c`e su`tu m`sb
thrthmtu. Achb sho`o ftu, phmjjum``mmy` sho`j`f d`cfc bukue dfkheudf`mk`m
d`rff b`dfs
d`r b`dfs eurs`c
eurs`c d`m b`dfs db`'fi
db`'fi shrt`
shrt` b`my`
b`my` dfjum`
dfjum`k`m
k`m d`c`e
d`c`e kh`d``
kh`d``m
m
thrp`ks`.
?. F s t f b s ` m
 

 Fstfbs`m d`
d`c`e
c`e e`zb
e`zb`o
`o B`m`
B`m`if
if `d
`d`c
`c`b
`b ph
phmh
mhr`p
r`p`m
`m bu
buku
kue
e th
thrb
rb`d
`d`p
`p su`t
su`tu
u
e`s`c`b y`mj ohcue `d` bukuemy` dhmj`m ehml`rf o`mdfmj`mmy` d`c`e d`cfc
@cqur`m, summ`b, fge`k `t`u bukue d`rur`t dhmj`m l`r` ohrp`cfmj d`rf qfy`s
 zb`bfr (my
(my`t`)
`t`) khp`d`
khp`d` qfy`
qfy`ss `q
`qw`
w` (chofb ku`t). Ehmurut @ou W`br`b, tfd`k 
eumjkfm @be`d ehmac`k fstfbs`m
fstfbs`m,, sho`o prashs phmj`eofc`m bukuemy` tht`p

 ohrd`s`rk`m m`sb, fge`k `t`u

` t`u tumduk khp`d` bukue d`rur`t. Gfk`
G fk` dftfmg`u d`rf
e`zb
e` zb`o
`o E`cf
E`cfkf
kf,, fs
fstf
tfbs
bs`m
`m thre
thre`suk
`suk l`r` phmj`e
phmj`eofc
ofc`m
`m bukue
bukue ohrd`s`
ohrd`s`rk`
rk`m
m
e`sbc`b`b dhmj`m l`r` ohrp`cfmj d`rf k`hd`b y`mj sud`b tht`p. Ehmurut @ou
:
W`br`b, k`rhm` @be`d guj` ehmhrfe` e`sbc`b`b sho`j`f d`cfc bukue e`k`
tfd`k eumjkfm ehrhk` ehmhmt`mj fstfbs`m
fstfbs`m..
<. @c-W`rf
rf''`b
W`rf'
W`rf'`b
`b oh
ohr`
r`rt
rtff w`sb
w`sbfc
fc`b
`b,, y`
y`ft
ftu
u `t`u
`t`u ph
phr`m
r`mt`
t`r`
r` y`
y`mj
mj ehmj
ehmjb`
b`sf
sfck
ck`m
`m d`
d`m
m
ehmyho`ok`m thrwugudmy` su`tu phrou`t`m bukue thrthmtu. Ehmurut @be`d
d`m
d`m phmj
phmjfk
fkut
utmy
my`,
`, ofc`
ofc`e`
e`m`
m` \y`rf' ehe
ehehrfm
hrfmt`b
t`bk`m
k`m shsu`t
shsu`tu,
u, ohr`rtf
ohr`rtf guj`
guj`

ehehrfmt`bk`m
ehehrfmt`bk`m w`sfc`bmy`
w`sfc`bmy`.. Ohjftu
Ohjftu puc` ofc` \y`rf' ehc`r`m
ehc`r`mj
j shsu`tu,
shsu`tu, ohr`rtf
ehc`r`mj w`sfc`bmy`. Dhmj`m dhefkf`m z`rf'`b ehe`fmk`m phr`m`m phmtfmj
d`c`e phrtfeo`mj`m bukue e`zb`o B`mo`cf.
4. F s t f s b ` o
 Fstfbs`o `d`
`d`c`b
c`b ehc`mg
ehc`mgutk
utk`m
`m pheohr
pheohrc`k
c`ku`m
u`m bukue
bukue y`mj
y`mj sud`b
sud`b dftht`
dftht`pk`
pk`m
m
s`ep`f `d` d`cfc y`mj ehruo`bmy`. E`zb`o B`mo`cf ehmjjum`k`m d`cfc fmf
d`c`e fstfeo`tb bukue. Efs`cmy` ehrhk` ehmjjum`k`m k`fd`b ifkfb d`c`e
e`s`c`b-e`s`c`b `q`d, sy`r`t d`m c`fm-c`fm.
K`rhm` khthjub`m d`m fmthmsft`s @be`d ehmjjum`k`m
ehmjjum`k`m b`dfs, e`k` e`zb`o

ifkfbmy` dfkhm`c dhmj`m e`zb`o ifkfb `c-summ`b. (`c- P`tbtb`m, 06267 ?48).
@be`d ohrprfmsfp
ohrprfmsfp o`bw` i`tw` b`rus ohrd`s`rk`m
ohrd`s`rk`m d`cfc-d`cfc y`mj ofs`
dfthrfe`` d`m dfphrt`mjjumjg`w
dfthrfe dfphrt`mjjumjg`w`ok`m.
`ok`m. Df` ehmhmt`mj
ehmhmt`mj i`tw` t`mp` d`s`r y`mj ku`t
`t`u i`tw` y`mj ohrd`s`rk`m phefkfr`m s`g`. (`c-Gumdf, 06:>7 ?:0).
@d`pum
@d`pum s`c`b s`tu phrohd``m e`dzb`o dhmj`m fe`e y`mj c`fm s`c`b s`tumy`
s`tumy`
`d`c`b Ehmjhm`f `fr eust`'e`c, y`ftu `fr ohk`s ohrsulf `t`u ohrwu
ohrwudu',
du', y`mj ehmurut
Fe`e \`if'f `d`c`b dfc`r`mj ehe`k`fmy` k`rhm` `fr ohk`s ohrsulf tfd`k d`p`t dfp`k`f
c`jf umtuk ohrsulf, w`c`upum b`my` shthths. \hthths `fr ohk`s wudbu' y`mj ehmhths kh
w`d`b thep`t `fr, y`mj dfjum`k`m umtuk ohrwudbu‖, e`k` `fr d`c`e w`d`b thrshout

b`rus dfj`mtf d`m tfd`k oachb c`jf umtuk ohrwudbu'. Fe`e B`m`if, d`m Fe`e B`eo`cf,
tfd`k shphmd`p`t dhefkf`m. Gfk` s`y` ehefcfb phmd`p`t Fe`e \y`if'f, dhmj`m `c`s`m,
 

`fr ohk`s wudbu' sud`b dfkatarf dhmj`m khrfmj`t shshar`mj, khm` d`kf d`m dhou y`mj
thc`
thc`b
b ehmh
ehmhep
ephc
hc dftu
dftuou
oub
b sh
shsh
shar
ar`mj.9 G`
`mj. G`df
df,, sh
shph
phrt
rtfm
fmy`
y` ph
phmd
md`p
`p`t
`t ehmj
ehmjhm
hm`f
`f
dfoa
dfoach
chbk
bk`m
`mmy
my`` ehe`
ehe`k`
k`ff `fr
`fr ohru
ohruc`
c`mj
mj-u
-uc`
c`mj
mj,, d`rf
d`rf oh
ohk`
k`ss wudb
wudbu'
u' sh
shph
phrt
rtfm
fmy`
y`
 ohrthmt`mj`m dhmj`m `g`r`m Fsc`e p`d` ueuemy`, y`mj ehmj`g`rk`m bfdup ohrsfb
d`m sulf.
sulf. ^he`k`
^he`k`f`m
f`m `fr eust`'e
eust`'e`c
`c dfoach
dfoachbk`
bk`m
m b`my`
b`my` p`d`
p`d` kamdfs
kamdfsff d`rur`
d`rur`t,
t, tfd`k 
tfd`k 

dftheuk`mmy` `fr, `t`u p`d` thep`t s`mj`t sus`b dftheuk`m `fr, shphrtf df p`d`mj
 p`sfr.
 

O@O FFF
^HMXTX^
<.0 Khsfepuc`m

Fe`e @be`d ofm B`mo`c ehefcfkf m`e` chmjk`pmy` @ou @odfcc`b @be`d ofm

Eub`ee`d fom B`mo`c

Eub`ee`d B`mo`c fom Bfc`c fom @s`d `c-\y`fo`mfy
`c-\y`fo`mfy `c-O`jd`dy.
`c-O`jd`dy. Fe`e @be`d
@be`d ofm
B`mo`c dfc`bfrk`m p`d` ouc`m _`of'uc `w`c 094 B . @be`d ehmd`p`tk`m phmdfdfk`m
 phrt`e`my` df kat` O`jbd`d. Fe`e @be`d ofm B`mo`c. M`e` chmjk`pmy` @ou @odfcc`b
@be`d ofm Eub`ee`d fom B`mo`c fom Bfc`c fom @s`d `c-\y`fo`mfy `c-O`jd`dy. Df kat`
O`jd`dc`b @be`d dfc`bfrk`m p`d` ouc`m _`of'uc `w`c 094 B . @be`d ehmd`p`tk`m
 phmdfdfk`m phrt`e`my` df kat` O`jbd`d. ^`d` euc`my` @be`d ehephc`g`rf ifkfb `bc `c-
r`'yff d`rf
r`'y d`rf `c-P`db
`c-P`dbff @ou Vusui,
Vusui, eurfd Fe`e
Fe`e @ou B`mfi`b.
B`mfi`b. \hc`e`
\hc`e` tugub
tugub t`bum
t`bum df`
0ehmhkumf b`dfs df kat` fmf dhmj`m ehmheuf chofb d`rf ?> ar`mj sy`fkb b`dfs, `mt`r`
c`fm B`syfe fom O`syfr. Khtfk` phrjf kh Ehk`b, @be`d ohrtheu umtuk phrt`e` k`cfmy`

dhmj`m Fe`e \y`if'f d`m @be`d c`mjsumj ohrjuru khp`d`my` thmt`mj ifkfb d`m usbuc
ifkfb. @be`d ehmj`mjj`p Fe`e \y`if‖f sho`j`f juru ohs`rmy`. @d` ohohr`p` kft`o
y`mj
y`mj dfk`r`
dfk`r`mj
mj `t`u
`t`u dfmfso
dfmfso`tk
`tk`m
`m khp`d`
khp`d` @be`d
@be`d m`eum
m`eum y`mj
y`mj p`cfmj
p`cfmj thrkhm`
thrkhm`cc `d`c`b
`d`c`b
eusm`d @be`d ofm B`mo`c. D`s`r-d`s`r d`rf e`zb`o @be`d ofm B`mo`c `d`c`b m`sb
(@cqur`m d`m \umm`b e`riu'`b), i`tw` s`b`o`t y`mj tfd`k `d` phrshcfsfb`m df `mt`r`
ehrhk`, i`tw` s`b`o`t y`mj dfphrshcfsfbk`m df `mt`r` ehrhk`, b`dfs eurs`c d`m b`dfs
db`'fi,
db`'fi, d`m qfy`s. Kft`o
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