GTBEG_ALMBEG\
Z_MOWZA_MA\

Ngkmsnalmüe

gfprgsarman y
trmoutarma
 

WEM
EMS
SG_\MJAJ EA
EALMB
MBE
EAN \A
\AEZMAKB AE
AEZWEGP JG
JG FA
FA]BNB G\LWGNA X_
X_BCG\MBEAN JG
JG ME
MEKGEM
EMGG_ÆA MEJ
MEJW
W\Z_MAN

WEMSG_\MJAJ EALMBEAN
„\AEZMAKB AEZÐEGP JG FA]BNB‖

CALWNZAJ JG MEKGEMG_ÆA JG MEJW\Z_MA\ ANMFGEZA_MA\

G\LWGNA X_BCG\MBEAN JG MEKGEMG_ÆA
MEJW\Z_MAN

LW_\B0 NGKM\NALMÜE Z_MOWZA_MA

ZGFA0 GTBEG_ALMBEG\ Z_MOWZA_MA\ A NA\ K_AEJG\ GFX_G\A\
JBLGEZG0
KMEA KBEPANG\ NWEA
ANWFEA\0
LM_MALB KA_LÆA AEANMP
FA_MAEB LAJMNNB GSGN]E
FG@ÆA QWMÑBEG\ @DG\FÆE
FB_ANG\ _B@A\ MEK_MJ
SMNNAEWGSA FB_GEB \A]JA

LMLNB ALAJÍFMLB0 ?8?1-M

 

WEM
EMS
SG_\MJAJ EA
EALMB
MBE
EAN \A
\AEZMAKB AE
AEZWEGP JG
JG FA
FA]BNB G\LWGNA X_
X_BCG\MBEAN JG
JG ME
MEKGEM
EMGG_ÆA MEJ
MEJW
W\Z_MAN

MEZ_BJWLLMÜE
Gn prgsgetg traoa`b lbetmgeg na rglbpmnalmüe jg mecbrfalmüe g mevgstmkalmüe algrla jg nas
gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas, gstas mfpnmlae uea rgjullmüe jg bonmkalmbegs trmoutarmas para

lmgrtbs lbetrmouygetgs, gstb lbe na cmeanmjaj jg tgegr jgsarrbnnb jg ankueas rgkmbegs,

 prbfblmüe jgn sgltbr glbeüfmlb, kgegrar gfpngb y cbfgetar na mevgrsmüe gxtrae`gra y
ealmbean. \me gfoarkb, gstb jmsfmeuyg na gcmlmgelma rglaujatbrma.

 Na rganmjaj gs qug, gs aetmkua y kgegranmzaja na cürfuna jg qug gn Xbjgr Xðonmlb

bcrgzla y calmnmtg auxmnmbs y ayujas jg tbjb tmpb, gspglæcmlafgetg jg laráltgr glbeüfmlb
y jmegrarmb a nbs mejmvmjubs, lbe gn cme jg mfpunsar y gstmfunar na rganmzalmüe jg
jgtgrfmeajas altmvmjajgs, gstmfajas jg metgrís pðonmlb, b qug lausge ankðe ogegcmlmb
glbeüfmlb a cavbr jg nbs lmujajaebs y jgn jgsarrbnnb glbeüfmlb y sblman jgn paæs.

\g trata jg fglaemsfbs qug tmgege lbfb cmeanmjaj prmelmpan na prbfblmüe, cbfgetb y

jgsarrbnnb jg jgtgrfmeajas altmvmjajgs prbjultmvas prmvajas jg jmvgrsa æejbng tangs
lbfb na mejustrma, gn lbfgrlmb, na gxpbrtalmüe, gn turmsfb, na akrmluntura, na gjulalmüe, na
luntura, gtl. Jg gsta faegra na allmüe jg cbfgetb jgog getgejgrsg lbfb na allmüe
gstatan jg auxmnmb, mfpunsb, prbfblmüe, jgsarrbnnb y/b melgetmvb jg na altmvmjaj prmvaja,
tangs lbfb na lbestrullmüe jg jgtgrfmeajb tmpb jg vmvmgeja (pbpunar), na prbfblmüe jg
na luntura, gn gstaonglmfmgetb jg uemjajgs fæemfas jg luntmvb, na gstrulturalmüe jg
jgtgrf
jgtgrfmea
meaja
ja mej
mejust
ustrma
rma ge árg
árgas
as jg
jgtgr
tgrfme
fmeaja
ajas,
s, na caorml
caormlalm
almüe
üe jg prbjul
prbjultbs
tbs lbe
lbetra
tra
jgtgrfmeaja gecgrfgjaj.

Xbr nb qug ge gn prgsgetg traoa`b vgrgfbs nb qug sbe nbs ogegcmlmbs trmoutarmbs, jargfbs
a lb
lbebl
eblgr
gr nas ebr
ebrfa
fass qug gs
gstao
taongl
nglge
ge nas gxbegr
gxbegral
almbe
mbegs
gs trm
trmout
outarm
armas
as,, nas vge
vgeta`
ta`as
as y
jgsvgeta`as qug kgegrae gstas a na sblmgjaj, nas kraejgs gfprgsas qug sbe ogegcmlmajas
lbe nas gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas y pbr ðntmfb gstujmargfbs gn lasb jg ANMLB_X \.A.
] \WO\MJMA_MA\.
 

WEM
EMS
SG_\MJAJ EA
EALMB
MBE
EAN \A
\AEZMAKB AE
AEZWEGP JG
JG FA
FA]BNB G\LWGNA X_
X_BCG\MBEAN JG
JG ME
MEKGEM
EMGG_ÆA MEJ
MEJW
W\Z_MAN

OGEGCMLMB\ Z_MOWZA_MB\
\g
\gkð
kðee na \W
\WEA
EAZ,
Z, nbs
nbs og
ogeg
egcm
cmlm
lmbs
bs trmo
trmout
utar
armb
mbss b ta
tafo
fomí
míee lb
lbeb
eblm
lmjb
jbss lb
lbfb
fb ka
kast
stbs
bs
trmoutarmbs sbe nbs mekrgsbs qug pbtgelmanfgetg gn gstajb jg`a jg pgrlmomr an btbrkarnbs9
ístbs
ístbs gst
gstáe
áe lbe
lbestm
stmtum
tumjbs
jbs pb
pbr0
r0 gxb
gxbegr
egralm
almbeg
begs,
s, mea
meacgl
cgltal
talmbe
mbegs,
gs, rgj
rgjull
ullmüe
müe jg tasas,
tasas,

jgvbnulmbegs,
jgvbnulmbegs, getrg btrbs.
Ge gstg lasb ebs lgetrargfbs ge na gxbegralmüe trmoutarma, ue ogegcmlmb gstaonglmjb pbr 
ngy, ge luya vmrtuj ue dgldb glbeüfmlb mfpbemong (acgltb a mfpugstb), jg`a jg sgrnb
lbe laráltgr tgfpbran b pgrfaegetg.

 EB_FA\ QWG
QWG G\ZAONGLGE NA\ GTBEG_ALMBEG\
GTBEG_ALMBEG\ Z_MOWZA_MA\.
Z_MOWZA_MA\.

Ge gn artæl
artælunb
unb ;:¸ jg na lbes
lbestmtul
tmtulmüe,
müe, sg gsta
gstaonglg
onglg qug nas gxbegral
gxbegralmbeg
mbegss trmoutarma
trmoutarmass sg
 pugjge jar gxlnusmvafg
gxlnusmvafgetg
etg pbr ngy b jglrgtb ngkmsnatmvb9 ajgfás qug ge lasb jg nbs
kbomgrebs nblangs gstbs pbjráe rganmzar na gxbegralmüe jg trmoutbs sbnb jgetrb jg su
 `urmsjmllmüe y alataejb na ngy lbfb nbs prmelmpmbs, na mkuanjaj y rgspgtb jg nbs jgrgldbs
cuejafgetangss jg na pgrsbea.
cuejafgetang

Ge gn lüjmkb trmoutarmb, ge na ebrfa MS, an mkuan qug gn artælunb ;:¸, gstaonglg qug nas
gxbegralmbegs sbnb sg pugjge jar pbr ngy b jglrgtb ngkmsnatmvb. Fmgetras qug ge na
ebrfa SMM gstaonglg nas rgknas a nas qug gstáe su`gtas nas gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas, nas
luangs sbe0

Jgog
Jgog gstar
gstar sustge
sustgetaj
taja
a ge uea Gxpbsm
Gxpbsmlmü
lmüe
e jg Fbtmvb
Fbtmvbs
s qug lbetge
lbetgeka
ka gn
bo`gtmvb y anlaelgs jg na prbpugsta.
 

Jgog sgr lbesglugetg lbe nbs bo`gtmvbs jg na pbnætmla cmslan.

  Jgográ sgñanar gn bo`gtmvb, nbs ogegcmlmarmbs y gn pnazb jg vmkgelma jg na
gxbegralmüe. (fáxmfb < añbs)
  \g rgqugrmrá ue mecbrfg prgvmb jgn fmemstgrmb jg glbebfæa y cmeaezas.
  Na apnmlalmüe jg gxbegralmbegs sg jará partmr jg 1 jg gegrb jgn añb smkumgetg a
su puonmlalmüe.
  \g pbjrá aprboar sbnb uea vgz gn apnazafmgetb jg na gxbegralmüe trmoutarma
pbr ue pgrmbjb jg < añbs.
 

WEM
EMS
SG_\MJAJ EA
EALMB
MBE
EAN \A
\AEZMAKB AE
AEZWEGP JG
JG FA
FA]BNB G\LWGNA X_
X_BCG\MBEAN JG
JG ME
MEKGEM
EMGG_ÆA MEJ
MEJW
W\Z_MAN

Cmeanfgetg, ge na ebrfa TMMM jmspbeg qug nas gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas ge cavbr a

cuelmbearmbs jmpnbfátmlbs y btrbs eb melnuyge nbs trmoutbs qug kravae nas altmvmjajgs
glbeüfmlas partmlunargs qug pujmgrae rganmzar.

Ge na Ngy E° <1187 qug prbrrbka na vmkgelma jg ogegcmlmbs y gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas

na luan sg atrmouyg a nas gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas jgn mfpugstb kgegran a nas vgetas pbr 
na gfmsmüe jg jmegrb rganmzaja pbr nas gfprgsas gfmsbras jg jmegrb gngltrüemlb.

Ge gn artælunb : jg na Ngy Xgean Zrmoutarma sg sgñana qug na jgcraujalmüe trmoutarma sgrá

rgprmf
rgprmfmja
mja lbe pgea
pgea prm
prmvat
vatmva
mva jg na nmo
nmogrt
grtaj
aj luaejb
luaejb sg botgek
botgekae
ae gx
gxbeg
begral
ralmbe
mbegs
gs b
mecgllmbegs smfunaejb na gxmstgelma jg dgldbs qug pgrfmtae allgjgr a gstbs.

\gkðe gn MXG (Mestmtutb Xgruaeb jg Glbebfæa), nas gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas lbestmtuyge

melgetmvbs btbrkajbs pbr gn gstajb lbe na cmeanmjaj jg lbesgkumr bo`gtmvbs lbfb0

 Gn jgsarrbnnb jg ankueas rgkmbegs

 Na prbfblmüe jg ankuebs sgltbrgs glbeüfmlbs
 Na kgegralmüe jg gfpngb
 Gn cbfgetb jg na mevgrsmüe gxtrae`gra y ealmbean

\me gfoarkb, su apnmlalmüe jmsfmeuyg na gcmlmgelma rglaujatbrma, aufgeta nbs lbstbs jg

rg
rgla
lauj
ujal
almü
müe,
e, y jg eb sg
sgrr apnm
apnmla
laja
ja lbrr
lbrrgl
glta
tafg
fget
etgg pu
pugj
gjge
ge rg
rgju
julm
lmrr na gq
gqum
umja
jajj y
traespargelma jgn smstgfa trmoutarmb.

ZMXB\ JG GTBEG_ALMBEG\ Z_MOWZA_MA\

Nas gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas fás lbfuegs sbe0

 Gxbegralmbegs
Gxbegralmbe gs jgn pakb jg mfpugstbs (tbtan b parlman) b rgjullmbegs ge nas tasas.
 Lríjmt
Lríjmtbs
bs trmout
trmoutarm
armbs
bs (pb
(pbrr g`g
g`gfp
fpnb,
nb, para
para mev
mevgst
gstmka
mkalmü
lmüee y jgsarr
jgsarrbnn
bnnbb b para
para
vmvmgeja).
 Jmcgrmr gn pakb jgn mfpugstb, lbe ue suosmjmb mfpnælmtb pbr gnnb.
 Jgprglmalmüe algngraja para kastbs jg lapmtan y btrbs lbstbs smkemcmlatmvbs.

Nas gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas tafomíe sg pugjge akrupar ge nas smkumgetgs latgkbræas0

 Melgetmvbs rgkmbeangs.
 Melgetmvbs sgltbrmangs.
 

WEM
EMS
SG_\MJAJ EA
EALMB
MBE
EAN \A
\AEZMAKB AE
AEZWEGP JG
JG FA
FA]BNB G\LWGNA X_
X_BCG\MBEAN JG
JG ME
MEKGEM
EMGG_ÆA MEJ
MEJW
W\Z_MAN

 Melgetmvbs a nas gxpbrtalmbegs y zbeas jg nmorg lbfgrlmb.

Lnari (?881) akrupa nbs melgetmvbs ge tírfmebs jg nas lbesmjgralmbegs jg pbnætmla b

arkufgetbs para atragr mevgrsmüe0

Lbfpgtmtmvmjaj metgrealmbean,
metgrealmbean, gs jglmr aufgetar na lapalmjaj jgn paæs para atragr 
lapmtangs metgrealmbeangs.
 Lbrrgkmr cannas jg fgrlajb.
 Lbesmjgralmbegs
Lbesmjgralmbegs falrbglbeüfmlas9 pbr g`gfpnb, melgetmvbs para lbfoatmr antb
jgsgfpngb, jícmlmt ge oanaeza jg pakbs, gcgltbs jg anta mecnalmüe, pasmvbs
trmoutarmbs, gtl.
 Lbesmjgralmbegs
Lbesmjgralmbegs rgkmbeangs.

SGEZA@A\ JG NA\ GTBEG_ALMBEG\ Z_MOWZA_MA\

Ayuja a atragr mevgrsmüe, tafomíe eugvas tglebnbkæas b kgegrar gfpngb.

 Ayuja
Ayujarr a cbf
cbfgegetar
tar gn jgs
jgsarr
arrbnn
bnnbb jg jgt
jgtgrf
grfmea
meajas
jas mejust
mejustrma
rmass lbesmj
lbesmjgra
graja
jass
gstratíkmlas pbr gn gstajb.
 Zgegr faybr lbfpgtmtmvmjaj b eb pgrjgr lbfpgtmtmvmjaj crgetg a paæsgs vglmebs,
ge tírfmebs jg na lapalmjaj jg atragr mevgrsmbegs gxtrae`gras.
 Cbfget
Cbfgetar
ar gn jgs
jgsarr
arrbnn
bnnbb jg árg
árgas
as kgbkrá
kgbkrácml
cmlas
as jgprmf
jgprmfmja
mjass b qug prgsg
prgsgeta
etaee
jgsvgeta`ass jg mecragstrultura b atgelmüe jgn gstajb.
jgsvgeta`a
 \ustmtumr kastbs gxpnælmtbs jgn kbomgreb.
 Nas uemvgrsmjajgs pðonmlas y prmvajas sg gelugetrae gxbegrajas jgn mfpugstb a

na rgeta jgomjb a qug sbe lrgajas sme cmegs jg nulrb y sm botmgege utmnmjajgs pbr 
ankðe fbtmvb gstas jgoge jgstmearnas sbnb para cmegs gspglæcmlafgetg gjulatmvas
gjulatmvas,,
lbfb na mecragstrultura y oglas jg gstujmb.

JG\SGEZA@A\ XA_A NA \BLMGJAJ JG NA\ GTBEG_ALMBEG\ Z_MOWZA_MA\

 Jmsfmeulmüe jg na gcmlmgelma rglaujatbrma jgomjb a qug eb sg nbkra rglaujar gn

fbetb qug prbyglta gn gstajb dalmgejb pblb gcmlmgetg jmldas prbygllmbegs.
 Nas gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas rgjulge na gqumjaj y traespargelma jgn smstgfa
trmoutarmb ge gn Xgrð ya qug ankueas gfprgsas qug sbe ogegcmlmajas lbe nas

gxbegralmbegs
gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas sbe nas qug kgegrae faybrgs mekrgsbs.
 

WEM
EMS
SG_\MJAJ EA
EALMB
MBE
EAN \A
\AEZMAKB AE
AEZWEGP JG
JG FA
FA]BNB G\LWGNA X_
X_BCG\MBEAN JG
JG ME
MEKGEM
EMGG_ÆA MEJ
MEJW
W\Z_MAN

 Jmsfmeulmüe jg nas tasas mfpbsmtmvas jgomjb a na rgjullmüe jg nbs mfpugstbs pbr 

nas gxbegralmbegs, lbfb gn mfpugstb a na rgeta qug sg paka ge na Afazbeæa gs
fgebr an jg nas btras rgkmbegs jgn Xgrð.
 nas gfprgsas an eb pakar nbs mfpugstbs, kgegrae ue jgsgqumnmormb glbeüfmlb qug

tmgeg qug sgr luomgrtb pbr na pbonalmüe b tafomíe sg jg`ae jg rganmzar boras
 pðonmlas.
 Xugjg kgegrar gejgujafmgetbs
gejgujafmgetbs lbe gn oaelb metgrealmbean jgomjb a qug gn gstajb
sg prgsta jmegrb pbrqug na rglaujal
r glaujalmüe
müe jg mfpugstbs gs mesucmlmgetg.

K_AEJG\ GFX_G\A\ SGEGCMLMAJA\ LBE NA\ GTDBEG_ALMBEG\

Z_MOW_A_MA\

Gn ?4 jg akbstb jgn ?81; a travís jgn fgjmb rajman Lutmvanð, gn glbebfmsta Xgjrb
Craelig, gxpnmla qug nas pírjmjas cmslangs ge gn Xgrð sbe jg ?7 fmn fmnnbegs jg sbngs,
 pbrqug nbs mekrgsbs trmoutarmbs sbe nbs fás oa`bs jg Natmebafírmla
Natmebafírmla.. Zafomíe fgelmbeü
a nas gfprgsas qug eb pakae sus trmoutbs y ajgfás ge`umlmae an Gstajb. Getrg gnnas gstáe0
Zgngcüemla qug jgog 3 fmn 488 fmnnbegs jg sbngs. Lnarb jgog <88 fmnnbegs jg sbngs, Nae
Xgrð, qug adbra gs NAZAF9 jgog fmn 788 fmnnbegs jg sbngs. Nas fmegras jgoge ? fmn
fmnnbegs jg sbngs. Nbs lasmebs jgoge :88 fmnnbegs jg sbngs y nbs oaelbs eb qumgrge
 pakar =78 fmnnbegs jg sbngs. Xgsg a gnnb gn lbekrgsb da btbrkajb gxbegralmbegs
gxbegralmbegs
trmoutarmas a lmgrtbs krupbs glbeüfmlbs.

Altuanfgetg, ge na pákmea jg na \WEAZ, gspglæcmlafgetg ge na mecbrfalmüe gstajæstmla

jg na Zraespargelma jg Ebrfas Zrmoutarmas y Ajuaegras sg gelugetrae puonmlajas nas

nmstas jg su`gtbs albkmjbs a gxbegralmbegs lbetgemjas ge nbs apíejmlgs M y MM jgn MKS y
 pbr na gfmsmüe jg jmegrb gngltrüemlb. A lbetmeualmüe,
lbetmeualmüe, sg prgsgetae nas latbrlg prmfgras
qug fás fbetb tmgege gxbegrajb,
gxbegrajb, kralmas
kralmas a na Ebrfa JW E¸ 8?:-?81= qug prbrrbka na
vmkgelma jg ogegcmlmbs y gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmbs0

EBFO_G _WL Fbetb \/

\G_JA X_GZGN A_ZW_B _AWN 18:?;:<4?17 1,4;3,=<=,811
_AFM_GP LWOA XG_L] _WOGE 18841<38=<1 1,41:,3:7,713
OAELB OOSA XG_Ð ?81881<8?8: 4=?,3:;,8<8
OAELB MEZG_EALMBEAN JGN XG_Ð- MEZG_OAEI ?818887<:77 4;<,<8?,383
XGZ_ÜNGB\ JGN XG_Ð-XGZ_BXG_Ð \A ?81881?4?14 477,<43,;13
\LBZMAOAEI XG_Ð \AA ?81888:<1:8 ;;<,847,;7<
 

WEM
EMS
SG_\MJAJ EA
EALMB
MBE
EAN \A
\AEZMAKB AE
AEZWEGP JG
JG FA
FA]BNB G\LWGNA X_
X_BCG\MBEAN JG
JG ME
MEKGEM
EMGG_ÆA MEJ
MEJW
W\Z_MAN

_GTZMG \.A.L ?83818<881< 78=,773,?:7

OAELB JG NA EALMÜE ?81888<87=7 :?<,488,:?8
_MFAL \GKW_B\ ] _GA\GKW_B\ ?81888:1=7< :87,;8;,4<4
ANMLB_X \AA ?8188877?<; <78,848,:<8
XALÆCMLB LBFXAÑÆA JG \GKW_B\ ] _GA\GKW_B\ ?8<<?=;8:11 <<<,?;7,;=4
\AF\WEK GNGLZ_BEML\ XG_Ð \AL ?8<88?3<7;4 ?7=,4:<,4=;
FBNMEB\ & LMA \.A. ?8?7;<3:<7; ?:3,711,4::
L_GJM\LBZMA CMEAELMG_A \.A. ?8?77==<??7 ??7,417,?8?

LA\B ANMLB_X \.A.

Anml
Anmlbr
brpp gs uea
uea gf
gfpr
prgs
gsaa jg lbes
lbesuf
ufbb fasm
fasmvb
vb næ
næjg
jgrr ge gn fgrl
fgrlaj
ajbb pg
pgru
ruae
aeb,
b, lb
lbee
bpgralmbegs mejustrmangs ge sgms paæsgs jg Natmebafírmla0 Arkgetmea, Orasmn, Ldmng,
Lbnbfoma, Gluajbr y Xgrð, ge jbejg gstá su sgjg prmelmpan. Gxpbrta a fás jg ?< paæsgs
y gs na sgkueja gfprgsa jg lbesufb fasmvb fás kraejg jg nbs Aejgs. Kgstmbea fás jg
1?7 farlas næjgrgs ge nbs fgrlajbs jg lbesufb fasmvb, prbjultbs mejustrmangs y
eutrmlmüe aemfan.

Gs uea jg nas gfprgsas qug lbecbrfa gn Krupb _bfgrb, gn luan gstá lbecbrfajb pbr 
gfprgsas qug sg jgsgevugnvge ge jmstmetbs sgltbrgs y gs rglbeblmjb lbfb ueb jg nbs
Krupbs glbeüfmlbs fás kraejgs jgn Xgrð.

Jg al
alug
ugrj
rjbb a na \W
\WEA
EAZ,
Z, gs ue
ueaa jg nas
nas gf
gfpr
prgs
gsas
as al
albk
bkmj
mjas
as a na
nass gx
gxbe
begr
gral
almb
mbeg
egss
lbetgemjas ge gn Apíejmlg M y MM jg na Ngy jg Mfpugstb Kgegran a nas Sgetas y pbr na
gfmsmüe jg jmegrb gngltrüemlb, Ðemla Jmspbsmlmüe Lbfpngfgetarma Cmean jgn Jglrgtb jg
Wrkgelma E¸ 8?:-?81=, ge gn añb ?8?8, pbr ue fbetb jg \/ <78 848 :<8.88. Jüejg ge
gn Apíejmlg M sg gxbegra jg MKS a nas vgetas ge gn paæs b mfpbrtalmüe jg lmgrtbs omgegs
jg lbesufb y ge gn Apíejmlg MM sg gxbegra jgn MKS a ankuebs sgrvmlmbs.

\me gfoarkb, jg alugrjb lbe gn cme jg nas gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas, jg lbetrmoumr an

jgsarrbnnb jgn paæs, gsta gfprgsa „ANMLB_X \.A‖ tmgeg ue dmstbrman jg jgeuelmas y
jmslbecbrfmjajgs qug partg jg na pbonalmüe pgruaea tmgeg dalma gnnbs, lmtaejb ankuebs
lasbs lbfb0

◂ Na jgeuelma jgn gxlbekrgsmsta @amfg Jgnkajb, autbr jg na ngy jg anmfgetalmüe

sanujaong, sborg na rgjullmüe jg nbs gfpaqugs jg nas kanngtas Lasmeb jg 7? a :4

sanujaong,
lf?, "a cme jg gvajmr na lbnblalmüe jg bltükbebs jg ajvgrtgelma lbfb jmlta na
 

WEM
EMS
SG_\MJAJ EA
EALMB
MBE
EAN \A
\AEZMAKB AE
AEZWEGP JG
JG FA
FA]BNB G\LWGNA X_
X_BCG\MBEAN JG
JG ME
MEKGEM
EMGG_ÆA MEJ
MEJW
W\Z_MAN

ebrfa".  Zbjbs nbs prbjultbs anmfgetmlmbs jgoge usar, jg faegra bonmkatbrma, gn

smstgfa jg bltükbebs , ge gn qug sg mejmla sm tmgege antb lbetgemjb jg azðlar,
sbjmb
sbjmb (san),
(san), kra
krasas
sas sat
satura
urajas
jas b kra
krasa
sass tra
traes.
es. Jüejg
Jüejg Anm
Anmlb
lbrp
rp sg prb
prbeue
euelmü
lmü
gxpnmlaejb quí jgsjg prmelmpmbs jg ?817, memlmü gn gscugrzb jg fbjmcmlar gn pgrcmn

eutrmlmbean jg varmbs prbjultbs, melnumjas nas kanngtas jg na farla Lasmeb, y quí

 pbr gnnb, sg dae rgjulmjb nbs pgsbs jg nas pbrlmbegs jg nbs gfpaqugs
mejmvmjuangs, rgjulmgejb gn gfpaqug mejmvmjuan jg na kanngta ge fás jgn 17%,
 pgrb tafomíe, qug sg daoæa rgjulmjb gn azðlar a ue ?<.7% pbr pbrlmüe,
fbjmcmlaejb gn gfpaqug jg na kanngta lasmeb pbr ðntmfa vgz ge @unmb jgn ?81;.
We añb aetgs jg qug aprboara gn Faeuan jg Ajvgrtgelmas puonmlmtarmas. (Cugetg0
Jmarmb Na _gpðonmla, Cglda0 ?7 jg Far jgn ?81=, Autbr0 Fgnmea Llbmnnb).
◂ Na Fgsa _gjbeja sborg gn Algmtg jg Xanfa \bstgemong (_\XB pbr sus smknas ge
meknís), qug gs uea pnatacbrfa qug lgrtmcmla gn usb sbstgemong jg na panfa

algmtgra, rgldazü uea qug`a prgsgetaja pbr na lbfuemjaj sdmpmoa jg \aeta Lnara
jg Wldueya jg Wlayanm lbetra Anmlbrp \.A.A., gfprgsa a na qug Lbevbla.pg
jgsluormü lbfpraejb algmtg jg panfa jgrmvaja jg gfprgsas gxtraltbras qug
botmgege
botmgege crutbs jg panfa algmtg
algmtgra
ra jg nas pnaetalm
pnaetalmbegs
begs jgn krupb
krupb gfprgsarma
gfprgsarmann jg
Jgeems Fgnia, mevgstmkajb pbr na jgcbrgstalmüe fasmva jg na Afazbeæa.

Ge na qug`a prgsgetaja ge farzb jg ?81= pbr na lbfuemjaj jg \aeta Lnara jg

Wldueya, na Cgjgralmüe jg Lbfuemjajgs Eatmvas jgn Wlayanm (Cglbeau), gn
Mestmtutb jg Jgcgesa Ngkan (MJN) y gn Cbrgst Xgbpngs Xrbkraffg (CXX),   na
lbfuemjaj sdmpmoa sbnmlmtü a na _\XB gfpnazar a Anmlbrp para qug jgsmsta jg
ajqumrmr algmtg jg panfa qug prbvmgeg jg nbs obsqugs afazüemlbs jgcbrgstajbs
 pbr Bldb \ur X y jg nas gfprgsas qug lbfprae crutbs jg panfa an krupb Fgnia
 pbr lbesmjgrarnbs "rgspbesaongs
"rgspbesaongs jg na jgcbrgstalmüe",
jgcbrgstalmüe", asæ lbfb jg na vmbnalmüe jg
nbs jgrgldbs jg na lbfuemjaj jg \aeta Lnara jg Wldueya.

Na lbfuemjaj tafomíe sbnmlmtü a na _\XB qug mevgstmkug a Anmlbrp pbr nas

bpgr
bpgral
almb
mbeg
egss jg lbfp
lbfpra
ra jg algm
algmtg
tg jg pa
panf
nfaa qu
qugg tm
tmge
gegg su br
brmk
mkge
ge ge ár
árga
gass
jgcbrgstajas, an lbesmjgrar qug na gfprgsa altuü "sme na jgomja jmnmkgelma y sme gn
lbfprb
lbfprbfms
fmsbb aj
ajglu
gluajb
ajb lb
lbee nas lbfuem
lbfuemjaj
jajgs
gs afazü
afazüeml
emlas
as jg luyas
luyas tmg
tmgrra
rrass

jgcbrgstajas dae botgemjb sus prbjultbs".

 

WEM
EMS
SG_\MJAJ EA
EALMB
MBE
EAN \A
\AEZMAKB AE
AEZWEGP JG
JG FA
FA]BNB G\LWGNA X_
X_BCG\MBEAN JG
JG ME
MEKGEM
EMGG_ÆA MEJ
MEJW
W\Z_MAN

Gn kgrgetg jg sbnulmüe jg lbetrbvgrsmas jg na _\XB, Xravme _a`aejrae, rgldazü

na qug`a an lbesmjgrar qug Anmlbrp eb gs "em gn akrmluntbr mevbnulrajb ge nas
supugstas rglnafalmbegs sucrmjas pbr na lbfuemjaj acgltaja" y tafpblb gs na
gfprgs
gfprgsaa prb
prbjul
jultbr
tbraa jgn al
algmt
gmtgg "qu
"qugg lbfpra
lbfpra nbs crutbs
crutbs jg pa
panfa
nfa"" (Cuget
(Cugetg0
g0

Lbevbla.pg,, Cglda0 1< jg @uemb jgn ?81=, Autbr0 Nums Germqug Xírgz).
Lbevbla.pg
◂ Na Nmka
Nmka jg Lb
Lbes
esuf
ufmj
mjbr
brgs
gs y Ws
Wsua
uarm
rmbs
bs (NML
(NMLB\
B\-X
-Xgr
grð)
ð) pr
prgs
gsge
getü
tü ue
ueaa jg
jgeu
euel
elma
ma
 pgean lbetra nbs trgs
trgs fás kraejgs krupbs
krupbs glbeüf
glbeüfmlbs
mlbs jgn paæs, Anmlbrp, Oaelb
Oaelb jg
Lríjmtb jgn Xgrð (OLX) g Metgroaei, a nbs luangs rgspbesaomnmzü jgn anza jg
 prglmbs jg nbs prbjultbs jg pprmfgra
rmfgra eglgsmja
eglgsmjaj,
j, lbfb gn pbnnb y nas fgjmlmeas.

Gn lmujajaeb Lmrb \mnva Xargjgs, prgsmjgetg jgn krgfmb, nngkü dasta na sgjg jgn
Fmem
Fmemst
stgr
grmb
mb Xð
Xðon
onml
mlbb pa
para
ra me
metg
tgrp
rpbe
begr
gr na jg
jgeu
euel
elma
ma pb
pbrr „g
„gnn ao
aous
usbb jg
jgnn pb
pbjg
jgr 
r 
glbeüf
glbeüfmlb
mlb,, pbs
pbsmlm
mlmüe
üe jbf
jbfmea
meaetg
etg y gsp
gspgl
gluna
unalmü
lmüe‖
e‖ lbetra
lbetra Jmbems
Jmbemsmb
mb _bfgrb
_bfgrb

Xabngttm (prgsmjgetg jg Anmlbrp), Nums Germqug _bfgrb (OLX), Larnbs _bjrækugz

Xastbr Xgrsmvang (Metgroaei). (Cugetg0 Na Ebtmlma, Cglda0 Akbstb jgn ?8?1)

AEÁNM\M\ JG NA\ GTBEG_ALMBEG\ Z_MOWZA_MA\ _G\XGLZB A NA\

 EB_FA\

- Jg alugrjb lbe na ebrfa, nas gxbegralmbegs rganmzajas tmgege gn bo`gtb jg kgegrar 

 ogegcmlmb a na pbonalmüe, ya sga lbe na kgegralmüe jg gfpngb pbr gstas gfprgsas
gxbegrajas, b ue prglmb allgsmong bcgrtajb ge gn fgrlajb jg jmstmetbs prbjultbs,
getrg btrbs ogegcmlmbs qug pugja tragr para nbs lmujajaebs, pgrb sgkðe lmcras jgn
MEGM na tasa jg jgsgfpngb da tgemjb uea rgjullmüe fæemfa a travís jg nbs añbs qug
gstas gfprgsas ya kbzae jg gstg ogegcmlmb, ajgfás qug na tasa jg gfpngb mecbrfan sg
faetgemjb jgsjg gn ?81: an ?81= ge 33.7% ge na zbea ruran, fmgetras qug ge na zbea
uroaea da tgemjb uea varmalmüe jgn 8.1% jgn ?81< an ?81=. Xgrb nas lmcras jg XOM pbr 
kraejg
kraejgss sgl
sgltbr
tbrgs
gs gl
glbeü
beüfml
fmlbs
bs lbf
lbfbb Akr
Akrmlu
mluntu
ntura,
ra, Gxtral
Gxtrallmü
lmüee jg pgtrün
pgtrüngb
gb,, kas y
fmegrangs, faeucaltura y btrbs, da mjb ge lbestaetg lrglmfmgetb a travís jg gstbs
añbs,
añbs, smg
smgej
ejbb gs
gstbs
tbs sgltb
sgltbrgs
rgs nbs prmel
prmelmpa
mpangs
ngs oge
ogegcm
gcmlma
lmarmb
rmbss jg nas gxb
gxbeg
egral
ralmbe
mbegs
gs
btbr
btbrka
kaja
jass pbr
pbr gn gs
gsta
tajb
jb.. Getb
Getbel
elgs
gs sg da
dalg
lg lu
lugs
gstm
tmbe
beao
aong
ng qu
qugg gn gs
gsta
tajb
jb sm
smka
ka
 

WEM
EMS
SG_\MJAJ EA
EALMB
MBE
EAN \A
\AEZMAKB AE
AEZWEGP JG
JG FA
FA]BNB G\LWGNA X_
X_BCG\MBEAN JG
JG ME
MEKGEM
EMGG_ÆA MEJ
MEJW
W\Z_MAN

 prbfbvmgejb gstbs sgltbrgs lbe gxbegralmbe

gxbegralmbegs
gs qug eb gstáe jaejb nbs rgsuntajbs
gspgrajbs jg alugrjb a su bo`gtmvb jg lrgalmüe, ajgfás lbfb gs qug sg smkuge
 prbrrbkaejb gstbs ogegcmlmbs luaejb gn paæs faetmgeg ue jícmlmt cmslan aeuan, fás
aðe jgomjb a na lbyuetura altuan gstg jícmlmt aufgetb jg ue 1.3% ge gn ?81= an 4.7%

ge gn ?8?8, aufgetáejbsg tafomíe na jguja pðonmla, fmgetras aqugnnas gfprgsas qug

fás sg ogegcmlmae sbe sbnb ue krupb jg kraejgs gfprgsas qug fás kaeaelmas sg
kgegrae, y qug eb smgfprg ormejae gn fg`br sgrvmlmb a na pbonalmüe, tan gs gn lasb jg
nbs oaelbs qug dae smjb gxbegrajbs para qug gstbs gxbegrge tafomíe jg jgujas b
metgrgsgs qug tmgege nbs gfprgejgjbrgs lbe gstbs, jgomjb a qug na paejgfma acgltü
jmstmetbs sgltbrgs glbeüfmlbs, pgrb, gstas gxbegralmbegs luorge ge lmgrtb puetb
aqugnnbs kraejgs metgrgsgs qug lborae nbs oaelbs, y gvmtae qug gstbs pmgrjae, y jg
lmgrta faegra gvmta qug jg`ge jg mevgrtmr ge gn Xgrð, a pgsar jg gnnb lbfb pugjge
sgkumr cuelmbeaejb b gvmtar qug smkae pgrjmgejb, aqugnnas pgqugñas gfprgsas qug

aðe lbe oa`as vgetas qug rganmzarbe

r ganmzarbe ge gstg pgrmbjb jg paejgfma, smkuge pakaejb su
mfpugstb trmoutarmb, jgsjg gstg puetb ya eb sg gstaræa trataejb uea nmorg lbfpgtgelma
qug jgogræa gxmstmr ge gn fgrlajb pgruaeb. Getbelgs, nas gxbegralmbegs pugjge
 ogegcmlmar a na pbonalmüe, ormejáejbng calmnmjajgs para qug tgekae ue fg`br 
jgsg
jgsgev
evbn
bnvm
vmfm
fmge
getb
tb ge gn sm
smst
stgf
gfaa gl
glbe
beüf
üfml
mlb,
b, pg
pgrb
rb al
altu
tuan
anfg
fget
etgg na
nass eb
ebrf
rfas
as
gsta
gstaon
ongglmja
mjas rgsp
rgspggltb
ltb a gxbeg
begral
ralmbeg
mbegss rg
rgqqum
umggrg
rgee sg
sgrr rg
rgggvanu
nuaaja
jass y/
y/bb
lbfpngfgetajas
lbfpngfgetajas lbe jglrgtbs qug ng jge ue fg`br cmntrb an allgsb jg nas gfprgsas a
gstbs ogegcmlmbs, b ge tbjb lasb lafomar na gstratgkma jgn gstajb rgspgltb an apbyb
qug ng ormeja a na pbonalmüe altmvafgetg traoa`ajbra. smgejb nas gxbegralmbegs

trmoutarmas ue ogegcmlmb fás gqumtatmvb para na pbonalmüe y eb kgegraejb fás

megstaomnmjaj ge na glbebfæa pgruaea.
- Altuan
Altuanfge
fgetg
tg nas gx
gxbeg
begral
ralmbe
mbegs
gs trmout
trmoutarm
armas
as kg
kgegr
egrae
ae uea jgsmku
jgsmkuanj
anjaj
aj getrg
getrg nas
gfprgsas qug sbe ogegcmlmajas lbe gstas gxbegralmbegs y nas qug eb g melnusb
kgegra uea jgsvgeta`a taetb para nas pgqugñas gfprgsas lbfb para na pbonalmüe
 pbrqug an qugrgr tratar jg ogegcmlmar a ankuebs acglta lbe gn melrgfgetb jg nbs
mfpugstbs a btrbs (na pbonalmüe pgruaea b nas gfprgsas eb ogegcmlmajas) para qug sg
 pugja anlaezar nbs mfpugstbs qug sg eglgsmtae para na rganmzalmüe jg boras pðonmlas,
nas gxbegralmbegs jgogræae gstar su`gtbs a prblgjmfmgetbs jg lbetrbn prgsupugstarmb

jgomjb a qug sg kgegrae pírjmjas ge nbs mekrgsbs jgn gstajb.

 

WEM
EMS
SG_\MJAJ EA
EALMB
MBE
EAN \A
\AEZMAKB AE
AEZWEGP JG
JG FA
FA]BNB G\LWGNA X_
X_BCG\MBEAN JG
JG ME
MEKGEM
EMGG_ÆA MEJ
MEJW
W\Z_MAN

LBELNW\MBEG\
- Nas gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas eb gstáe lufpnmgejb gn bo`gtmvb cuejafgetan pbr gn
qug
qug cu
cugr
grbe
be lrga
lrgaja
jas,
s, qug
qug gs cbfg
cbfget
etar
ar gn jg
jgsa
sarr
rrbn
bnnb
nb gl
glbe
beüf
üfml
mlbb y fg`b
fg`bra
rarr na
lbfpgtmtmvmjaj ge gn Xgrð. Jgomjb a qug sbnb lmgrtb krupb jg gfprgsas fás kraejgs
jgn Xgrð sbe nas fás ogegcmlmajas.
- Nas gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas ge gn paæs eb gstáe omge apnmlajas jgomjb a qug
kgegrae fás pírjmjas ge nbs mekrgsbs aeuangs, acgltaejb a btras gfprgsas y a na
 pbonalmüe lbe gsa jmsfmeulmüe jg na rglaujalmüe trmoutarma, nas gfprgsas kraejgs

sbe nas fás ogegcmlmajas aðe, luaejb gstas kgegrae faybrgs kaeaelmas pujmgejb
rgtrmoumr a nbs mfpugstbs fmgetras qug pbr btra partg nas gfprgsas eb ogegcmlmajas
lbe nas gxbegralmbegs y na pbonalmüe pakafbs faybrgs mfpugstbs.
- \m omge nas gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas sbe btbrkajas lbe gn cme jg ogegcmlmar a nas
gfprgsas y a na pbonalmüe sme gfoarkb gs gvmjgetg qug nas gfprgsas lbe uea fgebr 
larka trmoutarma brmkmeaja pbr na gxbegralmüe trmoutarma tgejráe uea fg`br pbsmlmüe
crgetg a btras qug eb9 gstb jgsgelajgea uea lbfpgtgelma jgsngan ge gn fgrlajb pbr 
gn aprbvgldafmgetb mejgomjb jg nas gxbegralmbeg
gxbegralmbegss ajgfás jg kgegrar uea jmstbrsmüe
glbeüfmla

-
_GLBFGEJALMBEG\

- \g jgog fg`brar gn cmntrb jg allgsb jg nas gfprgsas qug allgjge a nas gxbegralmbegs
trmouta
trmoutarma
rmas9
s9 lbf
lbfbb taf
tafomí
omíee tbf
tbfar
ar btr
btraa gs
gstra
tratgk
tgkma
ma para
para cbfge
cbfgetar
tar gn jgsarr
jgsarrbnn
bnnbb y
lbfpgtmtmvmjaj ge eugstra glbebfæa pgruaea, jg faegra fás gqumtatmva.
- \g pbjræa lrgar uea getmjaj cmslanmzajbra qug rgkung y pugja apnmlar jg fg`br 
faeg
faegra
ra gsta
gsta ebrf
ebrfaa jg gxbe
gxbegr
gral
almb
mbeg
egss trmo
trmout
utar
arma
mas,
s, ou
ousl
slae
aejb
jb ue
ueaa mk
mkua
uanj
njaj
aj jg
 ogegcmlmbs taetb para nas kraejgs, fgjmaeas y pgqugñas gfprgsas lbfb para na
 

WEM
EMS
SG_\MJAJ EA
EALMB
MBE
EAN \A
\AEZMAKB AE
AEZWEGP JG
JG FA
FA]BNB G\LWGNA X_
X_BCG\MBEAN JG
JG ME
MEKGEM
EMGG_ÆA MEJ
MEJW
W\Z_MAN

 pbonalmüe b tafomíe sg pbjræa fbjmcmlar na ebrfa jmsfmeuygejb ankuebs ogegcmlmbs

qug ebs kgegrae faybr pgrjmja ge mfpugstbs.
- Na oatanna lbetra na mecbrfanmjaj, na gvasmüe, na gnusmüe y gn lbetraoaejb trmoutarmb
jgoge jg sgr lbestaetgs para nbkrar fg`brar nbs emvgngs jg jgsarrbnnb prbjultmvb.

- Gs gsgelman lufpnmr lbe gn bo`gtmvb qug ouslae nas gxbegralmbegs trmoutarmas0 gn

jgsarrbnnb metgkran jg tbjbs nbs sgltbrgs glbeüfmlbs y jg lmgrtas zbeas gstratíkmlas,
sme kgegrar jmstbrsmbegs ge gn fgrlajb em ogegcmlmar mejgomjafgetg a jgtgrfmeajbs
akgetgs glbeüfmlbs
Xbr gsta razüe, sg jgoge jar rgknas lnaras y prblgjmfmgetbs sgelmnnbs sborg gn
albkmfmgetb a gstg ogegcmlmb, ajgfás na ajfmemstralmüe trmoutarma jgog nngvar ouge
lbetrbn jg nbs qug kbzae jg gstg ogegcmlmb y cmslanmzarnbs ajgfás jg gstaonglgr 
lafombs ge na ebrfatmva trmoutarma lbe gn cme jg eb jg`ar gspalmb a na gnusmüe
trmoutarma lbe gn cme jg rglaujar fás cbejbs trmoutarmbs y asgkurarsg qug prbvgekae
jg nas gfprgsas fás kraejgs

OMONMBK_ACÆA
- \ueat. (s. c.). Lüjmkb Zrmoutarmb - Zætunb Xrgnmfmear. _glupgrajb 18 jg akbstb jg
?8?1, jg dttps0//www.sueat.kb
dttps0//www.sueat.kbo.pg/ngkmsnalmbe/l
o.pg/ngkmsnalmbe/lbjmkb/tmtunbpr.dtf
bjmkb/tmtunbpr.dtf
- Lbestmtulmüe jgn Xgrð - Zætunb MMM . (s. c.). lbekrgsb. _glupgrajb 18 jg akbstb jg
?8?1,, jg dttps0//ww
?8?1 dttps0//www:.l
w:.lbekr
bekrgsb.
gsb.kbo.
kbo.pg/l
pg/lbfmsm
bfmsmbegs
begs/1==
/1==3/lb
3/lbestmtu
estmtulmbe
lmbe/lbe
/lbesR 
sR 
t<.dtf
- Ogegcmlmb
Ogegcmlmbss Zrmoutarmb
Zrmoutarmbss (?81<).
(?81<). MGX. _glupgr
_glupgrajb
ajb dttps0//www.mpg.brk.pg/pbrtan/
 ogegcmlmbs-trmoutarmbs//
 ogegcmlmbs-trmoutarmbs
- Jglrgtb Ngkmsnavb E° 41<(1==3) Ngy Xgean trmoutarma. _glupgrajb jg
dp0//www.bas.brk/`urmjmlb/XJCs/fgsmlml<RpgrRpgean.pjc 

- FGC «Aeánmsms jg nas Gxbegralmbegs g Melgetmvbs Zrmoutarmbs y Xrbpugsta jg

Gstratgkma para su Gnmfmealmüe¹. _glupgrajb jg
dttps0//www.fgc.kbo.pg/lbetgemjbs/pbnRglbe/
jblufgetbs/AeanmRmelgetRgxbegrRtrmout.pjc 
- Lbestulmüe Xbnæla jgn Xgrð (1==<), Ngy jgn mfpugstb a na rgeta, Laputunb MS, Arlunb
1=¸, dps0//www.sueat.kbo.pg/ngkmsnalmbe/rgeta/ngy/lapmv.pjc 
 

WEM
EMS
SG_\MJAJ EA
EALMB
MBE
EAN \A
\AEZMAKB AE
AEZWEGP JG
JG FA
FA]BNB G\LWGNA X_
X_BCG\MBEAN JG
JG ME
MEKGEM
EMGG_ÆA MEJ
MEJW
W\Z_MAN

- Gvasm
Gvasmüe
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gnusmüee trmout
trmoutarm
arma0
a0 la
lausa
usa y gcg
gcgltb
ltb jg na me`ust
me`ustmlm
mlmaa cms
cmslan
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(?81=,
sgptm
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gforg)
rg).. Alt
Altða.
ða.pg.
pg. _g
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lupgra
grajb
jb jg dttps0//altua.pg/gvasmbe-gnusmbe-cmslan-
me`ustmlma-trmoutarma/
- \WEA
\WEAZ-
Z- Gs
Gsta
tajæ
jæst
stml
mlaa y gs
gstu
tujm
jmbs
bs-Z
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raes
espa
parg
rgel
elma
ma jg Zrmo
Zrmout
utbs
bs y Ajua
Ajuaea
eas.
s.
_glupgrajb
_glupgra jb jg dttps0//www
dttps0//www.sue
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at.kbo.p
bo.pg/gs
g/gstajms
tajmstmla
tmlasgstu
sgstujmbs/
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traesparg
pargelma
elma--
Zrmoutbs-Aj.dtfn.