English

Irony - when the actual meaning is the complete opposite of the literal meaning.
Types of Irony
*Verbal Irony – the character says the opposite of what they mean
*Situational Irony - something happens that we don’t expect to happen
*Dramatic Irony – when the audience knows something that the readers don’t
Grammatical Signal - the signal relationship between new sentences and the ones before it
- give the readers a signal of what will follow an idea
General to Particular - It is a method of developing a paragraph by moving from a broad
observation about a topic to specific details in support of that topic.
- Example/Illustration Words – connect a general idea to a particular
instance of this idea. Add emphasis or introduce evidence
- Addition Words – is used to signal addition of ideas, information or
reinforce ideas
Claim and Counterclaim
Claim - “when you assert that something is true”
Counterclaim - “what the opposition or ‘haters’ might say to refute or take down your claim”

Problem – Solution
Problem – This is a condition that is unwelcome or harmful and that needs to be resolved or
overcome.
Solution – This is an action or a means that is intended to resolve or address a problem.

Cause and Effect - describe how an action or event is caused by another event or action
Cause - States why something happens
Effect - States the result or outcome
Text Types
1. Narrative Text Type
- Narrative texts deal with the imaginary or real world and can
be fictional and non-fictional
- A narrative is a writing that tells a story.
Purpose: to entertain the readers through telling a story
2. Expository Text Type
- Expository text is a type of informational text that provides factual
Information
- This includes topic such as historical, scientific or economic
information.
Purpose: to simplify and expose things, ideas, persons and places through educational and
purposeful facts

3. Explanatoryory Text Type - Gives explanation on a process of how and why something
happens
- Examples: instructions, procedures, and directions
Purpose: to explain what, how, and why a certain thing happened.

4. Recount - A paragraph which retells past events or experience for the

purpose of informing or entertaining
- Includes personal events, factual incidents or imaginary incidents

Types of Recount
- Personal Recount - Is when the writer is involved
- Retells an action, interest, event, or activity
Examples: Diary journal, Personal letter, Anecdote,
Biography
Purpose: to build a relationship between the readers and the writer by
providing information that the latter has been personally involved
- Factual Recount - A type of text that gives useful facts and
information on a certain subject, topic, or issue
Examples: News report, interviews, history
Purpose: to give information by means of facts; to explore different point
of views on a given subject
 5. Persuasive Type - Seeks to convince the reader to agree
- Includes facts and information that help to back up the writer’s
opinion
Purpose: to encourage or convince the readers of the merits of adopting a particular viewpoint
or taking a specific course of action