‫ﻟﯿﭽﯿﻨﮓ )ﻓﺮوﺷﻮﯾﯽ(‬

‫)‪Leaching (1‬‬

‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy Terminology‬‬

‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﻟﯿﭽﯿﻨﮓ )ﻓﺮوﺷﻮﯾﯽ( ‪Leaching‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﯽ ) اﻧﺤﻼل ﮔﺰﯾﻨﺸﯽ(‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺣﻼﻟﯿﺖ زﯾﺎد و ﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺑﺎزﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﺠﺪد‬ ‫ھﺰﯾﻨﻪ ) ارزان و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﺳﺘﺮس(‬

‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬

‫ﺳﺎزﮐﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ اﻧﺤﻼل ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻓﻠﺰی ﺳﺎده )ﻏﯿﺮ ﮐﻤﭙﻠﮑﺲ( در آب‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬
‫‪M.M. Salari‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫ﮐﺎﻧﯿﮫﺎی دارای ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ‬
‫اﻧﺤﻼل زﯾﺎد در‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺗﯿﻮن اﯾﻦ ﻧﻤﮑﮫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬

‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﯿﻠﻮ ﻧﻤﮏ ﺧﻮراﮐﯽ‬

‫در دو ﻟﯿﺘﺮ آب در دﻣﺎی‬
‫‪25‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﮕﺮاد ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺸﻮد؟‬

‫‪ = 38.65‬ﻧﻤﮏ ‪Ksp‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬
‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
 :‫اﺳﯿﺪھﺎ‬

Non-oxidizing Acids ‫ ﻏﯿﺮ اﮐﺴﺎﯾﻨﺪه‬-1

An acid is considered a non-oxidizing acid when its

reactions involve only its hydrogen ion.

Oxidizing Acids (‫ اﮐﺴﺎﯾﻨﺪه ) اﮐﺴﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬-2

An acid is considered oxidizing acid when both the

hydrogen ion and the anion participate in the reaction.

8
‫ ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬.‫ م‬- ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر‬ ١۴٠٠ ‫ آﺑﺎن‬- ١ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی‬
 ‫)اﺳﯾد ﺳوﻟﻔورﯾﮏ رﻗﯾق( ‪Dilute H2SO4‬‬
‫از ﮔروه اﺳﯾدھﺎی ﻏﯾراﮐﺳﺎﯾﻧده ھﺳﺗﻧد‪.‬‬ ‫)اﺳﯾد ھﯾدروﮐﻠرﯾﮏ ﺑﺎ ھر ﻏﻠظﺗﯽ ( ‪HCl‬‬

‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪02, Cl2, Mn02, ferric ion, bacteria,‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰودن ﻣﻮاد اﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ اﺳﯿﺪھﺎی ﻏﯿﺮاﮐﺴﺎﯾﻨﺪه ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺗﻮاﻣﺎن اﮐﺴﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ‪ +‬اﺳﯿﺪی‬
‫را ﻓﺮاھﻢ ﮐﺮد‪:‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬
 ‫اﺳﯿﺪھﺎی اﮐﺴﺎﯾﻨﺪه‬

‫‪hot and concentrated H2S04‬‬

‫ﯾﻮﻧﯿﺰاﺳﯿﻮن )ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ( اﺳﯿﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﯾﮏ ﮔﺮم و ﻏﻠﯿﻆ را ﺑﺎ‬

‫اﺳﯿﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﯾﮏ رﻗﯿﻖ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪:‬‬

‫⇌‬ ‫‪2+‬‬ ‫‪2-‬‬

‫‪H2SO 4‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪+ SO4‬‬

‫اﺳﯿﺪ ﻧﯿﺘﺮﯾﮏ رﻗﯿﻖ ﯾﺎ ﻏﻠﯿﻆ در ھﺮ دو‬

‫ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﯾﮏ اﺳﯿﺪ اﮐﺴﺎﯾﻨﺪه اﺳﺖ‬

‫‪11‬‬
‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬
 ‫ﻧﺤﻮه واﮐﻨﺶ و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ اﻧﺤﻼل ﻣﻮاد در اﺳﯿﺪھﺎی اﮐﺴﺎﯾﻨﺪه‪:‬‬

‫‪12‬‬
‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬
 ‫اﺳﯿﺪھﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪Non-oxidizing Acids‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻏﯿﺮ اﮐﺴﺎﯾﻨﺪه‬

‫‪ -2‬اﮐﺴﺎﯾﻨﺪه ) اﮐﺴﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪه( ‪Oxidizing Acids‬‬

‫اﺳﯿﺪھﺎی اﺣﯿﺎ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه )ﮐﺎھﺶ دھﻨﺪھﺎ( ‪!!! Reducing acids‬؟‬

‫اﺳﯿﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرو‬

‫‪13‬‬
‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
 ‫ﺟﮭت ﻣطﺎﻟﻌﮫ آزاد‬
Group 1: Insoluble Chlorides
Most metal chloride salts are soluble in water; only Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+ form chlorides that
precipitate from water. Thus the first step in a qualitative analysis is to add about 6 M HCl,
thereby causing AgCl, PbCl2, and/or Hg2Cl2 to precipitate. If no precipitate forms, then these
cations are not present in significant amounts. The precipitate can be collected by filtration
or centrifugation.

Group 2: Acid-Insoluble Sulfides

Next, the acidic solution is saturated with H2S gas. Only those metal ions that form very
insoluble sulfides, such as As3+, Bi3+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Sb3+, and Sn2+, precipitate as their
sulfide salts under these acidic conditions. All others, such as Fe2+ and Zn2+, remain in
solution. Once again, the precipitates are collected by filtration or centrifugation.

Group 3: Base-Insoluble Sulfides (and Hydroxides)

Ammonia or NaOH is now added to the solution until it is basic, and then (NH4)2S is added.
This treatment removes any remaining cations that form insoluble hydroxides or sulfides.
The divalent metal ions Co2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ precipitate as their sulfides, and the
trivalent metal ions Al3+ and Cr3+ precipitate as their hydroxides: Al(OH)3 and Cr(OH)3. If the
mixture contains Fe3+, sulfide reduces the cation to Fe2+, which precipitates as FeS. 15
‫ ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬.‫ م‬- ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر‬ ١۴٠٠ ‫ آﺑﺎن‬- ١ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی‬
 ‫ﺟﮭت ﻣطﺎﻟﻌﮫ آزاد‬
Group 4: Insoluble Carbonates or Phosphates
The next metal ions to be removed from solution are those that form insoluble carbonates and
phosphates. When Na2CO3 is added to the basic solution that remains after the precipitated metal ions are
removed, insoluble carbonates precipitate and are collected. Alternatively, adding (NH4)2HPO4 causes the
same metal ions to precipitate as insoluble phosphates.

Group 5: Alkali Metals

At this point, we have removed all the metal ions that form water-insoluble chlorides, sulfides,
carbonates, or phosphates. The only common ions that might remain are any alkali metals (Li+, Na+, K+,
Rb+, and Cs+) and ammonium (NH4+). We now take a second sample from the original solution and add a
small amount of NaOH to neutralize the ammonium ion and produce NH3. (We cannot use the same
sample we used for the first four groups because we added ammonium to that sample in earlier steps.)
Any ammonia produced can be detected by either its odor or a litmus paper test. A flame test on another
original sample is used to detect sodium, which produces a characteristic bright yellow color. The other
alkali metal ions also give characteristic colors in flame tests, which allows them to be identified if only
one is present.
Metal ions that precipitate together are separated by various additional techniques, such as forming
complex ions, changing the pH of the solution, or increasing the temperature to redissolve some of the
solids. For example, the precipitated metal chlorides of group 1 cations, containing Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+,
are all quite insoluble in water. Because PbCl2 is much more soluble in hot water than are the other two
chloride salts, however, adding water to the precipitate and heating the resulting slurry will dissolve any
PbCl2 present. Isolating the solution and adding a small amount of Na2CrO4 solution to it will produce a
bright yellow precipitate of PbCrO4 if Pb2+ were in the original sample. 16
‫ﺑﺎ ﻟﺤﺎظ واﮐﻨﺸﮭﺎی زﯾﺮ ﻋﻠﺖ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ اﻧﺤﻼل ھﯿﺪروﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ در ﺣﻀﻮر ﯾﻮن ‪ ) H+‬در اﺛﺮ اﻓﺰودن‬
‫اﺳﯿﺪ( را ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ دھﯿﺪ‪.‬‬
‫در اداﻣﮫ ﻧﻘﺶ اﺳﯿﺪھﺎ در اﻧﺤﻼل ) ﻟﯿﭽﯿﻨﮓ( را ﺑﯿﺎن ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﮫ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﯽ ﭼﺮا ﺑﺴﯿﺎری از ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯽ در آب‬
‫دارای ﺣﻼﻟﯿﺖ ﮐﻤﯽ ھﺴﺘﻨﺪ وﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰودن ﯾﮏ اﺳﯿﺪ ) ﮐﺎھﺶ ‪ ( pH‬ﺣﻼﻟﯿﺖ آﻧﮭﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ؟‬

‫)‪• Mg(OH)2(s)⇌Mg2+(aq)+2OH−(aq‬‬
‫‪−12‬‬
‫‪• Ksp=5.61×10‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪• H+(aq)+OH−(aq)→H2O‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪• Mg(OH)2(s)+2H+(aq)⇌Mg2+(aq)+2H2O‬‬

‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬
 ‫‪Sparingly soluble salts derived from weak acids tend to be more soluble in an acidic‬‬
‫‪solution.‬‬
‫ﻧﻣﮑﮭﺎی ﮐم ﻣﺣﻠول در آب ﻧﯾز در ﻣﺣﻠوﻟﮭﺎی اﺳﯾدی ﻧﯾز ﺑﯾﺷﺗر ﺣل ﻣﯾﺷوﻧد‬

‫‪18‬‬
‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬
 ‫‪Leaching Reagents‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ھﺎی ﻟﯿﭻ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺘﺪاول در ھﯿﺪروﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژی‬

‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬
 ‫اﻧﻮاع ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪھﺎی ﻟﯿﭽﯿﻨﮓ‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬
 ‫‪percolation Leaching‬‬ ‫• ﻟﯾﭼﯾﻧﮓ ﺗراوﺷﯽ‬
‫• ﻟﯾﭼﯾﻧﮓ ھﻣزن دار‪ ،‬ﯾﺎ ﺗﺎﻧﮏ ﻟﯾﭼﯾﻧﮓ ‪AgitationLeaching‬‬

‫ﻣﻘطﻊ ﺷﻣﺎﺗﯾﮏ از ﯾﮏ ھﯾپ‪ ،‬ﻧﺷﺎن دھﻧده ﻓﺿﺎی ﭘر ﺷده ﺑﮫ وﺳﯾﻠﮫ ﺟﺎﻣدھﺎ‬

‫) 𝒔𝑽(‪ ،(،‬ﺗﺧﻠﺧل ﺳﻧﮓ )𝝐 ( ‪ ،‬ﻣﺣﻠول ﻣوﺟود در ﻓﺿﺎی ﺧﺎﻟﯽ ) 𝒍𝑽( و ھوای‬

‫ﻣوﺟود در ﻓﺿﺎی ﺧﺎﻟﯽ ھوا ) 𝒈𝑽(‬

‫‪21‬‬
‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬
‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬
 Heap leach production model
Pad Area = A (m2)
Lift Height = H (m)
Leach cycle = T (days)
Mass under leach = M (t)
Feed rate = F (tpa) Stacked density = SG (t/m3)
Head grade = G (%)
Stacker

Crushing Agglomeration

P = F x G/100 x X/100
Recovery
Plant
M = F x T / 365
PLS Pond Barren Pond
A = M / SG / H
Cu production rate = P (tpa)
Cu recovery = X (%)
‫ ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬.‫ م‬- ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر‬ ١۴٠٠ ‫ آﺑﺎن‬- ١ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی‬ 23
 ‫‪24‬‬
‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬ ‫‪ -‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪١‬‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
 Layout of copper bio-heap pilot plant
PLS, Crushing,
Heaps
Raffinate Agglomeration
SX-EW Auxiliary,
(off photo) Ponds Ponds

Humidification layer with drainage pipes

Drum agglomeration

Hydrometallurgy 1 M.M. ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ١۴٠٠ ‫ آﺑﺎن‬- ١ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی‬ 26

Salari ‫ ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬.‫ م‬- ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر‬
 In Situ Leaching
u Two basic criteria required for an underground deposit to be considered
suitable for leaching in place are:
uThe ore body must be enclosed between impermeable strata that will
prevent the loss of solution.
uIt must be permeable to the leaching solution.

Hydrometallurgy 1 M.M. ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ١۴٠٠ ‫ آﺑﺎن‬- ١ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی‬

27
Salari ‫ ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬.‫ م‬- ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
Schematic diagram of tank:
a – inlet pipe; b – motor and drive mechanism; c – sparge sleeve;
d – shaft with impellers; e – baffle; f – detector; g – outlet stream.
Hydrometallurgy 1 M.M. ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ١۴٠٠ ‫ آﺑﺎن‬- ١ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی‬
30
Salari ‫ ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬.‫ م‬- ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬
‫‪31‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
‫‪32‬‬
DISSOLUTION”
Dissolution is defined as the solution of solid (particles) in a liquid to form a
homogeneous phase. It is generally a sub-category of solids suspension. Note
that complete suspension is a sufficient specification for most dissolution
operations. When all particles are suspended, mass transfer from the particle
surface to the liquid controls the rate, and additional mixing is not cost effective.

Agitated slurries often show evidence of some particle attrition, but this usually
has only a small effect on dissolution rate. Specialized attrition devices are
available if the application demands it.

Vessel Design Considerations:

The optimum vessel for solids dissolution is round and has an aspect ratio of
about 1:1.
It must either be baffled with the mixer on center or the mixer can be angle-
offset mounted.
A center mounted mixer in an unbaffled tank will not effectively suspend solids.
Offset mixers in unbaffled vessels will leave a significant heal of solids in one
sector of the vessel floor. Angle offset mixers are generally restricted to
relatively small volumes although we have used them successfully in 25,000
Hydrometallurgy 1 M.M. ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ١۴٠٠ ‫ آﺑﺎن‬- ١ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی‬
gallon
Salari vessels. ‫ ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬.‫ م‬- ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر‬
33
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬
‫‪34‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬
‫‪36‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬
‫‪37‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬
‫‪39‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬
‫‪41‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬
‫‪42‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬
‫‪Hydrometallurgy 1‬‬ ‫‪M.M.‬‬ ‫داﻧﺷﮕﺎه‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻣﺗﺎﻟورژی ‪ - ١‬آﺑﺎن ‪١۴٠٠‬‬
‫‪43‬‬
‫‪Salari‬‬ ‫اﻣﯾرﮐﺑﯾر ‪ -‬م‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻻری راد‬