1LLECTKIC CHARGE AND ELD

tw) Novmally the materiak are

do nct
Electric Charge electrically Heut ral, they
he pYeperty maternàl Cont ain chatje because their chargs

(protons and eleetrons) are evactly

which it XErk CY
eY pevie hce
t1c fecti IC balanted
electvic and maGNe (V) The e lectren of the outesmast
Callec1he electVIC Chavoe the
atom ane fav frem
6Io cou lomb Orbrt of an
e
nucleus these clactrem a1e Jos ely
ooS
trampleS
Spark and lah be
YE nCE 0Seeng a beunded with +he nucleus
Expe
orhit by
heaving a Yackle, when we take.
akeSeparatd eas1ly from the
or electon
clo ths me energy. these
o4 ur Surthe trC Jiving
in he sky cluving ave then (alled free electrtns
LIghtning
alom (an be crargea
due to electric discharqelvi) The body
o
thundevstorms 1
Scme Cf
pesitively by loasng
Electvestat i(s election ard tan be charged
which electons
The branch cf physics,
negatively by gaining
at
dealu uith the sttudy of Chavges appavatus usecf te detect
The
the ferce s, vi
Yest (statc chavges), on a
bedy i Gqeld leaff
to these charge
fieleds and solenHial due
called
Electnostatis or Electrosccpe Charged
ylass Ra
s
Chavges nmetal feil-
static Electicny Ce YK
Facts ahout Charge
Tportant
only tuoo types of
The re ave cpper nw

elec trne Charge. Jeaf

Glan
and Unlike Jar
() ike charges repel charge ( a CYeates
(viil An electine
attracts each other felf B8)
charges CE) haqretic
electrie field
(0)The unlike thavges nu llfy tamce) r
raaAa
a tons
tHOn

when they tme n

and electema gneie
each o4hee r ' s effect ave V O field (E
the charges tlectric
Contact he Ye fore (+ Only
aS þositive and nega tfve by
named
VConst
Seientist "Benjamin
the AmeYIcan
Electrie Frëld (E)E
Franklin
(t) moqnetie Field (B)

Y #Const and Elechemagnete

Kadiatiors
 Properties o E lectric cha1ge
lecthe charge Dniformly
Sorfa ce Addidivik of charges
on a Uniform
uat)
Salar
distrnbut ia
on a
Electr ic charge
change densii
but the
max1mum
So the toBal charge of 4he System
the difterent
ts
Sufate
hon-Unfom oHaried Stimply by adding
where h e aduu of
emHt peima wrth preper g
Ceive k minimu
charges algebrically
dhen c harge.
ctordiinq to
Charge dem ily
+ *

R chavge u Consenvec

Cannot be eitherr Creatod or

point Cha rge
where all the change be transformed
I t is a point
Concentra te4
ditreyed.7t (an cnly
s Hence the tetal charce
of a bedy to ancther
charge
charge ene body (onseerved.
Sermiconducto of the sclrted System aluays
Tnsulator A
Concductor,
+
The material thvough
Conductor: Glass
the electrie charge and Glass sitk
which
eas1ly
are
called
Total charqe =ot0 o Total charge +44
c a n flow
Curent
3uantsation of Chavge
Conductors. o n a bedy aluways

Human body ,earth,elt, chaite

The eleetrie
electhven)
All metals,
an ttegral muktple ofe lcharge on i
whch
The
material
This i Called quaHsaton
af chaxge.
Insulatovs:
electie Cherqe
of
Houw Ca h D, ,
nesist
the
lled insulators
Q the
Ca led
and
cuent
are
e I 60R x 10 c
, plastic, etc (oulomb.
Wecd, percelene the unit of electic charqe is
Er
Semticoncductors the matenas
1 Coulomb' the total chage on 624XIo
lectric Coulomb.
esist
the floo of e
electwns qual fo 1
which Value
cument
but the
and
charge between he
4heir
Ye[istance is in
ave Called
Insuatey
Concductor and

Seniicevducfers.
(Gqe)
Germentun
S i t e n (Si),
r.
abon Cc) >
Ecellent the
Conductilg
 MilliKan 'S oil drop Expeviment;
he charge ov one electvon
Sclu
uwas
Given that
ound by ths o drop expenmet by C
Millikan n 112. Charqe q 1 x l6 Yo
ne

Density d R6I0 1261o3 ka /n*

lo-6

Atomixer When the oil drop is held StcrttonaY

Y-Yay Sowce hen

Pas tively
chorged late
iere scope dx 4trs
Negatively E
changed plat E

dx 9
lhen the l drop temain stttonary
12 X1 6xiolx1 55 X1o
forces 441x1m
in the expernime nt then the
=
on
R6 x10 xAx 3-14 X98
oil dop Erpfom (747xie3)
3

( 4 7 xio-1@) Vs
Electric ore (Fe )« Grantahiona(l Fore(F) 7409 xio"?
46 07xIi0-1"
E 8 1 xom
What is the lotal chare on

9 m mg Q2.
Dr electrons ?
E V 15k of
Soly Numbev of electrons ih 75 kg
We know that
total rass 15-31
mass densiy x Velume mass of elketron

m: dx r 3 n 8 3 x 103
5mm)
T -
radus of oil drop (o Tetal chavge ne
(-I.6 x10)
Q 8 3 lo
x
mass ef Electon ( me) = 4|l xio"" Kg x

1:33 x ID3c
mags of Proton (mp) 1-67x1o*2 kg.

e tess
ekchons
1 An otl drop of 2

Statonany
urdev a (onstant
&hed
in

eectricfield of R 55 xlot N/e

expeyiment the
Mtlt kan 's oil dvob
oil r26 9m/Cm3.
densty of the
estmete the radtuy) of
the ol elop.|
Then
charing by Jnduchon
(onnechion)
a
9round
Methed 1 :(Uaing is
vdis
Charged
d)A pesrtively neutral metalsphere (C) () ted
near
a
ane sefaYatea
brougt Nac 4he Sphares ths
i
lais ing
it 0 rod í ne meved
ant
and pe bejere the
grounded
allwing
and negative ( g
Sphere o34ive
i) The attvacted from the Separating9 on
to be
electrons the red. the
changes
Ov) Remeve themselves
ang

earth. will neavrange

spheres over
the
Spheres

A UnHormy
distributed

Coulomb 's law

betoee n
Tnteractton
The fovce ef
(b) peint charges is drectHy
two
(a) any the
te the pwduet of
poportional
propor to naf
charges ad inversely
betveen
+he elirtame
te the Square of
Join ing
along the line
(d) them and ach
(C)
brckem the twv chavges.
Connecton
and
(itn)The ground removed leaving two peint charges
rod ü Suppose a dutance
Y
Giv the pestHve Separated
în vactum b
with an Induced hegatve ane
4he Sphere

Charge F
Mthod 2 ane
+
spheres
Two uncharge d hmetal to Coulemb's law
but Aaording
each other
Contact wrth
in +he world
Fxu
And F
vest f
msulated hem
rod (s brought
charqed
(i) A poatively
hega hve 1
+he Sphere,attrackng Constant
nea the tther spheve k- Electrcstatie
Charge and leaving Electros tatic
tonstant k depends
*
pes'HIvely charged medi um Se parating
the ncture of
on

and en the Systemm of uni.

the charqes
k: 1
In gsSystem
Tn ST System
X 10" Nm/c 2
(b E
8.35
(a - electrical pefmtHvI ty of fre Space
COu law in Vector for
lomb 's same g"
I f 9and a oe eh
Let the postion Vertoy of charges
Yei
0 then Fia along
be Y and resprtively 4
and twhich denotes. repulsion.
FIa
) f G, and of opposite
ane

Sn V2 <o tken fa along

denotes attachton
.

- oa , whiech
--> 42 uC
Q1 Two poit charges of
aFR h other uath a
and +buc nepel eat

u qwen
force of iRN. Nw if eath
4NC,
dencte he fevce on q, due an addtónal charge of
We
n due the new force
and the ferce what will be
to 42 by Fa
to b y Solu:
tR MC 7 t6uc
ha - R I -2MC
+2-4
F I2N and
Here +6-4 2MC

Y13 a -

asc
(2) 6)
-4N (AAtrac tive)

is placed at -he
Q2. A Charge g
Vectors Y 4he line Joining
two equal
ni hude of Centre of
The ma9 of
is denoted by Ial Q. shoo that the Sstem
and Y and changes
are
wl be in equilbrium
uirt Vecfors
and their three charges
and Yall
- /4
ven if
gnd
Soly
A C
force Fa Can be gven au
So the
Let two cqual chorges each, be
a

held at A and B, whero A8 3

Here C is the Centre of AB, Where * Thus førce betwren two gven
chege held. Net force on
Charges in a medtitm Ck) on'
in them
Zero. Sc alveady nes f he force beteween

equ lbrium i air/ accum

be
for the three charges to
tn

on each K
force
equtlbrum .nef bekveen Multiple
charges."
must be Zero. Force pasiHo
change CPnntiple of Super change due
on any
a B Total fovce
Total ferce on at rest u
number of c harges
to a on
the forces
kQ the Vector Sum of alf
Car oter charges.
x2
that Charge
elue o
KQ 4x2
Fia
HHene provee

Dielectric Constant
meditm (Fm)=
force
in a
N
- O charge due to
Let the force on

ATIE ane Fia

other Charges acd Gg
two
of the
whee permttviky Cnd Fis respecttvely
E
-electrIal

Vectors of charges 4 z
The poaitton
medittm and .
Yaccum
(E)
and s
ae ,
fn
fore
x
Here Fia 42,1 and
bytwe get
weget
by
vidinge 13k
Ey or kk

F Fi on charge q,
Fm Called ele lectric Trus the
vesutant force
k Sum cf the
wheve E, er by
the eetor

relathve elec tnal 5 obtained

Constant

of the
meduum
forces Fia and Fiá 4
permitfrvity
of a Fia t Fi3
Dielectric
Constant F
rrtio of abselu System have n charqges
Srmilarly f
the a
mediieo
permtivrty of the
-- h Then the rce tn
electrical electri al

medùtn
fo the
due To V2 Chorges onbe
free Spece.
permftviy of
alculated by the Vector Surn of ovts Here OA : OB= 3m

OP 4m
i a t Fi3 t h (o) AP BP Ja+42
Sm
Fovce
Coulomb's law
Aaording to
due to at A
Ae on charge at P charqe
2 Twe ied poit charges t
and B are equal in magnitude So
and te unib are Seperated by a

dhtance 'a, where shculd +he Fa k

for it t 2
thid pornt charge. be placed
be in equlhrium
5

2:16xtoSN
4 F F
Fi and fa along
Here the Compcnent of
a-T) tn hmagnltude
are equal
For the Charge + to be in Y and y' azs
in
equrlbrium. CF Sine Fz Sin e) but oppesita
a n e l each other
dveeften they sSo
oalong Px acld up
k+ ke The Components
(a-z2 3 u c at P u
on Charge
2 tttal fovce
2 2 16 X I0x4
(a- F 2F CesO

PX
F 85x0
N
aeng
on Solvnq
Electric Field
2a/3
each electric fièld is
the reqion of
Charges An
Q3. Two eua pstHve electrically charged
orth a
thrd pesitive Surcundtng
Iteract
in Space s ererted on other
R4C
f Situated as
shouon
where a force
34C artcler
charge of an4 charged 0hjech .

the magntude changed ojech.

Caluu late electutallt
thane.electutally
taken
Sg. the ue freld
d1tecton of the
on

of
the force The
divec hon t would
diecfpn of the force
Sdy:ne to be the
test charge.
on a ositive
exet
field i radially
outuard
electic
The

a oidive charge and radially

from
inward
touandh ca negative charge
3
3rM
Concept of feld was introduced 3. The test change mayhoe
ist of alU by "Faaday' ik own e lectric fteld, it may moduky
Electric Field Intensity (E the electrie freld of the Source

t min1mie th
at any |(harge. Thevefore
The fiel4 intentty
elactric we newvi electric field
is the stregth of etteet
point ntens ty at v as
point. It deftined
eld at that
ed by unt
as the force expenern
placed at 4hcrt toint
posiHive charge system
Freld due to
a
Eleetric
to Ceulomb's
la force
Acorcding of Chavges
due o d point of charges
On test charge q. Cons ider a
System
Vctors

wth positon
chage 2..-

by dettni
Hon E

Ate
unit recor directe4 at a
wherei
The elec trie freld intenaity
from townds qo. due to a sptem 6chargR
poiht P electric fieldi
+he
vector Sum ef
SIuit of E s the
individuaf
due to
point
obout
tectricfeld at the
mportant pent
ebcric fheld E s charges
The magnitude oj
from the
fat.. En
dgtances E
Same at
equal
Ka t k
kn rn
it has
a
sphevual K
c h a r g e .Thus

Symmetr the e lectic

magnitude f
The
pn the
depends only
freld E) Y.
dsta n n e
and the
Charge Q
Q What are 4he magnitude and propeties of tlectric Field lines
dieckon g the electic fteld at Ekctric fteld lines ane cenktnuous
in
cetre of the sauare f9ure (Urves they sturt fmn a px1ttvely

f 1o5C cund a 5cm chaged body and end at a negatnvely

a
Solu charged body then the
DB =
OC 0D:r the e is a'single thaqe
OA atInfinty
fteld thes may start orknd
Sx
2
D

42
Here E E _
1EY
E E2 o8xqxIo 7 2 xo N/C

(5xIe) R No electric feld lines exist tnside

LA0B = 90° eletrestatc
Thus
In Square
ABcD the
the e harqed body
feld at
=
o Contnucus
Electrnc ferm
So h e
Net
f1eld lines do not
clesed toep
magnetic field ines
ae
EVE EN2 |3. The

at 45°tb
bA. Conttnuous la endless) clesecl loeps
E 7:2A lot N/¢
x ines
h e electric field
Fèld unes
as against
Electric to the electic fretd line at
line s a Crve 4 Tanget
An
electnc freld h e drecton ef
that the any point qrves
Such a uay at that point
at +hat point
ckwn in 0 electric
"electic frètd
fteld ntensty
anansty
a c h pont
t it a t Ines eforce
tangent feld feld atat5
atthat
No two electric féld
the net
4he
the divecton
of
Can
each cther. Ths
untersect
lnters ec ton P
polnt at the Poiit ef
because
P4 and
two tangeng
draw
P we Can
mean
two divectone sh
uould
P9. Th
at the Same
the magnHude af Hhe feld is electric field Intenstp

f fed is not posstble

y the dens ty point, which
1epresented E E

unes at
Hence
Electric field itenarty
to ber of
num

a péirt is equal
a
ftines (rosaung
hcmaly
ield point
unit onea ajound that
s The elkchruc feld lines are alwas *The tot al charge of the eleetri
dencduutot. not
narmal too the Surfate of
a
i zeno, but this does
dipole
electrc electrc
no Conponent of mean that the freld f h e
So there
to the Sunface
reld tntenit orallel dipole IS Zero.

o he Cnductor at istarces much lavqer than

*But
tuwo tharqes
the SepaYation of+he the
2a) then
forming
a dipole (T 77

Gndute
due to q and neary
freld
unel vut
Dipoe moment (P)
lines arcund a System
h e fièld
charges ( G )Gves
measure
moment s a
pcsitive Dipole
two their tron of Strength f
electric hpele
a pictcrial represeta of the
dneckey
mutual epulsicn a qantity whose dweckon
a Vector quantity
ecHor
whose

Confquraton of to pestive
While around the n naqative chang
and oppo[rte charg es (yt )
two ual
the
mutual chog to the
dipole,shcws mo m e nt ts equal
a Dpole
between the charges
charges he mgnitude
ct ethw

at racken prcluct of betuween them

and the dutarce
chaxge
P 9 2a p
Direle Feld
arcundthe
is the Spale
It
electYie effecto
lecic Dipcle which the
dipole in

electric dipcle i15 a

pair of an be expe YIRNCed
An h e dipole

and oppostte péint charqes The elecBric flelod at any poit

equa '2a' the electric
diutance
Suparated by
a Smau
P is obtathed by add1ng
dnc
due to charge -
eld E the
due to
+he Charge Vby
E auo of Vectors
arallelogram

-4
k 2
nn Fréld
ield Arial line of
Intensehy on
So magnduder of the
the
electnc
Electric Dijole and
fields due to the tuwo charqe 4
Let the point P be at dstane r

a r e given as
the Centre of the dipole on the
from K
then E4 cord ba
Side of the charge , (a)
(4a
and

Here the (omponents. ot E4

axru
normal to the dipcle
E-
and the cmpo nenb
and EqK each other
K |Cancel
(r-a) a x s add up
the dipole
(Yta2 along
i in
freld ot point Piss eletric field
the tctal
Electric So the total
So P.
Etq E- (F+4E) oppesit diecficn to
E Cest Eg(se

E Ko L (ra) r+
E-2E.+a, (ese
E ka. 4ar
K 2a
( r * a z j z 2
( a 2 ) 3/2

For (ra) E A4kq4 fe (7 a ) E K 24

Y3

r3

p Ie)
The dieon ct E u along dipole
the
freld a t large
Hene
to + dsfances fals of not s but asr3
from -
E
Due to an elecéric dipole
in Equatorta
Gu) Field Intensit
oal 2 Equatora/
line of electric Dpole
P I on 4he
Lef the potnt
where opP= r.
ne,
uatorial
 Dipole in a bniform Electrie hetd When along E,0:O
etdipole be held in
a a T PE Sin o= o
E atan is in StaHe equilbrum
Cnifemerternal e lectne fielel he dipole
angle 1«*h the chrecton of E.

+Vo qE
E
when F alcng E, e i
PESin 18 o
2a 2aSin e
the dipole n unstable
egulbriu.

Net fovce on the dipole Kero

+
The forres on chavge +4 and -q

h a torgque en the dipole

res uttng
Jpole ina ron- unform Elecic felt
the dipole
which nta tes P u
the ase, when
In either
thus the tovque tend to aliqn
directton pasallel to
E DI antporatlef toE,
the of
dipole u along s kero, but

freld E the net torue

s
equal a netforce o n the dipole
The maqnHude of 4OTque thee

of each force (qE) ifEis not untfo

the magntude
p
ncreasin akng p.
maltrplied by the perpendicular
a)when field
freld
when
d increas1ng akng
the two antiparalle!
dstante between E Mee feue
+

forces b- on t

Torque
GEv2a Sn e
Net force
PE Sin e E
T on dpele u along
Net fovce
TPxP
Net Torme Pe Sne =0 (a Bô)
the drehion of f qiven by bwhen Field is decrensing along
handed Screu
ule and u
Aght Meu e E Leus Force
to P art E
perpendicular

Net foue