Lecture 2-Frame Analysis

RC FRAME ANALYSIS
Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Izni Syahrizal bin Ibrahim

Forensic Engineering Centre (FEC)
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Email: iznisyahrizal@utm.my
Introduction
3D Frame: Beam, Column
& Slab
2D Frame Analysis
Building Construction
3D Frame: Beam &

Column ONLY
2D Frame Analysis
Introduction: Substitute Frame
2D Frame Analysis
Sub-frame: Roof Level
Sub-frame: Other Floor Level

Types of Frame
Braced Frame
• NOT contribute to the overall structural
stability
• None lateral actions are transmitted to
columns & beams
• Support vertical actions only
Shear wall as
bracing members
Unbraced Frame
• Contribute to the overall structural
stability
• All lateral actions are transmitted to
columns & beams
• Support vertical & lateral actions
Methods of Analysis
(i) One-level Sub-frame
(ii) Two-points Sub-frame
Kb1 0.5Kb2 0.5Kb1 Kb2 0.5Kb3

Methods of Analysis
(iii) Continuous Beam and One-point Sub-frame
0.5Kb
0.5Kb 0.5Kb 0.5Kb
Combination of Actions
BS EN 1992-1-1: Cl. 5.1.3

Load Set 1: Alternate or adjacent spans loaded
❑ Alternate span carrying the design variable and permanent

load (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk), other spans carrying only the design
permanent loads (1.35Gk)
❑ Any two adjacent spans carrying the design variable and

permanent loads (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk), all other spans carrying only
the design permanent load (1.35Gk)
Load Set 1
Alternate Span Loaded Adjacent Span Loaded
1.5Qk 1.5Qk
1.35Gk
MALAYSIAN / UK NATIONAL ANNEX
Load set 2: All or alternate spans loaded
❑ All span carrying the design variable and permanent loads

(1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)
❑ Alternate span carrying the design variable and permanent

load (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk), other spans carrying only the design
permanent loads (1.35Gk)
Load Set 2
All Spans Loaded
1.5Qk
1.35Gk
Alternate Span Loaded

Example 1
ACTION ON BEAMS
Example 1
2@4 m = 8 m
6m 6m 6m
1m Level 7
Level 6
6@3.5 m = 21 m
Level 5
Level 4
7@5 m = 35 m
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
4m
2@4 m = 8 m
6m 6m 6m
Example 1: Action on Beams
Loading Data
Finishes, ceiling & services= 0.75 kN/m2

Concrete density = 25 kN/m3
Variable action = 4 kN/m2
Partition = 0.50 kN/m2
Structural Dimensions
Slab thickness, h = 150 mm

Beam size, b  h = 250  600 mm
Column size, b  h = 300  400 mm
Load on Slab
Slab self weight = 0.15 m  25 kN/m3 = 3.75 kN/m2

Finishes, ceiling, services = 1.25 kN/m2
Characteristics permanent action, gk = 5.00 kN/m2
Imposed load = 4.00 kN/m2

Partition = 0.50 kN/m2
Characteristics variable action, qk = 4.50 kN/m2
Other Loads on Beam
Beam self weight = 0.25 m  (0.60 – 0.15) m  25 kN/m3 = 2.81 kN/m

𝐿𝑦 6 𝐿𝑦 6 𝐿𝑦 6
= = 1.50 (𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 2) = = 1.50 (𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 1) = = 1.50 (𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 2)
𝐿𝑥 4 𝐿𝑥 4 𝐿𝑥 4
4m
0.47 0.45 0.47
0.42 0.39 0.42

5m
6m 6m 6m
𝐿𝑦 6 𝐿𝑦 6 𝐿𝑦 6
= = 1.20 (𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 2) = = 1.20 (𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 1) = = 1.20 (𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 2)
𝐿𝑥 5 𝐿𝑥 5 𝐿𝑥 5
Gk = Permanent action on slab + Beam self weight

= (0.47  5.00  4) + (0.42  5.00  5) + 2.81 = 22.71 kN/m
Qk = Variable action on slab
= (0.47  4.50  4) + (0.42  4.50  5) = 17.91 kN/m
0.47 0.45 0.47
0.42 0.39 0.42
Gk = Permanent action on slab + Beam self weight

= (0.45  5.00  4) + (0.39  5.00  5) + 2.81 = 21.56 kN/m
Qk = Variable action on slab
= (0.45  4.50  4) + (0.39  4.50  5) = 16.88 kN/m
wmax = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 57.53 kN/m wmax = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 57.53 kN/m
wmin = 1.35Gk = 30.66 kN/m wmin = 1.35Gk = 30.66 kN/m
wmax = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 54.42 kN/m

wmin = 1.35Gk = 29.11 kN/m
6m 6m 6m
Example 2
ANALYSIS OF ONE-LEVEL
SUB-FRAME
Example 2
2@4 m = 8 m
6m 6m 6m
1m
Level 7
Level 6
6@3.5 m = 21 m
Level 5
Level 4
7@5 m = 35 m
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
4m
2@4 m = 8 m
6m 6m 6m
Example 2: Analysis of One Level Sub-
Frame
Analysis using LOAD SET 1
wmax = 57.53 kN/m wmax = 57.53 kN/m

wmin = 30.66 kN/m wmax = 54.42 kN/m wmin = 30.66 kN/m Kc,u
3.5 m
wmin = 29.11 kN/m
KAB KBC KCD

Kc,l
4m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Frame
Structural Dimension
Beam: 250 mm  600 mm
Column: 300 mm 400 mm
Moment of Inertia, I = bh3/12

250×6003
Beam: = 4.5 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
12
300×4003
Column: = 1.6 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
12
Stiffness, K = I/L
4.5×109
Beam: 𝐾𝐴𝐵 = 𝐾𝐵𝐶 = 𝐾𝐶𝐷 = 6000 = 7.5 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
1.6×109
Column: 𝐾𝑐,𝑢 = = 4.6 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
3500
1.6×109
𝐾𝑐,𝑙 = 4000 = 4.0 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
Frame
Distribution Factor, F = K/K
𝐾𝐴𝐵, 𝐶𝐷
Joint A & Joint D: 𝐹𝐴𝐵, 𝐶𝐷 = = 0.47
𝐾𝐴𝐵, 𝐶𝐷 +𝐾𝑐,𝑢 +𝐾𝑐,𝑙
𝐾𝑐,𝑢
𝐹𝑐,𝑢 = = 0.28
𝐾𝐴𝐵, 𝐶𝐷 +𝐾𝑐,𝑢 +𝐾𝑐,𝑙
𝐾𝑐,𝑙
𝐹𝑐,𝑙 = 𝐾𝐴𝐵, 𝐶𝐷 +𝐾𝑐,𝑢 +𝐾𝑐,𝑙
= 0.25
𝐾𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶
Joint B & Joint C: 𝐹𝐵𝐴, 𝐶𝐵 = = 0.32
𝐾𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶 +𝐾𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐷 +𝐾𝑐,𝑢 +𝐾𝑐,𝑙
𝐾𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐷
𝐹𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐷 = = 0.32
𝐾𝑐,𝑢
𝐹𝑐,𝑢 = = 0.19
𝐾𝑐,𝑙
𝐹𝑐,𝑙 = = 0.17
Frame
CASE 1: Span 1 & 2 = wmax, Span 3 = wmin
3.5 m
wmax = 57.5 kN/m
wmax = 54.4 kN/m
wmin = 30.7 kN/m
Span 1 Span 2 Span 3
4m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Fixed End Moment
𝑤𝐿2 57.5 × 62
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = = = 172.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
𝑤𝐿2 54.4 × 62
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = = = 163.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
𝑤𝐿2 30.7 × 62
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = = = 92.0 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
Frame
Moment Distribution Method
51.00 -8.46 -8.71 -24.07
0.18 -0.27 0.29 -0.09
1.31 -0.78 0.38 -1.04
0.42 -5.51 4.45 3.23
49.09 -1.81 -13.82 -26.16
0.28 A B 0.19 C 0.19 D 0.28
0.25 0.47 0.32 0.17 0.32 0.32 0.17 0.32 0.47 0.25
-172.6 172.6 -163.3 163.3 -92.0 92.0
43.0 80.5 -3.0 -1.6 -3.0 -22.7 -12.1 -22.7 -42.9 -22.9
-1.5 40.3 -11.3 -1.5 -21.5 -11.3
0.4 0.7 -9.2 -4.9 -9.2 7.3 3.9 7.3 5.3 2.8
-4.6 0.3 3.7 -4.6 2.6 3.7
1.1 2.1 -1.3 -0.7 -1.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 -1.7 -0.9
-0.6 1.1 0.3 -0.6 -0.9 0.3
0.2 0.3 -0.4 -0.2 -0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 -0.1 -0.1
44.6 -95.6 200.4 -7.4 -184.5 142.3 -7.6 -125.9 45.1 -21.1
Frame
Moment in the COLUMN at each joint
51.00 -8.46 -8.71 -24.07

0.18 -0.27 0.29 -0.09
1.31 -0.78 0.38 -1.04
0.42 -5.51 4.45 3.23
49.09 -1.81 -13.82 -26.16
0.28 A B 0.19 C 0.19 D 0.28
0.25 0.47 0.32 0.17 0.32 0.32 0.17 0.32 0.47 0.25
-172.6 172.6 -163.3 163.3 -92.0 92.0
43.0 80.5 -3.0 -1.6 -3.0 -22.7 -12.1 -22.7 -42.9 -22.9
-1.5 40.3 -11.3 -1.5 -21.5 -11.3
0.4 0.7 -9.2 -4.9 -9.2 7.3 3.9 7.3 5.3 2.8
-4.6 0.3 3.7 -4.6 2.6 3.7
1.1 2.1 -1.3 -0.7 -1.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 -1.7 -0.9
-0.6 1.1 0.3 -0.6 -0.9 0.3
0.2 0.3 -0.4 -0.2 -0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 -0.1 -0.1
44.6 -95.6 200.4 -7.4 -184.5 142.3 -7.6 -125.9 45.1 -21.1
Frame
Moment in the BEAM at each joint
51.00 -8.46 -8.71 -24.07

0.18 -0.27 0.29 -0.09
1.31 -0.78 0.38 -1.04
0.42 -0.56 4.45 3.23
49.09 -1.81 -13.82 -26.16
0.28 A B 0.19 C 0.19 D 0.28
0.25 0.47 0.32 0.17 0.32 0.32 0.17 0.32 0.47 0.25
-172.6 172.6 -163.3 163.3 -92.0 92.0
43.0 80.5 -3.0 -1.6 -3.0 -22.7 -12.1 -22.7 -42.9 -22.9
-1.5 40.3 -11.3 -1.5 -21.5 -11.3
0.4 0.7 -9.2 -4.9 -9.2 7.3 3.9 7.3 5.3 2.8
-4.6 0.3 3.7 -4.6 2.6 3.7
1.1 2.1 -1.3 -0.7 -1.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 -1.7 -0.9
-0.6 1.1 0.3 -0.6 -0.9 0.3
0.2 0.3 -0.4 -0.2 -0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 -0.1 -0.1
44.6 -95.6 200.4 -7.4 -184.5 142.3 -7.6 -125.9 45.1 -21.1
Frame
Reaction Calculation at Support

125.9 wmin = 30.7 kN/m 45.1
95.6 200.4 184.5 142.3
6m 6m 6m
VBA VCB VCD VDC

VAB VBC
Solve for each span using equilibrium method of analysis:
VAB = 155.1 kN
VBA = 190.0 kN
VBC = 170.3 kN
VCB = 156.2 kN
VCD = 105.5 kN
VDC = 78.5 kN
Frame
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram
170.3
155.1 105.5
SFD (kN)
2.7 m 3.1 m 3.4 m
78.5
156.2
190.0
25.5 4.3 4.4 12.1

200.4
184.5
142.3 125.9
95.6 45.1
51.0 24.1
BMD (kNm) 44.6 8.5 7.4 8.7 7.6
21.1
55.4
82.0
113.5
22.3 3.7 3.8 10.6

Frame
Do the same for Load CASE 2, CASE 3 & CASE 4
SELF STUDY !!!
3.5 m
wmax = 57.5 kN/m
wmax = 54.4 kN/m
wmin = 30.7 kN/m
4m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Frame
SELF STUDY !!!
3.5 m
wmin = 29.1 kN/m
4m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Frame
SELF STUDY !!!
CASE 4: Span 1 & 3 = wmin, Span 2 = wmax
3.5 m wmax = 54.4 kN/m

wmin = 30.7 kN/m wmin = 30.7 kN/m
4m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Frame
Shear Force and Bending Moment Envelope
190.0, 190.0
161.9, 161.9 170.3, 170.3
156.2 183.2
155.1
87.3 105.5
78.5
SFD (kN) 87.3 78.5

105.5 156.2
183.2 170.3, 170.3
190.0, 190.0 155.1
Case 1 161.9, 161.9
Case 2
200.4
Case 3 184.5 184.5
200.4
168.8 104.5
Case 4 104.5 168.8
130.9
142.3
153.4
153.4
142.3 130.9 95.6
95.6 125.9
125.9 112.6 112.6
45.1 45.1
43.8
BMD (kNm) 54.1 54.1 43.8
18.4
55.4 55.4
82.0, 82.0
113.5 91.5 113.5
123.0
123.0
Frame
Shear Force and Bending Moment Envelope
190.0, 190.0
161.9, 161.9 170.3, 170.3
156.2 183.2
155.1
87.3 105.5
78.5
SFD (kN) 87.3 78.5

105.5 156.2
183.2 170.3, 170.3
190.0, 190.0 155.1
Case 1 161.9, 161.9
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
55.9 55.9
BMD (kNm) 48.9 30.0 26.2 30.0 26.2 48.9
Example 3
ANALYSIS OF TWO FREE-
JOINT SUB-FRAME
Example 3
2@4 m = 8 m
6m 6m 6m
1m Level 7
Level 6
6@3.5 m = 21 m
Level 5
Level 4
7@5 m = 35 m
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
4m
2@4 m = 8 m
6m 6m 6m
Example 3: Analysis of Two Free-Joint Sub-
Frame
CASE 1: Span 1 & 2 = wmax
3.5 m
wmax = 57.5 kN/m
wmax = 54.4 kN/m
Span 1 Span 2
C
4m
6m 6m
A B Stiffness, K = I/L
4.5×109
Beam: 𝐾𝐴𝐵 = = 7.5 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
6000
Span AB
4.5×109
𝐾𝐵𝐶 = 𝟎. 𝟓 × 6000
= 3.75 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
1.6×109
Column: 𝐾𝑐,𝑢 = 3500 = 4.6 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
1.6×109
𝐾𝑐,𝑙 = 4000 = 4.0 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
Frame
Fixed End Moment Moment Distribution Method
𝑤𝐿2 57.5 × 62 51.0 -11.9
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = = = 172.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12 0.0 -0.4
𝑤𝐿2 54.4 × 62 2.2 -0.1
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = = = 163.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12 0.5 -9.3
48.3 -2.1
Distribution Factor, F = K/K 0.28 A B 0.23
0.25 0.47 0.38 0.20 0.19
7.5
Joint A: 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = = 0.47 -172.6 172.6 -163.3
7.5+4.6+4.0
4.6
𝐹𝑐,𝑢 = = 0.28 43.1 81.1 -3.5 -1.9 -1.8
7.5+4.6+4.0
4.0 -1.8 40.6 0.0
𝐹𝑐,𝑙 = = 0.25
7.5+4.6+4.0 0.4 0.8 -15.4 -8.1 -7.7
7.5 -7.7 0.4 0.0

Joint B: 𝐹𝐵𝐴 = = 0.38 1.9 3.6 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1
7.5+3.75+4.6+4.0
Span AB
3.75
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = = 0.19 -0.1 1.8 0.0
7.5+3.75+4.6+4.0
4.6 0.0 0.0 -0.7 -0.4 -0.3
𝐹𝑐,𝑢 = = 0.23
7.5+3.75+4.6+4.0 45.4 -96.7 195.6 -10.5 -173.2
4.0
𝐹𝑐,𝑙 = = 0.20
7.5+3.75+4.6+4.0
Frame
CASE 2: Span 1 = wmax , Span 2 = wmin
55.2 -30.2
3.5 m
wmax = 57.5 kN/m
0.2 -0.4
wmin = 29.11 kN/m
2.2 -0.9
Span 1 Span 2 4.5 -9.3
C 48.3 -19.6
4m 0.28 A B 0.23
6m 6m 0.25 0.47 0.38 0.20 0.19
-172.6 172.6 -87.3
43.1 81.1 -32.4 -17.1 -16.2
A B -16.2 40.5 0.0
4.0 7.6 -15.4 -8.1 -7.7
Span AB
-7.7 3.8 0.0

1.9 3.6 -1.4 -0.8 -0.7
-0.7 1.8 0.0
0.2 0.3 -0.7 -0.4 -0.3
49.2 -105.1 168.8 -26.4 -112.2
Frame
CASE 1 CASE 2
96.7 195.6 105.1 168.8
6m 6m
VAB VBA VAB VBA
Solve for each span using Solve for each span using
equilibrium method of analysis: equilibrium method of analysis:
VAB = 156.2 kN VAB = 162.0 kN

VBA = 189.0 kN VBA = 183.2 kN
Span AB
Frame
162.0
156.2
SFD (kN)
183.2
189.0
105.1 195.4
97.1 168.8
49.0 56.0
BMD (kNm) 26.4
30.2
114.9
Span AB
122.9
Frame
3.5 m
wmax = 57.5 kN/m
wmax = 54.4 kN/m
wmin = 30.7 kN/m
A D
4m
6m 6m 6m
B C
Span BC
Frame
Fixed End Moment Distribution Factor, F = K/K

𝑤𝐿2 57.5 × 62
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = = = 172.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚 3.75
12 12 Joint B: 𝐹𝐵𝐴 = = 0.19
3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
𝑤𝐿2 54.4 × 62 7.5
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = = = 163.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = = 0.38
12 12 3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
𝑤𝐿2 30.7 × 62 𝐹𝑐,𝑢 =
4.6
= 0.23
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = = = 92.0 𝑘𝑁𝑚 3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
12 12 4.0
𝐹𝑐,𝑙 = = 0.20
3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
Stiffness, K = I/L 7.5

4.5×109 Joint C: 𝐹𝐶𝐵 = = 0.38
Beam: 𝐾𝐴𝐵 = 𝐾𝐶𝐷 = 𝟎. 𝟓 × = 3.75 × 105 𝑚𝑚3 3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
3.75
6000
4.5×109 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = = 0.19
𝐾𝐵𝐶 = = 7.5 × 10 𝑚𝑚3
5 3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
4.6
6000
1.6×109 𝐹𝑐,𝑢 = = 0.23
Column: 𝐾𝑐,𝑢 = = 4.6 × 105 𝑚𝑚3 3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
4.0
3500
1.6×109 𝐹𝑐,𝑙 = = 0.20
3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
𝐾𝑐,𝑙 = = 4.0 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
Span BC
4000
Frame
1.00 -16.61
0.11 0.01
-0.08 -0.59
3.11 0.41
-2.15 -16.44
B 0.23 C 0.23
0.19 0.20 0.38 0.38 0.20 0.19
172.6 -163.3 163.3 -92.0
-1.8 -1.9 -3.5 -27.0 -14.4 -13.5
0.0 -13.5 -1.8 0.0
2.6 2.7 5.1 0.7 0.4 0.3
0.0 0.3 2.6 0.0
Span BC
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -1.0 -0.5 -0.5

0.0 -0.5 -0.1 0.0
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
173.4 0.9 -175.3 136.7 -14.5 -105.6
Frame
CASE 2: Span 2 = wmax, Span 1 & 3 = wmin
3.5 m wmax = 54.4 kN/m

wmax = 30.7 kN/m wmin = 30.7 kN/m
A D
4m
6m 6m 6m
B C
Span BC
Frame
Fixed End Moment Distribution Factor, F = K/K

𝑤𝐿2 30.7 × 62
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = = = 92.0 𝑘𝑁𝑚 3.75
12 12 Joint B: 𝐹𝐵𝐴 = = 0.19
3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
𝑤𝐿2 54.4 × 62 7.5
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = = = 163.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = = 0.38
12 12 3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
𝑤𝐿2 30.7 × 62 𝐹𝑐,𝑢 =
4.6
= 0.23
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = = = 92.0 𝑘𝑁𝑚 3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
12 12 4.0
𝐹𝑐,𝑙 = = 0.20
3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
Stiffness, K = I/L 7.5

4.5×109 Joint C: 𝐹𝐶𝐵 = = 0.38
Beam: 𝐾𝐴𝐵 = 𝐾𝐶𝐷 = 𝟎. 𝟓 × = 3.75 × 105 𝑚𝑚3 3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
3.75
6000
4.5×109 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = = 0.19
𝐾𝐵𝐶 = = 7.5 × 10 𝑚𝑚3
5 3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
4.6
6000
1.6×109 𝐹𝑐,𝑢 = = 0.23
Column: 𝐾𝑐,𝑢 = = 4.6 × 105 𝑚𝑚3 3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
4.0
3500
1.6×109 𝐹𝑐,𝑙 = = 0.20
3.75+7.5+4.6+4.0
𝐾𝑐,𝑙 = = 4.0 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
Span BC
4000
Frame
20.25 -20.25
0.11 0.11
0.59 -0.59
3.11 -3.11
16.44 -16.44
B 0.23 C 0.23
0.19 0.20 0.38 0.38 0.20 0.19
92.0 -163.3 163.3 -92.0
13.5 14.4 27.0 -27.0 -14.4 -13.5
0.0 -13.5 13.5 0.0
2.6 2.7 5.1 -5.1 -2.7 -2.6
0.0 -2.6 2.6 0.0
Span BC
0.5 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 -0.5

0.0 -0.5 0.5 0.0
0.1 0.1 0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1
108.6 17.7 -146.6 146.6 -14.5 -108.6
Frame
CASE 1 CASE 2
175.3 136.7 146.6 146.6
6m 6m
VBC VCB VBC VCB
Solve for each span using Solve for each span using
equilibrium method of analysis: equilibrium method of analysis:
VBC = 169.7 kN VCB = 163.3 kN

VCB = 156.8 kN VCB = 163.3 kN
Span BC
Frame
169.7
163.3
SFD (kN)
156.8
163.3
175.3 195.4
146.6 146.6
20.2 20.2
17.7
BMD (kNm) 17.7
89.3
98.3
Span BC
Example 4
CONTINUOUS BEAM + ONE
FREE-JOINT SUB-FRAME
Example 4
2@4 m = 8 m
6m 6m 6m
1m Level 7
Level 6
6@3.5 m = 21 m
Level 5
Level 4
7@5 m = 35 m
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
4m
2@4 m = 8 m
6m 6m 6m
Example 4: Continuous Beam + One Free-
Joint Sub-Frame
Load
Set 1 6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Moment of Inertia Distribution Factor, F = K/K

𝑏ℎ3 250 × 6003
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = = = 4.5 × 109 𝑚𝑚4 Joint A: 𝐹𝐵𝐴 =
5.63
= 1.00
12 12 5.63+0
Stiffness, K = I/L Joint B: 𝐹𝐵𝐴 =

5.63
5.63+7.5
= 0.43
9
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 4.5 × 10 7.5
𝐾𝐴𝐵 = 𝐾𝐶𝐷 = 0.75 × = 0.75 × 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = = 0.57
𝐿 6000 5.63+7.5
= 5.63 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
7.5
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 4.5 × 109 Joint C: 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = = 0.57
𝐾𝐵𝐶 = = = 7.5 × 105 𝑚𝑚3 5.63+7.5
𝐿 6000 𝐹𝐶𝐷 =
5.63
= 0.43
7.5+5.63
5.63
Joint D: 𝐹𝐷𝐶 = = 1.00
5.63+0
Joint Sub-Frame
wmax = 57.5 kN/m
wmax = 54.4 kN/m
wmin = 30.7 kN/m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Fixed End Moment, FEM

𝑤𝐿2 57.5 × 62
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = = = 172.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
𝑤𝐿2 54.4 × 62
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = = = 163.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
𝑤𝐿2 30.7 × 62
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = = = 92.0 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
Joint Sub-Frame
A B C D
0.00 1.00 0.43 0.57 0.57 0.43 1.00 0.00
-172.6 172.6 -163.3 163.3 -92.0 92.0
172.6 -4.0 -5.3 -40.7 -30.5 -92.0
86.3 -20.4 -2.7 -46.0
-28.3 -37.7 27.8 20.9
13.9 -18.8
-6.0 -7.9 10.8 8.1
5.4 -4.0
-2.3 -3.1 2.3 1.7
1.1 -1.5
-0.5 -0.6 0.9 0.7
0.00 217.9 -217.9 137.2 -137.2 0.00
Joint Sub-Frame

137.2 wmin = 30.7 kN/m
217.9 217.9 137.2
6m 6m 6m
VBA VCB VCD VDC

VAB VBC
VAB = 136.3 kN
VBA = 208.9 kN
VBC = 176.7 kN
VCB = 149.8 kN
VCD = 114.9 kN
VDC = 69.1 kN
Joint Sub-Frame
SELF STUDY !!!
wmax = 57.5 kN/m
wmax = 54.4 kN/m
wmin = 30.7 kN/m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Joint Sub-Frame
SELF STUDY !!!
wmin = 29.1 kN/m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Joint Sub-Frame
SELF STUDY !!!
CASE 4: Span 2 = wmax, Span 1 & 3 = wmin
wmax = 54.4 kN/m
wmin = 30.7 kN/m wmin = 30.7 kN/m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
FINALLY DO THE SFD & BMD ENVELOPE !!!

Joint Sub-Frame
Sub-Frame: Bending Moment in Column
Column A
𝑤𝐿2 57.5 × 62
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = = = 172.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚
wmax = 57.5 kN/m
12 12
3.5 m Kc,u
Moment of Inertia, I = bh3/12
0.5KAB 250×6003
Beam: = 4.5 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
12
4m Kc,l 300×4003
Column: = 1.6 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
6m 12
Stiffness, K = I/L
4.5×109
Beam: 𝐾𝐴𝐵 = 𝐾𝐵𝐶 = 𝐾𝐶𝐷 = = 7.5 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
6000
1.6×109 5
Column: 𝐾𝑐,𝑢 = = 4.6 × 10 𝑚𝑚3
3500
1.6×109
𝐾𝑐,𝑙 = = 4.0 × 105 𝑚𝑚3
4000
Joint Sub-Frame
Moment in upper column, Mupper
𝐾 4.6
𝑀𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 𝑐,𝑢 +0.5𝐾
= 172.6 × 4.6+4.0+0.5×7.5
= 𝟔𝟒. 𝟑 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝐴𝐵
Moment in lower column, Mlower

𝐾 4.0
𝑀𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 𝑐,𝑙 = 172.6 × = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟎 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 +0.5𝐾
𝑐,𝑙 𝐴𝐵 4.6+4.0+0.5×7.5
56.0 64.3
Joint Sub-Frame
Column B
3.5 m
wmax = 57.5 kN/m Kc,u 𝑤𝐿2 57.5 × 62
wmin = 29.1 kN/m
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = = = 172.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
𝑤𝐿2 29.1 × 62
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = = = 87.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚
0.5KAB 0.5KBC 12 12
4m Kc,l  ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 = 𝑀𝐴𝐵 − 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵𝒎

6m 6m
Joint Sub-Frame
𝐾𝑐,𝑢 4.6
𝑀𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 +0.5𝐾 = 85.3 × = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟐 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝐴𝐵 +0.5𝐾𝐵𝐶 4.6+4.0+0.5×7.5+0.5×7.5

𝐾𝑐,𝑙 4.0
𝑀𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 +0.5𝐾 = 85.3 × = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝐴𝐵 +0.5𝐾𝐵𝐶 4.6+4.0+0.5×7.5+0.5×7.5
24.2 21.2
Joint Sub-Frame
Column C
3.5 m
Kc,u
wmax = 57.5 kN/m 𝑤𝐿2 29.1 × 62
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = = = 87.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚
wmin = 29.1 kN/m 12 12
𝑤𝐿2 57.5 × 62
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = = = 172.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚
0.5KBC 0.5KCD 12 12
4m Kc,l  ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 = 𝑀𝐶𝐷 − 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵𝒎

6m 6m
Joint Sub-Frame
𝐾𝑐,𝑢 4.6
𝑀𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 +0.5𝐾 = 85.3 × = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟐 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝐵𝐶 +0.5𝐾𝐶𝐷 4.6+4.0+0.5×7.5+0.5×7.5

𝐾𝑐,𝑙 4.0
𝑀𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 +0.5𝐾 = 85.3 × = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝐵𝐶 +0.5𝐾𝐶𝐷 4.6+4.0+0.5×7.5+0.5×7.5
21.2 24.2
Joint Sub-Frame
Column D
𝑤𝐿2 57.5 × 62
𝑀𝐷𝐶 = = = 172.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚
wmax = 57.5 kN/m
12 12
Kc,u 3.5 m
0.5KCD
Kc,l 4m
6m
Joint Sub-Frame
𝐾 4.6
𝑀𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 𝑐,𝑢 +0.5𝐾
= 172.6 × 4.6+4.0+0.5×7.5
= 𝟔𝟒. 𝟑 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝐶𝐷

𝐾 4.0
𝑀𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀 × 𝐾 +𝐾 𝑐,𝑙+0.5𝐾 = 172.6 × = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟎 kNm
𝑐,𝑢 𝑐,𝑙 𝐶𝐷 4.6+4.0+0.5×7.5
64.3 56.0
Wind Action
• Intensity of wind action on a structure related to:

a) Square of wind velocity
b) Member dimensions that resist the wind
• Wind velocity dependent on:

a) Geographical location
b) Height of structure
c) Topography area
d) Roughness of the surrounding terrain
• Response of the structure from the variable wind action:

a) Background component
b) Resonant component
Wind Action
• Static deflection of the

structure under wind pressure
Background
Component
• Dynamic vibration of the

structure under wind pressure
Resonant • Relatively small
Component • Normally treated using static
method of analysis
Wind Action
Plan View
Side View
(−)
Separation Zone (−)
Wind Separation point   15
Windward (+) (−)

Wake
Stagnation point Leeward
Effect of Wind on Buildings

Wind Action
Calculation of Wind Pressure

(MS 1553: 2002)
Simplified Analytical Wind Tunnel
Method Procedure Procedure
 Building of  Rectangular  Complex buildings
rectangular in plan buildings
 Height  15 m  Height  200 m
 Roof span  100
mm
Wind Action: Simplified Method
Appendix A, MS 1553: 2002
1. Determined basic wind speed, Vs (Figure A1, MS 1553: 2002)

2. Determine the terrain/height multiplier, Mz,cat (Table A1, MS
1553: 2002)
3. Determine external pressure coefficient, Cp,e for surface of enclose
building (A2.3 and A2.4, MS 1553: 2002)
4. Determine internal pressure coefficient, Cp,i for surface of enclose
building. Taken as +0.6 or −0.3 and shall be considered to
determine the critical load requirements.
5. Design wind pressure, p (in Pa):
𝟐 𝟐
𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 𝑽𝒔 𝑴𝒛,𝒄𝒂𝒕 𝑪𝒑,𝒆 − 𝑪𝒑,𝒊
Figure A1, MS 1553: 2002

Wind Action: Analytical Procedure
Section 2, MS 1553: 2002
Design wind pressure (in Pa):
𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝟐 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏
𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝒊𝒇
𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔 = 𝑽𝒔𝒊𝒕 𝒍 > 𝟏 𝑯𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒛 (𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆)
𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 = 𝑪𝒑,𝒆 𝑲𝒂 𝑲𝒄 𝑲𝒍 𝑲𝒑
𝑽𝒔𝒊𝒕 = 𝑽𝒔 𝑴𝒅 𝑴𝒛,𝒄𝒂𝒕 𝑴𝒔 𝑴𝒉 If others,

see Next
Vdes = Design wind speed

l = Importance factor (Table 3.2, MS 1553: 2002)
Vs = Basic wind speed (33.5 m/s: Zone 1 & 32.5 m/s: Zone 2)
Md = Wind directional multiplier = 1.0
Mz, cat = Terrain/Height multiplier (Table 4.1, MS 1553: 2002)
Ms = Shielding multiplier (Table 4.3, MS 1553: 2002) = 1.0 if effects of
shielding is ignored or not applicable
Mh = Hill shape multiplier = 1.0 except for particular cardinal direction in the
local topographic zones
Cfig = Aerodynamic shape factor

Cp,e = External pressure coefficient (Table 5.2(a) & 5.2(b), MS 1553: 2002)
Cdyn = Dynamic response factor
Ka = Area reduction factor = 1.0 (in most cases)
Kc = Combination factor = 1.0 (in most cases)
Kl = Local pressure factor = 1.0 (in most cases)
Kp = Porous cladding reduction factor = 1.0 (in most cases)
Section 2, MS 1553: 2002
𝟏 𝟏
𝑩𝒔 = 𝑺=
𝟑. 𝟓𝒏𝒂 𝒉 𝟏 + 𝒈𝒗 𝒍𝒉 𝟒𝒏𝒂 𝒃𝟎𝒉 𝟏 + 𝒈𝒗 𝒍𝒉
𝟑𝟔 𝒉 − 𝒔 𝟐 + 𝟔𝟒𝒃𝒔𝒉 𝟐 𝟏+ 𝟏+
𝟏+ 𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔
𝑳𝒉
𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝑵
𝒈𝑹 𝟐 𝑺𝑬𝒕 𝑬𝒕 =
𝟐 + 𝑵 𝟓/𝟔
𝟏 + 𝟐𝒍𝒉 𝒈𝒗 𝟐 𝑩𝒔 +
𝜻
𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏 =
𝟏 + 𝟐𝒈𝒗 𝒍𝒉
𝒏𝒂 𝑳𝒉 𝟏 + 𝒈𝒗 𝒍𝒉
𝑵=
𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔
Example 5
WIND LOAD CALCULATION
Example 5: Wind Load Calculation
Wind
b = 18 m
b = 18 m
Wind
h = 25 m
d = 51 m
Plan View
Side Elevation
Location: Kuala Lumpur (Zone 1)

Terrain: Suburban Terrain for All Directions
Topography: Ground Slope Les than 1 in 20 for Greater than 5 km in All
Directions
Construction: Reinforced Concrete
Sway Frequencies, na = nc: 0.2 Hertz
Mode Shape: Linear, k: 1.0
Average Building Density: 160 kg/m3
Using Analytical Procedure in Section 2, MS 1553: 2002
Design wind pressure, 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝟐 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏
(1) Design wind speed, 𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔 = 𝑽𝒔𝒊𝒕 𝒍 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟑𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
where 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑡 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑀𝑑 𝑀𝑧,𝑐𝑎𝑡 𝑀𝑠 𝑀ℎ = 33.5 × 1.00 × 0.97 × 1.00 × 1.00 = 32.5 𝑚/𝑠
Vs = Basic wind speed (Figure A.1) = 33.5 m/s

Md = Wind directional multiplier = 1.00
Mz,cat = Terrain/Height multiplier (Table 4.1) = 0.97 by interpolation
Ms = Shielding multiplier = 1.00
Mh = Hill shape multiplier = 1.00
l = Importance factor (Table 3.2) = 1.15

25 m
(2) Aerodynamic shape factor, 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 = 𝑪𝒑,𝒆 𝑲𝒂 𝑲𝒄 𝑲𝒍 𝑲𝒑
 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑾 = 𝑪𝒑,𝒆 𝑲𝒂 𝑲𝒄 𝑲𝒍 𝑲𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎
 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑳 = 𝑪𝒑,𝒆 𝑲𝒂 𝑲𝒄 𝑲𝒍 𝑲𝒑 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
where Cp,e = External pressure coefficient

Windward wall = 0.80 (for varying z)
Leeward wall = -0.25 by interpolation (for d/b = 51 m/18 m = 2.8)
Ka = Area reduction factor = 1.00

Kc = Combination factor = 1.00
Kl = Local pressure factor = 1.00
Kp = Porous cladding reduction factor = 1.00
2.8
𝒈 𝟐 𝑺𝑬
𝟏+𝟐𝒍𝒉 𝒈𝒗 𝟐 𝑩𝒔 + 𝑹 𝝃 𝒕
(3) Dynamic response factor,𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏 = = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟕
𝟏+𝟐𝒈𝒗 𝒍𝒉
where lh = Turbulence intensity at z = h (Table 6.1) = 0.205 by interpolation

gv = Peak factor = 3.7 given h = 25 m
1 s=0m
Bs = Background factor = 2
= 0.7431 0.25
36 ℎ−𝑠 2 +64𝑏𝑠ℎ ℎ
1+ 𝐿ℎ = 1000 = 1257 𝑚
𝐿ℎ 10
bsh = 51 m
1
S = Size reduction factor = 3.5𝑛𝑎 ℎ 1+𝑔𝑣 𝑙ℎ 4𝑛 𝑏 1+𝑔𝑣 𝑙ℎ
= 0.188
1+ 1+ 𝑎 0ℎ
𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠
0.47𝑁 na = 0.2 Hz given
Et = Spectrum of turbulence = = 0.623
(2+𝑁)5/6 b0h = bsh = 51 m
𝑛𝑎 𝐿ℎ 1 + 𝑔𝑣 𝑙ℎ
𝑁= = 11.83
𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠
 = Ratio of structural damping to critical damping (Table 6.2) = 0.05

gR = Peak factor for resonance response = 2 log 𝑒 600𝑛𝑎 = 3.09
25 m
𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝟐 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏 (N/m2)

Mz,cat (Table Total,
Level Height (m) Windward Leeward
4.1) ptotal
Vdes,z (m/s) pW Vdes,h(m/s) pL pW - pL
7 (Roof) 25.0 0.970 37.4 910 37.4 -284 1194
6 21.5 0.950 36.6 872 37.4 -284 1156
5 18.0 0.920 35.4 815 37.4 -284 1099
4 14.5 0.890 34.3 766 37.4 -284 1050
3 11.0 0.840 32.4 683 37.4 -284 967
2 7.5 0.790 30.4 601 37.4 -284 885
1 4.0 0.750 28.9 543 37.4 -284 827
0.910 0.284 1.194 Level 7 (Roof)

0.872 0.284 1.156 Level 6
0.766 0.284 1.050 Level 4
0.601 0.284 0.885 Level 2

0.543 0.284 0.827 Level 1
Ground
pW (kN/m2) pL (kN/m2) Total (kN/m2)

Frame Analysis for Lateral Actions
Portal • Frame divided into independent portals

• Shear in each storey is assumed to be divided
between the bay in proportion to their spans
Method • Shear in each bay is divided equally between columns
• Axial loads in column are assumed to be proportional

Cantilever to the distance from the frame’s centre of gravity
• Assumed column in a storey has equal cross-sectional
Method area & point of contraflexure are located at midspan
for all column & beams
Frame Stability
Lateral load Vertical load
Pinned beam-to-column connections

Frame is not stable when subjected to lateral forces
Frame Stability – Unbraced
Rigid beam-to-
column connection
Unstable Frame
Pinned base Rigid base

Frame Stability – Braced
Pinned
connections
Rigid
core
Unstable Frame
Stable Frame
Example 6
LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS –
CANTILEVER METHOD
Example 6: Lateral Load Analysis
(Cantilever Method)
Design wind load for each floor level of sub-frame 3 = 1.2wk:
where wk = Total wind pressure, ptotal  Contact area
Roof: 1.2  1.194 kN/m2  4.50 m  1.75 m = 11.3 kN

Level 6: 1.2  1.156 kN/m2  4.50 m  3.50 m = 21.8 kN
Level 5: 1.2  1.099 kN/m2  4.50 m  3.50 m = 20.8 kN 4m 5m
Level 4: 1.2  1.050 kN/m2  4.50 m  3.50 m = 19.8 kN
Level 3: 1.2  0.967 kN/m2  4.50 m  3.50 m = 18.3 kN
Level 2: 1.2  0.885 kN/m2  4.50 m  3.50 m = 16.7 kN
Level 1: 1.2  0.827 kN/m2  4.50 m  3.75 m = 16.7 kN
(Cantilever Method)
11.3 kN Roof
3.5 m
K
21.8 kN Level 6
3.5 m
L
20.8 kN Level 5
3.5 m
M
19.8 kN Level 4
3.5 m
N
18.3 kN Level 3
3.5 m
P
16.7 kN Level 2
3.5 m
Q
16.7 kN Level 1
4m
R x=9m
A B C D
6m 6m 6m
(Cantilever Method)
11.3 kN Roof
3.5 m
K
21.8 kN Level 6
3.5 m
L
20.8 kN Level 5
3.5 m
M
19.8 kN Level 4
3.5 m
N
18.3 kN Level 3
3.5 m
P
Column A B C D
16.7 kN Level 2
Distance from Centroid 9.00 3.00 3.00 9.00
3.5 m
Q
Column
16.7 N
Axial Load 3.0P 1.0P 1.0P
Level 1
3.0P
4m
R
A B C D
6m 6m 6m
(Cantilever Method)
LEVEL K AND ABOVE

(Cantilever Method)
Level K and Above
11.3 kN
1.75 m
K H1 H2 H3 H4
6m 6m 6m
3.0P 1.0P 1.0P 3.0P
Axial Force in Columns
σ 𝑀 @𝐾 = 0
11.3 × 1.75 + 1.0𝑃 × 6 − 1.0𝑃 × 12 − 3.0𝑃 × 18 = 0  P = 0.33 kN
(Cantilever Method)
F1 F2 F3
11.3 kN
1.75 m
K H1 H2 H3 H4
6m 6m 6m
0.99 kN 0.33 kN 0.33 kN 0.99 kN
Shear Force in Beams & Columns
Consider sub-frame to the left of F1:

σ 𝐹𝑣 = 0: F1 – 0.99 = 0  F1 = 0.99 kN
σ 𝑀@𝐹1 = 0: 𝐻1 × 1.75 − 0.99 × 3 = 0  H1 = 1.70 kN

σ 𝐹𝑣 = 0: F2 – 0.99 – 0.33= 0  F2 = 1.32 kN
σ 𝑀@𝐹2 = 0: 𝐻1 + 𝐻2 × 1.75 − 0.99 × 9 − 0.33 × 3 = 0  H2 = 3.96 kN

σ 𝐹𝑣 = 0: F3 – 0.99 – 0.33 + 0.33= 0  F3 = 0.99 kN
σ 𝑀@𝐹3 = 0: 𝐻1 + 𝐻2 + 𝐻3 × 1.75 − 0.99 × 15 − 0.33 × 9 + 0.33 × 3 = 0
 H3 = 3.96 kN
σ 𝐹𝐻 = 0: 11.3 – H1 – H2 – H3 – H4 = 0  H4 = 1.68 kN
(Cantilever Method)
LEVEL L AND ABOVE

(Cantilever Method)
Level L and Above
11.3 kN
3.5 m
K
21.8 kN
1.75 m
L H1 H2 H3 H4
6m 6m 6m
3.0P 1.0P 1.0P 3.0P
σ 𝑀 @𝐿 = 0
11.3 × 5.25 + 21.8 × 1.75 + 1.0𝑃 × 6 − 1.0𝑃 × 12 − 3.0𝑃 × 18 = 0  P = 1.62 kN
(Cantilever Method)
0.99 kN 0.33 kN 0.33 kN 0.99 kN
1.70 3.96 3.96 1.68

K
F1 F2 F3 1.75 m
21.8 + 11.3 = 33.1 kN
1.75 m
L H1 H2 H3 H4
6m 6m 6m
4.86 kN 1.62 kN 1.62 kN 4.86 kN

σ 𝐹𝑣 = 0: F1 – 4.86 + 0.99 = 0  F1 = 3.87 kN
σ 𝑀@𝐹1 = 0: 𝐻1 + 1.70 × 1.75 − 4.86 − 0.99 × 3 = 0  H1 = 4.93 kN

σ 𝐹𝑣 = 0: F2 – 4.86 + 0.99 – 1.62 + 0.33 = 0  F2 = 5.16 kN
σ 𝑀@𝐹2 = 0:
𝐻1 + 𝐻2 × 1.75 + 1.70 + 3.96 × 1.75 − 4.86 − 0.99 × 9 − 1.62 − 0.33 × 3 = 0
 H2 = 11.52 kN
(Cantilever Method)
0.99 kN 0.33 kN 0.33 kN 0.99 kN
1.70 3.96 3.96 1.68

K
F1 F2 F3 1.75 m
21.8 + 11.3 = 33.1 kN
1.75 m
L H1 H2 H3 H4
6m 6m 6m
4.86 kN 1.62 kN 1.62 kN 4.86 kN

σ 𝐹𝑣 = 0: F3 – 4.86 + 0.99 – 1.62 + 0.33 + 1.62 – 0.33 = 0  F3 = 3.87 kN
σ 𝑀@𝐹3 = 0:
𝐻1 + 𝐻2 + 𝐻3 × 1.75 + 1.70 + 3.96 + 3.96 × 1.75 − 4.86 − 0.99 × 15 − 1.62 − 0.33 × 9
+ 1.62 − 0.33 × 3 = 0
 H3 = 11.52 kN
σ 𝐹𝐻 = 0: 33.1 – H1 – H2 – H3 – H4 = 0  H4 = 5.13 kN
(Cantilever Method)
LEVEL M AND ABOVE

(Cantilever Method)
Level M and Above
11.3 kN
K 3.5 m
21.8 kN
L 3.5 m
20.8 kN
1.75 m
M H1 H2 H3 H4
6m 6m 6m
3.0P 1.0P 1.0P 3.0P
σ 𝑀 @𝐿 = 0
11.3 × 8.75 + 21.8 × 5.25 + 20.8 × 1.75 + 1.0𝑃 × 6 − 1.0𝑃 × 12 − 3.0𝑃 × 18 = 0
 P = 4.16 kN
(Cantilever Method)
4.86 kN 1.62 kN 1.62 kN 4.86 kN
4.93 11.52 11.52 5.13

L
F1 F2 F3 1.75 m
21.8 + 11.3 + 20.8 = 53.9 kN
1.75 m
M H1 H2 H3 H4
6m 6m 6m
12.48 kN 4.16 kN 4.16 kN 12.48 kN

σ 𝐹𝑣 = 0: F1 – 12.48 + 4.86 = 0  F1 = 7.62 kN
σ 𝑀@𝐹1 = 0: 𝐻1 + 4.93 × 1.75 − 12.48 − 4.86 × 3 = 0  H1 = 8.13 kN

σ 𝐹𝑣 = 0: F2 – 12.48 + 4.86 – 4.16 + 1.62 = 0  F2 = 10.16 kN
σ 𝑀@𝐹2 = 0:
𝐻1 + 𝐻2 × 1.75 + 4.93 + 11.52 × 1.75 − 12.48 − 4.86 × 9 − 4.16 − 1.62 × 3 = 0
 H2 = 18.93 kN
(Cantilever Method)
4.86 kN 1.62 kN 1.62 kN 4.86 kN
4.93 11.52 11.52 5.13

L
F1 F2 F3 1.75 m
21.8 + 11.3 + 20.8 = 53.9 kN
1.75 m
M H1 H2 H3 H4
6m 6m 6m
12.48 kN 4.16 kN 4.16 kN 12.48 kN

σ 𝐹𝑣 = 0: F3 – 12.48 + 4.86 – 4.16 + 1.62 + 4.16 – 1.62 = 0  F3 = 7.62 kN
σ 𝑀@𝐹3 = 0:
𝐻1 + 𝐻2 + 𝐻3 × 1.75 + 4.93 + 11.52 + 11.52 × 1.75 − 12.48 − 4.86 × 15 − 4.16 − 1.62 × 9
+ 4.16 − 1.62 × 3 = 0
 H3 = 18.99 kN
σ 𝐹𝐻 = 0: 53.9 – H1 – H2 – H3 – H4 = 0  H4 = 7.85 kN
(Cantilever Method)
Do the Following Level:

LEVEL N AND ABOVE
LEVEL P AND ABOVE
LEVEL Q AND ABOVE
LEVEL R AND ABOVE
(Cantilever Method)
SHEAR FORCE IN BEAMS &

COLUMNS
(Cantilever Method)
0.99 1.32 0.99
1.70 3.96 3.96 1.68 3.5 m
K
3.87 5.16 3.87
4.93 11.52 11.52 5.13 3.5 m
L
7.62 10.16 7.62
M
8.13 18.93 18.99 7.85 3.5 m
6m 6m 6m
(Cantilever Method)
BENDING MOMENTS IN
BEAMS & COLUMNS
(Cantilever Method)
2.97 3.96 2.97
2.98 6.93 6.93 2.94
2.97 3.96 2.97
11.61 15.48 11.61

2.98 8.63 20.16 20.16 8.98
6.93 6.93 2.94
11.61
15.48
22.86 30.48 22.86

14.23 33.13 33.23 13.74
8.63
20.16 20.16 8.98
22.86
18.60
14.23
33.13 33.23 13.74
Continues for Level

N, P, Q, R
Example 7
ANALYSIS OF ONE LEVEL SUB-
FRAME – VERTICAL LOAD
ONLY
Frame – Vertical Load Only
Roof
3.5 m
Level 6
3.5 m
Level 5
3.5 m
Level 4
3.5 m
Level 3
3.5 m
Level 2
3.5 m
Level 1
4m
A B C D
6m 6m 6m
CASE 1: 1.2Gk + 1.2Qk
3.5 m 48.7 kN/m 46.1 kN/m 48.7 kN/m
4m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Fixed End Moment
𝑤𝐿2 48.7 × 62
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = = = 146.2 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
𝑤𝐿2 46.1 × 62
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = = = 138.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
𝑤𝐿2 48.7 × 62
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = = = 146.2 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12
43.82 -9.97 -9.97 -43.82
0.27 -0.44 0.44 -0.27
1.60 -1.15 1.15 -1.60
0.36 -6.86 6.86 -0.32
41.60 -1.53 1.53 -41.60
0.28 A B 0.19 C 0.19 D 0.28
0.25 0.47 0.32 0.17 0.32 0.32 0.17 0.32 0.47 0.25
-146.2 146.2 -138.4 138.4 -146.2 146.2
36.4 68.2 -2.5 -1.3 -2.5 2.5 1.3 2.5 -68.2 -36.4
-1.3 34.1 1.3 -1.3 -34.1 1.3
0.3 0.6 -11.3 -6.0 -11.3 11.3 6.0 11.3 -0.6 -0.3
-5.6 0.3 5.6 -5.6 -0.3 5.6
1.4 2.6 -1.9 -1.0 -1.9 1.9 1.0 1.9 -2.6 -1.4
-0.9 1.3 0.3 -0.9 -1.3 0.9
0.2 0.4 -0.7 -0.4 -0.7 0.7 0.4 0.7 -0.4 -0.2
38.3 -82.2 165.6 -8.7 -146.9 146.9 8.7 -165.6 82.2 -38.3
48.7 kN/m 48.7 kN/m

146.9 46.1 kN/m 165.6 82.2
82.2 165.6 146.9
6m 6m 6m
VBA VCB VCD VDC

VAB VBC
VAB = 132.3 kN
VBA = 160.1 kN
VBC = 138.4 kN
VCB = 138.4 kN
VCD = 160.1 kN
VDC = 132.3 kN
138.4 160.1
132.3
SFD (kN) 3.0 m

2.7 m 3.3 m
132.3
156.2
160.1
165.6 165.6
146.9
146.9
82.2 82.2
43.8 43.8
BMD (kNm) 38.3 10.0 8.7 10.0 8.7
38.3
60.6
97.5 97.5
19.2 4.4 4.4 19.2

Bending Moment due to Vertical Load (1.2Gk + 1.2Qk)
165.6 165.6
146.9
146.9
82.2 82.2
43.8 43.8
38.3 10.0 8.7 10.0 38.3
8.7
60.6
97.5 97.5
19.2 4.4 4.4 19.2
+
Bending Moment due to Wind Load, 1.2Wk (from your exercise)
=
Combination of Vertical & Wind Load

Lecture 2-Frame Analysis

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Lecture 2-Frame Analysis

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RC FRAME ANALYSIS

Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Izni Syahrizal bin Ibrahim

3D Frame: Beam &

Sub-frame: Roof Level

Sub-frame: Other Floor Level

(i) One-level Sub-frame

(ii) Two-points Sub-frame

Kb1 0.5Kb2 0.5Kb1 Kb2 0.5Kb3

(iii) Continuous Beam and One-point Sub-frame

BS EN 1992-1-1: Cl. 5.1.3

❑ Alternate span carrying the design variable and permanent

❑ Any two adjacent spans carrying the design variable and

Alternate Span Loaded Adjacent Span Loaded

MALAYSIAN / UK NATIONAL ANNEX

Load set 2: All or alternate spans loaded

❑ All span carrying the design variable and permanent loads

❑ Alternate span carrying the design variable and permanent

Alternate Span Loaded

Finishes, ceiling & services= 0.75 kN/m2

Slab thickness, h = 150 mm

Slab self weight = 0.15 m  25 kN/m3 = 3.75 kN/m2

Imposed load = 4.00 kN/m2

Beam self weight = 0.25 m  (0.60 – 0.15) m  25 kN/m3 = 2.81 kN/m

0.42 0.39 0.42

Gk = Permanent action on slab + Beam self weight

0.47 0.45 0.47

0.42 0.39 0.42

Gk = Permanent action on slab + Beam self weight

wmax = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 54.42 kN/m

wmax = 57.53 kN/m wmax = 57.53 kN/m

KAB KBC KCD

Moment of Inertia, I = bh3/12

Span 1 Span 2 Span 3

51.00 -8.46 -8.71 -24.07

51.00 -8.46 -8.71 -24.07

wmax = 57.5 kN/m wmax = 54.4 kN/m

VBA VCB VCD VDC

Solve for each span using equilibrium method of analysis:

25.5 4.3 4.4 12.1

22.3 3.7 3.8 10.6

Span 1 Span 2 Span 3

Span 1 Span 2 Span 3

3.5 m wmax = 54.4 kN/m

Span 1 Span 2 Span 3

SFD (kN) 87.3 78.5

SFD (kN) 87.3 78.5

7.5 -7.7 0.4 0.0

Span 1 Span 2 4.5 -9.3

-7.7 3.8 0.0

VAB VBA VAB VBA

VAB = 156.2 kN VAB = 162.0 kN

Span 1 Span 2 Span 3

Fixed End Moment Distribution Factor, F = K/K

Stiffness, K = I/L 7.5

-0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -1.0 -0.5 -0.5

3.5 m wmax = 54.4 kN/m

Span 1 Span 2 Span 3

Fixed End Moment Distribution Factor, F = K/K

Stiffness, K = I/L 7.5

0.5 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 -0.5

VBC VCB VBC VCB

VBC = 169.7 kN VCB = 163.3 kN

Moment of Inertia Distribution Factor, F = K/K

Stiffness, K = I/L Joint B: 𝐹𝐵𝐴 =