ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025

FOUNDATION IN THEORIES FOR NURSING PRACTICE
MR. DENNIS LOCSIN
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/SYNCHRONOUS SESSION

COURSE OUTLINE: FINALS 7. Maintenance of elimination

ex: constipation, diarrhea, colon problem
1. Faye Abdellah
8. Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
2. Madeline Leininger
ex: dehydration, malnutrition
3. Margaret Newman
9. Recognize the physiological responses of the
4. Myra Levine
body; pathological, physiological, and
5. Ernestine Wiedenbach
compensatory
6. Joyce Travelbee
ex of physiological responses: sweating, increase of
7. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
body temp, increase of fluid intake
8. Joyce Fitzpatrick
ex of compensatory mechanism: coughing,
9. Anne Boykin & Savina O. Schoenhofer
sneezing, yawning
10. Josephine Paterson & Loretta Zderad
10. Maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and
11. Lydia Hall
functions
12. Patricia Benner
ex: feedback mechanisms
REFERENCE BOOK 11. Maintenance of sensory functions
ex: blindedness, deafness, astigmatism
Theoretical Basis for Nursing 5th Edition by Melanie
12. Identify and accept positive and negative
McEwen and Evelyn M. Wills
expressions, feelings, and reactions.
ex: person with anxiety, depression, trauma
13. Identify and accept interrelatedness of emotions
FAYE ABDELLAH and organic illness.
CLIENT-CENTERED THEORIES 14.
ex: patient with mental disorders
Facilitate maintenance of effective verbal and
non-verbal communications
21 NURSING PROBLEMS ex: when a patient is not talking, autistic, stroke
patients, language barrier
● Nursing is a set of problem-solving approach with 15. Promote the development of productive
key nursing problems related to the health needs of interpersonal relationships
the people. ex: patient with traumas, uncooperative patients,
● Health is a dynamic pattern of functioning where trust issues, paranoia, introvert patient
there is continued interaction of: 16. Facilitate progress towards achievement of
○ external personal spiritual goals
○ internal forces that results in the optimal ex: different beliefs, do not impose your own religion
use of necessary resources that serves to 17. Create or maintain therapeutic environment
minimize man’s vulnerabilities ex: crowded rooms, dirty and chaotic environment
● wellness is a lifetime goal while emphasis should be 18. Facilitate awareness of self as an individual with
placed on prevention and rehabilitation physical, emotional and developmental needs.
● crucial in nursing practice is the correct ex: know your strength and weaknesses, prevent
identification of nursing problems countertransference
○ overt- apparent conditions (objective) 19. Accept the optimum possible goals in the light
○ covert- hidden conditions (subjective) of limitations, physical, and emotional
ex: patient is not perfect
video: Faye Abdellah 20. use of community resources as an aid in
resolving problems arising from illness
ex: healthcenter without a nurse, lack of medical
21 NURSING PROBLEMS
equipments, no ambulance
21. Understand the social problems as influencing
1. Maintain good hygiene and physical comfort
factors in case of illness.
ex: coma, unconscious, bed ridden patient
ex: poverty, homelessness, no access to health
2. Promote optimal activity; exercise, rest and
care
sleep
ex: patient with insomnia, overweight, stroke,
sedentary lifestyle, disabled
Significance of 21 Nursing Problems:
3. Promote safety, prevent accidents, injury, and
trauma
ex: mentally challenged patient, raising of the side - Identification of nursing problems can help in identifying
rails priorities. We should know how to take care of them to set
4. Maintain good body mechanics; prevent and priorities.
correct deformities
ex: ask for assistance if you cannot carry the patient
5. Maintenance of supply of oxygen to all body Triage (set out patients)
cells Red - life-threatening injuries (ABC is compromised)
ex: covid patients, pulmonary disease Yellow - serious injuries but not immediately life-threatening
6. Maintenance of nutrition of all body cells Green - “walking wounded” minor injuries
ex: diabetic patient, malnutrition, eating disorders,
problem with digestion

1 I LEVEL 1 BATCH OFFICERS (SY 2021-2022)

 ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025
FOUNDATION IN THEORIES FOR NURSING PRACTICE
MR. DENNIS LOCSIN
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/SYNCHRONOUS SESSION
Black - least but most crucial; used for deceased or for
severely injured people that they will not be able to survive
given the care available; you should be careful in giving the
color as there is a thin line between red and black.
ex: patient with multiple stab wounds
ABC - Airway, Breathing, Circulation
MADELINE LEININGER
TRANSCULTURAL NURSING CARE
TRANSCULTURAL NURSING CARE THEORY
● Transcultural Nursing is culturally competent
nursing care focused on differences and similarities
among cultures with respect to caring, health and
illness, based on the client’s
○ cultural values
○ beliefs
○ practices
● To administer cultural appropriate care
○ the nurse must avoid projecting into the
client his/her own cultural uniqueness and
world view
video: The Power of Transcultural Nursing
PURPOSE
To discover human care similarities (universality) and
differences (diversity) in relation to worldview, social
structures, and other dimensions.
GOAL
Improve and provide culturally congruent care that is
beneficial, fitting, and useful to clients,family or cultural
groups.
3 MODES OF NURSING CARE DECISIONS AND
ACTIONS
CULTURAL CARE PRESERVATION
(MAINTENANCE)
● Maintenance and or preservation of relevant care
values
● it is non-negotiable and cannot be modified
EXAMPLE: Bicolanos hold in preserving one’s faith and
devotion despite the pandemic. ]
Traslacion
CULTURAL ACCOMMODATION (NEGOTIATION)
● A negotiation that helps people of designated
culture to adapt to
● it is negotiable
EXAMPLE: Trade fairs, parades, carnivals, etc are part of
the culture accommodated in Bicol during Peñafrancia
festival. These activities can be accommodated but not
preserved.
CULTURAL CARE REPATTERNING
(RECONSTRUCTING)
● Change or greatly modify
EXAMPLE: Ateneo de Naga University decided not to join
the military parade because they believe that this kind of
activity does not focus on devotion but on social activities.
However, they proposed another activity that still keeps
the culture/core value by encouraging the students to
attend novena mass, sing ‘Salve Regina’ and to perform
voyadores festival street dance.
MARGARET NEWMAN
HEALTH AS AN EXPANDING
CONSCIOUSNESS
● Follows the demands of logical positivism.
● Health encompasses conditions known as disease.
○ Disease can be considered a manifestation of
the underlying pattern of the person.
○ The pattern of the person that manifests itself as
disease is primary.
○ Health is the expansion of consciousness.
○ The theory asserts that every person in every
situation, no matter how disordered and
hopeless it may seem, is part of the universal
process of expanding consciousness.
○ A process of becoming more of oneself, of
finding greater meaning in life, and of reaching
new dimensions of connectedness with other
people and the world, (Newman, 2010)
MYRA LEVINE
CONSERVATION THEORY
● Conservation came from the Latin word
conservation, meaning “to keep together”
● "Ethical behavior is not the display of one's moral
rectitude in times of crisis, it is the day-to-day
expression of one's commitment to other persons
and the ways in which human beings relate to one
another in their daily interactions.”
● It is focused on promoting adaptation and
maintaining wholeness using the principles of
conservation.
● It guides the nurse to focus on the influences and
responses at the organismic level.
● The nurse accomplishes the goals of the model
through the conservation of energy, structure, and
personal and social integrity (Levine, 1967).
CONSERVATION THEORY
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
2 I LEVEL 1 BATCH OFFICERS (SY 2021-2022)
 ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025
FOUNDATION IN THEORIES FOR NURSING PRACTICE
MR. DENNIS LOCSIN
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/SYNCHRONOUS SESSION

● Refers to balancing energy input and output to

avoid excessive fatigue. THE ART
● It includes adequate rest, nutrition and exercise ● The Art of Nursing includes
○ Availability of adequate rest ○ Understanding patients’ needs and concerns
○ Maintenance of adequate nutrition ○ Developing goals and actions intended to
enhance patients ability and directing the
activities related to the medical plan to improve
the patients’ condition
● The nurses also focus on prevention of
CONSERVATION OF STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY complications related to reoccurrence or
● Refers to maintaining or restoring the structure of development of new concerns.
the body preventing physical breakdown and ● Nursing is the practice of identification of a patient’s
promoting healing. need for help through
○ Assist patient in ROM exercise ○ Observation of presenting behaviors and
○ Maintenance of patient’s personal hygiene symptoms
○ Exploration of the meaning of those symptoms
CONSERVATION OF PERSONAL INTEGRITY with the patient
● Recognizes the individual as one who strives for ○ Determining the cause(s) of discomfort, and
recognition, respect, self-awareness, selfhood, and ○ Determining the patient’s ability to resolve the
self-determination. discomfort or if the patient has a need for help
○ Recognize and protect patient’s needs. from the nurse or other healthcare
professionals.
CONSERVATION OF SOCIAL INTEGRITY ● Nursing primarily consists of identifying a patient’s
● An individual is recognized as some one who need for help.
resides within a family, a community, a religious
group, an ethnic group, a political system and a
nation. JOYCE TRAVELBEE
○ Help the individual to preserve his or her place
in a family, community, and society. HUMAN TO HUMAN RELATIONSHIP
MODEL
ERNESTINE WIEDENBACH ● Nursing is accomplished through human-to-human
relationships that begin with the original encounter
THE HELPING ART OF CLINICAL and then progress through stages of emerging
identities, developing feelings of empathy, and later
NURSING feelings of sympathy.
● Believed that there were 4 main elements to clinical
nursing. They are: GOAL OF NURSING
○ Philosophy To achieve genuine human-to-human relationships.
○ Purpose ● This relationship can only be established by an
○ Practice interaction process.
○ Art ● It has five phases:
○ The inaugural meeting or original encounter
THE PHILOSOPHY ○ Visibility of personal identities/ emerging
● The nurses' philosophy is their attitude and belief identities.
about life and how that affects reality for them. ○ Empathy
● The 3 essential components associated with a
○ Sympathy
nursing philosophy:
○ Reverence for life ○ Establishing mutual understanding and contact/
○ Respect for the dignity, worth, autonomy rapport
and individuality of each human being and
○ Resolution to act on personally and HUMAN-TO-HUMAN RELATIONSHIP MODEL
professionally held beliefs.
1. ORIGINAL ENCOUNTER
THE PURPOSE ● first impression by the nurse of the sick person and
● Nurses' purpose is that which the nurse wants to vice-versa.
accomplish through what she does.
● It is all of the activities directed towards the overall 2. EMERGING IDENTITIES
good of the patient. ● the time when relationship begins
● the nurse and patient perceives each others’
THE PRACTICE uniqueness
● Practices are those observable nursing actions that
are affected by beliefs and feelings about meeting 3. EMPATHY
the patient’s need for help. ● the ability to share in the person’s experience

3 I LEVEL 1 BATCH OFFICERS (SY 2021-2022)

 ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025
FOUNDATION IN THEORIES FOR NURSING PRACTICE
MR. DENNIS LOCSIN
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/SYNCHRONOUS SESSION

● A central concern of nursing science and the

4. SYMPATHY nursing profession is the meaning attributed to life
● when the nurse wants to lessen the cause of the as the basic understanding of human existence.
patient's suffering.
●
●
it goes beyond empathy
“When one sympathizes, one is involved but not
ANNE BOYKIN & SAVINA O.
incapacitated by the involvement.” SCHOENHOFER
5. RAPPORT THEORY OF NURSING AS CARING: A
● Rapport is described as nursing interventions that
lessens the patient’s suffering. MODEL FOR TRANSFORMING
● Relation as human being to human being
PRACTICE
● The Theory of Nursing As Caring is a general or
ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE grand nursing theory that can be used as a
framework to guide nursing practice.
HUMAN BECOMING THEORY ○ The most basic premise of the theory is
● The theory is structured around three abiding that all humans are caring persons.
themes: ○ That to be human is to be called to livE
○ Meaning one's innate caring nature.
○ Rhythmicity ○ Developing the full potential of expressing
○ Transcendence caring is an ideal and for practical
purposes, is a lifelong process.
THREE MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS OF HUMAN
BECOMING KEY ASSUMPTIONS

MEANING 1. Persons are caring by virtue of their humanness

● Human Becoming is freely choosing personal
meaning in situations in the inter-subjective process
of living value priorities.
● Man’s reality is given meaning through lived
experiences.
● Man and environment co-create.
2. Persons live their caring moment to moment
3. Persons are whole or complete in the moment
4. Personhood is living life grounded in caring
5. Personhood is enhanced through participating
in nurturing relationships with caring others
6. Nursing is both a discipline and a profession.

RHYTHMICITY JOSEPHINE PATERSON & LORETTA

● Human Becoming is co-creating rhythmic patterns
of relating in mutual process withthe universe. ZDERAD
● Man and environment co-create (imaging, valuing,
languaging) in rhythmical patterns. THEORY OF HUMANISTIC NURSING
● Dr Zderad majored in psychiatric nursing.
TRANSCENDENCE Completed her doctorate at Georgetown University
● Human Becoming is co-transcending in philosophy with a dissertation on empathy.
multi-dimensionally with emerging possible. ● Dr. Paterson majored in public health. Completed
● Refers to reaching out and beyond the limits that a her doctor of nursing science degree at Boston
person sets. University – dissertation on comfort.
● One constantly transforms. ● Met in the 1950’s while working at Catholic
University, where their task was to create a new
program that would include psychiatric and
JOYCE FITZPATRICK community health components as part of the
graduate program.
LIFE PERSPECTIVE RHYTHM MODEL ● Shared experiences, ideas and insight had formed
● "The process of human development is the concept of Theory of Humanistic Nursing.
characterized by rhythms that occur within the
context of continuous person-environment HUMANISTIC NURSING: ITS MEANING
interaction." ● “Humanistic nursing embraces more than a
● "The process of human development is benevolent technically competent subject-object
characterized by rhythms that occur within the one-way relationship guided by a nurse on behalf of
context of continuous person-environment another.
interaction." ● It dictates that nursing is a responsible searching, a
● Nursing activity focuses on enhancing the transactional relationship whose meaningfulness
developmental process toward health. demands conceptualization founded on a nurse's
existential awareness of self and of the other”

4 I LEVEL 1 BATCH OFFICERS (SY 2021-2022)

 ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025
FOUNDATION IN THEORIES FOR NURSING PRACTICE
MR. DENNIS LOCSIN
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/SYNCHRONOUS SESSION

LYNDIA HALL
CARE, CORE, CURE THEORY
LYDIA HALL’S THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

CARE
● Natural and Biological Science
● “The Body”
● Intimate Bodily Care

CORE
● Social Sciences
● “The Person”
● Therapeutic Use of Self

CURE
● Pathological and Therapeutic Sciences
● “The Disease”
● Seeing the patient and family through the Medical
Care

PATRICIA BENNER
LEVELS OF PROFICIENCY AMONG
NURSES THEORY
LEVELS OF NURSING EXPERIENCE
(NACPE)

NOVICE
● Beginner with few or no experience
● Taught general rules to help perform tasks

ADVANCED BEGINNER
● Has gained experience in actual clinical setting

COMPETENT
● Has gained 3-5 years of experience

PROFICIENT
● Has gained more experiences
● Rotated over the different areas in the hospital

EXPERT
● No longer relies on principles, rules, or guidelines to
determine the actions
● Much more background of experience

5 I LEVEL 1 BATCH OFFICERS (SY 2021-2022)