PARASITIC AMOEBA

Symptoms : diarrhea (may be bloody), stomach pain, cramps, nausea, fever, loss of appetite.[Sometimes asymptomatic
amoebiasis also occurs]

Disease Causative agent Clinical MOT Pathogenesi Infective diagnosis management Prevention & Health
manifestati s stage control advice
ons and
pathogenes
is

Amoebiasis Entamoeba Amoebic food and water Fecal-oral cysts Microscopic Metronidazole, Hygienic food Drinking
histolytica ; dysentery, contaminated pathway, detection of 4 diloxanide habits only
ulcers due by feces Invade nucleated furoate canned or
to cytotoxic containing cysts intestinal cysts, or boiled
substances mucosa. trophozoites; water or
; boiled
cytophago Unidirectional water; eat
cytosis movement is a only
characteristic thoroughly
feature cooked
food and
cover the
food and
water
properly.

COMMENSAL AMOEBAE
Symptoms : Asymptomatic (no symptoms)
Disease Causative agent Clinical MOT Pathogenesis diagnosis management Prevention & Health advice
features control

Amoebiasis E.dispar; No food and water These Stool No treatment or General Ingest clean
E.moshkovskii; symptoms; contaminated amoebae are examination by management hygiene and water and food ;
E.hartmanni; Cysts pass by feces non-invasive Formalin Ethyl required. hygienic food maintain
E.coli; through containing and do not acetate habits hygiene; and
E.polecki; stomach and cysts cause disease. Concentration maintain healthy
E.gingivalis; remain viable Technique immunity.
Endolimax nana; because of (FECT) and
Iodamoeba butschlii the cyst wall. iodine staining
to detect cysts
and
trophozoites.
 FREE-LIVING PATHOGENIC AMOEBAE

Symptoms : Sudden high fever, stiff neck, severe headache with nausea and vomitings, confusion, seizures,
sleepiness

Disease Causative agent Clinical features & MOT diagnosis management Prevention & Health advice
Pathogenesis control

Granulomatous Acanthamoeba Infection of Inhalation of Trophozoites in For Naegleria : Avoid

amebic meninges and water the brain and infusion of swimming or Use nose
encephalitis brain tissue containing the cerebrospinal amphotericin B into jumping in clips while
causing pathogen fluid by indirect CSF freshwater swimming,
decreased Recent study fluorescence rivers and diving in
senses, unusual shows blood microscopy For Acanthamoeba lakes freshwater
behaviour and borne invasion. : Pentamidine bodies.
personality isethionate,
changes due to ketoconazole
brain tissue
damage.

Symptoms : Hypopyon formation, ocular pain, blurring of vision

Disease Causative agent Clinical features & MOT diagnosis management Prevention & Health advice
Pathogenesis control

Acanthamoeba Acanthamoeba Infection of cornea Direct Contact Microscopic Albendazole, Avoid use of Avoid
keratitis causing irritation of eye with detection of fumagillin(eye improperly cleaning
and pain in eye contaminated cysts and drops) disinfected contact lens
and causes water trophozoites in contact lens with tap
blurring of vision; corneal and any other water and
leading to corneal scrapings means of direct use
ulceration contact of appropriate
ultimately leads to water with the solutions and
vision loss eyeballs. maintain
proper
hygiene.
 CILIATES AND FLAGELLATES

(PARASITIC)
Symptoms : Chronic diarrhea with blood or mucus, nausea, foul breath, abdominal pain, weight loss, intestinal
ulcers(ROUNDED BASE AND WIDE NECK {Characteristic feature}) and perforations, inflammation of colon (colonitis)

Disease Causative agent Clinical MOT Pathogenesis diagnosis management Prevention & Health advice
features control

Balantidiasis Balantidium coli Ulceration food and Fecal-oral Microscopic Tetracycline or Hygienic Drinking only
(or) caused by water pathway, detection of metronidazole food habits canned or
Balantidiosis hyaluronidas contaminat invade lumen, Trophozoites boiled water
(Or) e secreted by ed by pig’s mucosa and or cysts in or boiled
Balantidial the feces submucosa of stool water; eat
dysentery trophozoite, containing large intestine only
Perforated cysts thoroughly
intestine, cooked food
inflammation and cover the
of colon food and
water
properly.

Symptoms : Endemic or epidemic diarrhea, malabsorption, maldigestion, burning sensation in abdomen, cramping,
greasy stools with rotten egg odor

Disease Causative Clinical MOT Pathogenesis diagnosis management Prevention & Health advice
agent features control

giardiasis Giardis It has the Intake of food Fecal-oral Microscopic Metranidazole, Hygienic Intake of
duodenalis ability to alter and water pathway, detection of furazolidone, food habits clean water
also called intestinal contaminated invade small Trophozoites paramycin, and food and
Giardia mucosal cells by feces intestine; or 4 nucleated quinacrine general
intestinalis or causing containing cysts in stool hygiene.
Giardia mechanical cysts A flagellate which show
lamblia irritation. that lives in floating leaf-
Duodenum, like motility
jejunum and
upper part of
 ileum.

Symptoms : Watery diarrhea, reduced weight, vigor [usually in patients with weak immunity like HIV patients]

Disease Causative Clinical features & MOT diagnosis management Prevention & Health advice
agent Pathogenesis control

Trichomonia Trichomonas It is the most prevalent Sexual Saline Metronidazole Limiting number Using
sis vaginalis non-viral STD. transmission preparation of or tinidazole of sexual partners protective
(flagellate) Cyst form is absent. vaginal fluid (low and precautious measures like
Only trophozoite stage specificity); sexual activity. condoms,
is present. spermicidal
Culture is the foams etc.
Invades Urethra, standard method. And maintain
prostate and The preparations proper hygienic
epididymis; can be stained by conditions of
Inflammation of papanicolau, the body.
squamous epithelium, romanowsky,
irritating secretions, acridine orange
itching, burning (specificity 95%)
sensation

(COMMENSAL)

Symptoms : Asymptomatic (no symptoms)

Disease Causative Clinical features & MOT diagnosis management Prevention & Health advice
agent Pathogenesis control

Trichomoniasis Trichomonas A harmless commensal Inhalation or Swab test of metronidazole Avoid using Timely teeth
tenax living in the tartar around ingestion of the tartar others things checkup and
teeth and necrotic infected Droplet around the like dishes or general
mucosal cell of the gums. spray from mouth, teeth glasses. hygiene.
or kissing or
Migration of the parasite common use of
can cause pulmonary contaminated
trichomoniasis dishes
Symptoms : Asymptomatic (no symptoms)
Disease Causative Clinical features & MOT diagnosis management Prevention & Health advice
agent Pathogenesis control

━ Chilomasti It inhabits the cecal Intake of food and Microscopic No treatment ━ Ingest clean
x mesnili region of the water detection of is required. water and food
gastrointestinal contaminated by Trophozoite ; maintain
tract and it does feces containing s or cysts in proper hygiene;
and maintain
cause any disease. cysts. stool
healthy
immunity.

COCCIDIANS (FREE-LIVING)
Symptoms : severe diarrhea, gangrenous cholecystitis, may have respiratory problems like pneumonia,
bronchiolitis,etc.
[Occur in immunosuppressant people like patients with AIDS or patients who have cancer etc.]

Disease Causative agent Clinical features & MOT diagnosis management Prevention & Health advice
Pathogenesis control

Cryptosporidiosi Cryptosporidios Diarrhea for 2-3 Intake of Stool test by No Hygienic Ingest clean
s is hominis weeks; food and Sheather’s acceptable food habits water and
Abdominal pain, water sugar treatment food ;
anorexia, fever, contaminate floatation; yet. maintain
proper
nausea, weight loss; d by feces FECT.
hygiene; and
Bile duct and gall containing Oocysts are
maintain
bladder maybe oocysts. detected. healthy
affected; immunity.
Respiratory Infections
can also occur
Symptoms : malaise and low grade fever, watery diarrhea for 6-7 weeks with 6 or more stools per day
Disease Causative agent Clinical features & MOT diagnosis management Prevention & Health advice
Pathogenesis control

cyclosporidiosis Cyclospora Watery diarrhea may Intake of food detection of trimethoprim- Hygienic Ingest clean
cayetanensis alternate with and water autofluorescen sulfamethoxa food habits water and food
constipation contaminated t oocysts in zole ; maintain
by feces stool under proper hygiene;
and maintain
containing fluorescent
healthy
cysts or microscope immunity.
spores

Symptoms : severe diarrhea, fever, anorexia, vomiting, malaise, stool with undigested food and mucus and
charcot-leyden crystals

Disease Causative agent Clinical features & MOT diagnosis management Prevention & Health advice
Pathogenesis control

cystoisosporiasis Cystoisospora Invades small Fecal-oral Microscopic Trimethoprim Hygienic Ingest clean
belli intestine,flattens route detection of - food habits water and food
mucosa and damages oocysts in sulfamethoxa ; maintain
the villi stool zole; proper hygiene;
and maintain
healthy
Pyrimethamin immunity.
e And
sulfadiazine

Symptoms : fever, muscle pains, swollen lymph nodes, headache, sore throat, fatigue
Disease Causative Clinical features & MOT diagnosis manageme Prevention & control Health advice
agent Pathogenesis nt

Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma Infective stages : Through blood Examination of Pyrimetha Using sterile needles for Maintain a
gondii tachyzoite, bradyzoite - tissue imprints mine And injecting or surgeries etc. healthy
and oocyst Blood stained with sulfadiazin ;Always test the donor’s immune
Encephalitis, transfusion, giemsa e blood before system
myoarditis, focal mother to administering it to a
 pneumonia fetus, etc patient.

ECTOPARASITES
Ticks :
Disease Causative morphology Clinical features & Diagnosis MOT management Prevention &
agent Pathogenesis control

Tick infestation ticks 4 pairs legs, Tick-bite causes Visually by Close Few drops of Protective
2 pairs mouth parts, inflammation, edema, examining the tick Contact ether or clothing and
local hyperemia, bites, and the with chloroform on tick repellent
2 types of ticks : hemorrhage,; morphological infected head of the tick;
Hard ticks-have scutum features of the person. then pull it out of
Soft ticks- lack scutum Tick paralysis parasite the skin

Mites :
Disease Causative morphology Clinical features & Diagnosis MOT management Prevention &
agent Pathogenesis control

mite infestation mites Extremely small (but After infestation, Visually by Close Few drops of Protective
visible to naked eye) Pimple-like lesions examining the Contact ether or clothing and
0.1 to 0.4 mm in size; appear on skin. bites, and the with an chloroform on tick repellent
Oval shaped organism Hair loss at the area morphological infected head of the tick;
of infestation features of the person. then pull it out of
parasite the skin

Fleas :
Disease Causative morphology Clinical features & Diagnosis MOT Acts as vector for management Prevention &
agent Pathogenesis control

Flea Fleas 3 pairs of Usually- intense Visual From Dipylidium caninum; Removal of Protecting
infestation powerful hairy itching, secondary examination Contact Hymenolepis nana; fleas; pets from
legs; bacterial infections of the bite with Hymenolepis Cleaning fleas,
Piercing and nodular swelling at detection of infected and thorough
diminuta;
blood ; the bite, dermatitis, burrows; domestic disinfecting disinfection of
sucking mouth ulcerations morphologica animals Yersinia pestis the bite objects which
parts l features of and (plague) are in contact
1.2 to 4 mm size the parasite infected with infected
 humans pets

Flies :
Disease Causative morphology Clinical features & Diagnosis Acts as vector for management Prevention &
agent Pathogenesis control

Enteritis Flies : 1 - 15mm length; Enteritis : Usually visual Trypanosoma Topical Hygiene,
myiasis Tsetse fly All flies have 2 pairs Diarrhea, nausea, examination, Leishmania ointments Protective
Sand fly of wings, vomitings Different species Onchocerca volvulus clothing,
Black fly 1 pair antennae, Myiasis : sharp cause different Insect
Loa loa
Deer fly 1 pair eyes, pain, itching disease repellants
3 pairs of legs

Lice :
Disease Causativ morphology Clinical features & Diagnosis MOT management Prevention &
e agent Pathogenesis control

pediculosis lice Wingless, Itchy papules at site, Visually by examining Close contact Benzene General and
3-segmented body Inflammation, the papules, and the with infected hexachloride personal hygiene
3 pairs of legs Secondary bacterial morphological features person lotion
2-3mm long infection of the parasite

Mosquitoes :
Disease Causative morphology Clinical features & Diagnosis Acts as vector for management Prevention &
agent Pathogenesis control

Irritating Mosquitoes : More than 3000 Most notable is Visual Plasmodium Calamine or Insect
dermatitis Commonly - species exist. irritating examination of Wuchereria bancrofti benadryl repellants, wear
anopheles, 2 pairs wings dermatitis caused the irritated skin Brugia malayi etc lotions protective
culex, aedes 3-segmented body by a bite of area clothing,
6-8mm long mosquito. screens,
hygiene.