ANAPHY111 FINALS

11
Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo / First Semester
Transcriber: Kathleen Venus 22

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

OUTLINE
I. The Endocrine System
II. Endocrine Glands
A. Pituitary Gland
i. Anterior Pituitary Gland
ii. Posterior Pituitary Gland
B. Pineal Gland
C. Thyroid Gland
D. Parathyroid Gland
E. Adrenal Gland
i. 2 Components of Adrenal Gland
F. Pancreas
G. Testes
i. Interstitial Cells of Leydig
H. Ovaries
III. Comparison of the Nervous System and Endocrine
iiSystem
IV. Types of Chemical Signals
A. Types of Intracellular Signals
V. Endocrine Physiology: Hormone Structure
A. Components of Hormones
B. Types of Hormones
C. Regulation Of Hormones
TERMINOLOGIES
Adenohypophysis Anterior pituitary gland
Outer portion of the adrenal
Adrenal cortex gland that secretes
corticosteroids
Gland perched on top of
the kidney; consists of two
Adrenal gland distinct glands (the adrenal
medulla and the adrenal
cortex)
Inner portion of adrenal
gland that functions as part
Adrenal medulla
of the sympathetic nervous
system
Epinephrine and
Catecholamines norepinephrine; secreted
by the adrenal medulla
Steroid hormones secreted
Corticosteroids
by the adrenal cortex
Ductless glands that
Endocrine gland secrete hormones directly
into the bloodstream
Primary sex organs, which
Gonads are the testes in males and
ovaries in females
Disorder resulting from
Graves’ disease hypersecretion of thyroid
hormone
Chemicals secreted by
glands and specialized
Hormones
cells of the endocrine
system
Neurohypophysis Posterior pituitary gland
Secretes digestive
enzymes (exocrine
function) as well as
Pancreas
hormones used to
regulate blood glucose
Glands embedded on the
posterior surface of the
thyroid gland that
Parathyroid glands
secrete a hormone used to
regulate blood calcium
levels
Produces the hormone
melatonin, which increases
Pineal gland
at night and decreases
during the day
Small gland attached to the
lower surface of the
hypothalamus that
secretes a number of
Pituitary gland
hormones that regulate
many bodily processes;
consists of an
anterior and posterior lobe
Cells having receptors for a
Target cells
particular hormone
Sustained muscle
Tetany contraction; may result
from hypocalcemia
Secretes hormones having
Thymus a role in the development
of the immune system
Gland in the neck that
secretes hormones that
Thyroid gland
affect the body’s metabolic
rate
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Functions
1. Controls homeostasis
2. Maintains water balance
3. Controls uterine contractions
4. Controls milk production
5. Regulates ions (calcium, sodium, potassium)
6. Regulates metabolism and growth
7. Regulates heart rate and blood pressure
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levels (endocrine function)

8. Monitors blood glucose levels
9. Aids the immune system
[ANPH111] 1.13 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
Components ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
1. Endocrine Glands: secrete their product directly
into blood stream.
2. Chemical Signal: molecules that are released from
one location, move to another location, and produce
a response.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
- It is also called the ductless glands.
- responsible for the synthesis and secretion of
chemical messenger known as hormones which are
disseminated throughout the body via the
bloodstream where they act on specific target
organs.
- the secretory cells release their hormones into the
interstitial space from which they are rapidly
absorbed into the circulation.
- Unlike exocrine glands, endocrine glands have no
duct system and therefore sometimes called the
ductless glands. - also called the adenohypophysis
- Endocrine organs are highly vascular and you have - makes up 75% of the total weight of the gland
blood vessels that are fenestrated (there are holes - arises as an epithelial outgrowth from the roof of the
for the passage of large molecules) primitive oral cavity known as the Rathke’s pouch
PITUITARY GLAND - secreting the hormones
Hormones secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
1. Growth Hormones
- Target tissue
o Most
- Functions
o Stimulates growth of bones
o Stimulates growth of muscles
o Stimulates growth of organs
- Abnormalities
o Too much GH causes giantism
o Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfism
2. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
- Target Tissue
o Thyroid Gland
- Functions
o Regulates thyroid gland secretions
- Abnormalities
o Too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges
o Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks
3. Gonadotropins
a. Luteinizing Hormones (female)
- Target Tissue:
o Ovaries
- Function:
o Promotes Ovulation and progesterone
production
b. Luteinizing Hormones (male)
- Target Tissue:
o Testes
- Function:
o Sperm production and testosterone
- also known as Hypophysis or Hypophysis Cerebri c. Follicle-Stimulating Hormones (female)
- specialized appendage of the brain which secretes - Target Tissue:
several hormones. o Follicles in ovaries
- small slightly elongated gland approximately 1 cm in - Function:
diameter situated in the Sella turcica of the o Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion
sphenoid bone and it is connected to the base of d. Follicle-Stimulating Hormones (male)
the brain via the infundibulum or stalk. - Target Tissue:
- Pea shaped structure measuring 1-1.5 cm in o Seminiferous Tubules (Testes)
diameter - Function:
- formerly regarded as the master gland because it o Sperm Production
influences the rest of the endocrine glands; 4. Prolactin
however, the hypothalamus regulates the function - Target Tissue:
of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland hence this o Mammary Glands and Ovaries
was regarded untrue - Function:
- A small gland in brain o Milk production
- It secretes at least 6 hormones 5. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
- It is divided into 2 regions: - Target Tissue:
o Adrenal Cortex
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o Anterior Pituitary Gland

o Posterior Pituitary Gland - Function:
[ANPH111] 1.13 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
o Stimulates the adrenal gland to release 2. Pitressin or ADH
cortisol - increases water reabsorption at the distal
6. MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) convoluted tubules of the kidneys.
- Target Tissue: - has a vasopressor effect hence also called
o Skin vasopressin
- Function: - raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles
o Protects the skin from UV rays
o Development of pigmentation PINEAL GLAND
o Controls the appetite - also called epiphysis cerebri or conarium
- a small organ, 6-8 mm long located at the caudal
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND end of the diencephalon of the brain.
- consists of cells called pinealocytes
Hormones secreted by the Pineal Gland:
1. Melatonin
- derived from serotonin
- Target Tissues:
o Hypothalamus
- Function:
o Promote sleepiness
o plays a role in onset of puberty and
controls circadian rhythms. Light affects its
function.

THYROID GLAND

- also called neurohypophysis

- derived from downgrowth of nervous tissue from the
hypothalamus to which it remains joined by the
pituitary stalk
- coming from the floor of diencephalon.
- It will just store the hormones that will come from
hypothalamic nuclei.
- the neurohypophysis does not synthesize
hormones. Instead stores and releases two
hormones
- Secretions from this lobe are produced by the cell
bodies of the supraoptic nucleus (produces
- One of the largest glands
vasopressin or ADH) and the paraventricular
- a lobulated gland lying in front of the neck at the
nucleus (produces oxytocin) of the hypothalamus
upper part of the trachea
and are moved by axonal transport to the axon
- there are 2 lobes connected at the midline by the
terminals in the posterior pituitary
isthmus
Hormones secreted by Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Also secretes thyrocalcitonin secreted by the
1. Antidiuretic Hormone
parafollicular cells which helps regulate calcium
- Target Tissue
homeostasis
o Kidneys
- Requires iodine to function
- Functions
- Contains follicles, which secrete 2 thyroid
o Conserve water
hormones:
- Abnormalities:
o thyroxine (T4)
o Diabetes Insidipus
o triiodothyronine (T3)
▪ low ADH
▪ Function:
▪ kidneys to produce large amounts
of dilute (watery) urine • increase basal metabolic
▪ can lead to dehydration and thirst rate
2. Oxytocin • helps maintain normal
- Target Tissue: body temperature
o Uterus - it is formed by various follicles of different sizes and
- Function: shape lined by simple cuboidal cells containing
o Increases uterine contractions during labor colloid material containing thyroglobulin
Pituicytes - between capillaries are dense capillary network
- modified neuroglial cells found in the pars nervosa supported by reticular fibers
- store and release 2 hormones: Hormones secreted by the Thyroid Gland
1. Pitocin (oxytocin) 1. Thyroid Hormones
- Stimulates uterine contraction - Target Tissue:
- stimulates milk ejection (milk “letdown) from the o Most
mammary glands in response to the mechanical - Function:
o regulates metabolic rates and is needed
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stimulation provided by the suckling infant

for growth
[ANPH111] 1.13 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
2. Calcitonin 2 COMPONENTS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND
- Target Tissue: Adrenal Cortex
o Bones - outer and thicker portion
- Function: - 3 layers of cell:
o secreted when blood Ca2+ levels are high o zona glomerulosa
Abnormalities of Thyroid Gland: o zona fasciculata
- o zona reticularis
- Hypothyroidism Secretions:
o Decreased metabolism 1. Aldosterone
o Weight gain, reduced appetite, fatigue - Type of mineralocorticoids
o Low temp. and pulse - Target Tissue:
o Dry, cold skin o Kidneys
o Myxedema in adults - Functions:
o Cretinism in infants o causes Na+ and H2O to be retained and
- Hyperthyroidism K+ to be secreted, indirectly involved with
o Increased metabolism blood pressure and blood volume
o Weight loss, increased appetite, 2. Cortisol
nervousness - Type of glucocorticoids
o Higher temp. and pulse - Target Tissue:
o Warm, flushed skin o Most
o Graves’ disease (leads to goiter) - Functions:
o increases breakdown of fat and protein for
PARATHYROID GLAND energy uses, reduces inflammatory and
- are small oval immune responses
endocrine 3. Androgens
glands closely - Target Tissue:
associated o Most
posteriorly - Functions
with the o Male: secondary sexual characteristics
thyroid gland o Female: sex drive
- supplied by
inferior thyroid PANCREAS
artery
- secretes
parathormone,
which directly
elevate blood
calcium levels
- Usually there are:
o 2 superior parathyroid glands
o 2 inferior parathyroid glands
Hormone secreted by the Parathyroid Gland:
1. Parathyroid Hormone:
- Target Tissue:
o Bones and kidneys
- Functions:
o regulates blood Ca2+ levels (more than
calcitonin) - Organ in abdomen
▪ If Ca 2+ is low then osteoclasts - pistol shaped flattened organ, the head part of
break down bone matrix and less which is enclosed by the duodenum, the body at the
Ca 2+ is lost in urine. back of stomach and tail related with spleen
▪ If Ca 2+ is high then osteoclasts - not only exocrine gland but also has important
don’t break down bone matrix and endocrine functions
more Ca 2+ is lost in urine. - the endocrine portion is the Islets of Langerhans
- the exocrine portion is secretion of enzymes.
ADRENAL GLAND - pancreatic islets vary in size and most numerous at
- small flattened endocrine glands closely applied to the tail of the pancreas
the upper pole of the kidneys Hormones secreted by the Pancreas
- On kidneys 1. Insulin
- Target Tissue:
o Liver
o Skeletal muscle
o Adipose tissue
- Function:
o regulates blood glucose levels
o after a meal glucose levels are high and
insulin is secreted
o extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen
Abnormalities:
1. Diabetes Mellitus
- Causes:
o too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors
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[ANPH111] 1.13 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
- Symptoms: COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND
o exaggerated appetite, excess urine, ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
dehydration, thirst, fatigue
Nervous System Endocrine System
▪ Type I: insulin dependent (daily
Chemical and electrical
injections required) Chemical signals only
signals
▪ Type II: insulin independent, often
found in obese people, can be Responds and stops
Slower to respond and stop
treated with diet but can turn into quickly
2. Glucagon: Targets specific organ Hormones go everywhere
- Target Tissue: Adapts quickly Adapts relatively slowly
o Liver Sometimes widespread
Usually local effects
- Function: effects
o regulates blood glucose levels
o between meals glucose levels drop and TYPES OF CHEMICAL SIGNALS
glucagon is secreted Intracellular
o glucagon allows glycogen to be broken - produce in one of part a cell and move to another
down into glucose part of same cell
Intercellular
CELLS IN THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS - released from one cell and bind to receptors on
1. Alpha Cells another cell
- less numerous containing acidophilic granules.
- found at the periphery of the islet and secrete TYPES OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALS
glucagon – which increases blood sugar Autocrine
2. Beta Cells - released by cells and a have local effect on same
- found at the center of the islets cell type
- it secretes insulin which decreases blood sugar o Eicosanoids: released in response to
3. Delta Cells inflammation
- secrete somatostatin, which inhibits secretion of Paracrine
insulin and glucagon and slows absorption of - released by cells that affect other cell types in close
nutrients from the GIT o Somatostatin: inhibits insulin secretion
4. F Cells Neurotransmitter and Neuromodulators
- secrete pancreatic polypeptide - secreted by nerve cells
o Nervous system function
TESTES Pheromones
- are paired organs lodging in the scrotum are - secreted into environment and modify behavior and
responsible for the production of the male gametes, physiology of other individual in same species
spermatozoa, and male sex hormones o Women and menstrual cycles
- Its main hormone testosterone regulates production Hormones and neurohormones
of sperm and stimulates the development and - secreted into blood and bind to receptor sites
maintenance of masculine secondary sex o Epinephrine and insulin
characteristics such as beard growth and ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY: HORMONE
deepening of the voice
STRUCTURE
Steroid
INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF LEYDIG - Lipids synthesized from cholesterol
- It secretes the following Androgens: - Share structure
1. Testosterone o four organic rings with varied side groups
- aids in sperm and reproductive organ development - Example:
and function o testosterone
2. Dihydrotestosterone o estradiol
- It plays a vital role in the sexual development of Monoamines
males - Small molecules
3. Androstenedione - Synthesized from amino acids tyrosine and
- a steroidal hormone produced in male and female tryptophan
gonads, as well as in the adrenal glands, and it is - Examples:
known for its key role in the production of estrogen o thyroxine
and testosterone. o epinephrine
Peptide Hormones
OVARIES - Chains from 3 to more than 200 amino acids
- placenta also produces some hormones: - They are considered proteins if they are greather
o syncytiotrophoblast than 50 amino acids
o human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) - Peptide hormones example:
Hormones secreted by the Ovaries: o Oxytocin
1. Estrogen/Progesterone - Protein example:
- Target Tissue: o Insulin
o Most
- Function: COMPONENTS OF HORMONE
o involved in uterine and mammary gland Receptor Site
development and menstrual cycle - location on a cell where hormone binds (lock)
Target Tissues
- group of cells that respond to specific hormones
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Specificity
- specific hormones bind to specific receptor sites
[ANPH111] 1.13 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – Dr. Ma. Luisa Crisostomo
HOW DOES THIS WORK?
1. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands
directly into bloodstream
2. Hormones travel to all parts of body
3. Hormones (key) bind to receptor site (lock) on
target tissue
4. Response occurs
HOW DO HORMONES CAUSE CHANGE?
- Alter cell activity of target tissues by increasing or
decreasing cell’s normal processes
- Change permeability of cell membrane by opening
or closing ion channels
- Synthesis of proteins

TYPES OF HORMONES
Water soluble
- includes proteins, peptides, amino acids
- most common
- examples:
o Growth hormone
o antidiuretic
o prolactin
o etc.
Lipid hormones
- includes steroids and eicosanoids
- Example:
o LH
o FSH
o androgens

REGULATION OF HORMONES
Blood levels of chemicals
- Example
o Blood glucose levels (insulin)
Other Hormones
- Example
o TSH signals thyroid gland to release
thyroid hormone
Nervous System
- Example
o Epinephrine and fight or flight response
Negative Feedback
- tells body when homeostasis is reached

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