SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

by

Prof. Lazhar BEN-BRAHIM, Dept. of Electrical Engg., Qatar

University, Doha, Qatar

Modified and presented by Prof. Atif Iqbal

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 SINGLE PHASE MOTORS (SPM)
SPM are small motors used in homes, offices, shops and factories
(washing machines, fans, refrigerators, record players, hand tools,
blenders, Mixers, …). SPM are of three main types
1. Single-phase induction motors (SPIM).
Resistance-start (split-phase)
Capacitor-start.
Capacitor-run.
Capacitor-start-capcitor-run.
Shaded pole
2. Single-phase synchronous motors (SPSM).
Reluctance type.
Hysteresis type.
3. Single phase series (universal) motors (SPUM).

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Single-phase induction motors
• Single-phase motors do not have the same
inherent rotating magnetic field as three-
phase motors.
• Single-phase motors require some method
of creating a rotating magnetic field. This
can be achieved by having two windings
that are out of phase with each other.

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 Single-phase induction motors
(continued)

• Out of phase windings can be obtained by

having windings of different resistance and
reactance values, or by the addition of a
capacitor in series with one of the windings.
• Once the motor has reached sufficient
speed, one of the windings can be
disconnected and the motor will continue to
rotate.

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 Single-phase induction motors
(continued)

• The single-phase motor:

– has a characteristic vibration at twice the supply
frequency
– is nosier than a three-phase motor
– has a rather high no-load current at low power
factor
– has a power factor that improves with the
addition of load
– requires special starting techniques
– has several versions based on the method of
starting.
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SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

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Double revolving field concept

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Double revolving field theory

F (θ ) = Ni cos θ
i = I m cos ωt

F (θ ) = NI m cos ωt cos θ
NI m NI
= cos(ωt − θ ) + m cos(ωt + θ )
2 2
= F f + Fb

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 Double revolving field Animation a

If we take a stator with a single winding, and apply

a single phase voltage to it, we will have an
alternating current flow ing and thereby an
alternating magnetic field at each pole.
Unfortunately, this does not result in a rotating
magnetic field, rather it results in two equal
rotating fields, one in the forward direction and a’
one in the reverse direction. If we have a short a
circuited rotor within the stator, it will carry rotor
current induced by the stator field, but there will be
two equal and counter rotating torque fields. This
will cause the rotor to vibrate but not to rotate. In
order to rotate, there must be a resultant torque
field rotating in one direction only. In the case of
the single winding and a stationary rotor, the
resultant field is stationary. . a’

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Torque-Speed Characteristics
No starting torque

Tst = 0

Single-phase
motors are not
self starting.
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 Slips of SPIM
The forward slip : sf
ns − nr
sf = =s
ns
The backward slip : sb

ns − (−nr ) ns + nr
sb = =
ns ns
2ns − ns + nr
sb = = 2−s
ns

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Slip of a Single-Phase IM

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Rotor equivalent circuit

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How torque is produced under
running condition

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Torque Speed Characteristics

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 Working Principle of 1-phase IM
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awrUxv7B
-a8

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Torque Pulsation

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 Equivalent circuit of a SPIM at standstill #1

R1 = Resistance of the stator winding

X1 = Leakage reactance of the stator winding
Xmag = Magnetizing reactance
X’2 = Leakage reactance of the rotor referred to the stator
R’2 = Resistance of the rotor referred to the stator
V1 = Supply voltage
E = Voltage induced in the stator winding (air gap voltage by the stationary air gap flux φ

E = 4.44 fNΦ

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Equivalent circuit of a SPIM at standstill #2

E f = 4.44 fNΦ f

Eb = 4.44 fNΦ b

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 Equivalent circuit of a rotating SPIM

E f = 4.44 fNΦ f

Eb = 4.44 fNΦ b

j 0.5 X m ( j 0.5 X 2' + 0.5 R2' / s ) j 0.5 X m ( j 0.5 X 2' + 0.5 R2' /(2 − s ))
Z f = R f + jX f = Z b = Rb + jX b =
0.5 R2' / s + j 0.5( X m + X 2' ) 0.5 R2' /(2 − s ) + j 0.5( X m + X 2' )

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Equivalent circuit of a rotating SPIM
j 0.5 X m ( j 0.5 X 2' + 0.5 R2' / s )
Z f = R f + jX f =
0.5 R2' / s + j 0.5( X m + X 2' )
j 0.5 X m ( j 0.5 X 2' + 0.5 R2' /(2 − s ))
Z b = Rb + jX b =
0.5 R2' /(2 − s ) + j 0.5( X m + X 2' )



 Pgf = I 1
2
R f & Pgb = I 1
2
Rb  Pmech = Tωm = Tω syn (1 − s )
 
 Pgf Pgb
 = I12 ( R f − Rb )(1 − s )
 f
T = & T =
ω syn
b
ω syn 
  = ( Pgf − Pgb )(1 − s )

T = T f − Tb = I 2
P = P − P
1
( R f − Rb )  out
ω
mech rot
 syn

 P2 f = sPgf

 P2b = (2 − s ) Pgb

 P2 = sPgf + (2 − s ) Pgb
P = P + P
 g gf gb

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 Equivalent
circuit of a
SPIM
E = 4.44 fNΦ

R1 = Resistance of the stator

winding
X1 = Leakage reactance of the
stator winding
Xmag = Magnetizing reactance
= Leakage reactance of the
X’2 rotor referred to the stator
= Resistance of the rotor
R’2 referred to the stator
V1 = Supply voltage
E = Voltage induced in the stator
winding (air gap voltage by
the stationary air gap flux φ

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 No-load and Blocked Rotor Tests
• No-load: Motor is allowed to run under no-
load and rated voltage is applied at the stator
terminals. Voltmeter measures the applied
voltage, the ammeter measures the no-load
current and the wattmeter measures no-load
losses.
• No-load losses are comprised of iron loss and
small portion of copper loss. But copper loss is
neglected.
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 Testing (contd.)
• In blocked rotor test, machine is blocked
mechanically from rotation. Reduced voltage
is applied such that rated current should flow
through the stator winding.
• Voltmeter measures ---applied voltage
• Ammeter measures---rated current
• Wattmeter measures—copper losses

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EXAMPLE 1

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Solution for EXAMPLE 1

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 EXAMPLE 2

For the single-phase induction motor of Example 1, determine the input current,
power, power factor, developed torque, output power, efficiency of the motor, air
gap power, and rotor copper loss if the motor is running at the rate speed when
connected to a 120 V supply.

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Solution for EXAMPLE 2

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 Starting Concept of SPIM
If we now add a second stator winding, physically displaced from the first
winding, and apply a voltage equally displaced in phase, we will provide a second
set of counter rotating magnetic fields and the net result is a single rotating field
in one direction. If we reverse the phase shift of the voltage applied to the second
winding, the resultant magnetic field will rotate in the reverse direction.

Auxiliary Winding
a
Ia
Im
V
Rotor b b’
Centrifugal
switch
(CS)

Main winding
a’
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 Start (Auxiliary) Winding
Once the rotor is up to full speed, it will continue to run with the second winding
disconnected. This is because the rotor circuit is both resistive and inductive. If we
consider the magnetic field rotating in the same direction as the rotor, the frequency of
the current will be low, so the rotor current will be primarily limited by the rotor
resistance. In the case of the counter rotating field, the frequency of the induced
current will be almost twice line frequency and so the inductance of the rotor will play a
much greater role in limiting the rotor current. In other words, once the motor is up to
speed, it will lock on to one field only and the second winding can be disconnected. If
the second winding remains in circuit, the displaced field reduces the magnetic
fluctuations in the gap and therefore provides a more even torque and less vibration.
Some "start" windings are only designed for intermittent operation and they must be
disconnected at the end of the start. Continuous operation using these windings would
cause a winding failure. Most single phase motors are fitted with a centrifugal switch to
disconnect the start winding once the motor is close to full speed.

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 EXAMPLE 3

The currents in the main and the auxiliary windings are as follows:
im = 2 I m cos ωt
ia = 2 I m cos(ωt + θ a )
The effective numbers of turns for the main and auxiliary windings are Nm and Na .
The windings are placed in quadrature.
(a) Obtain expressions for the stator rotating mmf wave.
(b) Determine the magnitude and the phase angle of the auxiliary winding
current to produce a balanced two-phase system.

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Solution Example 3

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 CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORS
Single-phase induction motors are known by various
names. The names are descriptive of the methods
used to produce the phase difference between the
currents in the main and auxiliary windings.
Commonly used types of single-phase induction
motors are:
Resistance-start (split-phase)
Capacitor-start.
Capacitor-run.
Capacitor-start-capcitor-run.
Shaded pole

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Split Phase IM (Resistance Start)
This configuration comprises two
windings main and auxiliary and a
centrifugal switch CS. The two
windings are wound with a geometric
offset, effectively making a second
set of poles phase shifted within the
stator. The auxiliary winding has
resistance to provide a phase shift to
the current flowing in auxiliary and
we therefore have a "two phase"
motor while the switch is closed. The
motor can be reversed by reversing
the connections of either main or
auxiliary (but not both!)The start
winding provides for a rotating
magnetic field in one direction
enabling the motor to start. 34
Capacitor Start
Higher starting torque as the use of a
capacitor increases the phase angle between
the winding currents.
 A typical capacitor for a 0.5 hp motor is
300µF.

This configuration comprises two windings start W1

and main W2, a centrifugal switch CS and a
capacitor. The two windings are wound with a
geometric offset, effectively making a second set of
poles phase shifted within the stator. The capacitor
provides a phase shift to the current flowing in W1
and we therefore have a "two phase" motor while
the switch is closed. When the motor is almost up
to speed, the switch opens disconnecting W1 and
the capacitor. The motor can be reversed by
reversing the connections of either W1 or W2 (but
not both!). The start winding (W1) and the start
capacitor provide for a rotating magnetic field in
one direction enabling the motor to start. 35
 Capacitor Run

The capacitor is left in the circuit all the time. This simplifies the construction and
decreases the cost .
Motor runs as two-phase motor →The power factor, torque pulsation, and efficiency
are improved and the motor will run more quietly.
The capacitor value is of the order of 20-50 µF and because it operates continuously, it
is an ac paper oil type. The capacitor is a compromise between the best starting and
running values and therefore starting torque is sacrificed.

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 Capacitor Start/Run

 Theoretically, optimum starting and running performance can be achieved by

having two capacitors.
The starting capacitor Cs, is larger in value and is of the ac electrolytic type.
 The running capacitor Cr ,permanently connected in series with the starting
winding, is of smaller value and is of the paper oil type.
Typical values of these capacitors for a 0.5 hp motor are Cs=300µF, Cr=40 µF.
Expensive , however, it provides the best performance.

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 Induction Start (Split Phase)
Salient pole type motor. A shaded band consisting of a short-circuited copper turn, known as a shading coil,
is used on one portion of each pole.
The main single-phase winding is wound on the salient poles. The result is that the current induced in the
shading band causes the flux in the shaded portion of the pole to lag the flux in the unshaded portion of the
pole. Therefore the flux in the shaded portion reaches its maximum after the flux in the unshaded portion
reach its maximum. This is equivalent to a progressive shift of the .flux from the unshaded to the shaded
portion of the pole. It is similar to a rotating field moving from the unshaded to the shaded portion of the
pole. As a result, the motor produces a starting torque.
Shaded pole motors are the least expensive of the fractional horsepower motors and are generally built for
low horsepower rating, up to about 1/20 hp.

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SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTORS

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 STARTING WINDING DESIGN
Objectives:
Starting (auxiliary) winding → to develop a starting torque
Starting winding design → maximum starting torque or
→ optimize starting torque per ampere of the starting current
The cage rotor can be represented by an equivalent
Starting Torque two-phase winding, represented by the coils a-b
and c-d
Assume that each of these coils has an effective
number of turns N2, resistance R2, and reactance X2
(at the stator frequency f).
The current flowing thro through the main winding
produces flux that induces voltage e2m (by
transformer action) and current i2m in the a-b coil of
the rotor.
The current i2m flows in such a direction as to
oppose flux φm. Similarly, flux φa in the auxiliary
winding induces voltage e2a and current i2a in the c-
d coil of the rotor.

Im→E2m=4.44fN2φm → φm & I2a →Tm

Ts ∝ Tm − Ta
Ts = KI m I a sin α
∝ I m I a sin α
Ia→E2a=4.44fN2φa → φa & I2m →Ta 40
 SPLIT PHASE STARTING WINDING DESIGN
Objectives:
Main winding is designed to satisfy the running operation of the motor
Starting winding is designed so that together with the main winding produces the desired
starting torque → How? Assume a number of turns of starting coil (Na), calculate Ra to
maximize the starting torque.

Maximum Starting Torque

Xa
Ra = ( X m + Zm )
Xm
2
Na
Ra = ( ) ( X m + Zm )
Nm
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 DESIGN OF CAPACITOR START MOTORS
Objectives:
Main winding is designed to satisfy the running operation of the motor
How to select the starting capacitor to to maximize the starting torque.

 Sine Im is fixed,
Ts ∝ IaSinα ∝ length CK
 the length CK is maximum
when it passes through the
center of the circle.

Maximum Starting Torque

1
90 − θ m

C=
θa = ω ( X a + X Rma+RZmm )
2

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 DESIGN OF CAPACITOR START MOTORS #2
Objectives: How to select the starting capacitor to
maximize the starting torque per ampere of starting
current.

 Maximizing the starting torque per ampere of

starting current is the most desirable criterion.
 Starting current is represented by OC
Starting torque is represented by CK.
 The ratio CK/OC is maximum when OC is tangential
to the circle ABCD, which is the locus of Ia and I.

Maximum Starting Torque per ampere of starting Current

1 − X m Ra + Z m Ra ( Ra + Rm )
XC = = Xa +
ωC Rm
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Example 4

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 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A CAPACITOR-RUN MOTORS

a = Na/Nm
φfm →Efm &φfa →Efa
φbm →Ebm & φba→Eba
φfa → -jEfa/a
φba → jEba/a
φfm → jaEfm
φbm → -jaEbm
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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A CAPACITOR-RUN MOTORS

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Example 5

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 Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)
•saliency in both stator and rotor
•winding only on the stator
•rotor pole align with the stator pole to maximize the stator flux -> torque

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 HW#1
7.1
7.5
7.6
7.8
7.9
7.12

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 Course Projects
Simulation & Control of Single-phase motors

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