17 Sakshya Pathayil

km£y-]m-X-bn¬
(`mc-XØ
- n¬ ss{IkvXh [¿Ω-Øns‚
Xt±-iobo-Ic- Ww: Hcp ]T\w)
(Malayalam)
Sakshyapathayil
(Indigenisation of Christianity in India)
Fr. Dr. Jacob Kurian
Published by : Divyabodhanam Publications
Orthodox Seminary, P.B. 98, Kottayam
Ph: 0481 - 2566 526, 2566 650
First Published : October 1987
Revised Edition : September 2005
Third Edition : June 2015
Copyright reserved
Number of copies : 1000
D.T.P. & Printing : Sophia Print House, Kottayam
Price: Rs. 60/-
Znhy-t_m-[\w {KŸm-hen ˛ 17
km£y-]m-X-bn¬
(`mc-XØ
- n¬ ss{IkvXh [¿Ω-Øns‚
Xt±-iobo-Ic- Ww: Hcp ]T\w)
^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥
Znhy-t_m-[\w ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
tkm^nbm sk‚¿
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\mcn
tIm´bw -˛ 686 001
hne: 60.00
{]kvXm-h\
k`mw-K-ßƒ°p-th≠n Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sshZnI skan-\mcn Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp hnizmk ]cn-io-e-\-]-≤-Xn-bmWv Znhyt_m[\w.
Ignhpw Xm¬]-cy-hp-ap≈ B¿°pw kv{Xo]pcpj t`Z-sat\y Cu
]≤-Xn-bn¬ tNcmw.
k`-bpsS hnizmkw Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ASpØ
Xe-apdbv°p ]I¿∂psImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Npa-Xe sshZn-I¿°p
am{X-ap≈X√. k` apgphs‚bpw IqSn-bp≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzam-Wn-Xv.
Afl-mb-°m-cmb kv{XoIƒ°pw ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw hfsc henb ]¶m-
Wp-≈Xv, Cu Npa-Xe Imcy-£-a-ambn \n¿hln°p-∂-Xn¬.
bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ kXy-hn-izmkw \ne-\n¿Ø-
W-sa-¶n¬, Bcm-[-\-bnepw kXy-Ønepw kvt\l-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-
X-amb Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-ksØ _p≤n-]-cambn°qsS kzmb-
Ø-am-t°-≠p-∂-bm-hiyw k`mw-K-ßƒs°-√m-h¿°p-ap-≠v.
{]tXy-In®pw kt≠-kvIqƒ A≤ym-]-I¿, a¿Ø-a-dnbw kamP
{]h¿Ø-I¿, bph-P\ {]ÿm-\-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n {]ÿm-\-Ønepw
t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂-h¿, apX-emb t\XrXz \nc-bn-ep≈ Aflm-b¿°v
hnizm-k-]-T\w {]tXy-I-ambn Bhiyam-Wv.
`‡n-tbmSpw hniz-mk-tØmSpwIqSn-bp≈ kXym-cm-[\
- bpw {InkvXp-
hns‚ a\pjykvt\l-Øns‚ aq¿Øo-I-c-W-hp-amWv k`-bpsS c≠p
{][m\ Npa-X-e-Iƒ. Ch c≠pw icn-bmbn \n¿h-ln-°-W-sa-¶n¬
k`m-]m-c-º-cy-Ønse KmVamb D]-cn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ Xmgv∂ ]SnI-
fn-te-s°-¶nepw hnizm-kn-Iƒ IS-∂p-h-cmsX, hnizm-k-Im-cy-ßƒ
sshZn-I¿°p -am-{X-ambn hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xp Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ]mc-
º-cy-Øn\p \nc-°m-Ø-Xm-Wv. aqtdm\`n-tj-Iw-aqew ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-
hns\ {]m]n®n-´p≈ F√m kXyhnizm-kn-Iƒ°pw, Bcm-[-\-bnepw
a\pjytkh-\-Ønepw IqSn-bp≈ Xß-fpsS {InkvXob [¿a\n¿Δl-
W-Øn\v Cu ]≤Xn klm-b-I-ambnØoc-s´. ssZh-Øns‚ ]cn-ip-
≤m- fl mhv \ΩpsS kv t \lw \nd™ P\ßsf Xs‚ {]tXyI
IcpW-bm¬ ISm-£n®v Ah¿°p Znhy-t_m-[\w \¬Im≥ Cu
]≤Xn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-am-dm-Is´.
tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ Zob-ktv °mtdmkv sa{Xm-t∏meoØm

({]kn-U‚ v, Znhy-t_m-[\w)
kz¿§mtcmlW s]cp-∂mƒ 2015
]g-b-sk-an-\mcn
6 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
{]km-[I
- °
- p-dn∏v
a\p-jy-cn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse hyXy-kvX-I-fp-sSbpw kam-\-X-
I-fpsSbpw kay-°mb ktΩ-f\w aXm-\p-`m-h-ß-fnepw Z¿in-°m-\m-
hp-∂p. F√m-bn-S-tØbpw a\p-jy¿ Hcp-t]mse Bcm-[n-®p-sIm-≈Ww
F∂ Zp»mTyw Bh-iy-apt≠m? `mc-X-Ønse a\p-jy¿ {]tXy-In®v
]pcm-X\ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, Ah¿ ssZhsØ Adn™v Bcm-[n-°p-
hm≥ XpSßn kl-{k-h¿j-ßƒ Ign™pam{Xw {InkvXp-hns\ Adn-
™-hsc-t∏mse Bcm-[n-°-W-sa-∂n-√. Ah¿ hkn-°p-∂nSsØ
kmwkvIm-cnI {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Dƒs°m≠v Bcm-[n-°p-hm≥ ioen-
t°-≠-X-s√. X\-Xmb Bcm-[\mioe-ßƒ tImf\nhmgvN-bp-sStbm
at‰-sX-¶nepw kzm[o-\-Ømtem amdn-t∏m-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXn-te°p
aS-ßpI Xs∂ thWw.
`mc-Xob XXz-Nn-¥-bnepw {InkvXob thZ-im-kv{X-Ønepw hyp¬]-
Øn-bp≈ Hcp {KŸIm-c\ - n¬ \n∂v AXn-\p≈ {]tNm-Z\w kzoI-cn°mw.
dh. ^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy-\-®-t\mSv \μn-bp-≠v: {KŸw cNn-®-Xn\pw
]cnjvIcn®Xn\pw.
Znhy-t_m-[\w {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v \n¿tem-]-amb A\p-{K-lm-in- p-
Iƒ \¬In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Cu {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ c£m-[n-Imcn- IqSn-
bmb ]. tamdm≥ am¿ _t -en-tbmkv am¿tXmam ]utemkv ZznXo-
b≥ ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-ta-\ntbm-Sp≈ hnt[-b-Xzhpw BZ-chpw
hn\-b-]p-c- cw ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
Cu {KŸ-ßƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ta¬t\m´w hln-°p∂Xv
{]ÿm\w {]kn-U‚ v A`n. tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ Zob-kvt°m-tdmkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm, skan-\mcn {]n≥kn-∏¬ dh. tUm. H. tXmakv,
Ub-d-IvS¿ dh. ^m. ‰n. sP. tPmjzm, cPn-kv{Sm¿ dh. ^m. tUm.
ss\\m≥ sI. tPm¿÷v, sk≥{S¬ Hm¿K-ss\-k¿ s{]m^. tUm.
h¿§okv amXyp F∂n-h-c-S-ßp∂ Znhy-t_m[\w tI{μ-I-Ω-‰n-bmWv.
sshZnI skan-\m-cn-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ \S-Øn-h-cp∂ Cu ]≤-
Xn-bpsS ]T-\\
- n-eh
- m-cØ
- ns‚ DØ-ch
- m-ZnXzw skan-\mcn ^m-°¬‰n-bn¬
\n£n-]vX-am-Wv. {]mtZ-inIXe-Ønepw bqWn‰v Xe-Ønepw A≤ym-]-
Icpw kwLm-S-Icpw Cu {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ \S-Øn-∏n¬ A£oWw
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah¿s°√mw {]tXyIw \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
k¿tΔm-]cn kIe \∑-Iƒ°pw Imc-W-`q-X-\mb k¿Δ-i-‡-\mb
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 7
ssZh-Øn\p kvXpXn A¿∏n-®p-sIm≠v Znhy-t_m-[\w {KŸm-h-en-bn¬

]Xn-t\-gm-atØ-Xmb Cu {KŸ-w ]cn-jv°-cn®v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Znhy-t_m-[\w tI{μ-I-Ω-‰n-°p- th≠n
^m.- tUm. ss\\m≥ sI. tPm¿÷v
(cPn-kv{Sm¿)
kz¿§mtcmlW s]cp-∂mƒ 2015
]g-b-sk-an-\mcn
hmMvapJw
"km£n-If - psS kaql'-Øns‚ c≠mw `mKambn-´m-Wv Cu {KŸsØ
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ]t£, D≈-S-°-Øn¬, ap≥ {KŸ-Øns‚ Bap-J-
Øn¬ \¬Inb kqN-\b - n¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvXX
- t- bm-Sp- Iq-Sn-bmWv CXv
Fgp-Xs
- ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂X- v.
ap≥ {KŸ-Øn¬ Fgp-Xnbncp-∂X - ,v ae-¶ck`-bp-sSbpw kpdn-bm\nk`-
bp-sSbpw ss]Xr-IØ - nse k`m]mc-ºcy inev]n-Is - f-°p-dn®v Cu c≠m-
asØ {KŸ-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn°pw F∂m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ k`m-Nc - n{X
kw_‘amb Znhy-t_m-[\ {KŸ-ßfnepw kt≠-kI v qƒ {KŸ-ßf - nepw
a‰pw Ah-cn¬ ]e-sc-°p-dn®pw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂-Xp-sIm≠pw, Znhy-t_m-
[\ skan-\m-dp-If - n¬ k`-bpsS `mc-Xo-bo-Ic - W
- sØ-°p-dn®p Nn¥n-°p-
hm≥ {]tXy-I-amb Xmev]cyw I≠-Xp-sIm≠pw, `mcX k`-bpsS Xt±-
io-bo-Ic - W- s- Ø-°p-dn®v Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ N¿® sNømw F∂p Icp-Xp∂p.
am{X-hp-a√ - , km£n-If - psS kaq-lØ
- ns‚ Hcp {][m\ ktμ-ihpw sh√p-
hn-fn-bp-amWv "Xt±-io-bo-I-cWw.' H‰ hmN-I-Øn¬, "Xt±-io-bo-I-cWw'
sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv AXXp tZi-Øns‚ kml-Nc - y-tØmSv, ]ucm-
Wn-Ihpw B\p-Im-en-I-hp-amb bmYm¿∞y-ß-tfmSv, A¿∞-h-Ømbn
{]Xn-Ic - n-°pI F∂Xm-Wv. Imem-Im-eß - f- n¬ A{]-Imcw {]Xn-Ic - n-®h - -
cmWp km£n-I-fpsS kaq-l-Øn-epƒs∏-´-h¿. AYhm "km£y-]mX'
Xt±-io-bo-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]mX Xs∂.
`mc-XØnse ss{IkvX-h¿ km£y-Øns‚ ]mXbn¬ apt∂dp∂
km£n-If- psS kaq-la
- m-Ip-hm≥ Cu {KŸØnse N¿® Aev]s
- a-¶nepw
klm-bn°pw F∂p {]Xym-in-°p∂p. "km£n-I-fpsS kaq-l'sØ
\ap°p Np‰pw I≠p-sIm≠v "km£y-]m-X-bn¬' \ap°pw apt∂-dmw.
^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\mcn
tIm´bw
Km‘n-P-b-¥n, 2005
D≈-S°w
{]kvXm-h\ 5
{]km-[-I-°p-dn-∏v 6
hmMvapJw 8
bqWn‰v 1
Xt±-io-bo-Ic
- W
- Ø
- ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\ß
- ƒ
1. k`m ]mc-ºcy inev]n-Ifpw Xt±-io-bo-I-c-Whpw 11
2. Xt±-io-bo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp∂ ae-¶ck`:
kmaq-ly-Po-h-nX-Øn¬ 15
3. Xt±-io-bo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp∂ ae-¶ck`: aXPohn-X-Øn¬ 22
4. Xt±-io-bo-I-cW ]mX-bnse XS- -ßƒ:
hntZi k`m-\n-b-{¥Ww A∂pw C∂pw 28
5. `mcX ss{IkvX-h¿ Xt±-io-bo-I-cW ]mX-bn¬ ho≠pw:
Ncn-{Xhpw sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw 33
6. Xt±-io-bo-I-c-W-Øns‚ {]mtbm-Kn-Im-Sn-ÿm\w
kulr-Zk - w-Kaw 40
bqWn‰v 2
Xt±-io-bo-IrX ss{IkvXh aXPohnXw:
Hct\z-jWw
1. B≤ym-fln-IX 44
2. Bcm-[\ 47
3. Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw 51
4. thZ hymJym\w 54
5. [m¿an-IX 57
6. BN-cW
- ß
- ƒ 61
bqWn‰v 3
Xt±-io-bo-IrX ss{IkvXh
kmaqly km£yw: Hc-t\z-jWw
1. kmaqly afi-e-ß-fnse {]Xn-I-cWw 64
2. cmjv{Sob afi-eß
- f
- nse {]Xn-Ic
- Ww 68
3. kmº-ØnI afi-e-ß-fnse {]Xn-I-cWw 71
4. {]Xn-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]mX: Nne {]mtbm-KnI ]cnNn¥-\-ßƒ 74
5. tkh-\-Øns‚ ]pXnb am\-ßƒ 77
6. hnI-k\
- Ø
- nse ]¶m-fnØw 80
bqWn‰v 4
Xt±ioboIrX ss{IkvXh thZ-imkv{X
Nn¥: Hc-ht
- em-I\
- hpw At\zjWhpw
1. anj-\-dn-am-cp-sSbpw Ass{I-kvX-h-cmb `mc-Xo-b-cp-sSbpw
kw`mh\-Iƒ 82
2. `mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I-∑m-cpsS kw`m-h\ 89
3. `mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I-∑m-cpsS kw`m-h\ ˛ 2 92
4. `mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I-∑m-cpsS kw`m-h\ ˛ 3 96
5. thZ-imkv{X Nn¥-bnse Nne XmØznI {]iv\-ßƒ 101
6. thZ-imkv{X Nn¥-bnse Nne XmØznI {]iv\-ßƒ ˛ 2 108
Glossary 116
hni-Zo-Ic
- W°pdn-∏p-Iƒ 119
bqWn‰v 1
]mTw 1
k`m-]mc-ºcy inev]n-Ifpw
Xt±-io-boI-cWhpw
 Xt±-ioboI-cWw thZ-]p-kvXI - n¬  ]n¬°me ss{IkvXh ]mc-
- Ø
ºcy inev]n-Ifpw Xt±-io-bo-I-c-Whpw
k`m]m- c - º - c yin- e v ] n- I ƒ k`m- N - c n- { X- Ø n¬ A¿∞- h - Ø mb
km£yw \n¿h-ln-®-h-cm-Wv. Ah¿ Fß-s\-bm-WXp \n¿h-ln-®Xv?
ss{IkvX-h-amb Adn-hnepw A\p-`-h-Ønepw H´pw ambw tN¿°msX,
Xßƒ Bbn-cp∂ kml-N-cy-ß-tfmSv A¿∞-h-Ømbn {]Xn-I-cn-®p-
sIm≠v Ah-cXp \n¿h-ln-®p. A¿∞h-Ømb {]XnIcWw F∂Xp
sIm≠v, Ahsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, Xßƒ Bbn-cp∂ `mj,
kwkvIm-cw, XØz-kw-ln-X-Iƒ, aX-Po-hnX coXn-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-bn¬
\n∂pw Dƒs°m-≈m-hp-∂-Xns\ Dƒs°m≠pw, Dt]-£n-t°-≠-Xns\
Dt]-£n-®pw, FXn¿t°-≠-Xns\ FXn¿Øpw, kphn-tij kXysØ
tLmjn®p F∂mWp a\-kn-em-t°-≠-Xv. Cu {]{In-bsb BWv,
ss{IkvXh ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Xt±-io-bo-I-cWw F∂ ]Zw kqNn-∏n°p-
∂-Xv. k`m]mc-ºc - y-in-ev]n-Iƒ, Xßƒ Bbn-cn-°p∂ aÆn¬ thcp-Iƒ
Dd-∏n-°p-hm≥ B aÆp-ambn CW-ßm-hp-∂nStØmfw CWßp-hm≥
{ian®p. XXv^-e-ambn Hmtcm tZi-Øpw thcp-Iƒ Dd-∏n®p êw ]pd-
s∏-Sp-hn-°p-hm≥ ss{IkvXh ]mc-º-cy-Øn\p Ign-™p.
1. Xt±-io-bo-I-cWw thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬
ssZh-]p-{X≥ a\p-jy-]p-{X-\mb XØzw Xs∂ Xt±-io-bo-I-cWw
Bbn-cp∂p: ""Ah≥ ssZh-cq-]Ø - n¬ Ccns° ssZh-tØm-Sp≈ kaXzw
apdpsI ]nSn-®p-sIm-t≈Ww F∂p hnNm-cn-°msX Zmk-cq]w FSpØp
a\p-jy-km-Zr-iy-Øn-embn Xs∂-Øm≥ Hgn®p thjØn¬ a\p-jy-\mbn
hnfßn Xs∂-Øm≥ XmgvØn ac-W-tØmfw {Iqinse ac-W-tØmfw
Xs∂, A\p-k-c-W-ap-≈-h-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p'' (^n-en-∏n. 2:6˛8). ssZhXzw
a\p-jy-XzØns‚ aq¿Ø-`mhw kzoI-cn® XØz-am-W.v "Xt±-io-bo-Ic - Ww.'
tbip-{InkvXp X\n-°p-Xs∂ sXc-s™-SpØ hnti-jWw "a\p-jy-
]p{X≥' F∂m-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m. AXns‚ ]n∂nse Xmev]-cyhpw Xt±-io-
bo-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. B\p-Im-enI blq-Z-a-X-Nn-¥-I\p anin-lm-sb-°p-
dn®p a\- n¬ Xnf-ßp∂ k¶ev]w "a\p-jy-]p-{X-'t‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ImcWw
12 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
blq-Z-P\w {]Xo-£n-®n-cp∂ anin-lmbv°v, blqZ shfn-∏mSp {KŸ-ß-

fmb Zm\n-tb-enepw (7:13; 18, 22, 27) Cut\m-°nepw (46, 48, 62, 69) Hs°
\¬In-bn-cp∂ \maw "a\p-jy-]p-{X≥' F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ tbip-
{InkvXp B hnti-jW \masØ kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v AXn\p ]pXnb
A¿∞w \¬Ip-I-bmWp sNbvX-Xv.
B\p-Im-enI {]Xo-£-I-tfbpw k¶-ev]-ß-sfbpw Kuc-h-am-bn-s´-Sp-
°m-\p≈ k∂-≤-Xbpw AXn-t\mSv A¿∞-h-Ømbn {]Xn-I-cn-°p-hm-
\p≈ ipjvIm-¥nbpw tbipXºp-cm-\p≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xm≥ BtcmSp {]kw-
Kn-®pthm Ah¿°p ]cn-Nb - a
- p≈ D]-aI - ƒ sXc-s™-SpØp (DZm: hnØp
hnX-bv°p-∂X - v, he hoip-∂X - v, amhp Ipg-bv°p-∂X
- v, ho™p ]I-cp-∂Xv
apX-em-b-h). Xm≥ Bcp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-®pthm Ah-cpsS _‘-
\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v (tcm-Kw, hni-∏v, acWw apX-em-b-h) tamN\w \¬Ip-
hm≥ {ian-®p. Xm≥ GXp kaq-lØ - n¬ Pohn-®pthm AhnsS \S-am-Sp∂
Nqj-W-sØbpw Ak-a-Xz-sØbpw I]-S-`-‡n-tbbpw ]c-ky-ambn
FXn¿Øp (eq-t°m. 11:42˛52; 14:7; 19:8˛10; aØm. 6:24; a¿t°m. 10:23˛25
apX-emb `mK-ßƒ ImWp-I). Npcp-°-Øn¬ Xm≥ Dƒs∏-ń-cp∂ kaq-
l-Po-hn-XØns‚ A¥¿[m-c-bn-en-dßn {]Xn-I-cn-®p-sh-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
tbipXºp-cms‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ssi-en.
At∏m-kvtXm-e∑ - m-cpsS ssien AXns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn-cp-∂p. BZyw
blq-Z-∑m-cpsSbnS-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-®-t∏mƒ blq-Z-∑m-cpsS k¿h {]Xo-
£-IfpsSbpw ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-ambn tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ A-h-X-cn-∏n®p
(A-t∏m. {]. 2:14-˛36; 3:12-˛26; 7:1˛53). F∂m¬ blq-Z-∑m-c-√m-Ø-h¿°pw
F{_mb k¶-ev]ß - ƒ ]cn-Nb - a - n√m-Øh
- c
- m-bn-Øo¿∂ bh\ kwkvIm-
c-Øn¬ hf¿∂ blq-Z∑ - m¿°pw, tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ ]cn-Nb - s
- ∏-Sp-Øn-
s°m-Sp-°p-hm≥ a‰p kt¶-X-ßsf Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p. temtKmkv
(hN\w) F∂ k¶ev]w ssZh-Øn\pw temI-Øn\pw CSbv°v Hcp a≤y-
ÿs\ kqNn-∏n-°p-hm≥ bh\ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ hfsc km[m-c-W-am-
bn´v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. {]kvXpX k¶-ev]sØ kzmwio-I-cn®v
AXn¬°qSn tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm-\mWp hn. tbml-
∂m≥ {ian-®-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v, "BZn-bn¬ hN\w D≠m-bn-cp∂p; hN\w
ssZh-tØmSp IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. hN\w ssZh-am-bn-cp∂p' (tbm-l. 1:1)
F∂v BZyw {]kvXm-hn-®n-´v, B hN\w PU-am-bn-Øo¿∂p F∂ kXy-
Øn-tebv°p {i≤sb £Wn-°p-∂p. hn. ]t{Xm-kv, blqZ bmYm-kvXn-
Xn-IXzw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏m-gm-Wv, shfn-∏m-Sn¬°qSn Hcp
]pXnb Ah-t_m-[-Øn-te-bv°p- h-∂Xv:
""ssZh-Øn\p apJ-]£ - a - n√ F∂pw, GXp PmXn-bnepw Ahs\
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 13
`b-s∏´p \oXn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-hs\ Ah≥ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p

F∂pw Rm≥ Ct∏mƒ bYm¿∞-ambn {Kln-°p∂p'' (A-t∏m.
{]. 10:35, 36).
]pd-Pm-Xn-°m¿ {InkvXp-hn¬ hniz-kn-°ptºmƒ Ah-cp-sSta¬ blqZ
aXm-Nm-cß
- ƒ ASn-t®-ev]n-°c- pXv F∂p bdp-itew ktΩ-f\ - Ø
- n¬ h®v
BZna injy-∑m¿ Xocp-am-\n-®Xpw (A-t∏m. {]. 15) Xt±-io-bo-Ic- W
- XØz-
Øns‚ AwKo-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.
hn. ]ueq-kns‚ Hmtcm teJ-\-Ønepw \ap°p Z¿in-°m-hp∂ Hcp
{]tXy-IX - b
- p-≠.v Btc A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp-∂pthm Ah-cpsS kml-
N-cy-ßs- fbpw, {]iv\ß- s
- f-bpw, kwkvIm-cs
- Øbpw {InkvXp-hn¬ tI{μo-
Ir-X-ambn Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ {ian-®p. At±lw ]d-bp∂p:
""blq-Z-∑msc t\tS-≠-Xn\p Rm≥ blq-Z-∑m¿°p blq-Z-s\-
t∏mse Bbn;.... ssZh- Ø n\p \ymb- { ]- a m- W - a n- √ m- Ø - h ≥
BImsX {InkvXp-hn\p \ymb-{]-am-Wa - p-≈h
- \
- m-bn-cn-s°, \ymb-
{]-am-Wa - n-√m-Øh
- sc t\tS-≠Xn\p Rm≥ \ymb-{]-am-Wa - n-√m-Ø-
h¿°p \ymb-{]-am-W-an-√m-Ø-h-sc-t∏mse Bbn'' (1 sImcn.
9:20, 21).
At±lw AXp-sIm-≠v, a‰p-≈-hsc Blzm\w sNbvXXv C{]-Im-c-
amWv:
""blq-Z∑- m¿°pw, bh-\∑m¿°pw ssZh-k`- bv°pw CS¿®-b√ - m-Ø-
h-cm-Ip-hn≥. Rm\pw Fs‚ KpW-a√- , ]e¿ c£n-°s - ∏-tS-≠X- n\v
Ah-cpsS KpWw Xs∂ At\z-jn-®p-sIm≠v F√m-hs - cbpw F√mw
sIm≠pw {]km-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-pht√m'' (1 sImcn. 10:32, 33).
AtY-\b - n¬ hn. ]utemkv sNøp∂ {]kwKw CXns‚ as‰m-cp DZm-
l-cW- a
- m-Wt√m (A-t∏m. {]. 17:22-˛23). AtY-\°
- m-sc, "F√m-‰nepw AXn-
`-‡-∑m¿' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®psIm≠v Ah-cpsS ]qPm-ÿm-\-ßsf
]cma¿in-®psIm≠pw bh-\-Nn-¥-IcpsS {]kvXm-h-\-Isf D≤-cn-®p-
sIm≠pw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\-°p-dn-®t- ±lw {]kw-Kn®p (2 sImcn. 6:14 ¬
hn. ]utemkv ]d-bp-∂-Xn-s\, 1 sImcn. 5:9˛12; 1 sImcn 10:27 F∂n-h-
bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ thWw hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥).
2. ]n¬°me ss{IkvXh ]mc-ºcyinev]n-Ifpw
Xt±-io-bo-I-c-Whpw
]n¬°me ]mc-º-cy-in-ev]n-I-sf√mw Xt±io-bo-I-c-W-X-ØzsØ
14 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
Dƒs°m-≠n-cp-∂p. DZm-lc - W
- Ø- n\p Im¿tØ-Pnse sX¿Øp-ey\pw (155-
˛220), kn{]n-b\pw (200˛258), tdmanse lnt∏m-en-‰kpw (a-cWw 235) B\p-
Im-enI tdma≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-amb Hcp ss{IkvXh ]mc-
º-cysØ Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-®p. B{^n-°≥ {]tZ-iØp tdma≥
kwkvImcw {]_-e-s∏-´-t∏mƒ ]gb bh\ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v AhnsS
{]k-‡n-bn√ F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWp sX¿Øp-ey≥ tNmZn-°p-∂-Xv,
""BX≥kn\v sbdp-i-tean¬ F¥p- Imcyw?'' F∂v. hnhn[ aX-ß-fp-
tSbpw Z¿i-\-ß-fp-tSbpw kwK-a-ÿm-\-amb Ae-Ivkm-{¥n-bm-bn¬
{]kvXpX ]›m-Øe - Øn¬°qSn ss{IkvXh kXy-sØ hymJym-\n-°p-
hm-\p≈ {ia-am-bn-cp∂p ¢oΩo-kns‚bpw (150-˛215) Hcn-Ps‚bpw (185-˛253)
IrXn-Iƒ. Hcn-P≥ Xs‚ {]nb-in-jy-\mb {KotKm-dn-tbm-kn\v (A¤p-X-
{]-h¿Ø-I≥) Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ ]d-bp∂p:
""ss{IkvXh kXy-Øn\p hgn-sbm-cp-°p-hm≥ bh\ XØz-
Nn¥sb \n\-°p-]t- bm-Kn-°mw.... C{km-tb¬ a°ƒ ant{k-bo-ay-
cpsS kz¿Wm-`-cWw ISw hmßn btlm-hbv°v AXn-hn-ip≤
ÿew Hcp-°p-hm≥ Ahsb D]-tbm-Kn-®X - p-t]mse Xs∂. ]t£
Nne¿ bh\Nn¥-Isf s]dp-°nsb-SpØp thZ-hn-]-co-X-ßƒ
D≠m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.''
hn. AØm-\m-tkymkv (295-˛373) kq£va-X-tbmsS B\p-Im-enI
Nn¥m-X-cw-K-ßsf kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v Hcp {InkvXp-im-kv{Xw (-a-\p-jym-h-
Xmc imkv{Xw) cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn. "kmcmw-i-Øn¬ ka≥' F∂p ae-bm-f-
Øn¬ tI´m¬, B£cnI-amb A¿∞-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-Xe - mbn Hcp kqN-
\bpw In´p-I-bn-√. F∂m¬ bh\ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ "tlmtam Dukn-
tbmkv' F∂p tI´m¬ IqSp-X¬ A¿∞hpw {]k-‡nbpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p.
I∏-tZm-°y≥ ]nXm-°∑ - m¿ \¬Inb {XnXz-hym-Jym-\Ø- n\pw {]tXy-IX
CXp Xs∂. kmcmw-i-Øn¬ GI-\pw, aq∂v Bf-Xz-ßfpw F∂p hn.
{XnXzsØ hni-Zo-I-cn-®m¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ In´p∂ A¿∞-tØ-°mƒ,
bh\ Zm¿i-\nI ]›m-Øe - Øn¬ GI Dukn-bmbpw {XnI lnt∏m-Ãm-
kn-kpw, F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v IqSp-X¬ A¿∞-]p-jvSn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Npcp°w ]d-™m¬ ss{IkvXh kXy-ßƒ°p Xt±-io-bo-Ir-X-amb
hymJym-\ß - f- m-bn-cp∂p Ah-sbm-s°. Ah¿ AXp sNbvXt- ∏mƒ kml-
k-sa-t∂m, thZ-hn-]-co-X-sat∂m bh-\-h-Xv°-cWw Ft∂m Bcpw ]d-
™p-sh∂p tXm∂p-∂n√. AYhm \ncq-]Ww ]d-s™-¶n¬ Xs∂ Ah-
cpsS hymJym-\-Øns‚ kmwKXyw \ncq-]-W-Øn-s‚- kmw-K-XysØ
\njv{]-à
- m-°n. F∂m¬ ]uckvXyk`m ]mc-ºc - y-Øn¬ Cu hn[-Øn¬
thZ-im-k{v XØn¬, Imcy-amb Xt±-io-bo-Ic - W {]hWX ]n¬°m-eØp
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 15
th≠-hn[w ]ptcm-Ka- n-®n√ F∂p ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p (B-cm-[\

- b
- nepw,
k`m-Po-hn-X-Ønepw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Xt±-io-bo-I-cWw XpS¿∂p-sh-
¶nepw). ]m›mXy k`m-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ hf-sc-°mew IqSn Xt±-io-bo-
I-cWw kPoham-bn-cp∂p. kvs°mfm-ÃnIv thZ-imkv{X Nn¥ CXn-s\mcp
DZm-l-c-W-amWv (F-∂m¬ Bcm-[-\-bn-epw, k`m-Po-hn-X-Ønepw Xt±-
io-bo-I-cWw aμ-K-Xn-bn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p).
Npcp-°-Øn¬, ss{IkvXh [¿Ωw Fs∂m-s°, FhnsSsbms°
hnPb-Ic - a
- mb km£yw \n¿h-ln-®p-thm, As∂m-s°, Ahn-sSsbms°
AXp Xt±-io-bo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. "Xt±-io-bo-I-cWw' ˛ ss{IkvXh km£y-Øns‚ as‰mcp t]cmWv.
hni-Zo-Ic
- n-°p-I.
2. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚bpw At∏m-kvtXm-e-∑m-cp-sSbpw Nne Xt±-io-
bo-I-cW amXr-I-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-I.
3. Xmsg-s°m-Sp-°p∂ hmIy-ßƒ hymJym-\n-°p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂
Bi-b-]-c-amb XS-k-ßƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI:
At∏m. {]. 10:35, 36; 1 sImcn. 7:19, 20; 2 sImcn. 6:14; tdma. 2:26, 27.
4. bh\ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ {]k-‡-am-bXp `mc-Xob ]›m-Ø-e-
Øn¬ {]k-‡-am-I-W-sa-∂pt≠m? Cu N¿®-bn¬ {][m-\-am-bn´p
s]m¥n-h-cp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ GsXms°?
]mTw 2
Xt±-io-bo-Ir-Xa
- m-bn-cp∂ ae-¶ck`:
kmaq-ly- Po-hnXØn¬
 {][m\ ASn-ÿm-\-ßƒ  s]mXp-hmb \maw  {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS
t]cp-Iƒ  kmaq-ly-amb \ne  sXmgn¬  thjw  BNm-c-ßƒ
 D’-h-ßƒ apX-em-bh  ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnXw  hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
tbip{In-kvXp-hnepw, At∏m-kvtXm-e∑- m-cnepw ]n¬°me k`m ]mc-
ºcy inev]n-If
- nepw D≠m-bn-cp∂ Xt±-io-bo-IrX PohnXssien `mc-X-
16 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
Ønse ]pcm-X\ k`-bmb ae-¶ck`-bnepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWp

Ncn{Xw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ae-¶ck` DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kp -h-sc-
sb-¶nepw XnI®pw Xt±-io-bo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS
kmaqlyPohn-XØ - nepw aX-Po-hn-XØ
- nepw {]I-Sa- m-bn-cp∂ Cu Xt±-io-
bX F¥m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v H∂p N¿® sNømw. Cu N¿®bv°p {][m\
ASn-ÿm-\-ßƒ, ae-¶c\{km-Wn-Iƒ°p e`n-®n-´p≈ sNt∏-Sp-Ifpw
(Copper Plates), DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv Imt\m-\m-Ifpw, ae-¶c
kμ¿in-®n-´p-≈-hcpsS IØp-Ifpw Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw, ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fp-
sS-bn-S-bn¬ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ ]m´p-Ifpw, kmaq-lym-
N-mc-ßfpw BWv.
1. {][m\ ASn-ÿm-\-ßƒ
(a) sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ: \mep ]pcm-X\ sNt∏Sp-I-fmWv (sNºv + GSv)
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. (1) hoccmLh N{I-h¿Øn, \{kmWn t\Xm-hm-bn-
cp∂ Cc-hn-tIm¿Ø\p sImSpØ "CchntIm¿Ø≥ sNt∏-Sv'. CXp
tIm´bw tZh-temIw Ac-a\ - b
- n¬ kq£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. (2) tNc-am≥ s]cp-
amƒ, Iv\mbn-sØm-Ω\pw ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ°p-ambn sImSpØ
"Iv\mbn sXmΩ≥ sNt∏-Sv.' BZy sNt∏Sp \jvS-s∏-´p-sh-¶nepw
t]m¿Øp-Kokv `mj-bn-ep≈ Hcp X¿Pa {_nójv ayqkn-b-Øn¬ D≠v.
(3) ÿmWp chn F∂ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn, sIm√w, Xco-km-∏-≈n°v
sImSpØ, "Xco-km-∏≈n H∂mw sNt∏-Sv.' aq∂p XIn-Sp-I-fn¬ H∂p
\jvS-s∏-´p. H∂p tZh-temIw ImtXm-en-t°‰v Ac-a-\-bnepw at‰Xp
am¿tØmΩm k`m-tI-{μ-Ønepw (Xn-cp-h√ - ) kq£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. (4) "Xco-
km-∏≈n c≠mw sNt∏-Sv.' \mep XInSp-I-fn¬ H∂p \jvS-s∏-´p.
cs≠Æw tZh-tem-IØpw, HscÆw am¿tØmΩm k`m-tI-{μ-Ønepw
kq£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ F√mw ]Ømw \q‰m-≠n\p apºv
FgpXs∏-´-Xm-sW∂p \n w-ibw ]d-bmw.
(b) kp∂-lt- Zmkv Imt\m-\m-Iƒ: DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-lt- Zmkv ({In.
h. 1599) FSpØ Xocp-am-\ßƒ ae-¶c \{km-Wn-If - psS kmaq-ly-Po-hn-
XsØ hf-sc-b[ - nIw kv]¿in-°p-∂h
- b
- m-bn-cp-∂p. kp∂-lt- Zmkv Imt\m-
\m-Iƒ hnhn[ aqe-cq-]-ß-fn¬ C∂p ]T-\-Øn\p e`y-am-Wv.
(c) hnh-cW
- ß
- fpw Ipdn-∏p-If
- pw: ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Is
- f-°p-dn®p hnhn-
[-ß-fmb ho£-W-tIm-Wp-I-fn¬ \ns∂-gp-Xnb hnh-c-W-ßfpw bm{Xm-
°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw {it≤-b-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v: 6˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIcfw
kμ¿in® tImkvam-kns‚ "bqWn-th-gvk¬ {InkvXy≥ tSmt∏m-{K^n';
14-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ sksh-cm-°nse tPm¿Zms‚ "anc-
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 17
_n-enb Unkv{In]vXm'; 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ (D-Zbwt]cq¿ kp∂-lt- Zm-kn\p

apºv) tIcfw kμ¿in® Im¿Wo-tdm, s^¿Un-\m‚ v ]mkv, \yq\kv
_msct‰m apX-em-bh
- c
- psS hnh-cW - ß
- ƒ; DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂-lt- Zm-kn\p
]n∂mse tIc-fØ- n¬ h∂ [mcmfw hntZ-in-If - psS ({]-tXy-In®v At‚m-
Wntbm sZKp-htbm) hnh-c-W-ßƒ F∂nh {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p.
(d) ]m´p-Iƒ: ae-¶c\{km-Wn-If - psS ]pcm-X\ ]m´p-If
- mb hneym¿-
h´w ]m\, Ieym-W-]m-´p-Iƒ (h-´-°-fn, B¨]m-´v, s]¨]m´v), am¿Kw-
Ifn∏m´v, dºm≥]m-´v, ]≈n-∏m-´p-Iƒ F∂nh BZna \{kmWn Pohn-X-
Øn-tebv°p shfn®w hoip-∂-h-bm-Wv.
(e) ]gb BNm-c-ßƒ: C∂pw \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ ]e kmaq-lym-Nm-
c-ßfpw hfsc ]ucm-Wn-IXzw D≈-h-bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\p P\\w,
hnhm-lw, acWw F∂n-h-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ Km¿lnI NS-ßp-Iƒ.
2. s]mXp-hmb \maw
ae-¶c \{kmWn-Iƒ ]pcm-X\ ImeØv GXp t]cn-emWv Adn-bs - ∏-
ń-cp-∂-sX∂p hy‡-ambn ]d-bp-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√. Ah¿s°mcp
s]mXp-hmb \maw BZn-Im-e-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂pthm F∂Xp Xs∂
kwi-bm-kv]-Z-am-Wv. "Cchn tIm¿Ø≥' ss{IkvX-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p
s]mXpsh AwKo-Ic - n°-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw, "ss{IkvXh
- ≥' F∂p hnti-
jn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp ]Zhpw sNt∏-Sn-en-√.1 CXn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-t°≠
Hcp Imcyw, ]e-kvXo-\nse {InkvXym-\n-I-sf-t∏mse Xs∂2 Hcp]t£
`mc-X-Ønse {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw Hcp s]mXp-hmb \maw kzbw D]-
tbm-Kn®p a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂p amdn-\n¬°p-hm≥ B{K-l-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p-
sh∂m-W.v F∂m¬ "Cc-hn-tIm¿Ø≥' sNt∏-Sn¬, "hSp-I∏ - d' F∂ ]Zw
ImWp-∂-Xn-\m¬, "hSp-I≥' F∂ ]Zw ]ucm-Wn-I-am-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-
sh∂p Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ Imc-W-ap-≠v. ]t£, "hSp-I≥' F∂ ]Z-Øn\v
A∂p {InkvXp-sh-t∂m, {InkvXym-\n-sbt∂m D≈ kqN\ D≠m-bn-
cpt∂m F∂p hy‡-a√ - . HºXmw \q‰m-≠nse Xco-km-∏≈n sNt∏-Sn≥
{]Imcw, B Ime-L-´-Øn-se-¶nepw "Xco-km∏-≈n-°m¿' F∂ hnti-
1. C -Uv. Fw. ]mtd-ńs‚ "ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ: ]Z-hnbpw PmXym-Nm-c-
ßfpw' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬, Iv\mbn-sØm-Ω≥ sNt∏-Sns‚ ae-bmf ]cn-
`mj sImSp- Ø n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X n¬ (t]Pv 46- ˛ 48), "\{kmWn', "am∏nf'
Fs∂ms° tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xp aqe ]cn-`m-j-I-fn¬ (t]m¿Øp-Ko-kv,
Cw•o-jv) ImWp-∂n-√.
2. "{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ' F∂ t]cp At¥ym-Jy-bn¬ h®p-≠m-Ip∂Xv (At∏m.
{]. 11:26) a‰p-≈-h¿ Aßs\ ]cn-l-kn®p hnfn-®-Xn¬ \n∂m-Wv).
18 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
jWw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p \¬Is∏ń-cp∂p F∂v Duln-°mw ("X-cokm'

F∂Xp "{Xokmbv' F∂ kpdn-bm\n ]Z-Øns‚ ae-bm-fo-I-cn® cq]-
amWv. sNmΔm-b-Xv, icn-bm-bXv Fs∂m-s°-bmWv CXns‚ A¿∞w).
"\{kmWn' F∂pw "am∏nf' F∂pw D≈ ]Z-ßƒ ]n¬°m-eØp {]Nm-c-
Øn¬ h∂-Xm-Im-\mWp km≤yX. "\{km-b≥' F∂ hnti-jWw tbip-
{In-kXv p-hn\pw (a-Øm. 2:23) "\{km-ba
- X
- °
- m¿' F∂ hnti-jWw At∏m-
kvtXm-e-∑m¿°pw (A-t∏m. {]. 24:5) \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-
Øn¬ thWw ae-¶c {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p "\{kmWn' F∂ hnti-jWw
Inń-bX- ns\ a\- n-em-°m≥. ]t£ "\{kmWn' F∂ hnti-jWw In´p-
hm≥ F{X Xma-k-ap-≠mbn F∂p \n›-b-an-√. "am∏nf' F∂ hnti-j-
Whpw "alm' "]n≈' tem]n-®p≠m-bXmWv F∂pw AXv AhcpsS s]mXp
sXmgn-em-bn-cp∂ I®-h-S-Øn-te°v hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p-sh∂pw ]d-bm-sa-
¶n-epw, Cu ]Zhpw {]Nm-c-Øn-em-bXv Ft∏m-gmWv F∂p hy‡-a-√.
F¶nepw \{km-Wn, am∏nf F∂o ]Z-ßƒ DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-
kn\p apºp Xs∂ {]Nm-cØ - n¬ h∂p-sh∂v A\p-am-\n-°mw. "{InkvXym-
\n' F∂ ]Zw tIc-fØ - n¬ hfsc ASp-ØI - m-eØ
- mWp {]tbm-KØ
- n¬
h∂-Xv.
3. {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ
tIcf-Ønse BZna {InkvXym-\n-If - psS t]cp-Iƒ thZ-]p-kXv I \ma-
ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√. Chn-SpsØ {InkvXym\n t\Xm-hns‚
t]cmb "CchntIm¿Ø≥' F∂Xp {ZmhnU \maamWv. DZbwt]cq¿
Imt\m-\m-I-fn¬ "]gb am¿§-Ønse t]cp-Iƒ' D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns\
FXn¿Øp ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. ]n¬°m-eØp thZ-]p-kvXI \ma-ßƒ
Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-®t- ∏mgpw Ahbv°p Xt±-io-ba - mb hyXym-kß- ƒ hcp-
Øn-bn-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\p sIm®v, Ip™v, A®≥ apX-emb hnti-
jW-ß-tfm-sSm∏w "Ahncm' (A-{_-lmw), Cń (A-{_-lmw), HuX
(tPmk^v) apX-emb t]cp-Iƒ ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw, AΩ, Ipń apX-emb
hnti-jW - ß- t- fm-sSm-∏w, "Gen, Cf®n' (F-en-kt- _-Øv), A∂w (l∂),
Xm≠ (km-dm) apX-emb t]cp-Iƒ kv{XoIƒ°pw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p.
4. kmaq-ly-amb \ne
ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ Chn-SpsØ kmaqly hyh-ÿn-Xn-tbmSv Cgp-
In-t®¿∂n-cp-∂p. AXns‚ DZm-l-c-W-amWp {_m“-W¿ ({In. h. Bdmw
\q‰m-≠n\p tij-sa-¶n-epw) Ign-™p≈ D∂-X-h¿K-ambn Ah¿ Icp-X-
s∏-ń-cp-∂Xpw AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb Fgp-]-Øn-c≠p ]Z-hn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-
cp-∂-Xpw. Xco-km-∏≈n sNt∏-Sn≥ {]Imcw Aßm-Sn-bn-epw tIm´-bv°-
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 19
IØpw {]th-in®p tPmen sNøm≥ A]q¿h A\p-aXn \{km-Wn-°p-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥w Imcy-Øn¬ GXm-s≠mcp kzbw-`c - W kwhn-[m\w
Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]e Ime-L-´-ß-fnepw Ic-sam-gn-hmbn `qan-bpw,
]e-cn¬ \n∂pw Icw hmßm-\p≈ A[n-Im-chpw Ah¿°p e`n-®n-cp-∂p.
{_m“-W-cp-tS-Xp-t]mse hoSn\p ]Sn-∏pcbp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kmaq-ly-amb
CS-s]-Se
- p-If- n¬ \{km-Wn-Is- f-°p-dn®p ]d-bp-∂Xv Ah¿ G‰hpw hniz-
kvXcpw im¥-{]-Ir-X-°m-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv. ITn-\m-[zm-\n-I-fm-bn-
cp∂ \{km-Wn-Iƒ s]mXpsh aZy-hn-tcm-[n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. F√m-‰n-ep-ap-
]cn, Xß-fpsS kwc-£W-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Xmgv∂ PmXn-°m-tcmSp
\{km-Wn-Iƒ G‰hpw am\y-ambpw Bflm¿∞-ambpw h¿Øn-®p-h-∂-Xn-
\m¬ \{km-Wn-Iƒ°p- th≠n tPmen sNøp-hm≥ Xmgv∂ PmXn-°m¿°v
D’m-la - m-bncp∂p. C°m-cW- ß - ƒ Hs°-s°m-≠mtWm Xo≠-ep-≠mb
{_m“W¿ Xßƒ°p ip≤n- h-cp-Øm≥ \{kmWn kv]¿i\w Imcy-
ambn Icp-Xn-b-sX∂p \n›-b-an-√.
5. sXmgn¬
Xt±-io-bamb Im¿jnI hn`-hß - ƒ tI{μo-Ic - n-®p≈ sXmgn¬ Is≠-
Øp-∂-Xn¬ \{km-Wn-Iƒ hnth-I-a-XnIfm-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ kpe-
`-ambn hf-cp∂ sXßns‚ Irjn-°m-cpw, AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hyh-
kmb hmWnPy-ß-fp-sSbpw Npa-X-e-°mcpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
Ipcp-ap-fI
- ns‚ Irjn-bn-epw, hym]m-cØ
- nepw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°m-bn-cp∂p
IpØ-I. Icp-Øp‰ ssk\o-Icpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-
≠mWv Hcp \m´p-cm-Py-Ønse {InkvXym-\n-∏-S-bpsS kwJyb-\p-kcn®v
Ab¬ cmPy-°m¿ B cmPysØ `b-s∏-´tXm _lp-am-\n-®tXm Hs°.
6. thjw, Nabw
\{kmWn ]pcp-j∑ - m-cp-sSbpw kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw thjw tIc-fØnse
D∂X PmXn-bn¬s∏´ lnμp-°-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂p {]tXy-In®p {_m“-W-
cp-tS-Xn¬ \n-∂v, henb hyXymkw D≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]pcp-j∑m¿ IpSpa
hf¿Øn Hcp Ipcnip tN¿∂ hf-bn¬ Xncp-In-\n¿Øp-am-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿
ImXp-IpØn ISp-°≥ Cń-cp-∂p. H‰-ap≠pw henb tXm¿Øpambn-cp∂p
km[m-cW thjw. ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Bbp[w [cn-®n-cp-∂p. kv{XoIƒ
{_m“W kv{XoI-sf-t∏mse ]Øp-apgw \of-ap≈ I®-apdn sRmdn-™p-
Sp°pw ({_m-“-W-kv{Xo-I-ƒ, ap∂n¬ sRmdn-™n-Sp-tºmƒ, \{kmWn
kv{XoIƒ ]n∂n¬ sRmdn-™n-Sp-∂p). Ah¿ hoSn\p shfn-bn¬ t]mIp-
tºmƒ {_m“W kv{XoI-sf-t∏mse amdp ad-bv°p-Ibpw ad-°pS ]nSn-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Ah¿°p \ºqcn kv{XoI-fp-tSXp t]mse B`-
20 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
c-W-ßfpw (Im¬Øf AS-°w) Ben-e-bpsS BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ sI´p-

Xm-enbpw (Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-´-Xn¬ Ipcn-im-Ir-Xn-bp-s≠∂p am{Xw) D≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j-∑mcpw s]mXpsh \·-]m-Z-cm-bn-´mWp \S-∂n-
cp-∂-Xv.
7. BN-c-W-ßƒ
ae-¶c \{km-Wn-If - psS CS-bnse BN-cW - ß- ƒ an°Xpw, Xßƒ°p
Np‰p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ sslμ-h-cp-sS-tbm, Xß-fpsS ap≥X-e-apdbpsStbm
BN-c-W-ßƒ ss{IkvX-ho-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hnhml kw_-‘-
amb an° \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßfpw {_m“-W-cp-tS-Xp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp-∂p (DZm:
ssiih hnhlmw; Nm¿®-°m¿ XΩn¬ hnhm-l-Øn\p \mep Xe-apd
AIew; "a{¥-tImSn' F∂ ]Z-{]-tbm-Kw, a{¥-tImSn\qep- sIm≠p Xmen-
®-c-Sp-≠m-°pI; kv{Xo[\ coXn; ]¥¬ CSo¬, \ne-bW ˛ Acn-amhp
sIm≠p Nn{X-∏Wn ˛ CS¬, hmbv°p-ch apX-em-b-h). hnhm-l-Øns‚
Xte-Zn-h-kw hoń¬ \S-°p∂ "A¥w Nm¿Øepw,' h[p-hns\ ssaem-
©n-bnSoepw, hnhm-l-sØ-Øp-S¿∂p≈ "s\√pw, \ocp'-ambn FXn-tc¬-
°p-∂-Xpw, a[pcw hbv°p-∂-Xpw, Ieym-W-∏m-´p-Iƒ ]mSp-∂Xpw "]qhn-
d°w' \S-Øp-∂Xpw h´-°-fn-Iƒ Ifn-°p-∂-Xpw, Xt±-io-b-amb Bhn-
jv°c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp Ip™p-≠m-bm¬ AXn\p "s]m∂pw tX\pw'
sImSp-°p-∂X - nepw AXns‚ t]cn-So¬ apX-em-bh - b
- nepw {_m“W coXn
Xs∂ ss{IkvX-hcpw Ah-ew-_n-®n-cp-∂p. acn-®-h-cpsS t]cn¬ ]pe,
{im≤w (Nm-Øw) F∂nh BN-cn-°p∂ ]Xnhpw ]pcm-X-\-am-Wv. Ipcn-
ins‚ cq]-km-∂n-≤y-hpw, {]m¿∞-\I - f
- psS {]tXy-IX - b
- pw, ss{IkvXh
sshZo-I-cpsS km∂n[y-hp-amWp ]e BN-c-W-ß-sfbpw "{InkvXob'-
am°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
8. D’-h-ßfpw s]cp-∂m-fp-Ifpw
kap-Zmb ssa{Xn°p ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ AXn-{][m-\-
amb ÿm\amWp Iev]n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]≈n-I-fnse s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fpw,
t£{X-ß-fnse D’-h-ßfpw ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn®p \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
t£{X-ß-fp-sSbpw ]≈n-I-fp-sSbpw hmkvXp-inev]w Htc coXnbn-em-bn-
cp-∂p. c≠n-s‚bpw A¶-W-Øn¬ sImSn-a-chpw D≠mIpw (]-≈n-°pw,
]≈n-s°m-Sn-a-c-Øn\pw Ipcn-ip -ImWpw F∂p -am-{Xw). s]cp-∂mƒ
BtLm-j-ßƒ°p hmZy-ta-f-ß-tfmsS {]Z-£nWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xpw,
am¿KwIfn, ]cn-Nap-´p-I-fn, Nhn-´p-\m-S-Iw apX-em-bh Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-
ń-cp-∂-Xpw, B\p-Im-enI kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn \{km-Wn-Iƒ F{X-am{Xw
Cgp-In-t®¿∂p-sh-∂X - ns‚ sXfn-hp-If - m-Wt- √m. tIc-fo-bc
- psS tZio-tbm-
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 21
’-hamb Xncp-thm-WØ - ns‚ BtLm-jØ - n\p \{km-Wn-Iƒ kp{]-[m-

\-amb ÿm\-amWp \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. HmW-∏-S-bn-epw, HmW-°-fn-bnepw
\{km-Wn-Iƒ \n¿Wm-bI ]¶p- h-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xns\ \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-
Øm≥ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-lt- Zmkv {ian-®X- ns‚ sXfnhp kp∂-lt- Zmkv
Imt\m-\m-I-fn-ep-≠v.
9. ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnXw
\{km-Wn-If - psS A\p-Zn\ Pohn-X{- I-aØ
- nepw hf-sc-b[- nIw Xt±-io-
bX \ng-en-®n-cp-∂p. hoSv, sXmgp-Øv, InW¿ F∂n-hb - psS ÿm\w, hoSn-
s‚bpw sXmgp-Øn-s‚bpw \n¿Ωm-W-co-Xn F∂n-h-bnepw \{km-Wn-Iƒ
Xt±-io-b-amb ]e Iogvh-g-°-ß-sfbpw [mc-W-I-sfbpw am\n-®n-cp-∂p.
kky-`£ - W - a
- m-bn-cp∂p \{km-Wn-Iƒ°p {][m-\w. s]mXp-kZy NS-ßp-
I-fn¬ \{km-Wn-Iƒ, Ah¿°p e`n-®n-cp∂ ]Z-hn-bpsS `mK-ambn Ce-
aS°n C´v DÆp-am-bn-cp-∂p. hoń¬ \S-°p∂ Hmtcm kw`-h-tØmSpw
(P\-\w, hnhm-lw, acWw apX-em-b-h) A\p-_-‘n®v At\Iw Xt±-io-
b-amb NS-ßp-Ifpw \{km-Wn-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn\p
hnhml \n›-b-Øn\p s]mcp-Øw, s]mgp-Xv, XWy-Zn-hkw F∂nh
t\m°p-∂-Xpw, Ip™p P\n-°ptºmƒ IX-In-\-Sn®v i_vZ-ap-≠m-°p-
∂Xpw P\-\-hr-Øm¥w {]tXyI ZqX≥ apJm-¥ncw ]nXr-`-h-\-°msc
Adn-bn-°p-∂Xpw awKfI¿Ω-ß-fn-se√mw FÆ-Øncn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂Xpw, iIp\w {Iao-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw Hs° {]kvXm-hy-amWv. \m´p \S-∏-
\p-kc
- n®v \{kmWn BÏp-ń-Ifpw s]mXpsh F´p- h-b - p- ap-X¬ Ccp-
]Xp hb- p -hsc ssk\nI ]cn-io-e\w \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p.
10. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® Imcy-ß-fpsS shfn®Øn¬ \{km-WnIfpsS
kmaqly-Po-hnXw XnI®pw Xt±-io-bo-Ir-Xa - mbncp∂psh∂p hy‡-amWv.
]t£ Hcp hna¿i\ tNmZysØ ChnsS ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v.
kmaqly-ambn Hcp-b¿∂ PmXn-bm-bn, Abn-Ø-sØbpw ASn-a-Ø-
sØbpw BN-cn-®v, lnμp-°-fpambn BN-c-W-ß-fnepw a‰pw s]mcp-Ø-
s∏-ń-cp-∂, \{kmWnPohnXw F{X-am{Xw "{InkvXo-b'-am-bn-cp∂p?
"{InkvXo-b'am-bn-cp-∂p-sh¶n¬ Abn-Ø-Øn\pw ASn-a-Ø-Øn\pw
FXnsc t]mcm-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂nt√? "{InkvXo-b-'am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ e£-
Whpw, s]mcp- Ø - h pw, iIp- \ - h pw t\mt°- ≠ - X p- ≠ m- b n- c pt∂m?
"{InkvXobw' F∂p-≈X - n\v Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ImWp∂ am\-Zfiw
]pcm-X\ Ime-tØbv°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp icn-b√t√m. ASn-aØ k{º-
Zm-bw, `qXm-flm-°-fn-ep≈ hnizmkw F∂nh \ne-\n∂ kaq-l-Øn¬
22 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
tbip-{In-kvXphpw At∏m-kvtXm-e-∑mcpw kzoI-cn® \ne-]mSv F¥m-bn-

cp∂p? sRmSn-bn-S -sIm≠v Hcp hyXn-bm\w Df-hm-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw,
P\lrZbØn¬ ssZh-i‡ - n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ t_m[y-hpw, \oXnt_m-[hpw
Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n°p-hm-\mWv Ah¿ {ian-®X- .v ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ°pw, Xßƒ
Bbn-cp∂ Ime-L´- Ø - n\pw kaq-lØ - n-\pw {it≤-bamb Hcp km£yw
\n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂p. CXn\p sXfn-hm-W-t√m, Ah¿°p
Irjn-bnepw I®-h-S-Ønepw cmPy-tk-h-\-Ønepw "hniz-kvX¿' F∂
km£yw e`n-®-Xv. Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bnse [m¿anI t_m[w G‰hpw D∂-X-
am-bn-cp-∂p. Xß-fpsS kwc-£-W-bn-ep≈ Xmgv∂ PmXn-°m-tcm-Sp≈
\{km-Wn-I-fpsS s]cp-am‰w amXr-Im-]cw Bbn-cp-∂p. Cßs\ t\m°p-
tºmƒ, Xpfp-ºp∂ kphn-tij hy{K-Xt- b-°mƒ im¥-sa-¶nepw \nd™
"{InkvXob' km£yw ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ImWphm≥ Ignbpw.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. "ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw A∂pw C∂pw' F∂
io¿j-I-Øn¬ Hcp Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w \S-Øp-I.
2. "k` Xt±-io-bo-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂n-SØp kphn-ti-j-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\p
{]k-‡n-bn-√msX hcpw.' Cu {]kvX-mh-\-tbm-Sp≈ {]Xn-I-cWw
Npcp-°-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-I.
]mTw 3
Xt±io-bo-Ir-Xa
- m-bn-cp∂ ae-¶ck`:
aXPohnXØn¬
 ]≈n  aX-]-c-amb `c-W- kw-hn-[m\w  aX-I¿Ω-ßfpw BN-c-W-
ßfpw  ]ptcm-ln-Xs‚ ÿm\w  hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßƒ  hne-bn-cp-
Ø¬
ae¶cbnse \{km-Wn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS aX-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Xt±-io-bo-
Ir-Xa
- mb Hcp {InkvXob ]mc-ºc - ysØ {]Xn-ê
- n-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. X\-Xmb
Hcp aX-ho-£Ww Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-bm-W-t√m.
{]Xn-a-I-fpsS \mń¬ {]Xn-a-Iƒ C√msX Pohn-°p-hm\pw, Ipcn-ins‚
ÿm\w F√m-bn-SØpw Dd-∏n-°p-hm\pw Ah¿ {ian-®p-sh-∂-Xv.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 23
1. ]≈n
\{km-Wn-If - psS aX-Po-hn-XØ - n¬ ]≈n°p kp{]-[m-\a - mb ÿm\w
BWp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. sshZnIt£{X-ßƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xp-t]mse
]≈n-hI hkvXp-°ƒ°pw Ic-sam-gn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Chbv°p ]≈n-∏p-
d-sa∂pw ]≈n-®¥ - s - a∂pw Hs°-bm-bn-cp∂p t]cv. _u≤-∑mcpw ssP\-
∑mcpw kvXw`-ßƒ ÿm]n-®ncp∂Xpt]mse ]≈n-Iƒ°p apºn¬
"\{kmWn-kvXw`w' F∂ t]cn¬ henb Icn¶¬ Ipcn-ip-Iƒ ImWm-am-
bn-cp-∂p. Cu Icn-¶¬ Ipcn-ip-If - psS inev]amXr-Ib - nepw X\n `mc-Xob
kz`mhw Dƒs°m-≠n-cp-∂p. ]≈n-bpsS A¶-W-Øn¬ Ipcn-ip-\m-ńb
henb sImSn-acw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. s]cp-∂m-fp-If - psS Bcw`Øn¬, t£{X-
ßfnte-Xpt]mse sImSn-tb-‰hpw \S°pw. ]≈nIƒ ]Wn-bs∏ń-cp-∂Xv,
km[mcW-ambn t£{X-ßf - psS inev]amXr-Ib - nem-Wv. {][m\ sIńSw
I√pw achpw sIm≠p tIc-fob Imem-h-ÿ-bv°-\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[-
Øn¬ ]Wn-XX - m-W.v ]≈n-bpsS {][m\ `mK-ßƒ, ]qapJw (\m-SI - i- me),
apJ-hm-cw, {]m¿∞-\m-a-fi]w (ssl-°-em), aZv_lm F∂n-h-bm-bn-
cp∂p. ]≈n-s°-ń-S-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p- X-s∂, ]Sn-∏p-c, hcm-¥, sIm´p-
]p-c, Du´p-]p-c, aWn-am-fn-I, Bbp-[-∏pc apX-em-b-hbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
]Sn-∏p-c-bn¬ Bbp-[-ßƒ h®n-´m-bn-cp∂p ]pcp-j-∑m¿ ]≈n-bv°p-≈n-
tebv°p IS-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. ]≈n-bpsS apºnepw ta¬°q-c-bnepw ÿm]n-
®n-cp∂ Ipcn-ip-If - mWv Ahsb t£{X-ßf - n¬ \n∂p th¿Xn-cn®p ImWn-
®n-cp-∂Xv. t£{X-ß-fn-te-Xp -t]mse ]≈n-bnepw FÆØncnbpsS
sISmhnf°pIƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]e ]≈n-If - p-sSbpw ]Sn-™mdp hiØp
Ipf-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Bcm-[-\-bn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]p tZl
ip≤n hcp-Øp-∂X - n-\m-bn- hnizm-kn-Iƒ CXp D]-tbm-Kn-®p. hnf-°p-Iƒ,
apØp-°p-S-Iƒ, sImSn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbm-K-Ønepw cq]-Ønepw
hf-sc-b-[nIw Xt±-io-bX \ng-en-®n-cp-∂p. hnti-jm-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ ]e-
t∏mgpw t£{X-ßf - n-te-Xp-t]mse ]¥n-t`m-P\w ]≈n-tbm-S\ - p-_‘- n®p
\S-∂n-cp-∂p. Ip∂w-Ipfw {]tZ-i-Øp≈ ]≈n-I-fn¬ C∂pw C{]-Imcw
\S-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.
2. aX-]-c-amb `cW kwhn-[m\w
ae-¶c \{km-Wn-If
- psS Bflo-bm-[n-Imcn sa{Xm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. sa{Xm\p
cmPm-hn\SpØ ]Z-hn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Bflo-b-ambpw ùXn-I-ambpw
\{km-Wn-Iƒ Ipsd-tbsd kzbw-`c- W
- m-hI
- miw D≈-hc - m-bn-cp-∂X
- n\m¬,
sa{Xm-s‚-tbm, "PmXn°pI¿Ø-hy≥' Bbn-cp∂ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-
s‚tbm A[n-Imcw A]m-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. {]mtZ-in-I-ambn ]≈n-Iƒ°p
24 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
kzbw-`c - W
- k
- w-hn-[m\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ {][m\ Npa-Xe - °
- m-c≥
IØ-\m¿ ("tIm¿Ø≥', "I¿Ø-\mƒ,' "NmØ-\m¿,' "I -\m¿,' "I»oim'
Fs∂ms° Hmtcm t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p) AYhm ]´-°m-c≥ (A-[n-
Imcw D≈-h≥) Bbn-cp-∂p. {]mtZ-in-Ia - mbn \{km-Wn-If- psS BfloI,
ùXnI Imcy-ßƒ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂Xv CS-h-I-tbmKw BWv. CS-h-I-
bnse sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw {]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-sSbpw tbmK-
amWv CS-h-I-tbm-Kw. {]mNo\ tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ "\m´p-Iq-´-ß-
fp-sSbpw' "Xd-°q-´'- ßfpsSbpw "a‚-'Øn-s‚bpw kam-¥c kwhn-[m-\a - m-
bn-´p-thWw CS-hI - t- bm-KsØ ImWp-hm≥. ]c-ky-]m-]ß - ƒ°v CS-hI - -
tbmKw ]c-ky-in£ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. CS-h-I-tbm-K-Øns‚ Xocp-
am-\-ß-fn-t∑¬ PmXn°p I¿Ø-hy-t\m, sa{Xmt\m am{Xta A∏o¬
A[n-Imcw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p.
3. aX-I¿Ω-ßfpw BN-c-W-ßfpw
aX-]c - a
- mb I¿Ω-ßf - n¬ G‰hpw {][m\w hn. Ip¿_m\bmbn-cp∂p.
hn. Ip¿_m-\ B-cm-[\ - bv°p hfsc ]pcm-X\ Imew sXmt´ ]uckvXy
kpdn-bm-\n-bn-ep≈ Hcp {Iaw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂p thWw Icp-Xp-
hm≥. tImX-ºp-amhpw FÆbpw D∏pw tN¿Øv A∏w D≠m°n Xma-cb - n-
e-bn¬ s]mXn™p Ip¿_m-\-b-∏-ambn ka¿∏n-°p∂ coXn-bp-≠m-bn-
cp∂p. Ipº-km-csØ A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp I¿Ωw ]≠p-ap-Xte
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWp ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tcmKn-Isf sshZn-I¿ FÆ
]qip∂ coXn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. inip-°ƒ°p amtam-Zokm \¬Ip-hm≥,
Ae-¶m-c-∏-Wn-Iƒ sNbvXp I√n¬ sImØnb amtam-Zokm sXmń-Iƒ
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p (C-Xn¬ Nne-Xns‚ BIrXn hnS¿∂p \nev°p∂ Xma-
c-∏q-hns‚ Bbn-cp-∂p). t\mºp-Iƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xpw, _p[\pw
sh≈nbpw D]-hk - n-°p-∂Xpw, IjvSm-\p-`hm-gN v b
- psS BN-cW- hpw \{km-
Wn-If - psS ]pcm-X\ aX-I¿Ω-ßf - n¬ Dƒs∏ń-cp-∂p. am¿tØmΩm «olm-
bpsS c‡-km-£n-XzsØ A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp s]cp-∂mƒ \q‰m-
≠p-If - mbn \{km-Wn-If - p-sS-bn-Sbn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂p. s]k-lm-bpsS AØm-
gsØ A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp I¿Ωw IpSpw-_m-¥-co-£-Øn¬ Krl-
\m-Ys‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂p. Cu coXn C∂pw ]e ss{IkvXh
IpSpw-_ß - f - nepw \S-°p-∂p-≠v.
4. ]ptcm-ln-Xs‚ ÿm\w
]ucm-WnI \{km-Wn-I-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ ]´-°m¿°p kap-∂-X-amb
ÿm\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv Imt\m-\m-I-fpsS
shfn-®-Øn¬ ]´-°m-cpsS Pohn-X-ssi-en-sb-°p-dn®p hy‡-am-°p∂
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 25
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ Adn-bp-∂Xp ck-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw.

1. ]≈n-bn¬ ip{iq-j-bv°-√msX a‰-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ ]´-°m-cpsS
thjhpw \{kmWn ]pcp-j∑- m-cpsS thjhpw XΩn¬ hyXymkw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
2. Ahcpw apSn hf¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
3. ]´-°m¿ \mbm-ń\pw ao≥]n-Sp-Ø-Øn\pw t]mbn-cp-∂p.
4. ]e ]´-°mcpw I®-hSw sXmgn-embn kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p.
5. Nne¿ \m´p-cm-Pm-°-m∑m-cpsS iºfw ]‰p∂ ]´m-f-°mcpw IqSn-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Ah¿ bp≤-Øn\pw t]mbn-cp-∂p.
6. ]´-°mcpw \{kmWn ]pcp-j∑
- m-sc-t∏mse Bbp[w [cn-®n-cp∂p.
7. ]´-°m¿ an°-hcpw hnhm-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ssh[hyw kw`-hn-
®m¬ ]p\¿hn-hmlw \S-∂n-cp-∂p.
8. ]´-°m-cpsS `mcy-am¿°p ]≈n-bn¬ {]mapJyw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
9. ]´-Xz-ÿm-\n-Isf CS-h-I-tbmKw sXc-s™-Sp-°pw. Aßs\
]´-ta‰p hcp-tºmƒ Kwòc kzoI-c-Whpw \¬Ipw.
CXn¬ Nne Imcy-ßƒ C∂p IuXp-I-I-c-sa-¶nepw amXr-Im-tbm-Ky-
a-s√∂p tXm∂mw. ]t£ A∂sØ Bfp-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw
Chbn-sem∂pw "A{io-Icw' Bbn tXm∂n-bn-cp-∂n√ Ft∂m¿°-Ww.
5. hnizmk kXy-ßƒ
\{km-Wn-I-fpsS hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßƒ efn-X-sa-¶nepw {InkvXo-bX-
bpsS X\n-asb Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-tØm-
sSm∏w hn. {XnXz-hn-izm-khpw a\p-jym-h-Xmc cl-ky-Øn-ep≈ hnizm-
khpw Ah-cn¬ cqV-aq-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-am-bp≈ _‘-
Øn¬, Imem-¥c - Ø
- n¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ hnizmkw F∂p ]gn-Nm-cp-hm≥
h√Xpw Ah-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-`m-j-bn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-sb-¶n¬Xs∂
s]mXpsh {InkvXob hnizm-k-Øns‚ A¥-kØ ae-¶c \{kmWn-
Iƒ Dƒs°m-≠n-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]e kμ¿i-Icpw km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v.
tdmam km{am-Py-Ønse ss{IkvX-hsc _m[n-®n-cp-∂-Xmb Hcp ioivam
Nn¥m-°p-g-∏hpw ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Isf _m[n-®n-cp-∂n-√. sIm®n kμ¿-
in® ^m. \yq\kv _msct‰m F∂ Pkyq´p sshZn-I≥ 1561 Unkw-_¿
31 \p (A-Xm-bXp DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂-lt- Zm-kn\p apºv) bqtdm-∏n-tebv°v
Ab® Hcp IØn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p:
26 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
"Cu {InkvXy-m\n-I-fpsSbnS-bn¬ Ign-™p-Iq-SpI F\n°p

{]nbw-Ic
- a
- m-Wv. Ah¿ hnizm-kk- X
- y-ßƒ Adn-bp-∂h- cmsW∂v
Ah-cpsS kw`mjW-ßf - n¬ \n∂p a\ nem°m≥ km[n-®X - n¬
F\n°p kt¥mj-ap≠-v. ]cn-ip-≤ -{Xn-Xzw, a\p-jym-h-Xm-cw, hn. -
Ip¿_m\ F∂o hnizmk cl-ky-ßfn¬ Ah¿ Dd®p \n¬°p-
∂-Xm-bn-´mWp Rm≥ I≠Xv.'
Cu hnizmkkXy-ßsf Xß-fpsS `mj-bn-epw, Iem-am[y-aß- fnepw
IqSn {]Ncn-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿ {ian-®X
- ns‚ Nne DZm-lc
- W
- ß
- ƒ ImWpI:
1. BZn-am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS hogvN (abn-em-©n-∏m´v \memw ]mZw)
BZsØ \mb≥ ae-sbm-s°-t\m-°n-\m≥
lΔm-a-\-bmfpw IqsS ae-aosX
ac-XI
- a
- pØphnfßpw ae-ao-Xn¬
abn-emSpwt]mse hnfßp∂ `mcysb
A∏tg \mb-s\-gp-∂≈n h∂n´v
]®n-e-sIm≠p s]mXn-™-h¿ Xßsf
Iøse Imbpw ]dn-t®mcp ImcWw
ssI∏pSw X∂n¬ s]mXn-bp∂p abn-em©n
Imem¬ \S∂p I\n Xn∂ ImcWw
Im¬\Jw X∂n¬ s]mXn-bp∂p abn-em©n
2. hnip-≤-{XnXzw (hn-f-°p-sXmSo¬ ]mńs‚ Ah-km-\ `mKw)
Bem-l\- m-b\
- p-aº
- ≥ anin-lmbpw
dqlmbpw IqsSØpW-bv°-bn-h¿s°∂pw
3. hnip≤∑mcpsS kwk¿§w (hn-f-°p-sXmSo¬ ]m´v)
I∂n-a-dnbw XpW-bmsI Rßƒ°p
]{¥-≠p-«o-l-∑m¿ \ne-bmsI h∂n´v
4. a\p-jym-h-Xmcw (I-∂n- D-Ωm-bpsS ]m´v)
Bem-lm-\m-b-t\-I-s∂-∂p-Sb Xºp-cms\
Bew ]S-®-cp-fnb amdm≥
amdms‚ Iev]-\bv°p I∂n-bn-cn-∏n-SØv
amemJ ]p-°p- h-N\n®p.
]mXn-cm-bn¬ ]I-e-Xmbn ae-p°p-Iƒ
h∂p kvXpXnIƒ sNm√n
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 27
a≠n h∂n-S-b¿ I≠p Ipºn-s´mcp \√ Xºp-cm\v

5. c£m-I-camb IjvSm-\p-`hw (an-in-lm-bpsS ]m´v)
BZn-bm-emZw ]ng-®-Xn\m¬
Bemlm ]pØn-c≥ Xm≥ ]nd∂p
aqe-sa-bmZw ]ng-®-Xn\m¬
tam£-hm-Xn-ep-aS- ®
- p-\mb≥
ap∂ta bqZ¿°p cmPm-hmbn
ap∏-Ønaq∂p hcpjw hmWp
bqZ¿°p \∑-bv°mbv h∂ X∂n¬
bqZ¿°p sshcw apgp-Øp-h∂p
Hmtcmtcm Zfi\w sNbvXp Xs∂
Xq°p-hm-\p≈ Ipcn-i-Xns\
Imń-s°m-Sp-Øp-S≥ bqZ-c-t∏mƒ
aninlm Xm≥ Xs‚ _en]oTamb
Ipcn-in-t∑¬ apØnØgp-IoSp-∂p.
X≥ Pohs\ X≥ ]nXm-hn≥ Xr°-bn-te-ev]n®p
Cßs\ am\p-j-c£ XnI®p anin-lmbpw
6. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
\{km-WnIfpsS aX-Po-hn-XØ
- n¬ Xt±iobX-bpsS \nds°m-gp-t∏msS
{InkvXo-b-X-bpsS X\na Z¿in-°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw. Ah-bpsS ]T-\-
Øn¬°qSn Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv, Ah-bn-tebv°v B£-cn-I-ambn Xncn®p
t]mIpI F∂p≈X√. AhbpsS ]n∂nse XØzsØ AwKo-I-cn®p
aptºm´p t]mIp-I-bmWp th≠-Xv. aX-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ae-¶-c \{kmWn-
Iƒ°v Hcp hntZ-iob hy‡n-Xz-a√ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv F∂Xp GsXmcp
\{km-Wn-sbbpw ]pf-I-a-Wn-bn-°p∂ kvac-W-bm-Wv. as‰√m Hm¿Ø-
tUmIvkv k`-Ifpw kztZ-iob hy‡n-XzsØ kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ ]cn-
{iaw \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v F∂pw \mw Hm¿Øn-cn-°-Ww.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. aX-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ae-¶c \{kmWnIƒ Xt±-io-bo-I-cWw Dƒs°m-
≠n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xns‚ {][m\ ASn-ÿm-\-ßƒ GsXms°?
2. ]pcm-X\ ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS hnizmk kXy-ßsf°pdn®v
Hcp Jfin-I-sb-gp-Xp-I.
28 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
3. ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS ]pcm-X\ aX-Po-hn-XØnse GsXms°

LS-I-ßƒ C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p∂p Fs∂mcp ]T\w \S-ØpI.
]mTw 4
Xt±-io-bo-Ic
- W ]mX-bnse XS-kßƒ:
hntZi k`m-\n-b{- ¥Ww A∂pw C∂pw
 Aev]w Ncn{Xw  eØo\o-Ic- Ww  kp-dn-bm\nhXvIcWw  Bw•n-
°≥ \ho-I-cWw  hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
1. Aev]w Ncn{Xw
XnI®pw Xt±-io-bo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp∂ ae¶ck` ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠p-
hsc {]kvXpX ssienbn¬ Xs∂ hf¿∂p-h-∂p. CXn-\nsS t]¿jy≥
k`-bp-ambn Cu k`bv°p _‘-ap≠mbncp∂psh-¶nepw B _‘w Hcp
k`m-ta¬t°m-bva-bmbn ]cn-W-an-®n-cp-∂n√. am{X-hp-a-√ t]¿jy≥ k`-
bp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v AXn-s‚- Xt±-io-boIrX
hy‡nXzw F∂pw ]men-°p-hm\pw Ign-™n-cp-∂p. Cu \nebv°p am‰w
h∂Xp ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-thm-sS-bmWv.
]n∂o-Sp≈ \q‰m-≠p-If - n¬, ASp-ØI - mew hsc, hntZ-ik - `m ta¬t°m-
bvab
- p-sSbpw X∑qew XI-cp∂ Xt±-iob k`m-hy-‡n-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw Nn{X-
amWp \mw ImWp-∂X - v. t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS cmjv{So-b[- n-Im-cØ
- ns‚
ad-hn¬ ae-¶ck`sb tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`bv°v ASn-bd hbv°p-
hm≥ 1599-˛se DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kv {ian-®p. AXv Hcp ]cn[n
hsc hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. thZ-hn-]-coXw F∂ t]cn¬ k`-bpsS
Xt±-io-bo-Ir-X-ambncp∂ ]e coXn-I-sfbpw am‰p-hm≥ B¿®p_nj∏v
sa\-knkpw Iqćpw {ian-®p.
Xßƒ°p cmjv{So-bm-[n-Imcw C√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw, ae-¶c k`mw-
KßfpsS ]uc-kvXy- hy-‡n-Xz-Øn-\p- th≠nbp≈ Bflm¿∞-amb
Xmev]-cysØ NqjWw sNbvXp-sIm-≠m-Wv, 1665 apX¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬
Im-ep- Ip-Ønb an° A-t¥ymJy≥ kpdn-bm\n k`m taev]-´-°mcpw
kpdn-bm\nhXv°-c-W-Øn\v Hcp-sº-´-Xv.
cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-cØ
- ns‚ ]n≥_e-Øm¬ Bw•n-°≥ k`-bpsS `mK-
ambn ae-¶ck`sb B°n-Øo¿°m-\p≈ Hcp {iaam-Wv Cw•ojv anj-\-
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 29
dn-amcpw Ah-cpsS C≥Uy-bnse sa{Xm-\m-bn-cp∂ Zm\n-tb¬ hn’\pw

IqSn sNbvXXv. Xt±-io-bo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp∂ ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse ]e ]ucm-
WnI ]mc-ºc - y-ßt- fbpw A‘-hn-izm-kØ- ns‚ t]cn¬ C√m-Xm-°p-hm-
\mWv Ah¿ {ian-®-Xv.
Aßs\, t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsSbpw Cw•o-jp-Im-cp-sSbpw ]m›m-
Xyh-Xv°cW {àhpw, At¥ymJy≥ kpdn-bm\n tae≤-y£∑m-cpsS
kpdnbm\nhXv°cWhpw IqSn Bb-t∏mƒ ae-¶c \{km-Wn-If - psS Xt±-
io-bo-IrX ssienbv°p ]eXpw \jvS-s∏-´p. aq∂p Iq´-cp-tSbpw {]Y-a-
amb e£yw ùXn-I-amb Nqj-W-am-bncp-∂p. t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿°pw,
Cw•ojpIm¿°pw cmjv{So-ba - mb A[n-Imcw D≠m-bn-cp-∂X
- psIm≠v AXp
\njv{]-bmkw km[n-®p. ASpØXmbn Ah¿°p th≠n-bn-cp-∂X - pk
- `
- -
bpsS ]m›m-Xy-h-Xv°c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv Ah-cpsS
anj-\-dn-am¿ {ian®Xpw. kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿°v, cmjv{So-b-m[n-Imcw C√m-
bncp∂XpsIm≠p ùXn-Ia - mb NqjWhpw k`-bn¬ IqSn Xs∂ \S-°-
W-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Xmev]-cy-ßƒ {]Xy-£-Øn-epw ]tcm-£-Ønepw
C∂pw Hcp ]cn-[n- hsc XpS¿∂p ImWp-∂p≠v. AXp-aqew Xt±-io-bo-I-
c-W-]m-X-bn¬ ]e XSk-ßfpw \ne-\n¬°p∂p.
2. eØo-\o-I-cWw
t]m¿Øp-Kokv anj-\-dn-am-cpsS eØo\o-I-cW Xmev]-cy-ßƒ ae-
¶ck`-bpsS ta¬ ASn-t®ev]n® kp∂-l-tZm-km-bn-cp∂pht√m DZ-bw-
t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kv. \n¿tZm-j-ß-fmb F{X-sb{X Xt±-io-bo-I-cW
coXn-I-sf-bmWv "]sg am¿K-Ønse acn-bm-X-Ifpw IrXy-ßfpw' F∂
t]cn¬ cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-c-Øm¬ XS-™Xv! Nne Imt\m-\m-Iƒ Xmsg
tN¿°p-∂p:
"....-I-√ns‚ F√m-bnepw aosX hncn-°p∂ ioebpw Imkm-bpsS
hm aqSp∂ ioebpw ]™n-bpsS \q¬ sIm-≠p ss\X H≈
ioesIm≠p AcpX s{]mØp-°m¬ ioe sIm≠p H≈sX
Bhq. shsd {]amWw IqSmsX a‰ ioe AXn∂p AcpX.'
"hnizmkw D≈ temI-cn-sSbpw CX C√m-Ø-h-cp-sSbpw s`Zw
s]mdsa H≈ iabw sIm≠pw H´p shWw F∂ ]≈n° AXn∂
BXns\ kq£w H≠. AX Fs¥. c≠- Iq-´phpw N-abw sIm≠-
dn-hm≥ C FS-h-I-bn¬ H≈ \{km-Wn-Ifpw ae-bm-fcpw Xß-
fn¬ Na-bw-sIm≠pw Xe-ap-Sn s
- Im≠pw I≠-dn-hm≥ GXpw s`Zw
Cs√∂p ip≤-am\ kp∂-lt- Zmk I≠n´ Xß-fn¬ s`Zw sIm≠
I≠-dn-hm≥ Iev]n-°p-∂p. BWpßƒ Bcpw C\n XpSßn ImX
30 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
IpØ-cpX F∂pw hf¿Ø-cpX F∂pw. CXn\p FS-ØqS sNøp-

∂-hsc sa¬]-´°
- m-cs‚ a\- n∂pw X°-hÆw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-°bpw
shWw. ImXn¬ s]m∂p CSp-Ibpw AcpX. s]m∂p CSp-In¬
]≈n°-s]m-dØ B°p-Ibpw thWw.'
Bcm-[\ - mIm-cy-ßfnepw kmaq-lym-Nm-cß - f - nepw BWp- hne°p-Ifpw
eØo-\o-Ic - W \n¿t±-iß - fpw i‡-ambn {]Xnên-®Xv. XXvê - a
- mbn
A[nIm-ca - p-]t- bm-Kn®v ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Ifn¬ \s√mcp ]¶ns\ eØo\o-
I-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p. tdma≥ ItØm-en-°-cmb Ah-cpsSbnS-bn¬
Aßs\ \q‰m-≠p-It- fmfw eØo≥ coXn-If - n¬ Xg-ºn® Hcp k`m-Pohn-
X-ssien C∂p \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. CXn-s\mcp am‰w hcp-Øphm≥ B{K-
ln-°p-∂-h¿ Ah-cpsS CS-bn¬ ]ecpw Ds≠-¶nepw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn
XS- ßfpw D-≠.v G‰hpw {][m-\a - mbn, hntZ-iob-sa¶nepw ]cn-NbØn¬
Xg-ºn® Hcp ssien-bn¬ \n∂p hnSp-X¬ {]m]n-°pI ZpjvI-c-am-Wv.
eØo≥ ]mc-ºcysØ Cs∂-Xn¿°p-∂h - ¿ t]mepw k`m-]c - a
- mb kzX-
{¥-\n-e-]m-Snt\m IqSp-X¬ Ah-Im-i-ßƒt°m th≠nbmWv Aßs\
sNøp-∂-Xv. kzX-{¥-amb \ne-]mSp ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-
cysØ ad-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. AXn-ep-]-cn-bmbn Xt±-io-bo-Ir-X-
amb Hcp k`m-hy-‡n-XzsØ kvt\ln-°p-∂-h¿ hfsc ]cn-an-X-am-Wv.
3. kpdn-bm\nhXv°cWw
1665-˛¬ ae-¶c
- b
- n¬ Imep-Ip-Øn-b- am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kn-t\m-Sp Iq-Sn-
bm-Wv, ae-¶ck`bv°p At¥ym-Jy≥ kpdn-bm\nk`-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w
XpS-ßp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ bYm¿∞ -kp-dn-bm\nhXv°-c-W-Øn\v Bcw-`-
an´Xp 1685 ˛¬ tIc-fØn¬ h∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-km-bn-cp∂p. AXns‚
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hnP-b-Im-l-f-amWv 1876-˛¬ ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xo-
b¿°okv hnfn-®p-Iq-ńb "apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-lt- Zmkv.' {]kvXpX kp∂-
l-tZmkv tcJ-bn≥{]-Imcw ae-¶-c-bn¬ "At¥ym-Jy-bpsS kmlnXyw'
\ne-\n¬°p-hm-\mbn kIe Imcy-ßfpw sNøp-hm≥ Xocp-am\w FSp-
Ø-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bpsS sa{Xm∑m¿ ae-¶c \{km-
Wn-I-fpsS hnhmlIqZmi \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Xt±-io-b-amb Xmen-sI´p
coXnsb hnhmlIqZm-ib - n¬ \n∂pw hnS¿Øn-°m-Wn-°phm-\mWp Xmen-
]n-Sn®p sImSp-°p-hm≥ ]´-°msc G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. Cu kpdnbm\nhXv-
°c-W-Øn\p kztZ-io-b-amb Hcp ]›m-Øew IqSn-bp-≠v.
DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-knse eØo-\oI-c-W-Øns\Xn-cmbn, Hcp
Iq\≥Ipcnip kXyw D≠m-bn-sb-¶n¬, k`-bpsS \ho-I-c-W-hm-Zn-Iƒ-
s°-Xn-cmbn hf¿∂ kztZ-io-b-amb Hcp apt∂‰am-bn-cp∂p 1836˛se
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 31
amthen-°c kp∂-l-tZm-knepw 1876- ˛se apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-

knepw ]n¬°me At¥ym-Jy≥ kpdn-bm\n `‡n-bnepw Iem-in-®Xv.
t`Z-s∏´ Bflo-bXm ]mc-º-cy-hpw, thZ-imkv{X _ehpw, ]uc-kvXy-
kz-`m-h-hp-ap≈ kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-amWv XnI®pw sshtZ-iobamb
Bw•n-°≥ \ho-I-c-WtØ-°mƒ t`Zw F∂p \s√mcp hn`mKw ae-¶c
k`mwKßƒ Xs∂ a\- n-em-°n. am{X-hp-a√, kpdn-bm\n k`m-ta-e-≤y-
£-∑m¿°v ae-¶-c-bn¬ Xt±-io-b-ambn \ne-\n∂ ]e-Xn-t\mSpw henb
aXn-∏n-√m-bn-cp∂psh-¶nepw FXn¿∏p {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√ (CXn\p hncp-
≤-ambn I¿i\ \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Ø-hcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p). ]t£ \n¿`mKy-
him¬, {]kvXpX at\m-`mhw Xs∂ k`-bn¬ Hcp hn`m-K-Øn¬ kpdn-
bm\n ]mc-º-cy-tØmSv AXn-cp-I-hn™ ASn-aØt_m[w hf¿Øn-sb-
Sp-°p-hm≥ apJm-¥n-c-am-bn.
AXp-sIm-≠n-∂pw, AXn-cp-Ih
- n™ kpdn-bm\nh¬°cWØn\p ISn-
™m-Wn´p Xt±iob-amb k`m-hy-‡n-XzØns‚ hf¿®-bv°p- th-≠n-
bp≈ kzmX{¥yk-acw XpS¿∂phcp-∂p, eØo\o-I-c-WØns\Xnsc
ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ \S-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse kpdn-bm\nhXv°-c-W-Øn-
s\-Xnsc ae-¶ck`-bnepw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-t°-≠-Xp≠v. F¶nepw
Ahn-S-tØ-Xp-t]se Chn-sSbpw, ioen®p-t]m-∂-Xn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-
am-tb-°m-hp∂ bmsXmcp auenI hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ°pw kΩ-Xn-°mØ
at\m-`mhw {][m\ XS ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
4. Bw•n-°≥ \ho-I-cWw
1816- ¬ kn.- Fw. Fkv. anj-\n¬ IqSn ae-¶ck`bv°p e`y-amb
Cw•ojv "klm-b-ZuXy' (Mission of help) Øns‚ BXy-¥nI e£yw
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Bw•n-°≥ \ho-I-c-Wam-bn-cp-∂p. bYm¿∞-Øn¬,
Bw•n-°≥ anj-Wdnam¿°p ae-¶ck`-bn¬ Zln-°msX t]mbXp
Xt±io-ba - mbn-cp∂ ss{IkvXh kwkv°m-ca - mbncp-∂p. 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse
Hcp \ho-IcW Bflob {]ÿm\amb ]yqcn-‰≥ ]mc-ºc - y-Øn¬ \n∂p
h∂ bph- an-jW-dn-am¿°p `mc-X- kw-kv°m-cØ - n-eS- n-bp-d® ss{IkvXh
kwkv°m-csØ a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. "ioiva'sb∂p t]m¿Øp-
Ko-kp-Im¿ ap{Z-b-Sn® kwkv-Im-csØ "A‘-hn-izmkw' F∂v Cw•o-jp-
Im¿ hn[n-sb-gp-Xn. Ah-cpsS A`n{]m-bß- ƒ°p kvXpXn ]mSp-hm≥ Hcp
kaqlsØ ae-¶c - b
- n¬ D≠m-°p-hm≥ Ah¿°p _p≤n-ap-ń-√m-bn-cp∂p.
AXns‚ DZm-l-c-W-amWv 1836-˛¬ {]kvXpX KW-Øn¬s∏´ ]{¥≠p
sshZn-I¿ tN¿∂p tIW¬ t{^k¿°p ka¿∏n® satΩm-dm≠w.
AXnse Nne ]cmXnIƒ Xmsg-s°m-Sp-°p∂p:
32 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
"hnip-≤-∑m-cpsS s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fn¬ Ahsc A\p-I-cn-∏m≥ ]Tn-

∏n°p-∂Xp icn-bm-sW-¶nepw, AXn\p ]I-cw ]pd-Pm-Xn-I-sf-
t∏mse sImSn Db¿Øn-bpw, \mS-Io-b-amb Ah-X-cW-ß-tfm-
sSbpw B Znhkw BtLm-jn-∏m≥ D]-tZ-in-®p-h-cp∂p.'
"s]klm hymgmgvN sshIn´p hoSp-If
- n¬, I¿Øm-hns‚ AØm-
gsØ A\p-kva-cn°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ Krl\m-Ys‚ Im¿ΩnI-
XzØn¬ A∏w apdn-°bpw Hs° sNøp-∂p.'
"acn-®h
- ¿°p- th≠n {]m¿∞n-°bpw, Ah-cpsS I_-dn-¶¬ Xncn
-I-Øn®p hbv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp ]Xnhv F√m ]≈n-Ifnepw
D≠v.'
Cu ]cm-Xn-I-fpsS kmcw Xt±-io-b-amb ss{IkvX-hm-NcW-ß-tfm-
Sp≈ hnc-‡n-bm-sW∂p hy‡-am-W-t√m. Cu hnc‡n, sN∂p Iem-in-
®Xp kn. Fw. Fkv. k`-bp-sS-bpw, am¿tØmΩm k`-bp-sSbpw Bhn¿-
`m-hØ
- n-em-W.v XXvê- a
- mbn cq]wsIm≠ \ho-IrX ss{IkvXh s - sien
thZ-imkv{X]c-amb hyXym-kt- Ø-°mƒ kmwkvIm-cnIamb hyXym-k-
Øn-\mWv Du∂¬ sImSp-°p-∂X - v. ]≈n-If
- psS hmkvXp-in-ev]Ø
- nepw,
Km\-ß-fpsS CuW-Øn-epw, Bcm-[-\-bpsS LS-\bnepw, ]≈n-°-e-I-
tfm-Sp≈ at\m-`m-hØ- nepw Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI ]p\x-kw-hn-[m\w \ng-en-
°p-∂p. ]t£ `mjm]-c-ambn anj-\-dn-am¿ sNbvX tkh-\-ßƒ Xt±-
iob kmln-XysØ t]mjn-∏n-®p-sh∂p hnkva-cn-°pI km[y-a-√. Xt±-
io-b-amb k`m-hy-‡n-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v Bw•-n°≥ \ho-I-cW ]›m-Ø-
e-Øn¬ \n∂psIm≠p Nn¥n-°p-tºmgpw ImWp∂ XSkw ioen-®p-
t]m∂-Xn-t\m-Sp≈ sshIm-cnI {]Xn-]-Øn-bm-Wv.
5. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
Xt±-io-bo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp∂ ae-¶ck`-bn¬ Nne kwK-Xn-I-sfms°
A‘-hn-izm-k-ambpw A\m-Nm-c-ambpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p kΩ-Xn-
°Ww. AXp-sIm≠v, hntZi anjW-dn-am¿ sNbvX \√ tkh-\-ßsf
IrX-⁄X - t- bmsS A\p-ka v cn°p-Ibpw thWw. AbnØw, iIp-\w, ASn-
aØw F∂nhbvs°Xnsc i_vZ-ap-b¿Øm-\pw, hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p
{]m[m\yw \¬Im-\pw, `mjm-tk-h\w \S-Øm\pw anj-Wdn-am¿ XymtKm-
÷z-ea
- mbn {]h¿Øn-®p. ]t£, Cu kXy-ßs - fm∂pw, hntZ-ik
- `- m- \nb-
{¥Ww ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Xt±-io-bo-IrX hy‡n-XzsØ Xmdp-am-dm-°n-
sb∂ hkvXp-Xsb km[q-I-cn-°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-a-√ -Xm-\pw.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 33
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. ae-¶ck`-bnse eØo-\oI-c-Ww, kpdn-bm\nhXv°-cWw, Bw•n-
°≥ \ho-I-cWw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v Hmtcm Jfin-I-sb-gp-Xp-I.
2. "t]m¿Øp-Kokv anjW-dn-am-cn¬ \n∂p in£-Ww, kpdn-bm-\n-°m-
cn¬ \n∂v Bcm-[\m ]mc-ºcyw, Cw•o-jv an-jW-dn-am-cn¬ \n∂p
kmaq-ly-ho-£Ww F∂nh ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ°p Inń' ˛ Cu
{]kvXm-h-\-tbm-Sp≈ {]Xn-I-cWw Npcp-°-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-I.
]mTw 5
`mcX ss{IkvXh¿ Xt±-io-bo-Ic - W
]mX-bn¬ ho≠pw:
Ncn-{Xhpw sh√phnfn-Ifpw
 anjW-dn-amcpw Xt±-io-boI-cW Nn¥bpw  Xmºcw tIm¨{^≥kpw
\ho-I-cW hn`m-K-Ønse Xt±-io-bo-IcW {]ÿm-\hpw  Xt±-io-bo-
I-c-W-]m-X-bnse At\z-j-W-ßƒ  ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ  ka-{K- k-ao]-\-
Ønse {]tXy-IX - ƒ  {][m\ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ
- I
`mc-X -ss{I-kvX-hsc c≠p KW-Øn¬ ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. H∂v,
ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂-h¿. c≠v, ]Xn-\mdmw
\q‰m-≠n\p ti-j-ap≈ ]m›mXy anjWdn {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \n∂p
{InkvXym-\n-I-fmbh¿. CXn¬ c≠m-a-sØ KW-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cp-sS-bn-S-
bn-emWv, B[p-\n-I-Im-esØ Xt±-io-bo-I-cW At\z-j-W-ßƒ IqSp-
X-embn \S-∂n-´p-≈Xpw \S-°p-∂-Xpw.
1. anj-W-dn-amcpw Xt±-io-bo-I-cW Nn¥-bpw
`mc-XØ- nse Ass{I-kvXh - c
- mb P\-ßf- n-tebv°p {InkvXob kphn-
tijw ]I-cp-hm≥ Hcp am¿§w F∂ \ne-bn-em-Wv B[p\nI ImeØp
Xt±-io-bo-Ic
- W Nn¥- cw-K{- ]-th-iw sNbvXX - v. 1605-˛¬ C¥y-bn¬ h∂
ItØm-en°m anjWdn tdm_¿´v Uns\m-_nen CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ kvac-
Wo-b-\m-Wv. kwkvIr-X-hpw, Xan-gpw ]Tn-®, {_m“-W-s\-t∏mse thj-
Ønepw Pohn-X-ssi-en-bnepw `mc-Xo-b-\mbn, thZ-Øn-s‚bpw D]-\n-j-
Øn-s‚bpw Nn¥-bnepw `mj-bnepw IqSn kphn-tijw {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥
34 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
At±lw {ian-®p. 1706-˛¬ {Sm≥I-_m-dn¬ Cd-ßnb eqX-d≥ anjWdn

kzoK≥_mƒKpw Xangv ]Tn®v lnμp-aX - Ø
- ns‚ am[y-aßfn¬ IqSn kphn-
tijw Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ 1793˛¬
skdmºqcn¬ FØnb _m]v‰nÃv anj-\-dn-am-cmb hneyw tIydn-bpw,
am¿jv-am-\pw, hm¿Upw, Xt±-io-b-amb thZ-]p-kvXI ]cn-`m-j-Iƒ°p
th≠n bXv\n-°p-Ibpw Xt±-io-b-amb Hcp ss{IkvXh t\Xr-XzsØ
]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-hm≥ Hcp thZ-imkv{X hnZym-ebw Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. CuZriß-fmb ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ ]ptcm-K-an®v Ah-bn¬°qSn
[mcmfw Bfp- I ƒ {Inkv X ym- \ n- I - f m- b ns°m≠ncn- ° p- ∂ p. ]t£
{InkvXym-\n-If - m-bn-°g- n-™m¬ Ah¿°p e`n-®ncp-∂Xp XnI®pw hntZ-
io-b-amb Pohn-X-ssi-enbpw hnizm-k-kw-ln-X-Ifpw Bcm-[\m coXn-I-
fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°Ø - n¬ anjW-dn-am¿, Xt±-iob am[y-aß - f
- n¬°qSn
kphn-tijw Adn-bn°m≥ {ian-®X - √msX, {InkvXym-\nI-fm-bh¿°p Xt±-
io-ba - mb k`m-hy-‡n-Xztam kmwkvIm-cn-Ia - mb thcp-It- fm D≠m-IWw
F∂v B{K-ln-®n√.
2. Xmºcw anj-Wdn tIm¨{^≥kpw \ho-I-cW
hn`m-K-Ønse -X-t±-iobo-I-cW {]ÿm-\hpw
\ho-I-c-W-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏´ anjW-dn-am¿ {]mtZ-in-I-am-bpw,
tZio-b-X-e-Ønepw Hs° tbmKw tN¿∂p hnhn[ {]iv\-ßƒ N¿®-
sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\hpw Ccp-]Xmw
\q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`hpw Bb-t∏mƒ Ahsc A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn® {][m\
{]iv\w Xt±-io-ba - mb kwkvIm-cØ - n\pw, aX-Po-hn-XØ- n\pw XØz-kwln-
X-Iƒ°psams° ss{IkvXh [¿Ω-Øn¬ F¥p ÿm\w sImSp-°Ww
F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. CXv Ah-sc-s°m≠p Kuc-h-ambn Nn¥n-∏n-°m≥ Hcp
{][m\ Imc-Whpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS anj≥ {]h¿Ø\-Øn¬
{InkvXym-\n-If - m-bh- s
- c¶nepw `mc-X kwkvImc-sØ-°p-dn-®p a - X
- n∏p≈h-
cmb ]ecpw Xt±-io-b-amb Hcp {InkvXo-b-X-sb∏‰n ]d-bp-hm\pw Fgp-
Xp-hm\pw XpS-ßn. DZm-lc - W
- Ø
- n\p a{Zm-kp-Im-cmb sh¶¬ N°-cs - Nń-
bpsSbpw ]m≠ns∏Sn sN©-øbp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ {]kvXm-hy-am-Wv.
AXpsIm-≠v 1938 se Xmºcw anj-\dn tIm¨{^≥kv Cu hnjbw
Kuc-h-X-c-ambn N¿® sNøp-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. ktΩ-f-\-Ønse apJy-
{]-kw-KI- \- m-bn-cp∂ sl≥{Sn s{Ibva¿ "Hcp Ass{I-kvXh temI-Øn¬
ss{IkvXh ktμiw' F∂ hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®p \S-Ønb {]`m-jWw
Xt±-ioboI-cWNn¥sb \ncp-’m-ls - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - m-bn-cp∂p. Xt±-iob
aXm-t\z-jWßƒ°pw A\p-`h - ß-ƒ°pw kwkvIm-cØ - n\pw ss{IkvXh
aXm-\p-`h- Ø- n¬ Imcy-am-bn-s´mcp {]k-‡n-bp-an√ F∂t±lw ]d-™p.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 35
AXn-t\m-Sp≈ {]Xn-Iqe {]Xn-I-c-W-hp-ambn `mc-Xob \ho-I-cW

{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]ecpw cwK-Øp-h-∂p. Ah¿ Iq´mbpw kzX-{¥-ambpw
Xt±-io-bo-I-cW ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-´p.
3. Xt±-io-bo-I-c-W-]m-X-bnse At\z-j-W-ßƒ
Xmºcw anjWdn tIm¨{^≥kn\pw apºpw ]nºpw Bbn At\Iw
Xt±-io-bo-Ic- W At\z-jW- ß
- ƒ \S-∂n´p≠v. {it≤-bamb Hcp kwKXn,
Xt±-io-bamb ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{Xm-t\z-jW
- Ø - n¬ G¿s∏-ń-´p-≈-
h-cn¬, `mcX aX-Po-hn-X-Ønepw XØz-Nn-¥-bnepw BIr-jvS-cmb Nne
hntZ-in-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂psh∂-Xm-Wv. C{]-Im-ca- p≈ At\z-jW - ß
- sf
s]mXpth Ah-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ kao-]-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
A©mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.
(a) Zm¿i-\nI, tbmKmfl-I, kao-]-\w: {][m-\-am-bpw, thZ-Øn-
sebpw thZm-¥-Øn-sebpw km£m-XvImc Z¿i-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw `mc-
Xob `‡n{]ÿm\ß-fn¬ \n∂pw {]tNm-Z\w Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠p `mc-
Xo-b-amb Hcp ss{IkvXh Nn¥m-ssi-en°pw B≤ym-flnI ]mc-º-cy-
Øn\pw cq]-`m-h-ßƒ \¬Im-\mWv ChnsS {ian-°p-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-
Øn\p {_“-_m-‘h D]m-[ym-b-bpsS k®n-Zm\μ km£m-XvImc
Nn¥bpw, _nj∏v A∏-mkzm-an-bpsS "ss{IkvXh `‡n-am¿K' Nn¥-bpw,
_oUv {Kn-^Ø
v ns‚ "tI{μ-Øn-te-b°v p≈ Xncn®pt]m°p' k¶-e] v- hpw,
kzman A`n-jn-‡m\-μs‚ "lrZ-b-Øns‚ D≈d'bnte-bv°p≈ -B`nap-
Jyhpw, sdbva≠v ]Wn-°c
- psS "a{¥-aRvPcn' (th-Zm-\p-`qXn tI{μ-am-°n-
bp≈ Nn¥) bpw {it≤-b-am-Wv (Glossary tbmSv tN¿∂p≈ Ipdn∏v
ImWpI).
(b) "hntam-N\' kao-]\w: B\p-Im-enI PohnX bmYm¿∞y-ß-
tfmSp≈ {In-kvXob {]XnI-cWw F∂ \ne-bn¬, Xt±-io-bo-I-c-W-
Øns‚ {][m\ ]mX-bmbn ]ecpw Du∂n-∏d - b
- p-∂Xp "hntam-N\' {]ÿm-
\-sØ-bm-Wv. {InkvXp hntam-NI
- \
- m-bX
- p-sIm-≠v A\oXnbn¬ \n∂p≈
hntam-N\
- Ø
- ns‚ kwcw-`ß- fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp-sIm≠p hntam-N\ - Ø
- ns‚
t{]c-Wbnepw i‡n-bnepw {InkvXp-hns\ ImWp-I, Adn-bpI F∂p-≈-
XmWp {]kvXpX kao-]-\-Øns‚ Xmev]-cyw.
(c) "am\-hob' kao-]\w: "a\p-jy≥' F∂ bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬ \n∂m-
cw-`n®v tbip-{In-kvXp-sh∂ ]q¿Æ a\p-jy-\n¬ e£yhpw amXr-Ibpw
ImWp∂ Hcp kao-]\ - a - Ww' (Humanisation), "Pohn-
- m-Wn-X.v "am\-ho-bo-Ic
X-Øns‚ KpW-a-lna' (Quality of life) apX-emb ssien-I-fn¬°q-Sn,
]mc-ºcy thZ-im-kv{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyh-ÿm-]nX LS\Ifn¬ \n∂pw
36 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
kzX{¥-ambn Hcp am\-ho-bm-[ym-flnI-Xsbbpw AXns\ Dƒs°m≈p∂

`mc-Xob {InkvXo-b-X-sbbpw At\z-jn-°p-hm-\m-Wn-hn-SpsØ {iaw.
(d) ]uckvXy ss{IkvXh ss]Xr-IØ - n¬°qSnbp≈ kao-]\w:
]uckvXy ss{IkvXh Nn¥-bn-epw `mc-Xob Nn¥-bnepw s]mXp-hmbn-
´p-≈X- ns\ Is≠-Øn Ah-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\Ø- n¬ Xt±-io-bo-Ir-Xa
- mb
Hcp `m-cX
- ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{XsØ At\z-jn-°p-Ib
- mWv Cu kao-
]-\-Øn-¬°qSn.
(e) kmt¶-XnIambn `mc-Xo-bo-Ic - W kao-]\w: Nne `mc-Xob ]Z-
ß-fnepw Bi-bß - f- nepw ss{IkvXh kXysØ ]cn-`m-js - ∏-Sp-Øm\pw,
ss{IkvXh- m-flo-bm-\pjvSm\-ßf- psS `mj, KoX-ßf
- psS CuWw, Xmfw,
ebw, thj-`q-jm-Zn-Iƒ, I¿Ω-ßƒ, [ym\-coXn apX-emb _mly-cq-]-
ß-fn¬ `mc-Xo-b-amb `mhw ]I-cp-hm-\pap≈ kao-]-\-am-WnXv.
4. ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ
{]kvXpX kao-]\ - ß
- ƒ°p [mcmfw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D≠v F∂ hkvXp-
Xbpw hnkvac
- n-°m- hp-∂X- √
- .
i ]e-t∏mgpw "`mc-Xobw' F∂ [mc-Wsb `mc-X-Ønse GsX-
¶nepw Hcp aX-Po-hn-X-Ønse ({]-tXy-In®p lnμp-a-X-Ønse)
GsX-¶nepw Hcp Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-bn¬ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
ii Cu kao-]-\-ß-fn¬ ]e-Xn\pw km[m-cW a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-hp-
ambn Imcy-amb _‘w ]men-°p-hm≥ Ign-bmØXpsIm≠p
XmØzn-I-amb Xe-ß-fn¬ am{Xta Ahbv°p {]k-‡n-bp-
≠mIp∂p≈p.
iii ]e-t∏mgpw "`mc-Xo-bo-I-cWw' _mly-cq-]ßfn¬ am{X-ambn
]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu _mly-cq-]-ß-fn¬ NneXp ]ga Ah-
Im-i-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-h-bm-sW-¶nepw C∂v H´pw {]k-‡n-bn-√m-Ø-
h-bmbn Xocp∂p.
iv hy‡n-bn¬ tI{μo-Ir-X-amb Hcp B≤ym-flnI ssienbmWp
]e `mc-Xobo-I-cW kwcw`-ßƒ°p-ap-≈-Xv. kmaq-ly-amb
{]Xn-I-c-W-Øn\v AhnsS ÿm\-an-√m-sXbpw t]mIp-∂p.
v {]mtZ-inI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn\p \¬Ip∂ AanX {]m[m\yw,
ss{Ikv X h kXy- Ø ns‚ BI- a m\ ]mc- º - c yhpambp≈
_‘sØ Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂p.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 37
5. ka-{K- k-ao-]-\-Ønse {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

`mc-XØ- nse ss{IkvXh [¿Ω-Øns‚ Xt±-io-bo-Ic
- W
- Ø
- ns\, "`mc-
Xo-bo-I-cWw' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. `mc-XoboI-c-W-Øn\p c≠p
{][m\ ]›m-Ø-e-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ Ign-bWw: 1. `mc-X-Øns‚
]ucm-WnI ss]XrIw. 2. B\p-Im-enI PohnX bmYm¿∞y-ßƒ.
`mc-XØ
- ns‚ ]ucm-WnI ss]Xr-IØ
- n¬ Xmsg-∏d
- b
- p∂ Imcy-ßƒ
s]mXpsh ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.
i [ym\{]-[m-\-am-bXpw BXy-¥n-I-ambn hy‡n-tI-{μo-Ir-Xhpw
IpSpw-_-Po-hnX ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-hp-amb aX-Po-
hn-X-Øns‚ {]am-Wn-I-Xzw.
ii hy‡n-tI-{μo-Ir-X-amb aX-Po-hn-X-am-sW-¶nepw, AXns‚ F√m
in£-W-am¿§-ßfpw kmaq-ly, Km¿lnI Pohn-X-hp-ambn ka-
\z-bn-®n-cp-∂p.
iii Iebpw, kmln-Xy-hpw, imkv{X-hpw, cmjv{Sob Nn¥bpw Hs°-
aXPohn-X-Øns‚ Xs∂ _ln¿kv^p-c-W-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
iv aX{KŸ]mcm-b-W-hpw, Bcm-[-\m-\pjvTm\-ßfpw Ahbn¬
Xs∂ Hc-\p-`q-Xn-bpw, kwXr-]vXnbpw \¬Ip∂ hn[Ønep≈
Bhn-jv°cWw.
v efnXamb PohnXssien.
vi kln-jvWp-Xbpw, kaq-l-Øns‚ Hcp AwKo-IrX {Ia-tØm-
Sp≈ `‡nbpw _lp-am-\hpw, BXn-Yy-a-cym-Z-bpw km[m-c-W-
am-bn-cp∂p.
`mc-XØns‚ B\p-Im-enI Pohn-X b - m-Ym¿∞y-ßf
- mbn NnesXms°
{]tXyIw {i≤n-°s
- ∏-tS-≠X
- m-bn-´p-≠v.
i aX-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \n∂p kzX-{¥-am-bn- \n∂p ÿnc{]-Xn-jvT-
t\Sp-hm≥ X{X-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp sk°p-e¿ kwkvIm-cw.
ii Bkq-{XWw Ae-kn-t∏mb Hcp kmº-ØnI kmaqlyhyh-
ÿnXn.
iii aX, h¿§, tZi, `mjm- ]-cn-K-W-\Ifn¬°qSn On{Z-hm-k-\-Iƒ
\rØ-am-Sp∂ Hcp cmjv{SPo-hnXw.
iv ]m›mXy kwkv I m- c - Ø ns‚, Aan- X hpw Zqjn- X - h p- a mb
kzm[o\w.
38 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
v Agn-aX
- nbpw, A\o-Xnbpw {]h¿Ø\ssien-bmbn amdp∂ `cW
kwhn-[m-\w.
vi ]gb aqey-hy-h-ÿn-Xn°pw kZm-Nm-c-Øn\pw ]I-cw, kº-
Øns\ ASn-ÿm-\s∏SpØn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp aqeyhyh-ÿn-
Xnbpw AXn-t\mSp tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ Ac-£n-X-t_m-[hpw Npcp-
°-Øn¬, ]ucm-WnI ss]Xr-It- ØmSp \oXn- ]p-e¿Øns°m≠v
bmYm¿∞y-ß-tfmSv A¿∞-h-Ømb Hcp {]Xn-I-c-Wti-jn-
tbmsS hf-cpI F∂p≈XmWv "`mc-Xo-bo-I-cWw' Ft∂m
"Xt±iobo-I-cWw' Ft∂m ]d-™m¬ a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv. Cu
]mX-bn¬ ]e sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw Ds≠-∂p-≈Xv Ah-K-Wn-°pI
km[y-a√.
6. {][m\ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ
i "Xt±iobo-Ic - Ww' F∂p ]d-™mtem, "`mc-Xo-bo-Ic- Ww' F∂p
]d-™mtem "sslμ-ho-I-cWw' BsW∂ sX‰p-[m-cW am‰pI
F∂-XmWp {]Ya sh√p-hnfn. "`mc-Xobw' F∂ ]Z-Øns‚
hnh£, "sslμhw' F∂-√. `mcXw F∂ `qhn-`m-K-Øn¬ Bcy-
∑m-cp-sS-bpw, A\m-cy-∑m-cp-sS-bpw, Bcy ˛ A\mcy k¶-c-ß-fp-
sSbpw F{X-sb{X kwkv°m-cß - ƒ, F{Xsb{X Z¿i-\ß- ƒ, F{X-
sb{X aX-ßƒ, F{X-sb{X `mj-Iƒ, F{X-sb{X Bflob ]mc-
º-cy-ßƒ, F{X-sb{X hyXy-kvXß-fmb PohnX {]iv\-ßƒ
ImWm≥ Ign-bpw!
ii ]cnNbn®pt]m-cp-∂-Xpw, Ipsd-sbms° kwXr-]vX-hp-amb Hcp
aX-Po-hnX ssiensb Dt]-£n-°p-I-bmWp Xt±-io-bo-I-cWw
sIm≠pt±in-°p-∂-Xv F∂ sX‰p-[m-c-Wbpw am‰pI F∂p-≈-
XmWv c≠m-asØ sh√p-hn-fn. ]cn-Nb - n®p t]mcp∂Xp \¬Ip∂
kwXr-]Xv nsb A\p-`h
- n-®p-sIm≠v, kwXr-]X v n-bn¬ hf-cp∂Xns‚
e-£Ww am{X-amWp Xt±-io-bo-Ic - W- t- ØmSp≈ A\p-Iqe at\m-
`mhw. ]pXnb ]co-£-W-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am-Ip∂Xpw, Ahsb
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂Xpw hf¿®-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. apc-Sn® ssi-
enbmWv hf¿®sb kzmKXw sNømØ-Xv.
iii {InkvXp-hn¬ tI{μo-Ir-X-amb Bflo-b-Xbv°pw thZ-im-kv{X-
Øn\pw Hcp cq]ta D≠m-Imhq F∂- \n¿_‘_p≤nsb t\cn-
Sp-I-bmWp aq∂m-asØ sh√p-hnfn. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ A\p-
`-hn-°p-∂-Xn\pw, Ah-\n¬ Iq-Sn-bp-≈ c£m-{]-h¿Ø-\sØ
hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xn\pw hnhn-[-ß-fmb coXn-Ifpw am[y-a-ßfpw
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 39
D≠m-Ipw. Aßs\ kΩ-Xn-®p-t]m-bm¬ {InkvXp ssItamiw

h∂p-t]mIpw F∂p `b-s∏-tS-≠-Xn√: Aßs\ ssItamiw
hcp-∂-h-\√ tbip-X-ºp-cm≥.
iv Xt±-io-bo-I-cW ]co-£-W-ß-fnepw kao-]-\-ß-fnepw D]-
tbmKn°s∏Sp∂ Nne ]Z-ßfpw Bi-bß - fpw ssZh-imkv{X]c-
ambn Ahy-‡X D≈-Xm-sb∂p hcmw. {Ko°p ]Z-ßfmb "Dukn-
bmbv°pw' "sslt∏m-Ãm-kn-kn'\pw kam-\-amb Ahy‡X
Ds≠-t∂m¿°-Ww. AXp-sIm≠v Ahy-‡X - b - p-sStbm A]q¿Æ-
X-bp-sStbm t]cn¬ ]pXnb kao-]\
- ß- sf ]mtS Dt]-£n-°p∂
{]h-WXsb t\cn-Sp-I-bmWp as‰mcp sh√p-hn-fn. Ahy-‡-X-
bn¬ \n∂mWp hy‡- X - b p- ≠ m- I p- ∂ - X v . A- ] q¿Æ- X - b n¬
\n∂mWv ]q¿Æ-X-bn-te°p hf-cp-∂-Xv.
v Xt±-io-bo-I-c-W-Øns‚ Hcp {][m\ At\z-jWw ka-{K-amb
Hcp B≤ym-flnI-Xbv°p th≠n-bm-Wv. ]mc-{XnI- Imcyßsf
am{Xw kv]¿in°p-∂Xpw, kmaq-lym-h-t_m-[-an-√m-Ø-Xpw, Pohn-
X-K-‘n-b-√m-ØXp-amb B≤ymflnIXm-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ Bbn-cn-
°mw. ]e¿°pw "kwXr]vXn' \¬Ip-∂Xpw a‰p-≈-hsc ASn-
t®¬∏n-°p-∂-Xp-w kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-I-c-W-tijn IqSn Dƒs°m-
≈p∂ Hcp B≤ym-fln-IXmssien Dcp-Øn-cntb≠nbn-cn-°p-
∂p. AXp-sIm≠v kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-I-c-W-sØbpw IqSn Dƒs°m-
≈Ww F∂ \n¿t±-isØ Bflo-bm[x]X-\a - mbn Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-t®-
°mhp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-sbbmWv Xt±-io-bo-I-c-W-Øn¬ A`n-ap-
Jo-Ic
- nt°-≠Xv.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. Xt±-io-bo-I-c-W-tØm-Sp≈ anjW-dn-am-cpsS at\m-`mhw Npcp-°-
Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-I.
2. CXx]cy¥ap≈ Xt±-io-bo-I-cW kao-]-\-ßsf-°p-dn®v Npcp-°-
-ambn {]kvXmhn-°p-I.
3. Xt±iobo-I-c-W-]mX-bnse {][m\ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Gh? Ahsb
t\cn-Sm≥ Nne {]mtbm-KnI \n¿t±-i-ßƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
40 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
]mTw 6
Xt±ioboI-cWØns‚
{]mtbmKnImSnÿm\w kulr-ZkwKaw
 kulr-Zk
- w-Kaw F∂m¬ F¥v?  `mc-Xa - - Po-hnXNcn{Xw  aq¿-
- X
- y-ßƒ  kulr-Z- kw-Ka {]{Inb  {i≤-nt°≠-Xmb hkvXp-
Ø-e£
XIƒ
1. "kulr-Z-kw-Kaw' (Dialogue) F∂m¬ F¥v?
ss{IkvXh [¿Ωw `mc-X-Øn¬ Xt±-iobo-I-rXam-Ip-∂-Xns‚ Hcp
{][m\ e£Ww, ss{IkvX-h¿ `mc-X-Øn¬ A\ytcm hntZ-in-Itfm
As√-∂p≈ [mcW hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-Ib - m-Wv. _lp `q-cn-]£w hcp∂
CX-c a- X
- ß
- f
- p-ambn A¿∞-hØ - mb Hcp _‘hpw ]c-k] v c [mc-Wbpw
D≠m-Ip-hm≥ ss{IkvXh - ¿ Atß-b‰w ]cn{i-an-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu
]cn-{i-aØ- ns‚ ]mX-bmWv "kulrZ kwK-a'- Øns‚ ]mX. hym]-Ia - mb
A¿∞-Øn¬ A\p-Zn\ PohnX]mX-bnse kl-h¿ØnXz PohnXssien-
bmWv kulr-Z-kwKaw. {]tXy-I-amb A¿∞Øn¬, Cu PohnXssi-
ensb _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw A¿∞-h-Øm-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ t_m[-]q¿Δ-
amb ]cn-{iasØbpw "kulr-Z-kw-Kaw' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°mw.
2. `mc-X- a-X-Po-hnXNcn{Xw
`mc-XØ- nse aX-Po-hnX Ncn-{X-Øn¬ {][m-\a - mbpw \mep L´-ßƒ
ImWmw:
i Bcy-∑m-cpsS hc-hn\p apºp-Xs∂ `mc-X-Øn¬ IS-∂p-h-∂n-
´p≈tXm, kzbta hf¿∂p h∂tXm Bb aX-Po-hnXw (DZm:
lmc∏m, taml≥tPmZmtcm kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ \ng-en-°p∂
{ZmhnU-aX
- P
- o-hn-Xw).
ii Bcy-∑m¿ sIm≠p-h-∂Xpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-amb aX-Po-hnXw
(DZm: thZ-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hf¿∂ sshZn-I-[¿Ωw;
]m¿kn- a-Xw).
iii Bcy- ˛ -A-\m-cy-k-¶-c-ambn cq]-s∏´ aX-Po-hnXw (DZm: ssP\,
_p≤- a-X-ßƒ).
iv Bcy, A\m-cy-im-J-I-tfmSv shtΔ-sd-tbm, Ah-bpsS k¶-c-
tØmSp s]mXp-thtbm _‘-s∏´p hf¿∂ aX-Po-hn-Xw (DZm:
ss{IkvXh, C…mw, kn°p- a-X-ßƒ).
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 41
CXn¬ BZysØ aq∂p L´-ß-fn-embn, sslμh, ssP\, _p≤,

]m¿kn aX-ß-fpsS "kulr-Z-kw-K-a'-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-amWp ImWp∂Xv.
\mem-asØ L´Øn-emWp ss{IkvXh, C…mw, kn°p aXßfpsS
kwK-aw. Cu \mep -L-´-ß-fnepw \mw Hcp {]tXy-IX ImWp-∂p-≠v.
el-fI
- ƒ D≠mbmepw thK-Øn¬ kl-h¿ØnXzw Dd-∏m-°m-hp∂ Hcp
aX-k-ln-jvWpXm kwkvImcw Npcp-°-Øn¬ `mc-X -aXNcn-{X-Øn¬
hfsc ÿnc-{]-Xn-jvT- t\-Snb {]ÿm-\a
- mWv, "kulr-Zk
- w-Kaw.' B[p-
\nI ImeØv, ]t£, AXn\p Nne sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ D≠mIp-
∂p≠v F∂p am{Xw.
3. "kulr-Z-kw-K-a-'Øns‚ B[p\nI ImesØ
aq¿Ø-e£yßƒ
1. kam-[m\]c-amb kl-h¿Øn-Xz-Øn-\pw, sX‰p-[m-c-W-Iƒ Hgn-
hm-°p-hm\pw, t`Z-s∏´ [mc-W-I-ƒ ]c-kv]cw hf¿Øp-hm\pw
]cn-{i-an-t°-≠n-bncn°p∂p. hy‡n-Ifpw kaq-l-ßfpw XΩn¬
Xpd∂ a\-t mSpw A\p-`-hm-[n-jvTn-X-amb B[n-Im-cn-I-X-
tbmSpw IqSn aX-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v N¿® sNøptºmtg
Cu ]cn{iaw ê-{]-Za - m-Iq.
2. hnhn[ aX, {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ß-fpsS A\p-bmbnIfmb a\p-jy¿
CS-s]-Sp-∂n-SØp kwL¿j-ßƒ D≠m-Imw. ]t£ kulr-Zk - w-
Ka {]ÿm-\ßfpsS ka-tbm-Nn-Xa - mb CS-s]-S¬ aqew ]e {]iv\-
ßfpw Hgn-hm-°mw.
3. F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ß-fp-sSbpw s]mXp-hmb
Xmev]-cy-amWv \oXn-]q¿h-amb kmaqlyPohn-Xw. At∏mƒ,
A\o-Xn-s°-Xn-cmb ka-c-Ønepw \oXn-]q¿Δhamb kaq-lm-hn-
jvI-c-W-Ønepw, kulr-Z-kw-Ka {]ÿm-\-ßƒ°p t\XrXzw
sImSp-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
4. GXp aX-Øn\pw {]mtbm-KnI PohnX]mX-bn¬ F¶nepw a‰p
aX-ßf
- n¬ \n∂p ]eXpw ]Tn-°phm≥ ImWpw. Cßs\ aX-Pohn-
X-Ønse ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-ÿm\w Is≠-Øp-hm≥ "kulr-Z-
kwKa'Øn\p Ignbpw.
5. `mc-X-Ønse aX-ß-fpsS ZuXy-\n¿Δ-l-W-Øn\v Cu kulr-
ZkwKa-ßƒ hgn-sX-fn-°pw. `mcX-Øns‚ PohnX kml-N-cy-
-tØmSv aX-ßƒ°v A¿∞-h-Ømbn {]Xn-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-
∂p-sh-¶n¬ c≠p Imcy-ßƒ thWw: (i) `mc-X-Øns‚ ]ucm-
42 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
WnI ]mc-º-cy-Øn\p kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-´p≈ aX]mc-º-cy-

ßsf Dƒs°m-≈-Ww. (ii) `mc-X-Øns‚ B\p-Im-enI Pohn-X-
bm-Ym¿-∞y-ßsf IW-°n-se-Sp-°p∂ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ß-fp-
ambn kPoh_‘w ÿm]n-°-Ww. CXp c≠pw km[n-°p-
∂Xv aX- {]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-ß-fpsS kulr-Z-kw-K-a-Øn¬ IqSn-
bm-Wv.
4. kulr-Z- kw-Ka{]{Inb
kulr-Z-kw-K-a-Øns‚ ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ aq∂p taJ-e-I-fn-embn \S-°p-
∂Xv A`n-Im-ay-am-Wv.
1. {]mtZ-inI Xe-Øn¬, hnhn[ aX-ß-fn¬s∏´ km[m-cW P\
ß-fpsS kvt\l-_-‘-sØbpw, kl-I-c-W-sØbpw, hf¿
Øm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Ah-k-c-ßƒ krjv-Sn°phm≥ {]m-tZ-
inI kwKa kan-Xn-Iƒ.
2. Bg-amb ]cn-Nn-¥-\-Øn\pw A\p-`h ]¶m--fn-Ø-Øn\pw k∑-
\-kpw, XmXv]c
- yhpw Ignhpw D≈-hc
- psS kulr-Zk
- wKa thZnIƒ.
3. D`-bI£n ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnhn[ aX, {]Xy-b-i-mkv{X-ß-
fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS ]T-\-{Kq-∏p-Iƒ.
5. {i≤n-t°≠ hkvXp-X-Iƒ
taev]-d™ aq∂p taJ-eIfnembn \S-°mhp∂ kulr-Z-kw-Ka
{]ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ s]mXpsh {i≤n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xmb Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ
IqSn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
1. Hmtcm aX-Øn-\pw, {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øn\pw AXn-t‚-Xmb A\-
\yXzw (uniqueness) D≠v F∂p kΩ-Xn-°-Ww.
2. B[n-Im-cn-IX
- t- bms-Sbp≈ Xpd∂ kao-]\w {]m[m\yw A¿ln-
°p-∂p. kzbw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xpw, Bflm¿∞-ambn hniz-kn-
°p-∂Xpw H´pw sh≈w tN¿°msX ]¶p-h-bv°pI. AtXm
sSm∏w, kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xns\ kzoI-cn-°p-hm-\p-≈ k∂≤X
D≠mbncn°pI.
3. hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ßƒ A√, t`Z-s∏´ [mc-W-bmWp e£yw F∂p
ad-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
4. kwK-a-Ønse ]¶m-fnsb (hy-‡ntbm, kaq-ltam), Ah¿
Bbn-cn-°p∂ Xe-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw _lp-am-\n-°p-
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 43
hm\pw k∂-≤-X-bp-≠m-hp-I.
5. a‰p aX-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw IqSp-X¬
Adn-bp-hm-\p≠v F∂ t_m≤y-Øn¬, Ft∏mgpw IqSp-X¬ Adn-
bp-hm≥ k∂-≤X Im´p-I.
6. Xmc-Xay ]T-\-Øn¬°qSn km[¿Ωy-ßfpw hyXym-kßfpw
Is≠-Øp-hm≥ {ian-°m-sa-¶-nepw GXmWp t{ijvTw F∂
hn[n-sb-gpØv Bfl-\n-jvT-am-Ip∂Xp-sIm≠v \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-
Ø-Ww.
7. hnπ-h-I-c-amb XymK-a-t\m-`mhw D≠m-hp-I, \ΩpsS hnizmkw
\jvS-s∏-Sptam Hcp HØp-Xo¿∏n¬ FtØ-≠-n h-cptam Fs∂m
s° `b-s∏´v Bflm-hns‚ {]h¿Ø-\sØ XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv
Btcm-Ky-I-c-a-√.
8. kvt\l-amWv F√m aX-ß-fpsSbpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ß-fp-sSbpw
{]mtbm-Kn-I-mSn-ÿm\w F∂p kΩ-Xn®v, AXn\p tIm´w X´p-
∂-sXm∂pw kulr-Z-kw-K-a-Øns‚ ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-
cm-Xn-cn-°pI.
9. Xp-d∂ a\- p-s≠-¶n¬ Hcp ]cn-[n -h-sc-sb-¶nepw A]-cs‚ hn
izmk, A\p-`h B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bn¬ IS∂psN√mw. F∂m¬
F{X {ian-®mepw AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-X-bn¬ FØWw F∂p
\n¿_-‘-an-s√∂pw kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. Xt±-iobo-Ic
- W
- Ø
- n¬ "kulr-Zk
- w-Ka'Øns‚ {]k-‡n-sb¥v?
2. kulr-Z-kw-K-a-Øns‚ e£y-ßƒ GsXms°?
3. kulr-Zk
- w-Ka {]{In-bb
- psS {]mtbm-KnI hi-ßƒ N¿® s
- N-øpI.
44 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
bqWn‰v 2
aX-Po-hnXw: Hc-t\z-jWw
]mTw 1
B[ymfln-IX
 B[ym-fln-IX: Hcp ]Z-hn-i-I-e\w  B[ym-fln-I-X-bpsS {][m\
am\-ßƒ  B[ym-fln-I-X-bpsS A¥xkØ
1. B[ym-fln-IX: Hcp ]Z-hn-i-I-e\w
"B[ym-fln-IX' F∂ ]Zw sIm≠v- Dt±in-°p-∂sX-¥m-sW∂v hy‡-
am-IW-a-t√m. "A[n' + "BflnIX' F∂p ]d-™m¬, `mjm-]-c-ambn
"Bfl'\v, ap≥Xq°w sImSp-°p-∂Xv F-∂m-W¿∞w. "Bfl≥', `mc-X-
Ønse ]u-cm-WnI aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn≥{]Im-cw, hy‡n-bpsS kØ-bm-Wv
(AXpXs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p {]]-©-Øns‚ kØbpw Bb BXy-¥n-I-
bmYm¿∞yw). AXv ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂v `n∂tam, hncp-≤tam A√. ico-
c-Øns‚bpw kØ-bm-Wv. Bfls\ Is≠-Øp∂ k]-cy-bmWv B[ym-
fln-I-X. AXp-sIm≠v b-h-\-]m-cº-cy-Øntem, eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-
Øntem, \njvIr-jvSa- mbn a\- n-em-°p∂ "kv]ncn-®zm-en‰n' F∂Xnepw
IqSp-X¬ A¿∞hym]vXn B[ym-flnI-Xb - °
v p≠v F∂p a\- n-em-°Ww.
`mc-Xob ]›m-Ø-eØn¬ aX-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hi-
Øn\p am{X-ambn B[ym-fln-IX - s
- b∂p t]cp- sIm-Sp-°m-sa∂pw tXm∂p-
∂n-√. k\ym-k-Po-hn-Xtam, Bfln-bm-\q-`q-Xntbm, Bcm[\m\p-jvTm-\-
ßtfm am{X-a√ B[ym-flnI-X. [m¿Ωn-Ia - mb Pohn-XØ
- ns‚ At\Iw
am\-ß-fn¬ {]Im-in-°p∂ ssNX-\y-amWv B[ym-fln-IX. `mc-Xob
{InkvXob ssNX\yw sXfn-tb≠ {][m\ am\-ßƒ GsXm-s°-sb∂p
t\m°mw.
B[ym-fln-I-X-bpsS {][m\ am\-ßƒ
1. ssZh-imkv{Xw: ssZh-im-kv{X-Øn-emWv B[ym-fln-IX G‰hpw
IqSpX¬ hnf-ßp∂-Xv. ssZh-imkv{Xw B[ym-fln-I-X-bn-epw, B[ym-
flnIX ssZh-im-kv{X-Ønepw kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v,
`mc-Xob kml-N-cy-Ønse ss{IkvX-hm[ym-flnI-X-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e
ssZh-im-kv{Xw {]m[m\ya¿ln-°p-∂p. `mc-Xob ss{IkvXh
- m-[ym-flnI-
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 45
X-bpsS ]›m-Øe ssZh-im-kv{Xw, `mc-Xobtam hn-tZ-io-btam Bb

GsX-¶nepw Hcp Z¿i-\-Øn-t\m, Nn¥m-K-Xn-t°m -am{Xw A\p-cq-]-s∏-´-
Xm-hWw F∂v \njvI¿jn°tWm? ChnsS \n¿t±-in°p-hm-\p-≈Xv
ssZh-imkv{X-Øn\v hnim-e-amb Hcp ho£Ww AXym-h-iy-am-sW-
∂mWv. AssZz-X-Z¿i-\-sØ-bpw, `‡n Z¿i-\-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-
hm≥ sslμh ssZh-imkv{X Nn¥bv°p Ign-™-Xp-t]mse `mc-Xob
ss{IkvXh ssZh-imkv{X Nn¥bv°pw {InkvXp-hn¬ tI{μo-Ir-X-amb
At\Iw hymJym\ ]mc-ºc - y-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈m-\p≈ hnim-eX D≠m-
I-Ww. At∏mƒ hymJym\ ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ°v A\p-cq-]-amb Bflo-bm-
\p-`qXn ]mc-ºc
- y-ßfpw DS-se-Sp-Øpsh∂p- h-cpw. Ah-sbbpw Dƒs°m-
t≈-≠-Xmbn hcpw.
2. Bcm[-\m\p-jT v m-\ß- ƒ: [ym\ {][m-\a - m-bXpw, BXy-¥n-Ia - mbn
hy‡n-tI-{μo-Ir-Xhpw, IpSpw-_P - o-hnX ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-
hp-amb Hcp aX-Po-hnXw `mc-X-Øns‚ ]ucm-WnI ss]Xr-I-am-Wv. Cu
hkvXp-Xbv°v {]m[m\yw sImSpØp-sIm-≠p≈ hy‡n-]-chpw, kaq-l-
]-c-hp-amb Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ°p `mc-Xo-b-amb Hcp K‘w D≠m-
bn-cn-°p- w. `mc-Xob-amb Bcm-[\ - m-\p-jTv m-\ß - ƒ°v [ym\m-flI - a
- mb Hcp
ssien km[m-cW - a
- m-Wv (Hcp ssientb D≠m-Imhq F∂p \n¿_‘an-
s√-¶n-epw). Io¿Ø-\-ß-fpw, XZ-\p-kr-X-amb `mh, cmK Xmf ka-\z-b-
ßfpw `mc-Xob Bcm-[\m ssien-bpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bm-Wv. Io¿Ø-\ß - f - p-
sS-bpw, {]m¿∞-\-I-fp-sSbpw D≈-S-°-Øn¬ `mc-X- Po-hnX bmYm¿∞y-
ßƒ°v ÿm\w e`n-°W - w. temI-hn-c‡ - \ - mb Hcp-hs‚ hnNm-cX - c - w-K-
ß-tfm, Hcp k\ymk kaq-lØ - ns‚ PohnX ssientbm ap∂n¬ I≠p-
sIm-≠p-≈- Bcm[\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ kmam-\y-P\Øn\p {]k-‡-am-I-
W-sa-∂n-√. IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øns‚bpw kmaq-ly-Po-hnX-Øn-s‚bpw
kml-N-cy-ßsfbpw {]iv\ß-sfbpw bmYm¿∞y-ß-sfbpw ap∂n¬
I≠psIm-≠p≈ hy‡n-]c - h
- pw, kaq-l] - c
- h - p-amb Bcm[\m k÷o-I-
cWw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p.
3. Bflo-bm-\p-`qXn: Bflo-bm-\p-`qXn {]mY-an-I-ambpw hy‡nsb
B{i-bn®ncn°p∂Xn-\m¬ F√mh¿°pw Htc ssien-bnep≈ Bflobm-
\p-`qXn \njv°¿jn-°pI km[y-a-√. F¶nepw ]ucm-WnI `mc-X-Øn¬
ÿnc{]Xn-jvT t- \-Snb Bflo-bm-\p-`qXn ˛ ]m-cº- c
- y-Øn\v Nne s]mXp-
hmb hi-ßƒ ImWmw. _l-f-ß-tfm, Cf-°-ßtfm C√mØ Bfl-X-
]-\-Øn-s‚bpw Bfl\njvT-I-fp-sSbpw, X]-kn-s‚bpw, {hX-N-cy-I-fp-
sSbpw, Hcp A\p-`qXn ]mc-º-cy-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Cu ]mc-º-cysØ
Dƒs°m≠n-cp-∂X - p-sIm-≠p I
- qSn Bbn-cn°mw eØo≥ k`-bpsS Bflo-
46 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
bm-\p-jvTm-\-ßtf°mƒ kpdnbm\nk`-bpsS Bflobm\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ

ae-¶ck`-bn¬ s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv.
4. thZ-{K-Ÿß- f - psS D]-tbmKw: thZ-{K-Ÿß - ƒ `mcXob aX-Po-hn-
X-Øn¬ hymJym-\-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-X-embn [ym\m-fl-I-amb ]mcm-b-W-
Øn\mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v hymJym-\-Øn\p
{]m[m\yw Ipd-b° v Ww F∂√ kqNn∏n°p-∂X - .v `-‡n-tZym-XI
- a
- mb thZ-
]m-cm-b-W-Øn\v Ah-kcw IqSp-X-ep-≠m-Ip-∂Xpw AXv Io¿Ø\-cq-]-
Øn¬ Be-]n®v B A\p-`qXn B¿÷n-°p-∂-Xpw, `mc-Xob ss{IkvX-
hm-[ym-fln-I-X-bn¬ {i≤n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. thZ-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS CXn-
hrØw Io¿Ø-\-ß-fm°n Be-]n-°p∂ ]mc-ºcyw ae-¶c \{km-Wn-
Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xns\bmWt√m, "BZØn-s‚ h´-°fn', "]q¿Δ
butk-∏ns‚ h´-°fn', "aqi-bpsS h´-°fn', "sNdnb tXm_n-bm-kns‚
]m´v', "bu\m≥ \nhym-bpsS ]m´v', "am¿ tbml-∂m≥ amwZm-\m-bpsS
]m´v', "I∂n DΩm-bpsS ]m´v', "adnbw aKvZt- eØm DΩm-bpsS ]m´v', "anin-
lm-bpsS ]m´v' apX-em-bh DZm-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]uckvXy k`-IfpsS
s]mXp-hmb Hcp Bflob ]mc-ºc - y-amWv k¶o¿Ø\ (Io¿Ø-\a - m-bn´p-
X-s∂) Be]-\w. thZ-{K-Ÿ-ßfpsS hymJym-\hpw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-
°p∂p. `mc-Xo-ba - mb Hcp thZ-hym-Jym\ ({]-kw-K) ssien ss{IkvXh
]mc-ºcyw Is≠-tØ-≠-Xm-bn-´p≠v (d-jy≥ k`-bv°pw, {Ko°p
k`bv°pw kzIo-b-amb Hcp thZ hymJym\ ssien Ds≠∂p-≈Xv
{]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-am-Wv). s{]m´Ã‚ v ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂v e`y-am-
bn´p≈ Hcp thZ-hym-Jym\ ({]-kw-K) ssien-bmWv C∂v `mcX ss{IkvX-
h-cpsSbnS-bn¬ s]mXpth ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ ]g-b-
\n-ba ]›m-Ø-e-Øn\v kam-¥-c-am-bnt´m AXn\p ]pd-Øm-bnt´m
F¶nepw `mc-X-Ønse aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS At\z-j-W-ßfpw Is≠-Ø-
ep-Ifpw ]cm-a¿in°s∏-tS-≠Xt√? ZrjvSm-¥ß - f - mbpw a‰pw {]Xy-£-
s∏-tS-≠Xv `mc-Xob PohnX bmYm¿∞y-ßf - t√? thZ-hymJym\Øns‚
ktμ-iØ - n¬ Du∂¬ sImSp-t°-≠X - v, B\p-Im-enI kml-Nc - y-ßt- fm-
Sp≈ ka-{K-amb ss{IkvXh {]Xn-I-cWsa¥-∂-Xn-∂t√?
B[ym-flnI-X-bpsS A¥xkØ: ssZh-Z¿i\w
s]mXpsh `mc-Xob Nn¥-bn¬ "Cuizc km£m-Xv°mcw' BWv
B[ym-flnI-X-bpsS A¥xkØ. ss{IkvXh Nn-¥-bn¬ AXv ssZh-
Z¿i-\-sa∂v ]dbmsa∂p tXm∂p-∂p. a\p-jy\nse ssZh-km-Zyiyw,
Ah≥ tbip-{In-kXv p-hn¬°qSn ssZho-Ic- n-°s
- ∏-Sp-hm-\p≈ A®m-ca
- mWv.
a°-fpsS ]pXnb ]Z-hn-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-amWv ]nXm-hns‚ ASp-°te°p
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 47
{]th-in-°pIsb∂Xv. ssZhsØ hy-‡n-Xz-Øn¬ apgp-h≥ cpNn-®d - n-bp-

tºm-gm-Wv, ssZho-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ssZhsØ Z¿in-°p-Ibpw Hs°
sNøp-∂-Xv. F{X Adn-™mepw ]q¿Æ-ambn ]d-bm≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√,
ssZhsØ- I≠psh∂v. A{X-am{Xw A\-¥-amb Hcp A\p-`h ]mX-
bmWv AXv. ]ns∂ F{X Bgambn {InkvXp-hns\ Adn-bp-∂p-thm, AXn-
\-\p-kc
- n®v ]nXm-hn-s\bpw Adn-bp∂psh∂p- am{Xw, ImcWw Ahn-Sp∂p
]d-™p: "Fs∂-°-≠-h≥ ]nXm-hns\ I≠n-cn-°p∂p' F∂v.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. `mc- X ob ss{Ikv X hm[ymfln- I - X - b psS {][m\ am\- ß ƒ
GsXms°?
2. GsX-¶nepw Hcp ss__nƒ `mK-Øn\v, `mc-Xo-ba
- mb Hcp hymJym\w
sImSp-Øp-sIm≠v {]kw-K-cq-t]W Fgp-Xp-I.
]mTw 2
Bcm[\
 Bcm-[-\-bp-sS ASn-ÿm-\- a-t\m-`mhw  Xt±-io-bo-IrX Bcm-[\:
hm°p-I-fn¬°qSn  Xt±-io-bo-IrX Bcm-[\: I¿Ωß-fn¬°qSn
B[ym-fln-I-X-bpsS G‰hpw {]-[m-\-s∏´ afi-e-amWv Bcm-[-
\m\pjvTm\-ßƒ F∂pw Xt±-io-bo-Ir-X-amb Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-
ßƒ°p Nne {]-tXy-IX - I
- ƒ D≠mIpw F∂pw I≠p-Ig- n™p. F∂m¬,
\nd-]-dbpw \ne-hn-f°pw, km{ºmWnbpw I¿∏q-chpw, Bc-Xnbpw,
]pjv]m¿®-\bp-sams° am{X-amWv Xt±-io-boIrX Bcm-[\
- sb∂p Icp-
Xp-∂Xv A_-≤-am-Wv. Aßs\ am{X-ap≈ ]cn{ia-ßsf sslμ-ho-I-
cWw F∂p ap{Z-Ip-Øn-sb-∂pw hcmw. B[p-\n-I sslμh aX-Po-hn-X-
Øn¬ Xs∂ taev]d - ™ _mly-cq-]ß- ƒ°v {]k‡n Ipd™phcnI-
bmWv.
1. Bcm-[-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\at\m-`m-hw
Bcm-[\ - b
- n¬ {][m\w, Bcm-[\
- b
- psS ASn-ÿm\ at\m-`m-ha
- mWv.
Icp-Wm-a-b-\mb k¿tΔ-iz-cs‚ k∂n-[n-bn¬, XnI™ Bflm¿∞-X-
tbmsS ÿe-Im-e- ]-cnanXnbn¬ \n∂pw AXo-X-ambn kzbw A¿∏n-
48 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
°p∂ at\m-`mhw! B at\m-`m-h-Øns‚ Ahm-Nym-\p-`q-Xn-°p, hm°p-

Iƒ°pw I¿a-ßƒ°pw D≈Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ hmNm-e-X-bp≠v; Bi-b-hn-
\n-ab i‡n-bp-≠v: ]t£, {]kvXp-Xm-\p-`q-Xn-bn¬ Ba-·-am-hp-tºmƒ,
Nne hm°p-Iƒ ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°pI hø; Nne I¿aßƒ A\p-jvTn-°m-Xn-
cn-°pI hø. B hm°p-Iƒ At∏mƒ shdpw At]-£-Iƒ am{X-ambn
Npcp-ßnt∏m-Ipsa∂pw tXm∂p-∂n-√. B hm°p-I-fn¬, \μn- \n-d™
lrZ-b-Øns‚ kvXpXn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-Ipw: \n -lm-b-mh-ÿ-bpsS tXß-
ep-Iƒ D≠m-Ipw; A\p-Xm]w \nd-™ G‰p-]d - ®
- n-ep-Iƒ D≠mIpw; Bh-
iy-ßƒ Xncp-ln-XØ - n\p ka¿∏n-°pI BImw, B I¿a-ßf - n¬, I¿ta-
{μn-b-ß-sfbpw ⁄mt\-{μn-b-ß-sfbpw apgp-h≥ ]s¶-Sp-∏n-°mw, G‰w
hne-tb-dn-b-Xm-bn´p tXm∂p-∂-Xn-s\sbms° AhnS-tØbv°p ka¿∏n-
°-pIbm-Imw, G‰w \n¿a-e-am-bn-´pw, at\m-⁄-am-bn´pw tXm∂p-∂-Xn-
s\sbms° Atßbv°v A¿∏n°pI-bmImw; Ahn-Sp∂p \¬Ip∂ kam-
[m-\-Øn-s‚bpw, A\p-{K-l-ß-fp-sSbpw Iq´mbva B I¿aß-fn¬ IqSn
kqNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNømw.
s]mXpsh ]uc-kvXy- ss{I-kvXh
- m-cm-[\
- b
- nepw, `mc-XØ
- ns‚ ]ucm-
WnI aX-Po-hn-XØ
- nepw C∏d™ at\m-`m-hhpw, C∏d™ coXn-bn-ep≈
hm°p-Ifpw I¿aßfp-amWv Z¿in-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. AXns\ F{X-
am{Xw IqSp-X-embn A¿∞-h-Øpw, kwK-Xhpw at\m-⁄-hp-am°mw
Ft∂ Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xp-≈q.
2. Xt±-io-boIrX Bcm-[\: hm°p-I-fn¬°qSn
1. {]mtZ-inI `mj: hy‡n-]-c-ambpw kaq-l-]-c-hp-amb Bcm-[-\-
bv°p≈ hmßvcq]w KZyamImw. ]Zy-am-Imw. K-Zy-am-sW-¶nepw, ]Zy-am-
sW-¶nepw c≠n\pw {]mtZ-inI`mj, AXns‚ efn-Xhpw B\p-Im-en-I-
hpamb ssien-bn¬, {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p.
2. KZy-cq-]Ø- n¬: kvXpXn-∏p-If - pw, At]-£I - f
- pw, KZy-cq-]Øn-ep≈
Bcm-[\ - m-`m-Kß- f - n¬ Dƒs∏-Spw. `mc-Xo-ba - mb kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ kvXpXn-
∏p-Ifnepw, At]-£I - f
- n-epw, DXvt_m-[\ - ß - f
- nepw Bscbpw {]tIm-]n-
∏n-°mØ Hcp ASn-ÿm\ at\m-`mhw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Pohn-X-Øns‚
GsX-¶nepw Hcp hisØ {]tXy-Ia - mbn kv]¿in-°p∂ Bcm-[\ - m-hk
- -
c-ßfn¬ (D-Zm-lc - Ww: hnhm-lw) B Pohn-Xm\p`hØns‚ {]m[m\yhpw,
AXnse sh√phnfn-Ifpw AhnsS e`y-am-tI≠ ssZh-Ir-]bpw Hm¿Ωn-
∏n-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ Bcm-[-\-bpsS D≈-S°w {Iao-I-cn-°-s∏-S-Ww.
3. ]Zy-cq-]Ø
- n¬: ]Zy-cq-]-Ønepw, kvXpXn-∏p-Ifpw, At]-£-Ifpw,
DXvt_m-[-\-ßfpw BIm-sa∂pw Ah-bv°mWp IqSp-X¬ AwKo-Imcw
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 49
D≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂pw kp-hn-Zn-X-am-Wv. ]Zy-cq-]-Øn¬ Be-]n-°p-tºmƒ,

AXns‚ cmKw, Xmfw apX-em-bh {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. ]ucm-WnI
`mc-XØnse aX-PohnX-Øn¬ e_v[{]Xn-jT v a- mb Nne cmK-ßfpw Xmf-
ßfpw D≠v. Ahsb Ahew_n-®p-sIm≠p ss{IkvXh Io¿Ø-\ß - fpw,
"]m\' (`‡n-Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ) Ifpw t«mI-ßfpw D≠m-Ip-hm≥ {i≤ -]-
Xn-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. cmK-Ønepw Xmf-Ønepw A\p-Ic - W
- t- Ø-°mfpw,
at\m-⁄-am-bXpw ]mc-º-cy-tØmSp \oXn-]p-e¿Øp-∂-Xp-amb ]pXnb
At\z-j-W-ßƒ°mWp ap≥Xq°w sImSp-t°-≠Xv. k¶o¿Æ-amb
I¿Æm-SI cmK-ßƒ Hcp]t£ `qcn-]-£-Øn\pw ]cn-Nn-X-am-bncn-°p-I-
bn√. efn-X-amb Io¿Ø-\-ssien F√m-Ø-c-am-fp-Iƒ°pw kzoIm-cy-am-
bn-cn-°pw. A\p-Ic - W
- {- àw sIm≠p {]tXy-In®p, ]m›mXy hmZytafßƒ
Bkz-Zn-°p-∂h - c
- p-≠m-Imw F¶n-epw, `mc-Xo-ba - mb Hcp a\- ns‚ Bcm-
[-\m-cq-]nsb DW¿Øm\pw A\p-Kan°m\pw `mc-Xob hmZy-ta-f-ßƒ-
°p≈ (DZm: hoW, knØm¿) ÿm\w A\-\y-am-Wv.
3. Xt±-io-bo-IrX Bcm-[\: I¿aß-fn¬°qSn
1. k÷o-Ic - Ww: Bcm-[\ hy‡n- X-s∂-tbm, IpSpw-_a - m-tbm, kaq-
l-amtbm A\p-jT v n-°ptºmƒ Hcp ]›m-Øe k÷oIc-Wa - p-≈Xv A`n-
Im-ay-am-W.v Cu ]›m-Øe k÷oI-cWØn¬ ]ucm-WnI `mc-XØnse
aX-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \n∂p kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂Xv ]e-Xp-ap≠v. Zo]m-e-¶mcw,
]pjv]m-e¶ - m-cw, kpK-‘[ - q-]o-Ic
- Ww CsXm-s°-bmWv Ah-bn¬ NneXv.
{]]-©Ø - n¬ G‰hpw at\m-⁄a - mWp {]Im-ihpw, kuμ-cyhpw, kpK-
‘-hpw. Cu aq∂n-s\bpw ssZhm-cm-[-\bv°p apJm-¥n-c-am-°p-∂Xv DNn-
X-as
- √-∂m¿°p ]d-bmw? Zo¿L-t\cw {i≤ t- I-{μo-Ic - n-°p-hm\pw [ym\w
kzÿ-am-Ip-hm\pw N{aw-]S- ™ - p≈ Ccp∏v G‰hpw D]-Ic - n-°p-sa∂mWv
tbmKnI-fpsSbpw A\p`hÿ-cp-sSbpw A`n-{]mbw. F¶nepw C∂v
CXn\p {]mtbm-Kn-Ia - mb sshj-ay-ap-≈h - ¿ [mcm-fa
- p≠v F∂Xpw IW-
°n-se-Sp-°-Ww. Im¿an-I-\pw, P\-ßfpw Htc Znisb A`n-ap-Jo-Icn-°p-
∂-XmWp s]mXpsh ]uc-kvXy-a-X-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw Bcm-[-\m-ssi-en.
2. \n»_vZ \nan-j-ßƒ: \n»_vZ-\n-an-j-ßƒ "I¿a'-amtWm F∂p
kwi-bn-t®-°mw. B-cm-[-\-bpsS A\p-jvTm-\-am-bn-´p -Xs∂ Bcm-[-\-
bv°n-Sb
- n¬ "\n»_vZX'bv°p ÿm\-ap-≈X - n-\m-emWv ChnsS Dƒs∏-Sp-
Øp-∂-Xv. hm°p-I-fnepw I¿a-ß-fnepw IqSn Xncn°p]nSn® Hcp Bcm-[-
\m-k-÷o-I-c-W-tØ-°mƒ lrZy-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv, lrkz-sa-¶nepw kmh-
Imiw tXm∂n-°p∂ \n»_vZ-\n-an-j-ßƒ Dƒs∏´ Bcm-[-\-bmWv.
[ym\n-°p-hm-\pw, ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ kzbw ad-°p-hm-\p-w D≈ \nan-j-
50 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
ß-fmWv \n»-_vZ-X-bpsS \nan-j-ßƒ. Bcm[\-bn-se- Xs∂ hm°p-I-

fnepw I¿a-ßf
- n-epw- IqSn {i≤- ]-Xdnt∏m-sb∂p hcmw. At∏mƒ, AXns\
ho≠pw kzÿ-am-°m\pw Cu \n»_vZ \nan-j-ßƒ D]-I-cn-°pw.
3. A`n-hmZyw: ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ kmjvTmw-K-{]-Wmaw \S-Øp-∂-
Xn\pw Bcm-[-\-bv°n-S-bn¬ ssZh-h-c-{]-km-Z-Øm¬ ]c-kv]cw A`n-
hmZyw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw AXn-t‚-Xmb ÿm\-ap-≠v. `mc-X-Øns‚ ]ucm-
WnI ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ D≈Xpw C∂pw \jvS-am-Im-Ø-Xp-amb Hcp A`n-
hm-Zy-co-Xn-bm-Wv ARvPeo hμ-\w (-ssI I- q-∏p∂-X)v . Bt«-jtØ-°mfpw
ssIsIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mfpw, `mc-X-Øn¬ lrZy-amb coXn -ssI -
Iq∏p∂-Xp Xs∂-bm-Wv. ssZh-k∂ - n-[n-bn¬ kmjvTmw-K{- ]-Wmaw sNøp-
∂Xv `mc-Xob coXn am{X-a-√, an° -a-X-ß-fnepw D≈-Xm-Wv.
4. {]tXyI I¿a-ßƒ: `h-\-ß-fn¬, hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Ønepw, IpSpw-
_-Po-hn-XØ- nepw, k`m-Po-hn-XØnepw D≠m-Ip∂ {][m\ kw`-hß - t- fm-
S-\p-_-‘n®v Bcm-[\ {Iao-I-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw. Ah-bpsS A¿-
∞hpw {]k-‡nbpw Bg-am-°p-hm≥ D]-bp-‡a - mb I¿a-ßs - fbpw kzoI-
cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bWw. DZm-lc - W- Øn\p hnhm-lt- Øm-S\ - p-_‘n®p ]pcm-
X\ ImeØv \{km-WnIp-Spw-_ßfn¬ \S-∂p-h∂ efn-Xa - mb I¿a-ßsf,
Cu Bcm-[-\-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ Ignbpw. hnhm-l-Øn-\n-d-ßn-∏p-d-
s∏-Sp-tºmƒ, Zo]w sXfnbn-°p-∂-Xpw, h[p-hn (-h-cs\) s\ AWn-bn-
s®m-cp-°n-s°m-≠p-hc- p-∂Xpw, Km\w-]mSn {]m¿∞-\ sNm√p∂-Xpw, Kpcp-
Z-£nW ka¿∏n-°p-∂Xpw Hs° Bcm-[-\-bpsS `mK-am-°n-Øo¿°m≥
Ign-bpw. s]k-lm-hym-gmgvN IpSpw-_m-wK-ß-sf√mw tN¿∂p \S-Øn-bn-
cp∂ Xncp-hØ - mg A\p-kvac - W- hpw Bcm-[\- b- psS coXn-bn¬ ]cn-jv°-
cn-°p-∂-Xv, hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS {]m[m-\y-sØtbm A\-\y-Xz-sØtbm
Ipd-®p-I-f-bp-sa∂pw tXm∂p-∂n-√.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. Bcm-[-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ at\m-`mhw F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww?
2. \nßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Bflob {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬
{]tXy-Ia
- mbn \S-Øp-hm≥ hm°p-If
- nepw, I¿a-ßf
- nepw IqSn ka-{K-
amb Hcp {InkvXp-akv k‘ym-cm-[\ Fgp-Xp-hm≥ {ian-°p-I.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 51
]mTw 3
Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw
 kw£n]vX Ncn{Xw  Iem-cwKw  kmln-Xy-cwKw
ss{IkvXh aX-Po-hnXw s]mXp-Po-hnX [mc-bn¬ ebn-°p-hm-\p≈
apJm-¥c- a
- mWv Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw. Iebnepw kmln-XyØnepw IqSn
ss{IkvXh kXy-sØbpw aqey-ßs - fbpw {]Im-in-∏n°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ
]pcm-X\k`-bn¬ Xs∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Xt±-io-b-amb
Iemkm- l nXy am[ya- ß sf t]mjn- ∏ n°- p Ibpw, Ah- b n¬°qSn
ss{IkvXh aqey-ßƒ {]Xn-ên-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-sb-∂p-≈Xv
ss{IkvXh [¿aØns‚ Xt±-io-bo-I-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cn-°pw.
1. kw£n]vX Ncn{Xw
anj-\-dn-am-cpsS BK-a-\-Øn\p apºp≈ ae-¶ck`-bn¬ At\Iw
ss{IkvXh Iem-cq-]ß - ƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xm-Wt√m am¿-
§wIfnbpw D]-hn-`m-Kß - f - mb ]cn-Na
- p´pIfnbpw h´-°f - nbpw Hs°-. Nhn´p
\mS-I-Øns‚ ]ucm-Wn-I-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v A[nIw hy‡-ambn∏d-bpI
km[y-a-s√-¶n-epw, ]≈n-I-fn¬ ÿnc-ambn CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ Iem-cq-]-
ßƒ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m "\mS-Ii - me' Xs∂ D≠m-bX - v.
anj-\dnam-cpsS BK-a\ - t- ØmsS, Iem-am-[y-at- Ø-°mƒ kmlnXy am[y-
a-Øn-em-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p {i≤- ]-Xn-∏n-°p-hm≥ {ian-®X - v. ae-bmf KZy-
Øns‚bpw, k©m-c -km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw, `mjm ]T-\-Øn-s‚bpw
t]mj-W-Øn\v anj-\-dn-am-c-S-°-ap≈ {InkvXym-\nIfpsS kw`m-h\
{it≤-ba - m-Wv.
2. Iem-cwKw
anj-\-dn-am-cpsS BK-a\tijw Iem-cw-KØv ss{IkvXh kw`m-h\
Imcy-am-bn-´p-≠m-bn-ń-√. AYhm hy‡n-]-c-amb XmXv]-cy-Øm¬ h√
]cn{i-ahpw D≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ Ahbv°p Imcy-amb {]Nm-cW - hpw e`n-
®n-ń√ (A o o B¿´vkv, Iem-`h - ≥, {InkvXy≥ B¿´vkv, {InÃm¿´vkv
apX-em-bh B[p-\nI Ime-sØ- kw-cw-`-ß-fmWv). Iem-cw-K-Øp {i≤n-
°-s∏-tS-≠-Xmb Nne At\z-jW afi-e-ßƒ Xmsg-s°m-Sp-°p∂p:
1. tZhm-eb inev]w; tZhm-eb sImØp-]-Wn-Iƒ. 2. Nn{X-c-N\. 3.
kwKo-Xw ˛ thm°¬. 4. kwKo-Xw ˛ D]-I-cWw. 5. \rØw. 6. \mSIw. 7.
IYm-{]-kwKw.
52 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
kmaq-ly- hy-Xnbm-\-Øn-\p≈ ss{IkvXh km£yw G‰hpw ê-

{]Z-ambn \S-Øm-hp∂ am[y-a-ß-fmWp taev]-d-™-h. Ah-bn¬ X\n-a-
bp-≈Xpw ss{IkvXh aqey-ßf - n¬ Du∂¬ sImSp-°p-∂X - p-amb imJ-
I-fn¬ Kth-jWw \S-Øp-hm≥ km[n-°W - w. dh. amXyp Um\n-be - ns‚
hm°p-Iƒ ChnsS {]k-‡-am-Wv:
"B[p-\nI Ime-Øv, tIc-f-Ønse ss{IkvXh kaqlw Iem-cw-
KØv Gsd-°psd \ntj-[m-fl-I-amb kao-]-\-am-Wv, kzoI-cn-®-
sX-∂p t- hWw ]d-tb-≠Xv. ÿm]-\ß - ƒ sIń-∏S- p-°p-∂X- nepw,
CXc taJ-e-I-fn¬ AkvXnXzw Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw {i≤-bq-∂nb
k`m-t\-XrXzw, Iem-cwKw hnkva-cn-®p' (tI-c-f- ss{I-kvXh
kwkvImcw, t]Pv, 153, 154).
Iem-cw-KØv {i≤ ]Xn-∏n-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ, B\p-Im-enI
ss{IkvXh Iem-am-[y-a-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ Nne hna¿i-\-ßƒ {it≤-b-
ßfm-Wv:
1. tZhm-eb hmkvXp-inev]w kn\n-am-im-e-I-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂v hyXy-
kvXa - √
- mØ Hcp \ne-bn-em-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Dƒ`mK hnkvXr-Xnbpw
kmº-ØnI ]cn-K-W-\-Ifpw am{Xta tZhm-eb hmkvXpinev]-sØ-°p-
dn®p≈ Bkq-{X-W-Øn¬ an°-t∏mgpw Imcy-am-bn-s´-Sp-°p-∂p-≈p.
2. Nn{X-c-N-\-bn¬ kaqew A\p-I-c-Wta Z¿in-°p∂p≈q. hy‡n-I-
fpsS ]q¿Æ-amb FÆ-Om-b-Nn-{X-ß-f-√msX, Bcm-[\m ]›m-Øew
`‡n-tZym-X-I-am°p∂ Nn{X-c-N\ Imcy-am-bn-s´-SpØp ImWp-∂n-√.
3. hy‡nK-X-am-bpw, kaq-l-am-bpw, KoXw Be-]n-°p-∂-Xn-epw,
XnI™ hntZ-ik - zm-[o\w {]I-Sa
- m-Wv. s]mXpsh kpdn-bm\n ]mc-ºc - y-
Øn¬ s]´-hcpw, \ho-Ic - W hn`m-K°- mcpw KoXm-em-]\
- Ø
- n\v {]m[m\yw
sImSp-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw F¥p-sImt≠m ss{IkvXh - ¿°p `mc-Xo-ba
- mb
Hcp thm°¬ kwKoX ]mc-ºcyw DS-se-Sp-Øn-ń-√.
4. D]-I-cW kwKo-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw B[p-\nI Ime-Øp -]e
ss{IkvXh Iem-cq-]-ß-fnepw ]›m-Øew Hcp-°p-∂Xv ]m›mXy D]-
I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. `mc-Xob Iem-tem-I-Ønse, hoW-bpw, knØmdpw
IqSpX¬ `‡n-c-ksØ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-am-Wv.
5. `‡n-kw-h¿≤-Ihpw, ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ k¿hmfl ka¿∏-W-
Øns‚ {]Xo-Ihpw BWv `mc-Xob \rØ-I-e. Bb-Xn-\m¬ AXns\
Ah-K-Wn®v ]m›mXy \rØ-I-em-cq-]-ßsf A\p-I-cn-°p-∂Xp {]tXy-
In®p aX-]-c-amb Iem-hn-jv°c-W-Øn¬ sNøp-∂Xv ISpw-ssI-bm-Wv.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 53
6. \mS-Im-hn-jv°-c-W-Øn¬ ss__nƒ IY-Iƒ am{X-a√ B\p-Im-

enI bmYm¿∞y-ßt- fm-Sp≈ ss{IkvXh {]Xn-Ic - W
- hpw, `mc-XØ
- ns‚
]ucm-Wn-I-a-X-]m-c-º-cy-tØmSp ka-\z-bn® Hcp ss{IkvXh kwkvIm-
c-Øns‚ Ah-Xc - W
- hpw km[y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Bhn-jv°mc kzmX-{¥y-
Øns‚ t]cn¬ ss{IkvXh aqey-ßs - f-Øs∂ hne- Ip-d®p ImWn-°p∂
{]h-WX - b
- mWv B\p-Im-enI ss{IkvXh - - \m-SI
- c
- w-KØp \ng-en-°p-∂Xv.
7. km[m-cW P\-ß-fpsSbnS-bn¬ kzoI-cWw e`n-°p∂ Hcp Iem-
cq-]-amWv IYm-{]-kw-Kw. kmc-h-Øpw, `mc-Xob Imhy-kw-KoX kΩ-fn-
X-hp-amb IYm-{]-kw-KØ- n\v ss{IkvXh ]mc-ºc - y-Øn¬ X\-Xmb Hcp
ssien Is≠-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
3. kmln-Xy-cwKw
kmln-Xy-cw-KØv A`n-am-\n-°mhp∂ ]e t\´-ßfpw ae-bm-fØ - nepw
CXc `mj-I-fnepw ss{IkvX-h¿°p ssIh-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n´p≠v.
B[p-\n-I- Im-eL
- ´Øn¬, ss{IkvXh - ¿ {i≤ tI{μo-Ic
- n-®n-´p≈ kmln-
Xy-im-JI
- ƒ Xmsg-∏d
- b
- p-∂h
- b
- m-Wv.
1. alm-Imhyw 2. Jfi-Imhyw. 3. `‡n-Km\w. 4. t\mh¬. 5. IhnX.
6. ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w. 7. thZ-imkv{Xw.
Ch-bn¬ Nne afi-eß - ƒ XnI®pw hnkvar-Xa - m-bns°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-
sh-∂Xv Hcp hkvXp-Xb- m-W.v \mS≥ ]m´p-Ifpw Io¿Ø-\ß - fpw s]mXpsh
A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ C∂pw ss{IkvXh
Bcm-[-\-bn¬ ÿm\w A¿ln-°p-∂-h-bmWp Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ F∂v
FSpØp ]d-tb-≠nbncn-°p-∂p. ae-bm-fØ - n¬ Io¿-Ø\ Imhy-im-Jb - n¬
{it≤-ba - mb kw`m-h\ \¬In-bn-´p-≈h- c- mWv km[p- sIm-®p-Ip™v D]-
tZin (B-izm-kK- o-Xßƒ), I≠-Øn¬ hdp-Kokv am∏nf (Io¿Ø-\a - me),
sI. hn. sska¨ ({In-kvXob kwKoX cXv\m-hen), k`m-Ihn kn. ]n.
Nm≠n ({InkvXob `P-\-Io¿Ø\w) apX-em-b-h¿.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. `mc-Xob ss{IkvXhkm£y-Øn¬ Ie-bv°pw, kmln-Xy-Øn\pw
D≈ {]k‡n hni-Z-am-°p-I.
2. Iebn-tem, kmln-Xy-Øntem, GsX-¶nepw Hcp afi-e-Øn¬
]mTØn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-h-bn¬ \nßƒ°p XmXv]-cy-ap≈ Hcp
imJ sXc-s™-SpØv AXn¬ \nß-fptSXmb Hcp kw`m-h\
Fßs\ \¬Imw F∂p \n¿t±-in-°p-I.
54 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
]mTw 4
thZ-hym-Jym\w
 thZ-{K-Ÿß-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX  ]›m-Øe- hn-i-Zo-I-cWw 
Io¿Ø-\ß - psS D]-tbmKw  B\p-Im-enI PohnX bmYm¿∞y-ßt- fm-
- f
Sp≈ {]Xn-I-c-Ww
Xt±-io-bo-Ir-Xa
- mb thZ-hym-Jym-\Ø
- n\p X\-Xmb Hcp ssien Bh-
iy-am-sW∂p kqNn-∏n-®ncp-∂p. Cu ssienbpsS {]tXy-IX - I
- ƒ Fs¥m-
s°-bm-bn-cn-°pw?
1. thZ-{K-ŸßfpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX
`mc-X-Øns‚ ]ucm-WnI aX-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS Ncn-
{X-]c
- a
- mb B[n-Im-cn-IX A{X henb Hcp X¿°-hn-jbw Bbn-cp-∂n√.
{KŸ-I¿ØrXzsØtbm, Fgp-X-s∏´ ImesØtbm kw_‘n®p
\njvIr-jvS-amb Hcp hnNn-¥\w aX-{K-Ÿ-ßsf kw_-‘n®p {]k-‡-
a√m-bn-cp-∂p. {]Xyp-X, thZ{K-Ÿß - f
- nse A¥-cm-ib
- Ø
- ns‚ {]k-‡n-
bm-bn-cp∂p {][m\ hnj-bw. X\-Xmb Hcp A[nImcw thZ-{KŸßƒ°p
I¬]n-°s - ∏-ń-cp∂p-sh-¶nepw AsXm-cn-°epw B£-cn-Ia
- mb sX‰n-°q-
Smbva F∂ [mc-W-bn-te°p \bn-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ ]›m-
Ø-eØn¬, B¥-cn-Ia - mb A¿∞hpw {]k-‡nbpw Is≠-ØpIsb∂-
Xm-bn-cp∂p `mc-Xo-b-amb thZ-hym-Jym-\-ssi-en.
`mc-X-Ønse ss{IkvXh ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬, ]m›mXy kzm[o\w
\nanØw, Ncn-{X-]c - a- mb B[n-Im-cnI-Xbv°p {]tXyI {]m[m\yw \¬I-
s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v, AXns‚ AXn-{]-kcw thZ-hym-Jym\Ønepw \ng-en-®p
ImWp-∂p-≠v. GXp kwK-Xn°pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb thZ-`m-Kßƒ Is≠-
Øp-∂-Xnepw, A\p-tbm-Py-sa∂p tXm∂p∂ thZ-`m-K-ßƒ°v B£-cn-
Iamb Hcp B[n-Im-cn-IX k¶¬]n-°p-∂-Xnepw Cu {]tXyIX FSp-
ØpImWmw. CXn-\v, ]t£ {][m\ sshIeyw F¥m-sW∂p \mw
ImtW-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. thZ-{K-Ÿ-Øns‚ Xs∂ GsX-¶nepw `mK-sØ-
°p-dn®p Ncn-{X-]c
- a- mbn kwhm-Za
- p-≠m-bm¬, kzm`m-hn-Ia
- mbpw AXns‚
B¥-cn-Ia - mb B[n-Im-cnI-Xsbbpw _m[n-°pw. X∂n-anØw, km[m-c-
W-°m¿°p am{Xa√, hnZym-k-º-∂¿°p t]mepw thZ-hym-Jym-\-Øn¬
Nn¥m-°p-g∏w D≠m-Ip-∂p.
ss{IkvXh
- a
- m-b, Xt±-iob, thZ-hy-mJym-\Ø
- n¬ `mc-Xo-ba
- mb thZ-
hymJym\ssi-en°v Bthmfw AwKo-Imcw Int´-≠XmWv. ]uckvXy
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 55
k`m ]mc-º-cy-Ønse thZ-hym-Jym-\-ssi-enbpw `mc-Xob -hym-Jym-\-

ssi-enbpw XΩn¬ hf-sc-b[ - nIw km[¿ay-ßƒ D≠v F∂Xpw ChnsS
{]kvXm-hy-am-Wv. thZ-`m-K-ßsf Ah-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]›m-Øew
hnkvac- n-°msX Xs∂, Be-¶m- cn-Ia - m-tbm, A¥-cm¿∞-]c - a
- m-tbm, cq]-
Im¿∞-]-c-amtbm hymJym-\n®v B\p-Im-enI {]k-‡-am-°p-I-sb-∂-
XmWp th≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ss{IkvXh ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Xs∂, BZna
iX-I-ß-fn¬ \S∂ an° thZ-hym-Jym-\-ßfpw CØ-c-Øn¬ Bbn-cp-
∂p-sh∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bpw. ss{IkvXh thZ-{K-Ÿß - ƒs°√mw
Xs∂ Hcn-P≥ hymJym\w Fgp-Xn-bXv aq∂v Xe-ßfn-ep≈ (i-co-cw, a\kv,
Bflm-hv) {]k-‡nsb I≠p-sIm-≠m-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ Bflob
hymJym-\-ßƒ an°-t∏mgpw Be-¶m-cn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. DØ-a-KoXw F∂
thZ-{K-ŸØn¬ At±lw Is≠Ønb Bflo-bm¿∞-ßƒ A¤p-XI - cw
Xs∂bm-W.v At±lw Xs∂-bmWv, imkv{Xo-b- thZ]pkvXI ]T-\Øn\v
XpS°w Ipdn® "slIvkmπm' (]-gb - \- n-ba
- Ø
- ns‚ G‰hpw ]pcm-X\ - a
- mb
Bdp aqe-cq-]-ß-ƒ kam¥c-ambn h®p-sIm≠v aqe-Øn-tebv°p
t]mIp∂ Hc-t\z-jW ]T\w) cNn-®Xv F∂Xpw {it≤-b-am-Wv. AXm-
b-Xv, Be-¶m-cn-I-hym-Jym-\-ssien kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ, imkv{Xob ]T-
\sØ Ah-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xn√ F∂ kXy-sØ-bmWv CXp kqNn-∏n-°p-
∂-Xv.
2. ]›m-Øe hni-Zo-I-cWw
]pXn-b\- n-ba thZ`mK-Øns‚ hymJym-\Ø - n¬ ]›m-Øe - - hn-iZ- o-I-
cWw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ ]e-t∏mgpw Cu ]›m-Øe - a
- m-bn-
Øo-cp-∂Xv ]g-b-\n-ba Ime-L-´hpw Nn¥bpw am{X-am-Wv. ]g-b-\n-ba
{KŸ-ßƒ°p ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]›m-Øew F∂
hn[-Øn¬ {]tXy-I-amb ÿm\-ap-≠v F∂Xp X¿°-a‰ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv.
F∂m¬, blqZ-∑m¿°v D≠m-bn-cp∂ {]Xo-£-I-fpsS am{Xw ]q¿Øo-
I-c-W-a√ tbip-{In-kvXpsh∂v Hm¿°-Ww. k¿Δ{]-]©Øns‚bpw,
P\ß-fp-sSbpw {]Xo-£-I-fpsS ]q¿Øo-I-c-Whpw IqSn-bm-W-t±lw.
AXp-sIm-≠,v ]g-b\ - nba ]-›m-Øe- Ø
- n\p ]pd-Øm-bns´¶nepw a‰p aX-
ß-fn-sebpw aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn-sebpw {]k-‡-amb ]›m-Øew {Iao-I-cn-
°p-∂-Xn\p ÿm\-ap-≠v.
Npcp-°-Øn¬ `mc-X-Ønse aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ {]Xn^-en-°p∂
At\zjWß-sfbpw Is≠Ø-epI-sfbpw, ss{IkvXh ktμ-iØ - ns‚
`mc-X-Øns‚ ]›m-Øe hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ Dƒs°m-≈nt® aXn-bm-hq.
ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fm-bn-s´-Sp-°m-hp∂ F{X-sb{X kwK-Xn-Iƒ, ]pcm-tW-Xn-
lm-kß - f
- n¬ ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. DZm-lc
- W
- Ø
- n\p {InkvXp-akv ]›m-
56 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
Ø-eØn¬ ]dbm-hp∂ ZrjvSm-¥a

- m-Wt√m `K-hX
- vKoX-bnse Ah-Xmc
hmIyw (Ko-Xw. 4:7, 8).
3. Io¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ÿm\w: thZ-hym-Jym-\-Øn¬
`mc-X-Ønse ]ucm-WnI aX-Kp-cp-°-∑m-cpsS thZ-hym-Jym-\-ssi-en-
bn¬ Dƒs°m-≠n-cp∂ Hcp LS-I-am-bn-cp-∂p {][m\ ktμ-isØ Io¿-
Ø-\-cq-]-Øn¬ sNm√ns°mSp°p-∂-Xv. efn-X-amb `mj-bn¬, Bi-b-
k-ºp-jvSß - f
- mb t«mI-ßfpw Io¿Ø-\ß - fpw ktμ-iØ - ns‚ kwth-
Z\sØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. km[m-cW a\- n¬ thKw lrZn-ÿ-am-
Ip∂ Io¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬°qSn ktμiw Aa¿XyX {]m]n-°p-∂p, {]N-cn-
°p-∂p. Cuhn-[Ønep≈ Io¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn\v `mc-Xob
ss{IkvXh thZ-hym-Jym-\Ø- n¬ hf-sc-b[ - nIw {]k-‡n-bp-≠v. DZm-l-
c-W-Øn\p ssZh-kvt\-l-sØbpw a\p-jy-kvt\-l-sØbpw _‘n-∏n-
°p∂ kphn-tij Iev]-\sb Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Io¿Ø-\-Øn¬ kam-l-
cn-°mw.
"a¿Xys\ tZzjnbv°pw lrØn-s\m-cn-°epw
I¿Øs\ kvt\ln-°m≥ km[y-a-√.'
4. B\p-Im-enI Pohn-Xbm-Ym¿∞y-ßt- fm-Sp≈ {]Xn-Ic
- Ww
thZ-hym-Jym-\-Øn¬, ]ucm-WnI ssien-tbm-sSm∏w {i≤n-°-s∏-tS-
≠-XmWv B\p-Im-enI kml-Ncyw. B\p-Im-enI {]iv\-ß-fp-ambn
_‘n®p thZ-kt- μiw \¬Ip-hm≥ Ign-bp-tºmtg thZ-hym-Jym\w {]k-
‡-am-hp-I-bp-≈p. hntZ-i-Øp -\n-∂p≈ ZrjvSm-¥-ß-tf-°mƒ, B\p-Im-
en-Ihpw PohnXK‘n-bp-amb kw`-h-ß-fpsS ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fmWv Bi-
bsØ {]Zo-]vXa - m-°p-∂X
- v.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. `mc-Xo-ba
- mb thZ-hym-Jym\ssien Dƒs°m-t≈-≠X
- mb Imcy-ßƒ
Fs¥ms°?
2. GsX-¶nepw Hcp `mc-Xob aX-{KŸw hmbn®v AXn¬ \nßƒ°p
{it≤-b-am-bn tXm-∂nb Imcy-ßƒ kw{K-ln-s®-gp-Xp-I.
3. kphn-tij {]kw-K-ß-fn-epw, {]t_m-[-\-ß-fnepw IqSn \nßƒ°p
Nne B\p-Im-enI {]iv\ß
- ƒ°p {]tXy-Ia - mb shfn®w Int´≠Xm-
bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬, \nßƒ FSpØp ]dbp∂ B\p-Im-enI {]iv\ß - tfm
kw`-h-ßtfm GsXms°?
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 57
]mTw 5
[m¿an-IX
 BXy-¥nI kXy-sØ-°pdn-®p≈ [mc-W-bpsS ]›m-Ø-eØn¬
 BXy- ¥ nI e£y- Ø ns‚ ]›m- Ø - e - Ø n¬  hy‡n k¶- e v ] -
Øns‚ ]›m-Øe - n¬  kaql k¶-ev]Ø
- Ø - ns‚ ]›m-Øe
- Ø
- n¬
ss{IkvXh [m¿an-IX - b- psS ASn-ÿm\ {]am-Wß- ƒ F√m-bn-SØpw
H∂p-Xs - ∂-bm-bn-cn-°W- s- a-¶nepw, Ahbv°p Xt±-io-ba
- mb Du∂-ep-Iƒ
D≠msb∂p hcmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\p ]c-kv]-c-kvt\lw F∂ ASn-
ÿm\ [m¿an-IXm {]am-W-Øn\p ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬
sshIm-cn-I-amb {]I-S-\-ßƒ°v Du∂¬ sImSp-°p-tºm-ƒ, ]uc-kvXy-
cm-Py-ß-fn¬ kwb-a-\-Øn\v Du∂¬ sImSp-°p∂ anX-amb kvt\l-
{]I-S-\-Øn-\mWp kzoIm-cy-X. `mc-Xo-b-amb Hcp ss{IkvXh aX-Po-hn-
X-ssi-enbnepw Xt±-io-b-amb [m¿an-IXm {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ImWp-hm≥
Ign-bWw. [m¿an-IX - bv°p s]mXpsh \mev ASnÿm\-ßƒ D≠v: BXy-
¥nI kXy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW; BXy-¥nI e£y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈
k¶ev]w; hy‡n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW; kaq-l-sØ kw_‘n-®p≈
k¶ev]w. Cu \men-s‚bpw ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, `mc-Xo-bo-Ir-X-amb Hcp
ss{Ikv X - h - [ m¿an- I Xm k¶- e v ] Øns‚ Du∂- e p- I - s f- ° p- d n®p
Nn¥n°mw.
1. BXy-¥nI kXy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-W-bpsS ]›m-
Øe-Øn¬ ˛ `m-c-Xo-b-amb Hcp ss{IkvXh [m¿an-IXm
k¶ev]w
an°-hmdpw F√m aX-ßsf kw_‘n-®pw, BXy-¥nI kXyw ssZh-
am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ Hcp _‘-Øn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-bp∂
Hcp [m¿an-IX k¶-ev]a- mWp aX-ßƒ°p-≈X - v. `mc-Xo- b aX-Nn-¥b
- n¬,
BXy-¥nI kXyhpw [m¿an-IXm k¶-ev]hpw XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂
]Z-amWp "EXw' F∂p≈Xv. BXy-¥nI kXyw; AYhm ssZhw, Pohn-
X-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ kØm-]c - a
- mb ssNX\yw BWv. Cu ssNX-\y-amWv
F¥n\pw Poh≥ \¬Ip-∂Xpw, F¥ns\bpw Xmßn\n¿Øp-∂Xpw. AXp-
sIm≠p kØm-]c - a
- mbn ssZhnI ssNX-\y-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Ah-
ÿ-bmWv "EXw'-F-∂p-≈-Xv. AYhm [m¿an-I-ambn Pohn-°p-I-sb∂p
]d-™m¬ EX-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®p Ign-bp-I-sb-∂m-Wp `mc-Xob ]mc-º-cy-
Øn-e¿∞w. ssZhØns‚ I-ev]\ - sb A\p-kc - n-°p-Is
- b∂p skan-‰n°v
]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xpw, EX-ambn Pohn-°pI F∂v `mc-Xob ]mc-
58 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
º-cy-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xpw kXy-Øn¬ H∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv, Du∂-en¬

hyXymkw Ds≠∂p am{Xw. ssZh-I-ev]-\sb [n°-cn-®m¬ acn°pw
F∂p ss__nfn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xpw, EXw A√m-Ø-Xn-s\m-∂n\pw \ne-\n-
ev]ns√∂p (D-◊b - ns√∂p) D]-\n-jØp-If - n¬ kqNn∏n°p-∂Xpw hkvXp-
X-bn¬ H∂p Xs∂. AXp-sIm≠p `mc-Xo-ba - mb Hcp ss{IkvXh [m¿an-
IXm k¶-ev]-Øn¬, BXy-¥nI kXyhpw [m¿an-IXm {]am-Whpw
kØm-]-c-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ hi-Øn\p {]m[m\yw \¬I-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv A`n-Im-ay-am-W.v AXm-bX - ,v ssZhw Iev]\ - I
- ƒ
- \¬In AXp Im°p-
∂pt≠m F∂p t\m°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-bmƒ F∂-Xn-ep-]cn, Pohn-X-Øn\v
ASn-ÿm-\hpw, ssNX-\yhpw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-h≥ F∂ Dƒ°mgvNbv°v
Du∂¬ sImSp-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B ASnÿm-\Ø - n¬ hnth-Nn-°mØ
kzmX-{¥yhpw, B ssNX-\ysØ kzoI-cn-°mØ AkvXnXz{]h-W-X-
bp-amWv ]m]-hpw, ac-Wh - pw, C√m-bvabpw Hs°-Øs - ∂. "\nßƒ ssZh-
Øns‚ aμncw F∂pw, ssZh-Øns‚ Bflmhp \nß-fn¬ hkn-°p∂p
F∂pw Adn-bp-∂n-√tbm? ssZhØns‚ aμncw \in-∏n-°p-∂h - s\ ssZhw
\in∏n-°pw; ssZhØns‚ aμncw hnip-≤at√m; \nßfpw Aßs\ Xs∂'
(1- sImcn. 3:16, 17) F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ ssZhw- \in∏n°p-∂-h≥ F∂
[mc-W-b-√, {]XypX X\n°p hkn-°p-hm≥ km[y-a-√m-ØXv BXy-¥n-
I-ambn C√m-Xm-bn-Øocpw F∂ [mc-Wb - mWv \ap°v \¬Ip-∂X - .v Aß-
s\bp≈ [mc-W-bn¬, ico-c-sØbpw a\- n-s\bpw, kaq-l-sØbpw,
{]]-©-sØbpw shdpw D]-tbmK hkvXp-°-fmbn am{Xw ImWmsX
{]XypX Ahsb ssZhnI ssNX\yw Xs∂-bmbn ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bpw.
At∏mƒ Ahbv°v IqSp-X¬ am\y-Xb - pw, {]m[m-\yhpw kwkn≤-am-Ip∂p.
ssZhsØ [m¿an-I-Xm -ho-£-W-Øn¬ {]tXy-In®p kØm-]-c-amb
ssNX-\yhpw ASn-ÿm-\hpw Bbn ImWp-tºmƒ Xs∂, Ahn-Sp-∂v,
shdpw XØztam hkvXpthm am{X-a-s√∂pw hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-
Xbpw IqSn-bm-sW-∂p≈ Imcy-amWp ss{IkvXh Nn¥bv°v Du∂n-∏-d-
bp-hm-\p-≈-Xv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Bf-Xz-]-c-amb _‘hpw kØm-]-c-amb
_‘hpw ka-{K-ambn `mc-Xo-b-amb Hcp ss{IkvXh [m¿an-IXm k¶-
ev]Ø - n¬ ka-\zbn-°s - ∏-SWw.
2. BXy-¥nI e£y-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
`mc-Xo-b-amb ss{IkvXh [m¿an-IXm k¶-ev]w
ss{IkvXh ho£-W-Øn¬, BXy-¥nI e£yw hy‡n-bp-sSbpw
kaq-l-Øns‚bpw imco-cn-I-hpw, am\-kn-Ihpw, Bflo-b-hp-amb Xe-
ßsf Dƒs°m≈p∂ kºq¿Æ c£-bm-Wv. Cu kºq¿W (k-a{K)
c£-bn-te-°p≈ hf¿®-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ [m¿an-IXm k¶-ev]-
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 59
Øn\pw Hcp ka-{KX thWw. hy‡n-K-X-amb Hcp Bflm-hns‚ am{Xw

c£ F∂ ho£Ww ss{IkvXh ho£-W-Øn-e-n√. hy‡n -˛ -k-aq-l-
_-‘Ø - nse cq]m-¥c - Ø
- n¬ ASn-ÿm-\s - ∏´ hy‡nXzw apgp-h≥ ]¶p-
tN-cp∂ kar-≤n-bmb Poh≥ (tbm-l. 10:10) BWp ss{IkvXh ho£-
W-Ønse BXy-¥nI e£yw, AYhm c£. A∏w sIm≠p am{Xw
Xr]vXn-s∏SmsX, `£-W-Ønepw ]m\o-b-Ønepw HXp-ßmsX ssZh-h-
N-\Ø- ns‚ kwXr]vXn A\p-`h - n-°p∂ "a\pjy's‚, \oXn-bpw, kam[m-
\hpw, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn¬ kt¥m-jhpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ A\p-`h-am-WXv.
AXp-sIm≠p temI-Øn¬ \ns∂m-fn-t®m-SmØXpw, temIsØ Xn∑-
sb∂p ap{Z- Ip-Øm-ØXpw, F∂m¬ temI-Øn¬ HXp-ßm-ØXpw,
hy‡n°pw kaq-l-Øn\pw Xpey-{]m-[m-\y-ap-≈Xpw Bb Hcp PohnX
kao-]-\-amWv ChnsS {][m-\w. `mc-X-Ønse aX ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \ng-
en-°p∂ PohnX kao-]-\hpw CXp Xs∂-bm-Wv.
`mc-X- a-X-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ hy‡n-°mWp {]m[m\yw F∂pw, icocw
H∂p-an√ Bflm-hmWv \n¿Wm-bIw F∂pw Nq≠n-°m-Wn°-s∏Smw.
C{]Imcw Hcp ho£Ww `mc-X -aX]mc-º-cy-Ønse Hcp hnI-ev]-ambn
am{Xw CS-°m-eØp IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bn-´p≠v F∂p kΩ-Xn-°mw. F∂m¬
AXns\ Xncp-Øphm≥ [mcmfw ]cn-{i-a-ßfpw \S-∂n-´p≠v; Ah-bn¬
Nne-XmWp ssP\ ˛ _p-≤aX {]ÿm-\ß - ƒ. ss{IkvXh- a
- X
- ]
- m-cº
- c
- y-
Ønepw CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ hnI-ev]-ßfpw Xncp-Ø-ep-Ifpw D≠mbn-´p-
s≠∂p≈Xpw Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-W-t√m.
Xt±-io-bo-IrXamb ss{IkvXh
- a
- X
- P
- ohnXØnse [m¿an-IXm at\m-
`m-hØn¬, taev]d - ™ ka-{K-_‘w sXfn-bn-°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn{i-aß
- ƒ
D≠mtI≠nbn-cn-°p-∂p.
3. "hy‡n' k¶-ev]-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Ønse
ss{IkvXh [m¿an-IXm k¶ev]w
ss{IkvXh ho£-W-Øn¬, "hy‡n' kv{Xobm-bmepw ]pcp-j-\m-
bmepw ssZh-km-Zr-iy-Øn¬ krjvSn°-s∏´ kzmX-{¥y-ap-≈bmfm-Wv.
Cu kzmX-{¥y-Øn¬ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øhpw Ah-Im-ihpw \n¿h-ln-°-s∏-
Sp-∂Xv ssZhhpw kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn-em-Wv. At∏mƒ Hcp
hy‡nbpw as‰mcp hy‡nbpw XΩn¬, kv{Xobpw ]pcp-j\pw XΩn¬
Xpey-X-bp≠v F∂p≈XmWv {][m\ kqN-\. Cu XpeyX kq£n-°-
s∏-SmØ kml-N-cyhpw, hyh-ÿn-Xnbpw Hs° A[m¿an-I-am-Wv. C{]-
Imcw Hcp ho£Ww, `mc-X-Øns‚ ]ucm-Wn-Ihpw B[p-\n-I-hp-amb
kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ AwKo-Ic
- n-°s
- ∏-ń-´p-≈X
- mbn ImWp-∂n-√. ]t£, Cu
60 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
hkvXpXsb hnkvac - n-® kaq-l h

- y-hÿ
- n-Xns°-Xnsc, `mc-Xob aX-]mc-
º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂p- Xs∂ i_vZw Db¿∂n-´p-≠v. AXns‚ DZm-l-c-W-am-
Wt√m, cmPmdmw taml≥ tdmbnbpw Hs° "kXn'bvs°Xn-sc AWn-
\nc-∂X
- v. AXp-sIm-≠v, {]Xy-£Ø - ntem, ]tcm-£Ø- n-tem, hy‡n-ka-
XzsØ NqjWw sNøp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn-s\-Xnsc \n¬°p-hm-\p≈
ss[cyw `mc-XØ
- nse Xt±-io-boIrX ss{IkvXh [m¿an-IXm k¶-ev]-
Øn¬ D≠mtb Xocq.
"kaql' k¶-ev]-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
`mc-Xob ss{IkvXh [m¿an-IX
"hy‡n' Ft∏mgpw kaq-l-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. ss{IkvXh ho£W
{]Imcw, kaq-l-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´p-\n∂v kaq-l-Øn¬Iq-Sn-bmWv hy‡n
BXy-¥nI e£yw {]m]n-°p-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Øns‚, kºq¿W-X-bn-te-
°p≈ bm{X-bmWv k`-bn¬ IqSn \S-°p-∂-Xv. B bm{X-bpsS ]q¿Øo-
I-c-W-amWv, "ssZh-cm-Py'-Øn¬ AYhm "ssZh-hm-gvN'-bn¬ \nd-th-dp-
∂Xv. At∏m-ƒ "kaql'-Øn\v hy‡n-bpsS ta¬ hy‡-amb kzm[o\w
Ds≠∂p kΩ-Xn°-Ww (hy‡n°pw, Xncn®v Hcp ]cn-[n- hsc kzm[o\w
D≠v). {]kvXpX kzm[o\w C∂p s]mXpsh ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv thj-hn[m-
\-Ønepw BUw-_c - {- ]n-bØ
- n-epw, sshImcnI {]I-S\ - ß
- f- nepw a‰pap≈
A\p-Ic - W
- Ø- n-em-Wv. CXns‚ ]cn-Wn-X^ - e-amWp kº-Øns‚ am{Xw
ASnÿm-\Ø - n-ep≈ am\y-Xm-k¶ - e- v]hpw IpSpw-_P
- o-hn-XØ- nse XI¿-
®-If- pw.
F∂m¬ ]pcm-X\ `mcX kaq-l-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ kaq-l-Øns‚
kzm[o\w Ipd-®p-IqSn Bg-amb afi-eß - f
- n-em-bn-cp-∂p. ]c-kv]c
- a
- p≈
Icp-X¬, efn-X-amb Pohn-X-{Iaw, IpSpw-_-\m-Y≥, Kpcp apX-em-b-h-tcm-
Sp≈ `‡n_lp-am-\ß - ƒ, k∑m¿§- aq-ey-ßt- fm-Sp≈ _lp-am-\w, kzb-
in-£Ww apX-em-bh Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xm-bncp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠p ]W-a-
ln-a-tb-°mƒ, KpW-a-ln-asb _lp-am-\n-°pI F∂Xp kaqlØns‚
kz`m-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cß-s\-bp≈ Hcp kaq-l-hy-h-ÿn-Xnsb `mc-Xob
ss{IkvXh [m¿an-IXm k¶-ev]-Øn¬ F{X-am{Xw Dƒs°m-≈Ww
F∂Xv {]k-‡-amb Hcp N¿®m -hn-j-b-am-Wv.
hnZym-`ym-k -a-fi-e-Ønepw, sXmgn-en-t\m-Sp≈ at\m-`m-h-Ønepw,
kº-Øn-t\m-Sp≈ kao-]-\-Ønepw, kv{Xo ˛ -]pcpj _‘-sØ-°p-dn-
®p≈ [mc-Wbnepw Hs° hnπ-h-I-c-amb ]pXnb amXr-I-Iƒ krjvSn-
°p-hm-\p≈ Zpjv°c - a
- mb Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-bmWp Cu N¿®-bn¬ Dƒs°m-
≈p-∂-Xv.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 61
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. `mc-Xo-ba
- mb Hcp ss{IkvXh [m¿an-IXm k¶-ev]Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-
\-ßƒ Gh? hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
2. "]Ww D≠m-°pI F∂ G-I-e£yw h®p-sIm-≠p≈ hnZym-`ymk
]≤-Xn-bmWv C∂v `mc-XØ- n-te-Xv.' Cu {]kvXm-h\
- t- bm-Sp≈ \nß-
fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw Npcp-°-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-I.
]mTw 6
BNcWßƒ
 hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Ønse {][m\ kμ¿`-ßƒ  k`m-Po-hn-X-Ønse
s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ  tZio-tbm-’-h-ß-fnse ]¶m-fnØw
Xt±-iobo-Ir-Xa - mb Hcp aX-Po-hn-XØ- n¬, Xt±-io-bX G‰hpw IqSp-
X¬ {]I-Sn-∏n°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂Xv BN-cW - ß-fn-em-W.v hy‡n-Po-hn-XØ
- nse
{][m\ kμ¿`ßƒ, k`m-Po-hn-XØ - nse s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ, tZiob D’-
h-ßƒ apXem-bh - b- psS BN-cW - Øn¬ Xt±-io-ba - mb h¿Æs]m-en-abpw
A¿∞-Km-wò-cyhpw A\n-hm-cy-amWv. ae-¶-c-bnse \{km-Wn-Iƒ C°m-
cy-Øn¬ hfsc {i≤n-®n-cp∂psh∂mWv e`y-amb Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ
hy‡-am-°p-∂X - v. F∂m¬ hntZ-i_ - ‘- ß- ƒ°p tijw, Cu ]mX-bn¬
A[nIw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-hm≥ `mc-X-Ønse {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v Ign-™n-
´p-an-√. BNcW-ßf - psS ktμ-ihpw {]k-‡nbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Xt±-
io-b-Xm-t\z-j-W-amWv ChnsS A`n-Im-ay-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
hy‡nPo-hn-X-Ønse {][m\ kμ¿`-ß-fpsS BN-cWw
`mcXØns‚ ]ucm-WnI ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬, hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Ønse
{][m\ kμ¿`-ß-sf√mw "kwkvIm-cßƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ BN-cn-°p-am-
bn-cp-∂p. an°-hmdpw Krlm-¥-co-£-Øn-emWv Cu BN-c-W-ßƒ \S-
°p-∂X - .v IpSpw-_Ø - n-sebpw kaq-lØ - n-sebpw ]c-k]v c kvt\l-_‘-
sØbpw Icp-Xe - n-s\bpw Duń-bp-d∏
- n-°phm≥ Cu BN-cW - ß - ƒ hfsc
klm-bn®ncp-∂p. ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsSbnS-bnepw CtX ssien-bn¬
Km¿ln-Ia - mb ]e BN-cW - ß- fpw \ne-\n∂n-cp-∂p. Nne-bn-Sß
- f- n¬ Ah-
bn¬ ]eXpw C∂pw XpS-cp-∂p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv, Hcp Ipń- P-\n-
®m¬ Krlm-¥-co-£-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ s]m∂pw tX\pw sImSp-°-epw,
62 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
hnhm-l-Øn\v Xte-cm-{Xn-bn¬ \S-°p∂ NS-ßp-Ifpw a‰pw. Zm\-[¿Ω-

ßƒ, ]nXm-°f - p-sSbpw Kpcp-P\
- ß
- f
- p-sSbpw ASp-°e
- p≈ {]Wmaw A\p-
{K-l-kzo-I-cWw apX-em-b-hbpw C∂v Cu NS-ßp-I-tfm-sSm∏w \S-Ø-
s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.
]t£, ]m›mXy kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ AXn-{]-kcw \nanØhpw, Xt±-
iob BNcW-ßs-f h¿Kob ]›m-Ø-eØn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp -aq-ehpw,
Xt±-io-b-amb BN-c-WßfpsS {]N-c-W-Øn¬ aß-te-‰p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p∂p. Cu kml-Nc - y-ØnemWv `mc-Xob ss{IkvXh aX-Po-hn-XØ - n¬,
hy‡nPohn-X-Ønse {][m\ kμ¿`-ß-fpsS BN-cWw {it≤-b-am-Ip-
∂-Xv. aX-]-c-amb ASn-ÿm-\ [mc-WIƒ°v aß-te¬∏n°mØ Xt±-
io-bamb BN-cW- ß
- sf Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ ss{IkvXh¿°p Ign-bW - w.
tZhm-e-bm-¥-co-£-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ IuZm-io-Im-N-c-W-ß-tfm-sSm∏w
Krlm-¥c - o-£Ø
- n¬ {Iao-Ic
- n-°m-hp∂ ]e Imcy-ßf - p-ap-≠v. IpSpw-_m-
K-ßf- psS ]c-kv]c kvt\l-sØbpw kt¥m-jsØbpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂
Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]m´p-Ifpw, hnt\m-Zß - f- pw Cu Imcy-ßfn-epƒs∏-Smw. tZhm-
e-b-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ IuZm-in-Im-N-c-W-ß-fnepw, Xt±-iob-Xbv°p
Du∂¬ sImSp-Øm¬ IqSp-X¬ A¿∞-]q¿Wam-°p-hm≥ Ignbpw.
2. k`m-Po-hn-X-Ønse s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fpsS BN-cWw
Xt±-io-bhpw km¿ΔtZ-io-bh - p-amb ss{IkvXh s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ BN-
cn-°s- ∏-Sp-tºmgpw Xt±-io-bamb BN-cW - a- m-[y-aß
- ƒ°v {]k-‡n-bp≠v.
sImSn Db¿Øp-∂Xpw, kaq-lm-cm-[-\bpw, aX-{]-kw-Khpw, hmZy-ta-f-
ßfpw, {]Z-£n-Wh - pw, kaq-lk- Z- ybpw, Iem-cq-]ß - f
- psS Ah-Xc
- W
- hpw
Hs° ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ°v am{X-a-√, PmXn-aXt`Z-sat\y F√m -a-e-
bm-fn-Iƒ°pw ]cn-N-b-ap≈ s]mXp-hmb BN-c-W-ssi-en-bm-Wv. B¥-
cn-I-amb ktμiØn\v aß-te¬∏n-°msX AXn\v Xnf°w \¬IpI
F∂p≈XmWv s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fpsS Xt±-io-b-amb BN-c-W-Ønse
Imcyw. AXp-aqew ss{IkvXh km£y-Øn\v IS-I-hn-cp-≤-ambn Xocm-
hp∂ Nne Xt±-iob BN-cW-ßsf ip≤o-Ic - n°phm\pw Bh-iy-ap-≠m-
tb-°mw. {]kvXpX ip≤o-I-c-WØns‚ ktμ-ihpw CXc aX-ÿcpsS
BN-c-W-ß-fn-te°pw IS-∂p-sN-√pw.
s]cp-∂m-fp-I-tfm-S-\p-_‘n®p thZ-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS A\p-kyqX ]cm-
bWw \S-ØpI F∂p-≈Xv `mc-XØ - nse ss{IkvXt- h-Xc aX-ßf - nse
]pcm-X\ coXn-bmWv. ss{IkvXh ]mc-ºc - y-Ønepw CXpƒs°m-≈p∂Xv
Xt±-io-b-amb Hcp Bhn-jv°m-c-am-bn-cn°pw. {InkvXp-a-kv, CuÃ¿
apXemb kμ¿`-ßf - psS kt¥mjw Km¿ln-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb BN-
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 63
c-W-ß-fn¬ CXc aX-ÿ¿°pw ]¶n-Sp-hm≥ Ah-kcw D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw

A`n-Im-ay-am-Wv.
3. tZio-tbm-’-h-ßfpsS ss{IkvX-h-amb BN-cWw
`mc-X-Øns‚ tZio-b-[m-c-bn¬ ss{IkvX-h¿ Cgp-In-tN¿∂p t]m-Ip-
∂pt≠m F∂p-≈-Xns‚ Hcp Af-hp-tIm-emWv tZio-tbm-’-h-ß-tfm-
Sp≈ at\m-`m-hw. kzmX-{¥y-Zn-\hpw Xncp-thm-W-hpw Hs° Bcm-[-\-
bpsS A¥-co-£Ø - n¬ Xs∂ ss{IkvXh - ¿°v BNcn-°p-hm≥ Ignbpw.
Xncp-thmWw Hcp cmPm-hn-\p -th-≠n-bp≈ {]Xymim\n¿`-c-amb ImØn-
cn-∏n-s‚bpw, ka-Xz-kp-μc-amb Hcp hyhÿnXn-°p t- h-≠n-bp≈ A¥¿-
Zml-Øn-s‚bpw D’hw BsW-¶n¬ B ktμ-isØ ss{IkvXh - a
- mb
coXn-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bmsX hcptam?
BKÃv ]Xn-\© - n\v iqt\mtbm (I-\y-Ia-dn-bm-ans‚ hmßn-∏v) s]cp-
∂mƒ sIm≠m-Sp-∂X - n-t\mSv tN¿s∂-¶nepw cmjv{SsØ°p-dn®v Hm¿Øv
{]m¿∞n-°p-hm\pw kzmX{¥y-Øns‚ kt¥mjw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-hm\pw
{iant°≠Xt√? tZio-tbm-’-h-ß-fpsSbpw a‰pw Hcp {][m\ e£yw
tZio-tbm-Xv{K-Y-\-hpw, kmaq-ly-kvt\-l-Øns‚ ]pXp-°hpw BWv.
Ahbv°v Ah-kcw D≠m-I-Ø° ktΩ-f-\-ßfpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw
ss{IkvX-th-X-c-cmb ktlm-Z-c-ß-fp-ambn kl-I-cn®v kwLSn∏n-
°p∂Xv thZ-]p-kvXI - Ø- n\v hncp-≤a
- m-Iptam? \njv]£
- a
- mb hne-bn-cp-
Øen¬ Cs√∂p Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv tXm∂p-∂-Xv.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. BN-c-W-ß-fn¬ Xt±-io-bX ss{IkvX-h¿°v Fhn-sS-sb-√mw
km[n°pw F∂v N¿®- sN-øp-I.
2. BKÃv 15 \v Bcm-[\
- bv°v hcp-∂h
- ¿°v kzmX-{¥y-Zn-\hpambn _‘-
s∏´v \S-Øm-hp∂ Imcy-ßsf°pdn®v Hcp `mh\mNn{Xw teJ-\-am-
bn-s´-gp-Xp-I.
64 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
bqWn‰v 3
Xt±io-bo-IrX ss{IkvXh
kmaq-lykm£yw:
Hct\z-jWw
]mTw 1
kmaq-ly- a-fie
- ß
- f
- nse {]Xn-Ic
- Ww
 `mc-X-Øns‚ kmaqly ]›m-Øew  kmaqly ]›m-Ø-e-Øns‚
s]mXp-hmb kz`mhw  {]Xn-I-cWw
Xt±-ioboIr-X-amb ss{IkvXh [¿aØns‚ ssNX\yw AXns‚
{]Xn-IcWtijn-bm-Wv. B\p-Im-enI PohnX kml-N-cy-ß-tfm-Sp≈
A¿∞-h-Ømb {]Xn-I-cWw Xt±-io-b-X-bpsS {][m\ kz`m-h-am-bn-
cn°pw. B\pImenI PohnX kml-Nc - y-ßƒ°v {][m-\a
- mbn aq∂p afi-
e-ß-fp-≠v. cmjv{So-bw, kmº-Øn-Iw, kmaq-lyw. AXp-sIm≠v `mc-X-
Øns‚ kmaqly ]›m-Ø-esØ-°p-dn®p≈ Hcp GI-tZ-i-amb
t_m≤yhpw, AXn-t\m-Sp≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-sØ-°p-dns®mcp s]mXp-hmb
[mc-Wbpw `mc-X-Ønse ss{IkvX-h¿°m-h-iy-am-Wv.
1. `mc-X-Øns‚ kmaqly ]›m-Øew
(a) _lp-Xz-ßfpw hyXy-kvXX
- I
- fpw
`mc-XØ- ns‚ kmaq-ly-]›m-Øew _lp-Xz-ßf - p-sSbpw hyXy-kvX-
X-I-fp-sSbpw kwk¿§-Øn¬ \n∂p-cp-Øn-cn-bp∂ Hcp A¤pX {]Xn-`m-
k-am-Wv. hnhn-[ß
- fpw hyXy-kvXß
- f
- p-amb (Im-em-hÿ- , `q{]-Ir-Xn) \c-
hw-i-ßƒ, `mj-Iƒ, aX-ßƒ, kmaq-ly-k-{º-Zm-b-ßƒ F∂nh
{]tXyIw {it≤-ba - m-Wv.
1. `q{]-IrXn: hnkvXr-Xa
- mb `mcXw F∂ D]-`q-Jfi
- Ø
- n¬, ]¿ΔX-
\n-_n-U-amb Hcp `mK-ap-s≠-¶n¬ adp-h-iØv kap{Zkmao-]y-ap≈ Xoc-
{]-tZ-i-ap-≠v. CXn\p c≠n\panS-bn¬ ka-X-e-ßfpw Ip∂p-I-fpw, \Zn-
Ifpw Dƒs°m≈p∂ `qhn-`m-K-ß-fp-≠v. Npcp-°-Øn¬ `q{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS
F√m hyXy-kvX-X-Ifpw `mcX-Øn-\p-≠v.
2. Imem-hÿ: `q{]-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ hyXymkw Xs∂ Imem-h-ÿ-bn-
ep-≠m-Ip∂ hyXy-kmkØn-te°v hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p. a™p-d™
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 65
XWp∏pw, Xos]m-≈p∂ NqSpw, òI-ca - mb hcƒ®bpw, tLmc-amb AXn-

h¿jhpw `mc-XØ - ns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n¬, Htc ka-bØv A\p-`h
- s
- ∏-
Sp-∂p-≠v. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂, hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb PohnX coXn-Ifpw
thj-hn-[m-\-ß-fpw, kz`m-h-co-Xn-I-fpw D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
3. \c-hw-i-ßƒ: hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb \c-hw-i-ß-fpsS ktΩ-f-\-tam,
k¶-ctam BWv `mc-XØ - nse P\w. \c-hw-ii - m-kv{X-⁄∑ - m-cpsS A`n-
{]m-b{- ]-Im-cw, Ipd-™Xv A©v \c-hw-iß - ƒ F¶nepw `mc-XØ - n-ep≠v.
{Zmhn-U, Bcy, awtKm-fn-b, \ot{Km, Hmkv{S-nIv. Ch-bpsS Hmtcm-∂n\pw
{]tXy-Ia - m-bn´pw Ah-bpsS k¶-cß
- ƒ°v {]tXy-Ia - m-bn´pw D≈ ico-c-
{]-Ir-Xn-bpw, kz`mhcoXn-Ifpw hni-Zo-I-cn-t°≠bmh-iy-an-√.
4. `mj-Iƒ: GXm≠v 1652 `mj-Iƒ `mc-X-Øn-ep-≠v. Ah-bn¬ 33
FÆw Hcp-e£w Bfp-Isf¶nepw kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xpw 15 FÆw F¶nepw
G‰w {]m[m-\y-ap≈ HutZym-KnI `mj-Ifpw BWv. `mj-I-fpsS _lp-
Xzhpw sshhn-[yhpw `mc-XsØ Hc-¤pX cmjv{Sam-°p-∂p.
5. aX-ßƒ: A\-h-[n-bmb {]mIrX aX-cq-]-ßƒ IqSmsX Xs∂
{][m-\-s∏´ Ggp- a-X-ßƒ `mc-X-Øn-ep≠v. lnμp- a-Xw, C…mw- a-Xw,
{InkvXp- a-Xw, kn°p- a-Xw, _p≤ a- X
- w, skmcm-jv{Sn-b≥ (]m¿kn) aXw.
Ch-bn¬ lnμp, ssP\, _p≤, kn°p aX-ßf - psS Xd-hm-Sp X
- s
- ∂-bmWp
`mc-Xw. Cu aX-ßf - n¬ ]uc-kX v yhpw ]m›mXyhp-amb aX-Po-hnX coXn-
Iƒ {]Xn-ên-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.
6. kmaqly k{º-Zm-b-ßƒ: AXym-[p-\n-I-amb ]m›mXy \mK-cn-
IX apX¬, Im´p-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS {]mIrX PohnX k{º-Zmbw hsc \ne-
\n-ev°p∂ Hcp cmPysØ kmaq-ly- k-{º-Zm-bß
- ƒ°pw kam-\X {]Xo-
£n-°m-\n-√.
C{]-Im-c-ap≈ _lp-Xz-ßfpw hyXy-kvX-X-Ifpw D≈ `mc-X-Øns‚
kwkvIm-csØ hyXy-kvXX - I
- f
- psS kwkv°m-cs
- at∂ hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥
Ign-bq. {]kvXpX kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ kmaqly ]›mØe-Øn\v Fs¥-
¶nepw s]mXp-hmb kz`mhw D≠m-Iptam? h√Xpw Is≠-Øn-bmepw
AXn\p [mcmfw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ ImWpw, Xo¿®.
(b) `mcXØns‚ kmaq-ly ]-›m-Øe-Øns‚
s]mXp-hmb kz`mhw
`mc-X-P-\-X-bpsS 80 iX-am\w ]m¿°p-∂Xv {Kma-ß-fn-em-Wv. AXp-
sIm≠v {KmaoW Pohn-Xs - Ø-bmWv `mc-XØ
- nse kmaq-ly-hy-hÿ
- n-Xn-
bpsS s]mXp-hmb thZn-bmbn ImtW≠-Xv. `mc-Xob kmaqly hyhÿn-
66 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
Xn°v ]e s]mXp-hmb kz-`m-h-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Ah-bn¬ NneXp Xmsg-∏-d-

bp∂p:
1. PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ]cn-WnXê-amb `qcn-]£ D∂-X-PmXn
h¿K ta[m-hn-Xzw.
2. `qhp-Sa ta[m-hn-Xzw.
3. Im¿jnI kº-ZvLS- \ - b
- psS `mK-ambn Irjn-sN-øp-∂h
- c
- psS \nc-
-¥c IS-_m-[yX.
4. ]pcp-jt- a-[m-hn-Xzhpw kv{XoXzNq-jW - hpw.
5. hnZym-`ymk kuI-cy-ß-fpsS A]-cym-]vX-X.
6. `qcn-]-£hpw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ sXmgn-en-√m-bva.
7. `qcn-]-£hpw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Zmcn{Zyw.
8. IpSn¬ ]c-º-cm-K-X- hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS Xf¿®.
9. {Kma-ßf - nse Dev]∂ - ß- ƒ°v {Kmao-W¿°p Xmc-Xt- ay\ Ipd-™-
hne e`n-°p-tºm-ƒ \K-cß - f
- nse Dev]∂
- ß
- ƒ°p {KmaoW¿ Aan-
X-amb hne sImSp-t°≠n hcp-∂p. CXp {Kma-ß-fpsS kº-ZvL-
S-\sb XI¿°p-∂p. kmaqly Pohn-X-Øn¬ XXv^-e-ambn kpc-
£n-X-Xz-t_m[w \jvS-s∏´v Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ kwPm-X-am-
Ip∂p.
10. {Kma-ß-fnse kzbw`cW kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ t]mepw _lp-P-\-
-ßfpsS ]¶mfn-Ø-Øn\v ÿm\-an-√.
11. BtcmKy ]cn-N-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw IpSpw-_-t£-a-sØ-°p-dn-®p-
ap≈ A⁄-X.
12. sX‰p[mc-W-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ thKw Bfn-°-Øp∂
k¶pNnX aX-h¿K hnIm-c-ßƒ.
C{]-Im-ca
- p≈ Hcp kmaqly hyh-ÿn-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ ss{IkvXh {]Xn-
I-c-WsØ kv]¿in-°p∂ Nne \n¿t±-i-ßƒ N¿®-bv°mbn ka¿∏n-
°p-∂p.
{]Xn-I-cWw
i. PmXn, h¿K hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p kaqlw kaq-e-ambn ]cn-
h¿Ø\w {]m]n-°p-hm≥ X°-hÆw kaq-l-Ønse ss{IkvXh ]¶m-
fnØw amXr-Im-]-c-w Bbn-cn-°-Ww. ss{IkvXh {]ÿm-\-ßƒ kzbw
Cu Zpjn® hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p tamN\w {]m]n-°p-hm\pw, Zpjn®
hyh-ÿn-Xn-bs v °-Xnsc t_m[-hX
- °
v c
- Ww \S-Øp-hm\pw bXv\n-t°-≠n-
bn-cn-°p-∂p.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 67
ii. `qhp-S-a-bp-sSbpw sXmgn-ep-S-a-bp-sSbpw \ymb-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

am\n®psIm≠p Xs∂, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°pw I¿j-I¿°pw Nqj-W-Øn-
s\-Xnsc kwc-£Ww sImSp-°p-hm-\p≈ I¿Ω-[o-cX ss{IkvXh kaq-
l-Øn-\p-≠m-tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
iii. Irjn -sN-øp-∂h¿ \nc-¥-c-ambn IS-_m-[y-X-bn-te°p hen-®n-g-
bv°s - ∏-Sp∂ kml-Nc - y-ßƒ ]Tn®v, _m¶p-If
- p-sSbpw kl-Ic
- W kwL-
ß-fp-sSbpw hn`-h-ti-jnsb {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ am¿K-\n¿t±iw
sNøm≥ ss{IkvXh kwL-S-\-Iƒ {ian-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
iv. ]pcpj ta[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚ Xn∑-Iƒs°-Xnsc, {]tXy-In®p kv{Xo[-
\-Øns‚ t]cnepw kwc-£-W-Øns‚ t]-cnepw \S-°p∂ kv{Xo Nqj-
W-Øns\Xnsc Ahiyw th≠-Xmb P\ apt∂-‰Ø - n\p t\XrXzw sImSp-
°m≥ ss{IkvXh kaq-l-ßƒ°v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠v. AXns‚ {]mY-
anI ]Sn-bmbn, k`-bv°p≈n¬ Xs∂ kv{XoIƒ°p \ymb-am-bn´p
Int´≠ AwKo-Imcw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
v. Hmtcm {]tZ-i-Øn-s‚bpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb ap≥K-W-\-Iƒ
\n¿Æ-bn®p XZ-\p-kr-Xa- mb hnZym-`ym-k k- w-cw`-ßƒ Bwcw-`n-°p-hm≥
ss{IkvX-h¿°p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠v. em`-Øn-\pw, {]i-kvXn°pw th≠n-
b-√msX, {]mtZ-in-I-amb hnZym-`ymk ap≥K-W-\Iƒ \n¿W-bn-°pI
F∂p ]d-™m¬ Ipd-®p-IqSn hy‡-amt°-W-am-bn-cn-°pw. Nne ÿe-
ß-fn¬ {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymk km[y-XI - ƒ Xs∂ Ipd-hm-bn-cn°mw; a‰p
NneSØv Db¿∂ \ne-hm-ca - p≈ kmam\y hnZym-`ymk kwcw-à - m-bn-cn°pw
Bhiyw; thsd Nne-SØp kmt¶-XnI hnZym`ymk ]cn-ioe-\-am-bn-
cn°pw AXym-hiyw; a‰p Nne-SØv D∂-Xh - n-Zym-`ymk kuI-cy-am-bn-cn°pw
th≠-X;v CXn¬ Xt±iob-amb ap≥K-W\-Iƒ Is≠ØpIbmWmh-iyw.
vi. sXmgnen√mbva-bvs°-Xn-sc, {]mtZ-in-I-amb hn`-h-k-am-l-c-W-
Øn¬ IqSn-bpw, kzbwsXmgn-¬ Is≠-Øm≥ am¿K\n¿t±-i-ßƒ hgn-
bm-bpw, sXmgn-eh
- k
- c
- ß
- ƒ krjvSn-®pw, ss{IkvXh kaq-lß - ƒ amXr-
I-bmbn {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
vii. `£-Ww, hkv{Xw, ]m¿∏nSw F∂o aq∂p {]mY-anI Bh-iy-
ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-hm≥ {]mtZ-inI-amb I¿Ω-]c
- n-]m-SnIƒ Bhn-j°
v c
- n°m≥
ss{IkvXh k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Iƒ IqSp-X-em-bn-´p-≠m-tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
viii. IpSn¬, ]c-ºc
- m-KX hyh-kmb-ßf- psS ]p\-cp-∞m-cW
- Ø
- n\pw,
Ah-bpsS Dev]-∂-ßƒ°p Itºmfw Is≠-Øp-hm\pw {KmaoW
ss{IkvXh kaq-lß - fpw \K-cØ
- nse ss{IkvXh kaq-lß - fpw XΩn¬
kl-I-cn®p {]h¿Øn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
68 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
ix. {Kma-Ønse Dev]∂-ßfpw \K-cØ

- nse Dev]∂
- ß
- fpw XΩn-ep≈
a’-cw, Hcp ]cn-[n h
- sc Ir{Xn-aa
- mbn krjvSn-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- p-sIm-≠v, Ah-
bpsS Imc-Wß - ƒ I≠p-]n-Sn®p ]cn-lmcw ImWp-hm≥ `c-WX - e
- Ø - n¬
kΩ¿±w sNepØp-hm≥ ss{IkvXh kaq-lß - ƒ XΩn¬ kl-Ic - n-®m¬
km[y-am-Ipw.
x. CS-h-I-bnepw {]mtZ-inI ss{IkvXh kaq-l-Ønepw _lp-P\
]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°n-s°m≠v AXns‚ amXr-I-bnepw ]n≥_-e-Ønepw
cmjv{S-Øn¬ P\-ßf- psS ]¶m-fn-Øs
- Ø-°p-dn®p t_m[-hX
- v°cn-°m≥
ss{IkvXh kaq-l-ßƒ°p km[n-°pw.
xi. ]cn-an-X-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬t]mepw Ffp∏w km[n-°m-hp∂
BtcmKy ]cn-Nc - W
- s
- Ø-°p-dn-®pw, IpSpw-_t- £-aØ
- ns‚ Bhiy LS-
I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]Tn∏n-°p-hm\pw, ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-hm\pw ss{IkvXh
kwL-S\ - Iƒ°p km[n-°W - w.
xii. {]mtZ-in-Ia- m-bn´p aX-ßƒ°pw {]Xyb-im-kv{X-ßƒ°pw km[n-
°m-hp∂ kulrZ kwK-a-Øn¬IqSn, kwbp-‡-amb kmaqly {]Xn-
IcWØn\p hgnbpw th-Znbpw Hcp-°p-hm≥ ss{IkvXh kaq-l-Øn\v
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-sa-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1 ss{IkvXh kmaqly {]Xn-I-c-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi-ßƒ N¿®-
sNøpI.
2 taev]d™Xn¬ GXns\m-s°, \nß-fpsS kao-]Ø
- p≈ ss{IkvXh
kaq-l-ßƒ°pw, kwL-S-\-Iƒ°pw {]m[m\yw sImSp-°p-hm≥
Ignbpw F∂p hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
]mTw 2
cmjv{Sob afi-eß
- f
- nse {]XnIcWw
 B\p-Im-enI cmjv{Sob afiew  ss{IkvXh {]Xn-I-c-Ww
`mc-XØns‚ cmjv{Sob ]›m-Øe
- t- Øm-Sp≈ A¿∞-hØ- mb {]Xn-
I-cW
- hpw ss{IkvXh [¿a-Øns‚ Xt±-io-boI-cW
- Ø
- ns‚ Ah-iy-LS-
I-ß-fmWv. cmjv{Sob ]›m-Øew F∂p ]d-™m¬ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 69
I-fpsS a’-c- ]›m-Øew F∂p am{X-a√ A¿∞w. cmjv{S-Øns‚ \nba

\n¿am-W, \oXn \n¿Δ-lW - , `cW \n¿-Δl - W {]{In-bbv°p apgp-h\ - mbn
sImSp-°m-hp∂ t]cmWp "cmjv{Sobw' F∂Xv. `mcX-sØ-t∏m-ep≈ Hcp
P\m-bØ cmjv{S-Øn¬, `qcn-]£w t\-Sp∂ ]m¿ń-bpsS BZ¿i-
ßƒ°pw \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°pw A\p-kr-X-am-bmWp \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw
\S-°p-∂X - v. \nb-aß
- ƒ°-\p-kr-Xa - mbmWp \oXn \n¿Δ-lW - hpw `c-W-
\n¿Δ-l-Whpw \S-°p-∂-Xv. At∏mƒ, cmjv{So-b-Øn¬- G-‰hpw {][m\
LSIw, BZ¿ißfpw \b-]c - n]m-Sn-Ifpw Ah t\SnsbSp-°p∂ P\kΩ-
Xn-bp-am-Wv. cmjv{So-ba
- mb BZ¿i-ßƒ°pw \b-]c - n-]m-Sn-Iƒ°pw I¿Ω
]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw cmjv{SØns‚ kmaq-lyhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb afi-
e-ß-fn¬ kmc-amb kzm[o\w D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. AXp-sIm-≠p -X-s∂,
ss{IkvX-h¿°p cmjv{Sob afi-e-Øn¬ {]Xn-I-cn-°mXn-cn-°pI hø.
1. B\p-Im-enI cmjv{Sob afiew
`mc-X-Øns‚ cmjv{Sob afiew Ft∏m-gpw hyXn-bm-\m-fl-I-am-Wv.
F∂m¬ AhnsS C∂pw sXfn™p \n¬°p∂ Hcp kXy-ap-≠v. ka-{K-
amb Hcp cmjv{SobNn¥ (BZ¿i-ß-fpw, \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw, I¿a ]≤-
Xn-I-fpw) `mc-X-Øn¬ Ct∂hsc Dcp-Øn-cn-™n-ń-√. a-lmflm Km‘n
AXn\p XpS-°w C´p F∂p ]d-bm-sa-¶nepw AXns\ XpS-cp-hmt\m
]q¿Øo-Ic - n-°phmt\m km[n-®n-ń-√. ]Icw A[nImcw ]nSn®p]‰p-hm≥
am{Xw ]cym-]vX-amb Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X-amb cmjv{Sob Nn¥tb D≠m-bn-
´p-≈q. Cu hkvXpXsb ZrVs∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wp -cm-jv{Sob afie-
Ønse GXm\pw s]mXp -bm-Ym¿∞y-ßƒ.
i. k¶p-NnX Xmev]c- y-ßs
- fbpw, On{Z-hm-k\
- I
- s
- fbpw apX-seSp-°p∂
Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X-amb Hcp cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿnXn \ne-\n¬°p∂psh-∂-
Xns‚ DZm-l-c-W-amWp h¿≤n®phcp∂ {]mtZ-in-Ihpw h¿Ko-b-hp-amb
cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ. X∑qew cmjv{SØns‚ s]mXp-hmb Xmev]c - y-ßfpw
sFIyhpw t]mepw Zp¿_-e-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip-∂p.
ii. \ne-hn-en-cn°p∂ kmº-Øn-I -˛ -km-aqly Nqj-W hyh-ÿn-Xn-
bn¬ \n∂p Xs∂ e`n-°p∂ kmº-ØnI klm-b-amWp cmjv{So-b-
{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p≈ aqe-[-\w. XXv^-e-ambn \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ Nqj-
I-hy-hÿ - n-Xn-tbmSp cmjv{So-bc
- wKw ]t≠ IS-°m-cm-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
ta¬]-d-™-Xp-t]mse Xs∂-bp≈ ]c-kv]c hnt[-b-Xz-amWv, cmjv{So-
bhpw h¿Ko-bX - bpw XΩn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ Ahn-ip-≤- Iq-´p-sI´pw krjvSn-
°p-∂X - v.
iii. `mc-X-Ønse cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿnXn ]e-t∏mgpw Imem-I-me-ß-
70 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
fnse "XcwK'ßfn¬ DS-°n-°n-S-°p-∂p. X∑qew ]e-t∏mgpw i‡-amb

Hcp {]Xn-]£w D≠m-ImsX t]mIp-∂p.
iv. `cn-°p-∂h
- c
- psS ta¬ P\-ßƒ°p Xß-fpsS kΩ-Xn-Zm-\m-hI
- miw
A√msX as‰mcp CS-°me \nb-{¥-Whpw km[ya√mØ cmjv{Sob hyh-
ÿn-Xn.
2. ss{IkvXh {]XnIcWw
ss{IkvXh {]Xn-Ic
- Ww N¶q‰-tØm-sS-bp≈ Nne \ne]m-Sp-Iƒ FSp-
°p-∂-Xn-em-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂p.
(i) \yq\-]-£-Øn-s‚-tbm, aX- ˛ -h¿K-obX-bp-sStbm t]cn¬ \ymb-
amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ A√msX kuP-\y-ßƒ H∂pw cmjv{So-b-Øn¬
\n∂pw kzoI-cn-°m-sXbpw {]Xo-£n-°m-sX-bp-an-cn-°p-I.
(ii) ka-{K-amb Hcp cmjv{Sob Nn¥ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°phm≥ bph-Xe - -
ap-dsb ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-hm≥ ss{IkvXh am[y-a-ßƒ {ian-°-Ww. alm-
flm-Km‘n XpS-ßn-h® cmjv{So-bN - n-¥bv°p (k-Xyw, Alnw-k, kztZin
F∂o {]am-W-ß-fn¬ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏´ kXym-{K-lw, ]©m-bØv cmPv,
{Kmtam-tZymKv ]cn]m-Sn-Iƒ) aq¿Øamb Bhn-j° v cWhpw hymJym-\hpw
sImSp-°m≥ ]-cn-{i-a-ß-ƒ D≠m-I-Ww.
(iii) cmjv{Sob {]{In-bbv°p≈ aqe-[\w ]W-a√ P\-ßf - psS t_m[-
h-Xv°c - Ww BsW∂ t_m[y-Øn-tebv°p sIm≠p-hc - m≥ {ian-°W- w.
P\-kΩ - X- nsb {]Xy-£a - mbpw ]tcm-£ambpw ]Ww sImSp-Øp -- hmßmw
F∂ ]X-\-Øn¬ \n∂v, P\-k-º¿°-Øn¬ IqSn P\-ßsf t_m[-
h¬°-cn-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-Øn-tebv°p am¿K-\n¿t±iw \¬I-Ww.
(iv) cmjv{Sobw F∂p ]d-™m¬ ]m¿ń a’cw A√, P\-ß-fpsS
]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn\v Du∂¬ sImSp-°p∂ cmjv{S-\n¿ΩmW kwcw`w
BsW∂ [mc-Wb - n-te°p cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Is
- f-t∏mepw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-
tØ≠ kml-N-cy-am-Wp-≈-Xv. `cWw ssIbn-en-cp-∂mte P\-tk-h\w
km[n°q F∂ Nn¥sb am‰Ww; {]Xn-]-£Øns‚ GI-[¿aw `cWw
\S-Øp-∂h - sc Xmsg-bn-d°
- p-Ibpw `cWw XS- s - ∏-Sp-Øp-Ib
- p-am-sW∂
sX‰mb [mc-W-bn¬ \n∂p tamN\w {]m]n-°Ww. Cu hn[w cmjv{So-
bm-h-t_m-[-ap-≈Xpw hy‡nXzam-\y-X-bp-≈-Xp-amb cmjv{Sob t\Xr-
XzsØ ]cn-io-en-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ ss{IkvXh [¿aØn\p `mc-X-Øn¬
kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp Zu-Xy-ap-≠v.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 71
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. `mc-X-Ønse cmjv{Sob ]›m-Ø-e-Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb kz`mhw
Fs¥ms°?
2. cmjv{So-ba
- mbn ss{IkvXh {]Xn-Ic
- Ww F∂p ]d-™m¬ Hcp ]m¿ń
D≠m°n sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a¬k-cn-°p-I-sb-∂mtWm? hni-Zo-I-cn-
°p-I.
]mTw 3
kmº-ØnI afi-eß
- fnse {]XnI-cWw
 `mc-X-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿnXn: Hcp kw£n]vX Nn{Xw
 kmº- Ø nI hyh- ÿ n- X n- b nse Nne aq¿Ø bmYm¿∞yßƒ
 kmº-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-tØm-Sp≈ ss{IkvXh {]Xn-I-cWw
GsXmcp cmjv{S-Øns‚bpw `{Z-Xsb \nb-{¥n-°p∂ Hcp LS-Ia - mWp
kmº-Øn-Iw. kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿnXn Ft∏mgpw kmaqly cmjv{Sob
hyh-ÿn-Xn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°pw. Hcp hyh-ÿn-Xn-bnse hyXn-
bm\w a‰p hyh-ÿ-nXnIsfbpw _m[n-°p-∂p. Cu hkvXp-Xsb AwKo-
I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v, `mc-X-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-tØm-Sp≈
ss{IkvXh {]Xn-I-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v Aev]-ambn Nn¥n-°mw.
1. `mc-X-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn- ˛
Hcp kw£n]vX Nn{Xw
s]mXp-ta-J-e-sbbpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-sbbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ {ian-
°p∂ Hcp kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-bmWp `mc-XØ - n-ep-≈X
- v. Cu hyh-
ÿnXn {]Imcw cmjv{S-Øns‚ tZiob hcp-am-\Ø - n¬ Imcy-amb hf¿®-
bp-≠m-Ip-∂p-s≠-¶nepw, Btfm-lcn hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ \ncm-
i-mP-\I- a
- mb Hcp kml-Nc
- y-amWv D≈-Xv. 1982˛se temI-_m-¶ns‚ hne-
bn-cp-Ø-en≥{]Imcw ]T-\-hn-j-b-amb cmPy-ß-fn¬ tZiob hcp-am-\-
Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ `mc-XØn\p 15˛mw ÿm\-ap-s≠¶n¬, Btfm-lcn
hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ 117˛mw ÿm\w am{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv. CXns‚-
b¿∞w, tZio-b- h-cp-am-\-Øns‚ knwl-`m-Khpw Npcp°w Nne-cpsS
ssIbn¬ HXp-ßp∂ Hcp kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-bmWp `mc-X-Øn¬
D≈-sX∂m-Wv. Cu bmYm¿∞yw hnc¬ Nq-≠p-∂Xv, kmº-ØnI Bkq-
72 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
{X-WØ
- ns‚ A]-cym-]X v X
- b
- n-te°pw, cmjv{Sob, kmaqly LS-\I - f- nse
hyXnbm\ hnap-JX- b
- nte-°p-am-W.v Cu hkvXp-Xsb DZm-lc- n-°p-∂X - mWv
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ aq¿Ø -bm-Ym¿∞y-ßƒ.
2. kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-bnse Nne aq¿Ø
bmYm¿∞y-ßƒ
a. `mc-X-Øns‚ kº-XvL-S\ {][m-\-ambpw Hcp Im¿jnI kº-Xv
L-S-\-bm-Wv. Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ `q\n-ba ]cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-
°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw, Irjn-°p-]-bp-‡-amb `qan-bpsS ]IpXn am{Xta
Ct∏mgpw Irjn- sN-øp-∂p-≈q.
b. h≥InS hyh-km-bß - f- p-sS-bpw, hntZi Dev]∂
- ß
- f
- p-sSbpw apºn¬
IpSn¬, ]c-º-cm-K-X- hy-h-km-b-ßƒ XI-cp-∂Xp aqew, sXmgn-en-√mbva
hf-cpI am{X-a-√, hyh-km-b -a-fi-e-Ønse kmº-ØnI \nb-{¥Ww
Npcp°w Nne-cpsS ssII-fn-sem-Xp-ßp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CtXmsS {Kma-
ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI \nb-{¥Ww \K-c-ß-fn-te°p hgp-Xn-t∏m-Ip-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p.
c. P\-kwJym h¿≤-\h
- n\pw, A`y-kvXhn-Zy-cpsS FÆ-Øn\pw A\p-
k-cn®p Im¿jn-I -ta-J-e-bnepw hyh-km-b -ta-J-e-bnepw sXmgn¬ Ah-
k-c-ßƒ D≠m-Im-Ø-Xp- aqew G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ hn`-h-tijn (a-\p-
jy¿) D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am-°p-Ibpw, AXn-semcp ]¶ns\ hntZ-i-ßƒ
NqjWw sNøp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
d. hn`-h-k-am-l-c-Whpw kmº-ØnI hybhpw XΩn¬ ]men-°-s∏-
tS≠ Xpe\w \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ \mWb aqeyw Ipd-bp-∂p.
e. kmº-ØnI hybsØ kw_-‘n®v Bh-iy-amb \nb-{¥-W-an-√m-
Ø-Xn-\m¬ kzImcy kºØv {]Xyp¬]m-Z\
- ]
- c
- a
- √
- mØ afi-eß
- f
- n¬
Zp¿hybw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p.
f. kmº-ØnI \nb-a-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ ]gp-Xp-Ifpw, \nba \n¿hl-W-
Øn¬ Xs∂ hogvN-I-fpw, D≈-Xn-\m¬, I≈-∏Ww h¿[n-°p-∂p.
g. tZiobamb coXn-bnepw {]mtZ-iob-amb Xe-ßf
- nepw `mc-XØ
- n¬
hn`-hß
- ƒ ({]-tXy-In®p tZiob hcp-am\w, {]IrXn hn`-hß
- ƒ F∂nh)
th≠p-thm-f-aps≠-¶nepw ka-{K-amb Bkq-{XWw C√m-Ø-XmWp
{][m\ {]iv\w.
h. ]pXnb Hcp "A[xIrX' h¿K-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw: amdn-a-dn-bp∂
kmaqly kmº-ØnI {]Xn-`m-k-ßƒ aqew apºp kmaq-ly-ambn CS-
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 73
Ø-c-°m-cm-bn-cp∂ Hcp- \√ iX-am\w P\-ßfpw kmº-Øn-I-ambn

G‰hpw ]nt∂m-°m-hÿ-bnte°p hgp-Xn-t∏m-bn-cn-°-pIbm-Wv.- h¿§w,
PmXn, kwh-c-Wßƒ H∂pw C°q-´¿°p e`n-°p-∂p-an-√. `mc-X-Øns‚
kmaqly kmº-ØnI afi-eß - f
- n¬ G‰hpw bmX\ A\p-`h - n-°p-∂Xv
Ch-cm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂-XmWp ]c-am¿∞w.
4. kmº-ØnI ]›m-Øe
- t- ØmSp≈
ss{IkvXh {]XnIcWw
ChnsS N¿® sNøs∏Sp-hm≥ GXm\pw Imcy-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.
1. `mc-X-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ kaq-e-amb ]cn-h¿-
Ø\w Bh-iy-am-sW-∂pw AXn-\p t- h≠nbp≈ ka-{K-amb Bkq-{XWw
\S-°-W-sa∂pw s]mXp-P-\-ßsfbpw `c-W-I¿Øm-°-sfbpw t_m[y-
s∏-Sp-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
2. Xmdp-am-dmb kmº-Øn-I- L-S-\sb hyXn-bm-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ D≈
{ia-Øns‚ \s√m-cp- `mKw {]mtZ-in-I-ambn sNøp-hm≥ Ignbpsa-∂-Xn-
\m¬, Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bnepw hymh-km-bnI taJ-e-bnepw ]pXnb ]cn-
jv-°cW-ßƒ {]mtZ-inI-ambn \S-∏m-°p-hm≥ CS-h-I-Ifpw a‰pw
t\XrXzw sImSp-°m≥ Ign-bpw. DZm-lc - W
- a
- mbn, Irjn-°p-]b
- p-‡a
- mb
apgp-h≥ `qanbpw imkv{Xo-ba
- mbn Irjn- sN-øphm-\pw, AXn¬ sXmgn-e-
h-k-c-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-hm\pw, D¬]m-Z\w kam-l-cn®p Imcy-£-a-amb
hn]-W\ k{º-Zmbw {Iao-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw, ss{IkvX-h- k-aq-l-ßƒ°p
km[n-°pw.
3. IpSpw-__
- P
- ‰v Xøm-dm-°p-∂X
- nepw, kzIm-cy-kz-Øns‚ {]Xyp-¬]m-
Z\]camb hybsØ kw_-‘n-®pw, am¿K-\n¿t±-iß - ƒ sImSp-°p-hm≥
ss{IkvXh kwL-S-\-Iƒ°p Ign-b-Ww. IjvS-s∏´p kºm-Zn-°p-∂-
Xns‚ knwl-`m-Khpw hoSp- \n¿Ωn-°m\pw AXncp Ihn™ B¿`m-S-
Øn\pw D]-tbm-Ks-∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xns\ \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ø° t_m[-
h-¬°-cWw CS-h-I-I-fn¬ IqSn sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bpw.
4. hn`-hßƒ, hybw, ap≥K-W-\-Iƒ Chsb Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-
sIm≠p≈ amXr-Im-]-c-amb Hcp kmº-Øn-Im-kq-{XWw ss{IkvXh
ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw {]ÿm-\-ßƒ°pw D≠m-°p-I-sb-∂p-≈-XmWp
G‰hpw {][m-\w.
5. \nkz∑m-cm-bns°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]gb CS-Øc
- °
- msc {]tXyIw ]cn-
K-Wn®p kmº-ØnI kwh-cWw F∂ Bi-b-tØmSp {Inbm-fl-I-ambn
kl-I-cn-°p-hm≥ ss{IkvX-h¿°p IS-a-bp-≠v.
74 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
6. ss{IkvXh ÿm]-\-ß-fnse sXmgn¬, hnZym-`ymk Ah-k-c-

ßfn¬ kwh-cW- m-\p-Iqeyw e`n-t°-≠X
- mb F√m-h¿°pw (km-ºØ
- nI
kwh-cm-Wm¿lX am{X-a-√) \ymb-amb AwKo-Imcw sImSp-°-Ww.
7. kmºØn-I, kmaq-ly, cmjv{Sob afi-e-ß-fnse ka-{K-amb
Bkq-{XWw in£-W-t_m-[-tØmsS \S-∏m-°p∂ Hcp `c-W-]-c-amb
hyXn-bm-\sØ kzmKXw sNø-Ww.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. `mc-X-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-bnse aq¿Ø- bm-Ym¿∞y-
ßfpw Ah-tbm-Sp≈ ss{IkvXh {]Xn-Ic
- W
- hpw Npcp-°a
- mbn {]Xn-
]m-Zn-°p-I.
2. \nß-fpsS {]tZ-iØp kpe-à - mb Hcp hn`hw As√-¶n¬ hn`-hß - ƒ
a\-kn¬ I≠p-sIm≠p \nß-fpsS CS-hI tI{μ-am°n AXns‚ /
Ah-bpsS t`Z-s∏´ D¬∏m-Z\w, kam-l-c-Ww, hn¬]-\, Ah-bpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ k÷o-I-cn-°m-hp∂ hyh-kmb hmWn-Py-]-cn-]m-
Sn-Iƒ, _m¶nwKv {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ, tkh-\- ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, sXmgn¬
Ah-kc - ß
- ƒ apX-em-bh
- s
- b-°p-dn®v Hcp cq]-tcJ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°pI.
]mTw 4
{]Xn-Ic
- W
- Ø
- ns‚ ]mX:
Nne {]mtbmKnI ]cnNn¥\ßƒ
 kzb- {]-Xn-I-cWw  Iq´mb ]¶m-fnØw  Xn∑bvs°Xnsc kacw-
 FXn¿∏p-Iƒ
{]XnI-c-W-Øns‚ ]mX XS- -ßƒ [mcmfw D≈-Xm-Wv. kzbw
XymKw A\p-jvTn-°ptºmtg, kaqe ]cn-h¿Ø-\Ø - n\p kzbw hnt[-b-
cm-Ip-tºmtg, {]Xn-I-c-W-tijn D≠m-hp-I-bp-≈p. Aß-s\-bp≈ {]Xn-
c-I-c-W ]mX-bnse Nne {]mtbm-KnI hi-ßƒ Nn¥n-°mw.
1. kzb {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ Iq-Sntb
_mly-{]-Xn-I-cWw km[n°q
Xß-tfm-Sp -Xs∂ {]Xn-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n, kaq-l-ßƒ amXr-Im-]-c-
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 75
ambn´p≠m-bmte _mly-{]-Xn-Ic- Ww i‡nbp≈-Xm-Iq. C{]-Im-ca

- p≈
{]Xn-I-c-W-tijn ssIap-X-emb hy‡n-Iƒ°pw, kaq-l-ßƒ°pta
t\XrXzw sImSp-°m≥ Ign-bq. Aß-s\-bp≈ t\Xr-Xzta AwKo-Ic - n-°-
s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈p.
2. {]Xn-I-c-W-]m-X-bn¬ Iq´mb ]¶m-fn-Øw
hnhn[ k`mw-Kß - ƒ°pw, hnhn[ aXm-\p-bm-bnIƒ°pw, hnhn[ {]Xyb
imkv{Xm-\p-`m-hn-Iƒ°pw hf-sc-tbsd H∂n®p tN¿∂p \n¿h-ln-°m-hp-
∂-XmWp kmaq-ly, cmjv{Sob, kmº-ØnI afi-eß - f
- nse {]Xn-Ic
- Ww.
Cßs\bp≈ kl-I-c-W-Øn¬°qsS am{X-ta, ss{IkvX-h¿°p Xt±-
io-ba
- mb aÆn¬ thcp-d∏ - n®p hfcp-hm\pw- km£yw \n¿h-ln-°p-hm\pw
Ignbq. {]mtZ-in-Ia - mb kulr-Z- kw-Ka{]ÿm-\ß - ƒ°v C°m-cy-Øn¬
hf-sc-b[- nIw sNøp-hm-\p-≠v.
3. Xn∑-bvs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ ka-c-Øn¬ Iq-Sn-bp≈
{]Xn-I-cWw
{]mtZ-in-Ihpw, tZio-b-hp-amb afi-e-ß-fnse A\o-Xn-°pw, Nqj-
W-Øn-\p-sa-Xnsc kacw sNøpI F∂p≈Xp ss{IkvXh [¿a-am-Wv.
Cu ka-cØ - ns‚ DtØ-P\ - t- I-{μw, ssZh kwk¿K-ams-W∂-Xn\p c≠p
]£-an-√. ka-c-Øns‚ {]mtbm-KnI ]mX-bn¬, \njv]£amb Hcp
\ne]mSp km[y-a√ - . A\o-Xn-bp≈ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bvs°-Xnsc Xpd∂ \ne-
]mSv FSp-t°-≠X - m-bn h
- c- pw. B \ne-]mSv FSp-Øp- s - Im≠p kzb-in-£-
W-ap-≈X- pw, XymK-\n¿`-ch- p-amb Hcp kl-\- k-ac - Ø
- n\p {]m¿∞-\b - psS
Bflm-hn¬ Xs∂ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ IqSn aptºm´p t]mtI-≠-Xmbn
hcpw. AXn\p ]d-bm-hp∂ t]cmWv ""A`n-\h - - c-‡k - m-£nXzw'' F∂Xv.
A\o-Xn-bn¬ Xg-ºn® hyh-ÿn-Xn-I-tfmSp Nne L´-ß-fn¬, Km‘nPn
sNbvXX- p-t]mse \n -lI - c- W
- hpw, kΩ¿±-X{- ¥hpw kXy-{K-lhpw \S-
tØ-≠-Xmbn ht∂-°mw; AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ Nne L´-ß-fn¬, tbip-
{InkvXp ImWn-®-Xpt]mse [m¿ΩnI tcmj-{]-I-S-\hpw Bh-iy-ambn
ht∂-°mw.
Bbn-c-°-W-°n-\m-fp-Isf Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn {]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm£-
ambpw Iim-∏p- sN-øp-∂-Xn¬ a\- m-£n-°pØp tXm∂mØ hyhÿn-
Xnsb IÆp Xpd-∏n-°p-hm≥ kzbw c‡km£nI-fm-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w,
\n¿Δm-la
- n-√mØ kml-Nc - y-ßf
- n¬ sshIm-cnI _ln¿kv^p-cW- a
- p-≠m-
Ip-∂Xp \ymbo-I-cn-°mtam F∂p-≈Xp ss{IkvXh hrØ-ß-fn¬
hnhmZw Db¿Øp∂ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. B{^n-°-bnepw em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°-
76 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
bnepw ]e cmPy-ßsfbpw kzmX{¥yw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ klm-bn-®Xpw,

Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ C∂pw \S-°p-∂-Xp-amb ka-c-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂Xpw Bb -X{¥w CXm-Wp -Xm-\pw.
4. Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS-bpw, bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-cp-sS-bpw,
hyh-ÿm-]nX LS-\-I-fp-sSbpw FXn¿∏v
{]Xn-I-c-W-Øns‚ F√m L´-ß-fnepw B`y-¥-c-amb FXn¿∏p-Iƒ
D≠m-Ipw. {]Xn-I-c-W-Øns‚ aq¿® Iq´p-∂-Xn-\p- Xs∂ Cu Dc-k¬
klm-bn-°pw. "a\p-jy≥ A∏w sIm≠p am{X-a√ Pohn-°p-∂-'sX-∂pw,
"aptº Ahs‚ cmPyhpw \oXnbpw At\z-jn-∏n≥' F∂pw, "Bflm-hns‚
c£-bmWp \ΩpsS GI e£y-sa-∂pw' {]kw-Kn-®p-sIm≠v, B\p-Im-
en-I-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw XS-bp∂ "Bflob'hmZn-Iƒ Hcp
hiØv. \ne-\n¬°p∂ hyh-ÿnXn X-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-St- Øm-fw A\p-
Iq-e-am-b-XpsIm≠v, bmsXmcp hyXn-bm-\-Øn\pw kΩ-Xn-°mØ "\njv-
]£' hmZn-If - mb bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I¿ thsdmcp hi-Øv. \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂
kmaqly, cmjv{Sob kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ Xs∂ aX-Øn\pw
k`bv°pw \ne-\n¬°p-hm≥ Xń-°q-ńb hyh-ÿm-]n-X- L-S-\-I-fpsS
FXn¿∏m-bn-cn°pw as‰m-cp h
- i
- Ø
- v. Ch-bv°n-Sb
- n¬ Iq-Sn-bmWp {]Xn-I-
c-W-]mX apt∂-dp-∂-Xv.
Nne-Xns\ t_m[-]q¿Δw Ah-KWnt°≠nhcpw; Nne-Xns\ ss[cy-
]q¿Δw t\cn-tS-≠n -hcpw; Nne-Xp -aqew kq£vaX ssIsh-Sn-bm-Xn-cn-
°m\pw, kzbw Xncp-Øe - p-Iƒ°p hnt[-ba - m-Im\pw km[n°pw. F¶nepw
ss{IkvXh- ≥ {]Xn-Ic
- W
- ] - m-Xb
- n¬ apt∂m-´p-t]m-IW
- w. Cu bm{X-bnse
ss{IkvXh km£y-Øn-\m-bp≈ "\n¿_‘w Fs‚ ta¬ InS-°p∂p'
F∂ t_m[y-ap-≈t∏mƒ, AXn\p \sΩ t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ "{InkvXp-hns‚
kvt\l-Øn¬ \n∂v' \sΩ "th¿]ncn-°p-∂Xv Bcv?'
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. {]Xn-Ic
- W
- ]
- m-Xb
- nse {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\ß
- ƒ Fs¥ms°? Ahsb
Fßs\ A`n-ap-Jo-Ic - n-°W
- w.
2. "A`n-\h c‡-km-£n-Iƒ' F∂ Xe-s°-ń¬ \nßƒ Bsc-
sbms° Dƒs∏-SpØpw?
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 77
]mTw 5
"tkh-\'- Øns‚ ]pXnb am\-ßƒ
 "hy‡n' Xe-Ønse tkh\ ap≥K-W\-Iƒ  "IpSpw_' Xe-Ønse
tkh\ ap≥K-W-\-Iƒ  "kaql' Xe-Ønse tkh\ ap≥K-W-\-Iƒ
ss{IkvX-h-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-Øns‚ Xmc-X-tay\ Ffp-∏-ap≈ {]Xn-
kv^p-c-W-amWp ss{IkvXh "tkh\' afi-ew. ss{IkvXh tkh-\-
Øn¬ Fhn-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw hy‡-amb Hcp at\m-`mhw thWw. A¿ln-
°m-Ø-h¿°p sNøp∂ HuZmcyw F∂ at\m-`m-h-a√ {]XypX sNtø-
≠Xp sNøp∂p F∂ Imcy-hn-Nmc at\m-`m-h-am-W-Xns\ `cn-t°-≠-Xv.
IqSm-sX, Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ tkh-\-Øn\p ]pXnb am\-ßfpw Is≠-
tØ-≠-Xmbn hcpw. hy‡n, IpSpw-_w, kaqlw F∂o aq∂p Xe-ß-
fn¬ {i≤n-t°-≠-Xmb Nne tkh\ ap≥K-W-\-I-sf-°p-dn®p N¿®
sNømw.
1. "hy‡n' Xe-Ønse tkh\ ap≥K-W\-Iƒ
hy‡n-Iƒ°v Bflo-b, k∑m¿K ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-hm≥ \ne-\n¬-
°p-∂ tkh\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ an°Xpw "t_m[-\'- Øn-emWp {i≤ tI{μo-
I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ ]e "hy‡n-Iƒ°pw', IqSp-X¬ hy‡n-]-c-amb
{i≤- e-`n-t°-≠Xp thsdmcp ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n-em-Wv. aZy]m\w, ]pI-hen,
Akm-∑m¿Kn-I-X apX-em-b-h-bn¬ Xg-ºn®p a\- n-\pw, ico-c-Øn\pw
Bflm-hn\pw tcmKw _m[n® hy‡n-Isf {i≤n-°p-hm≥ ss{IkvXh
tkh-\-]m-X-bn¬ ap≥K-W\ \¬tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. aZy-]m-\-Øn¬
\n∂pw a‰pw Ic- I-bdphm≥ B{K-la - p≈ ]ecpw Ds≠¶nepw, B hgn°p
{]mtbm-Kn-Ia - mb am¿K-\n¿t±iw \¬Im≥ a\- p-≈h - s- cbpw Ign-hp-≈-
h-scbpw Is≠-Øm≥ Ah¿°p IgnbmsX t]mIp-∂p. C{]-Im-c-ap≈
tkh-\Ø - n\p ss{IkvXh ip{iq-jI - sc ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-hm-\pw, \ntbm-
Kn-°p-hm\pw kwcw-`-ßƒ IqSp-X-embn D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.
2. "IpSpw_' Xe-Ønse tkh\ ap≥K-W-\-Iƒ
IpSpw-_ßƒ F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ kzm`m-hn-Ia
- mbpw ]e {]iv\ßfpw
D≠mIpw. `mcym`¿Ør-_-‘-Ønepw, Ipń-Ifpw amXm-]n-Xm-°fpw
XΩnepw, ktlm-Zco ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ XΩnepw, Ab¬°m¿ XΩnepw
]e [mcW∏niIp-Ifpw D≠mImw. Hcp sshZn-I-s‚-b-Sp-°¬ IS-∂p-
sN∂p Ipº-kmcw aptJ-\tbm A√m-sXtbm Ahsb ]¶n-Sp-∂-h¿
Xptemw Npcp-°-ambncn°pw. Ipº-kmcw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ k`-I-fn¬
78 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
Xs∂, C{]-Im-ca - p≈ {]iv\ß

- ƒ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Ipº-kmc kμ¿`-
Øn\p ]e ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw D≠v. AXp-sIm≠v, IpSpw-_-Po-h-nX-Øn\p
]n≥XpWtb-Ip∂ tkh\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ {]tXy-Ia - mbn Bhn-jv°cn-°p-
∂-Xn¬ {]k-‡n-bp≠v. ]T-\hpw N¿®bpw, Iu¨k-enßpw AXn¬
Dƒs∏Smw. IpSpw-_-{]-iv\-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-hm≥ sshZn-I-cpsS
P\-kw-k¿K-Øn\v AXp-ey- ÿm-\a - p≠v. Nne {]tXy-I- k-ml-NcyØn¬,
Ip-Spw-_{- ]-iv\ß
- ƒ tIƒ°p-hm\pw ]cn-lc - n-°p-hm\pw sshZ-KvZy-ap≈-
hcpw, \√ -km-£y-ap-≈-hcpamb sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw Assh-ZnI-cp-sSbpw
kanXn-Iƒ°p {]k-‡n-bp≠v. CS-hI - I
- ƒ tXmdpw "{InkvXob IpSpw-_-
hmcw' {Iao-I-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n°pw. k`-Iƒ°p ÿnchpw tI{μo-Ir-X-
hp-amb tkh\ kwcw`w D≠m-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
3. kaq-l-Xe-Ønse tkh-\- ap≥K-W-\-Iƒ
kaq-lX - e
- Ø
- n¬ tkh-\ß - ƒ \S-°p-∂Xp {][m-\a - mbpw hnZym`ym-
k-Øns‚bpw BXpc ip{iq-jb - p-sSbpw afi-eß- f
- nem-Wv. Cu afie-
ß-fn¬ Xs∂ ss{IkvXh - ¿ ]pXnb ap≥K-W\ - I
- ƒ I-s≠-tØ≠ Ime-
L-´-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. kvIqfpw, tImfPpw Bip-]-{Xnbpw, Hs° Kh¨-
sa‚p X- s
- ∂bpw a‰p {]ÿm-\ß - fpw, \S-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ k - m-lN
- c
- y-
am-bnØo¿∂n-´p≠v. \ne-hn-ep≈ ÿm]\ßƒ°p KpW-\n-ehmchpw,
IqSp-X¬ Ah-k-c-ßfpw hmKvZm\w sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶nepw, `m-hn-
bn¬ hnZym-`ymk afi-eØ - nepw BXp-cip{ipjbnepw a‰p a - p≥K-W\ - -
Iƒ ImWp-∂-Xn-embncn°pw ss{IkvXh kmaqly tkh-\-Øns‚
hnthIw. Fs¥m-s°-bmImw ]pXn-b- ap≥K-W-\-Iƒ?
(a) hnZym-`ymk afiew: kmt¶-XnI tbmKyX t\Sns°mSp-°p∂
sXmgn-e[- n-jvTnX hnZym-`ymkw Ct∏mƒ X-s∂-bp≠v. F∂m¬ bph-P\ - -
ßƒ°v A`n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-c-W-amb sXmgn¬ IqSn Is≠-Øp-hm\pw,
AXn¬ Ah¿°p XpS¿∂p am¿K-\n¿tZiw \¬Ip-hm\pw km[n-°p∂
hnZym-`ymkcoXn D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. hy‡n-bpsS, D’m-lsØ
DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw, I¿a-tijnsb apgp-h≥ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw,
{]h¿Ø\ km-lN - cyßƒ {Iao-Ic- n®p sImSp-°p-∂X
- p-amb hnZym-`ymk
k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ tbmKy-X-bp≈ DtZym-Km¿∞n-Isf A√ krjvSn°p-
∂Xv, DtZymKw Is≠-Ønb Dev]m-Z-I-sc-bm-bn-cn-°pw.
(b) BXpc ip{iqjm afiew: henb Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ ÿm]n®p,
a’-cn®p iºfw \¬Inbpw, a’-cn®p kvs]jym-en-‰n-Ifpw kq∏¿
kvs]jym-en‰nIfpw hmKvZm\w sNbvXpw \S-Øp∂ BXpc ip{iq-jbv°v
A[nIw `mhn C\nbpw Ds≠∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. BXpc tkh-\-Øn¬
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 79
C{]-Imcw D≈ Bip-]{Xn-Iƒ "d^-d¬' Bip-]-{Xn-I-fmbncp∂p

sIm≈s´. ]t£ BXpc ip{iq-jbv°p [mcmfw Ah-k-c-ßƒ thtd-
bpap≠v. kºq¿Wamb BtcmKy ip{iqjm]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS ap≥K-W\
kmaqly BtcmKy tI{μ-ßƒ°m-bn-cn-°Ww. tcmK{]Xntcm[-Øn\pw
Btcm-Ky-Ic - a
- mb Pohn-Xc - o-Xn°pw ChnsS- \n∂v Bbn-cn-°W - w ]cn-io-
e\w. AXp-sIm≠v CS-hI - I- f - psS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Ahn-Ik - nX taJ-e-
I-fn¬ tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[Ø - n\pw BtcmKykwc-£W - Ø
- n\pw Bbn ÿ - nc-
amb tI{μ-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂Xv BXp-c-tk-h-\-Øns‚
BZy-]S- n-bm-Wv. Ahn-sS- \-SØ - mhp∂ ]e ]cn-]m-Sn-If - n¬ Nne-Xp- Xmsg
sImSp-°p∂p: (1) hoSp-Iƒ kμ¿in®p ipNn-Xz-t_m[\w \evIpI. (2)
{]Ya ip{iqjm ]cn-io-e\w \¬IpI. (3) {]mtZ-in-I-amb kml-N-cy-
ß-fn¬ e`y-amb `£W ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS hnthI]q¿hamb Dev]m-Z-
\hpw D]-tbmKhpw ioen-∏n-°pI. (4) km[m-cW tcmK-ßƒ°p NnIn’
\¬Ip-I. (5) inip-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn\pw IpSpw-_t£-a-Øn\pw klm-b-I-
amb t_m[-\hpw {]h¿Ø-\ßfpw. (6) Cw•ojp acp-∂p-Isf kw_-
‘n®p s]mXpsh Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tZmjKp-W-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v, km[m-
cW tcmK-ßƒ°p ê-{]-Za - mb {]mtZ-in-I- Nn-In’m coXn-Iƒ t{]m’m-
ln-∏n-°pI. (7) hnI-emw-K-cpsS ]p\-c-[n-hmk ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-ØpI.
(8) aqIX, _[n-cX apXembhbpsS \nhmc-W {- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ. (9) _me-
kamPw _men-Im k - a
- mPw, _me-P\-kJyw apX-em-bh - b- psS AwK-ßsf
tN¿Øp IΩyqWn‰n saUn-°¬ tIm¿ cq]h¬°-cn®v Bh-iy-amb
]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I. (10) Bflob {]ÿm-\ß - f
- psS AwK-ßsf kwL-
Sn-∏n®p Nne kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ {]tXyI ip{iq-j-Iƒ {Iao-I-cn-°pI.
DZm: s]mXp-]c - n-kc ipNo-Ic - Ww, `h-\ß - f - n¬ Zo¿L-Im-ea - mbn tcmKn-
I-fm-bn-cn-°p-∂h - sc kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw ip{iq-jn-°p-Ibpw a‰pw sNøpI.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1 ss{IkvXh tkh\]mX-bnse ]pXnb am\-ß-sf-°p-dn®p {]Xn-]m-
Zn-°p-I.
2 \nß-fpsS {]mtZ-in-I-amb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \nßƒ {][m-\ambn
ImWp∂ tkh-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ GsXms°?
80 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
]mTw 6
hnI-k\
- Ø
- nse ]¶m-fnØw
 hntam-N\w  Bkq-{XWw  hn`-h -k-am-l-cWw  kw]q¿Øo-I-
cWw
"hnI-k\w' (Development) F∂ kmt¶-XnI]Zw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv,
\oXn]q¿Æ-hpw \- n-e\
- n¬°-Ø° - Xpw ]¶m-fn-Xzm-[njvTn-Xh - p-amb kaq-
l-Øns‚ (Just Sustainable and Participatory Society) ka-{K-amb ]ptcm-
K-Xn-bmWv. AXp-sIm≠v ss{IkvXh kmaqly km£y-Øn¬ G‰w
{][m\s∏´ Hcp LS-I-amWv "hnI-k\w' F∂p hcpw. tkh-\-Øns‚
afi-et- Øm-sSm-∏w, ka-{K-amb Xt±-iob "hnI-k\ - '-Øn¬ amXrIm-]c- -
ambn kl-I-cn-°p-hm\pw Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ t\XrXzw sImSp-°p-hm\pw
Xt±-iob {InkvX-ob-Xbv°p Ign-bWw. ka{K-amb hnI-k-\-sa∂p ]d-
™m¬ AXn¬ Ipd-™Xp \mep L´-ß-sf¶nepw D≠v. 1. hntam-N\w
2. Bkq-{XWw 3. hn`-h-k-am-l-cWw 4. kw]q¿ØoI-c-Ww.
1. hntam-N-\w -˛ -hn-I-k-\-Øns‚ BZy -L´w
hnI-k-\Øn\p XS-k-ambn \n¬°p∂ LS-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWp
hntam-N\w th≠nbncn°p-∂Xv. Cu XS-kß - sf-bmWv Hcp cmjv{S-Øns‚
kml-N-cy-Øn¬ s]mXpsh kmaq-ly, cmjv{Sob, kmº-ØnI afi-e-
ß-fnse {]Xn-Ic - W ]›m-Øe - ß
- f
- mbn I≠-Xv, {]mtZ-in- I-amb kml-
N-cy-ß-fn¬ ka-{K- hn-I-k-\-Øn\p XS-k-ambn \n¬°p∂ hyh-ÿn-Xn-
Ifpw, Iq´p-sI-´p-Ifpw ImWpw. Ah-tbm-Sp≈ kq£va-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-
Øn-eq-sStb hntam-N\w km[n°q. F∂m¬ hntam-N\w apgp-h≥ km[n-
®n-t´, hnI-k\
- Ø
- n-te°p IS-°mhq F∂n√. hntam-N\ - hpw hnI-k\ - hpw
GI-Im-en-I-am-bn´p \S-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
2. Bkq-{XWw
Xt±-iobamb hnI-k\- m-hi
- y-ßt- f-bpw, hnI-k\ km[y-XI- t- fbpw,
hn`hßsfbpw I≠p-sIm-≠p≈ Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS
Bkq-{XWw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. {]mtZ-in-Ia - mb P\]¶m-fn-Øhpw
kl-I-c-Whpw Dd-∏p- h-cp-Øp-hm≥ DX-Ip∂hn[-Øn-em-bn-cn-°Ww
Bkq-{X-Ww.
3. hn`-h- k-am-l-cWw
]≤-Xn-Iƒ (Projects) Xocp-am-\n®p Ign-™m¬ Ahbv°v ]Whpw
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 81
a‰p hn`-hß- fpw kam-lc - n-°p-hm≥ _m¶p-If - p-sSbpw, Khs◊‚ v ˛ A¿≤-

K-h¨sa‚ v ÿm]-\ß - f - p-sSbpw klmb hmbv]m ]cn-]m-Sn-Isf {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ignbpw. kwtbm-PnX {Kma-hn-I-k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bp-sSbpw
luknßv t_m¿Up-I-fp-sSbpw klm-b-Øm¬ `h-\-\n¿ΩmW ]≤-Xn-
Iƒ°v hn`-h-k-am-l-cWw \S-Øm≥ I-gnbpw. d_¿t_m¿Uv, tIc-hn-I-
k\ t_m¿Uv apX-em-b-h-bpsS kl-I-c-W-Øm¬ Im¿jnI kwcw-`-
ßƒ°p hn`hw Is≠-Øm≥ I-gnbpw. sNdp-InS hyhkmb tIm¿∏-td-
j-s‚bpw, JmZn -{Km-tam-tZymK t_m¿Un-s‚bpw Hs°- k-lm-b-Øm¬
hyh-kmb kwcw-`ß - ƒ°p hn`-h- k-am-lc - Ww \S-Ømw. kmaq-ly-t£a-
h-Ip-∏ns‚ kl-Ic - W
- Ø- m¬ hnhn-[ß - f
- mb t£a-]c - n-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-Øp-
hm≥ Ignbpw (D-Zm. t{Ijkv \S-Øp-hm≥ k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Iƒ°p
kmº-Øn-Ik - l- mbw; kzbwsXmgn¬ sNøp-∂X - n\v kv{XoIƒ°p-th≠n-
bp≈ [\-klmbw, kv{XoIƒ°p sXmgn-e-h-kcw h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\mbn
k∂-≤- kw-L-S-\-Iƒ°p [\-k-lmbw; h¿°nwKv hna≥kv tlmÃ¬
\n¿Ωn-°p-∂X - n\p k∂≤ kwL-S\ - I
- ƒ°p kmº-ØnI klmbw, hnI-
em-wK¿°p kzbw-sXm-gn¬ Is≠-Øm≥ [\-kl - mbw). {]mtZ-in-Ia - mb
kl-I-c-W-kw-L-ßƒ aptJ-\bpw hn`-h -k-am-l-cWw \S-Ømw.
kw]q¿Øo-I-cWw
]≤-Xn-bpsS ]q¿ØoIcW-]mX-sb-bmWv kw]q¿ØoI-cWw F∂p-
t±-in-°p-∂X
- v. XpS¿®-bmb ]co-£W
- ß
- f- n¬ IqSnbpw, ]cm-Pbßfn¬
\n∂pw ]mT-ßƒ ]Tn-®p-sIm≠pw am{Xta GsXmcp ]≤-Xnbpw kw]q¿-
Øo-I-c-W-Øn¬ FØn-°m≥ I-gn-bq. ]≤-Xn-bpsS {]tbm-P\w \qdp
iX-am-\hpw ]¶m-fn-Iƒ°p hoXn-°p-Ibpw, ]≤-Xn-bpsS \S-Øn-∏n¬ P\-
]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ hnP-bn°pw.
]q¿Øn-bm-°p∂ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°p ]-Icw ]pXn-bh Bcw-`n-°p-hm-\p≈
At\zj-Whpw kw]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Spw.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. "hnI-k\' {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse ss{IkvXh ]¶m-fn-Ø-sØ-°p-dn®v
eLp-hmbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°pI.
2. tIc-fØ
- n¬ ae-\mSp hnI-k\ skmssk‰n, ]dm¬ hnI-k\ ]≤Xn,
Im¿Uv hnI-k\ ]≤Xn apX-em-bh- s
- b-°p-dn®p \nßƒ Nne At\z-
jW-ßƒ \SØn e`y-amb hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-I.
82 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
bqWn‰v 4
thZ-im-kv{X-Nn¥:
HchtemI-\hpw
At\zjWhpw
]mTw 1
anj-\d
- n-am-cpsSbpw Ass{I-kX v hcmb
`mc-Xo-bc - p-sSbpw kw`m-h\
- I- ƒ
 Hcp apJ-hpc  `mcX-Ønse anj-\-dn-amcpw thZ-imkv{XNn¥bpw 
tdm_¿´v Un s\m_nen  _¿Ø-tem-antbm kzoK≥_m-ƒKv  Ass{I-
kvXhcmb `mc-Xo-bcpw ss{IkvXh thZimkv{X Nn¥bpw  cmPmdmw
taml≥tdmbn  sIj_v N{μ-sk≥  ]n.- kn. -a-÷qw-Zm¿  kzman
hnth-Im-\μ  almflm Km‘n  tUmIvS¿ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥  Ie-
tKmd kp_-dmhp  Hcp- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬
1. Hcp apJ-hpc
BZna \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬, `mc-Xo-bamb Hcp ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \n∂p-
sIm≠v ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{XsØ hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ ]-cn-{i-aß - ƒ
\S-∂n-´pt≠m F∂p \n›-b-an√. e`y-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ A\p-am-\n-°p-∂Xv, ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ BZn-a-\q-‰m-≠p-Ifn¬
ss{IkvXh thZ-imkv{X Nn¥sb hfsc efn-Xa - mb `mj-bnepw ssien-
bnepw Bhn-jv°cn-°p-hm≥ {ian-®p-sh-∂m-Wv. ]pcm-X\ \{km-Wn-∏m-´p-
I-fnepw a‰pw hn. {XnXz-hn-izmkw, a\p-jy-h-Xm-c- c-lkyw, hnip-≤∑m-
cpsS kwk¿Kw apX-emb Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.
F∂m¬ `mc-Xo-b-amb XØz-Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw, B[ym-fln-I-]mc-º-cy-Øn-
s‚bpw, kwkvIm-cØ - n-s‚bpw {]tXyI ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n¬ Hcp ss{Ikv-
Xh thZ-im-kv{X-Nn-¥-bpsS Bh-iy-sØ-°p-dn®v t_m[y-ap-≠m-bXv
hfsc ASpØ-Im-e-ØmWv. A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp Nn¥m-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬
{][m-\-ambn aq∂p- K-W-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ D≠m-bn-´p≠v:
1. ]m›m-Xy- an-j-\-dn-am¿ 2. Ass{I-kvX-h-cmb `mc-Xob Nn¥-I¿.
3. `mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I¿.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 83
2. `mcX-Ønse anj-\-dn-amcpw thZ-imkv{X Nn¥bpw

`mc-X-Øn¬ i‡hpw {IaoIr-X-hp-amb ]m›mXy anj-\-dn-{]-h¿-
Ø\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xp ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠p- ap-X¬ BW-t√m. anj-\d - n-
am-cpsS {][m-\ -e£yw Ah-tc-tXXp ss{IkvXh hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-ń-cp-
∂pthm AXns‚ AwK-kwJy h¿[n-∏n-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn\p Nne-¿
Is≠-Ønb am¿Kw, A[n-Im-c-hpw,- ]-W-hpw, a‰p {]tem-`-\-ßfpw D]-
tbm-Kn-°pI F∂-Xm-bncp∂p. thtd Nne¿, hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw
kmaqly tkh-\-Øn-s‚bpw am¿K-am-bn-cp∂p Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. Npcp°w
Nne¿, `mc-Xo-b¿°p ]cn-N-b-ap≈ `mj-bnepw, PohnXssien-bnepw,
Nn¥m-cq-]ßfnepw ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{XsØ Ah-X-cn-∏n®p `mc-
Xo-bsc BI¿jn-°p-hm≥ {ian-®p. Cu KW-Øn¬s∏´ Nne ]cn-{i-a-
ß-fmWv Ncn-{X-]c - a
- mbn Xt±-io-bo-IrX thZ-im-kv{X-Øn\p e`n® BZy-
kw-`m-h-\. Ah-cpsS thZ-imkv{X Nn¥-bpsS Hcp {]tXy-IX {i≤n-°p-
∂Xp \∂m-bncn°pw. Xßƒ GXp ]m›m-Xy s - s{I-kX v h hn`m-KØ
- ns‚
{]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmtWm, B hn`m-KØns‚ HutZymKnI thZ-imkv{XsØ
`mc-X-Øn\p ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ am{Xta Ah¿°m-{K-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p-≈q. XXv^-e-ambn, {InkvXp-hns\ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h¿ Hcp ]m›mXy
k`m-hn`m-KØ - ns‚ ]m›m-Xy-amb aX-Po-hn-Xw, thZ-im-kv{Xw- F∂nhbn-
te-°p a- m-{X-am-bn-cp∂p IS-∂p-h∂- Xv. `mc-Xo-bsc BI¿jn-°p-hm≥ D≈
Hcp "Cc'bmbn´p am{Xta an° anj-\-dn-amcpw Ah-cpsS Xt±-io-bo-IrX
thZ-im-kv{X-Nn-¥-Isf Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. ChnsS c≠p anj-\-dn-am-sc
{]tXyI-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏Smw: (1) tdm_¿´v Un s\m_nen (2) _¿Ø-
tem-antbm kzoK≥_mƒKv.
3. tdm_¿´v Un s\m_nen
1605˛¬ C≥Uybn¬ FØnb C‰m-en-b≥ PkyqØp (ItØm-en-°m-
k-`-bpsS Cutim-k`) anj\-dnbmWp tdm_¿´v Un s\m_nen. t]m¿-
Øp-Kokv cmPm-hns‚ A[n-Im-chpw, kzm[o-\hpw D]-tbm-Kn®p ]e
tdma≥ ItØm-en°m anj-\-dn-amcpw eØo≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn-te°p Xt±-
iob ss{IkvX-h-tcbpw, Ass{I-kvX-h-scbpw ]cn-h-¿-Ø\w sNøp∂
ka-bØp Un s\m_nen as‰mcp ]co-£Ww Bcw-`n-®p. -th-j-Ønepw,
Po-hnXssien-bnepw, `mj-bnepw `mc-Xo-b\
- m-bn. I
- mhnhkv{Xhpw cp{Zm-
£hpw saXn-b-Snbpw [cn-®p. kky-`-£Ww `mc-Xo-b-amb coXn-bn¬
]mIw sNbvXp `£n®p. efn-X-amb Hcp B{i-a-Po-hnXw \bn®p, `mc-
Xob `mj-I-fmb kwkvIr-Xhpw Xangpw hi-am°n. `mc-Xob aX-{K-Ÿ-
ßfpw XØzNn-¥bpw ]Tn-®p. kwkvIr-X-Ønepw Xan-gnepw Fgp-Xp-
84 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
hm\pw, ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm\pw XpS-ßn. \qdp kwkvIrX t«mI-ß-fmbn

ss{IkvXh thZimkv{XXØz-ßsf Bhn-jv°cn-®p. Xan-gnepw
"⁄mt\m-]-tZiw' F∂ t]cn¬ A{]-Imcw Hcp IrXn cNn-®p.
Un s\m_-nen-bpsS thZ-im-kv{X-kw-`m-h\ {][m-\-ambpw `mjm-]-c-
am-bn-´m-Wv. F∂p- ]-d™- m¬, ItØm-en-°m- thZ-im-kv{XsØ kwkvIr-
X-`m-jb - nepw, Xangnepw Ah-Xc- n-∏n-°p-hm≥ {ian-®t- ∏mƒ, Xt±-iob-amb
Hcp thZ-im-kv{X-`mj cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\p≈ BZy-]-cn-{i-a-am-bn-cp∂p
At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ thZ-im-kv{X-Øns‚ D≈-S-°-Øn¬
Xt±-iob-amb aX-k-¶-ev]-ßƒt°m, XmXzn-I-]-Z-ßƒt°m Imcy-amb
Hcp kzoI-cW - hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. DZm-lc- W
- Ø - n\v, "I¿aw', "Ah-Xmcw',
"Cuiz-c-\m-a-P]w' F∂nhbp-sS-sbm∂pw A¿∞tam {]k-‡ntbm
At\zjn-°msX Ahsb ]p—n®p X≈p-hm-\p≈ Hcp ]cn-{i-a-am-W-t±-
l-Øns‚ IrXn-If - n¬. F¶nepw Xt±-io-ba - mb `mj-bpsSbpw Xt±-iob
t\XrXz ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-s‚bpw Xt±iob Pohn-X-ssi-en-bp-sSbpw
Bhiyw Du∂n∏d™p-sh∂XmWv Un s\m_n-ensb 17˛mw \q‰m-≠nse
ItØm-en-°m- an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ {it≤-b-\m-°p-∂Xv.
4. _¿Ø-tem-antbm kzoK≥_mƒKv
C≥Uy-bnse s{]m´-Ã‚p anj-\dn {]h¿Ø-\Ø - ns‚ Bcw`w Ipdn-
°p-∂Xv, 1706˛¬ Xan-gv\m-ńse {Sm≥Iz-_m-dn¬ Imep-Ip-Ønb eqY-d≥
anj-\d - n-am-cmb kzoK≥_mƒKpw πqtjmbpw BWv. kzoK≥_mƒKn-s‚-
kphntij-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \ng-en® c≠p aq∂p {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ D≠v.
(1) {]mtZ-inI `mj-bmb Xangv ]Tn-®p, Xan-gn¬ {]kw-Kn-°p-hm≥ XpSßn.
(2) Xan-gn¬ ]pXn-b-\n-baw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn {]N-cn-∏n-®p. (3) `mc-X-
Ønse aX-{K-Ÿß - s
- f-°p-dn®v ]Tn-®p. Ah-bn¬ t{ijvTa
- mb ]e kXy-
ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p-sh∂p {]Jym-]n-®p.
]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nse ]m›mXy ss{IkvX-h- \-ho-I-c-W -{]-ÿm-
\-Øn\v, -`m-c-X-Ønse aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fnepw a‰pw kXy-ap-s≠∂p kΩ-Xn-
°pI A{X Ffp-∏-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ]›mØe-Øn-emWv, X-angv `‡n
{]ÿm-\Ø - nse kXysØ Hs° Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm-≠v, kzoK≥_mƒKv
Xangn¬ {]kw-Kn-®Xv. AXp-sIm≠p kzoK≥_mƒKns‚ thZim-kv{Xm-
hn-j°
v cWw efn-Xsa¶nepw Xt±-iob-amb aX-k¶ - e
- ]
v ßsfbpw At\z-
jW-ß-sfbpw Bthmfw {]iw-kn-®p-sIm≠pw Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠pw
Bbn-cp-∂p.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 85
5. Ass{I-kvX-h-cmb `mc-Xo-bcpw
ss{IkvX-h thZ-imkv{X Nn¥bpw
Ass{I-kX v h- cmb (ss{IkvXhk`mw-KXzw kzoI-cn-°mØ) ]e `mc-
Xob Nn¥-Icpw Nne kμ¿`-ßf - n¬ {InkvXp-hns\-°p-dn®pw, ss{IkvXh
thZ-im-kv{X-sØ-°p-dn®pw hnNn-¥\w \S-Øn-bn-´p≠v. cmPmdmw taml≥
tdmbn, sIj_v N{μ-sk≥ apX-em-bh - ¿ hy‡n-]c- a
- mbn, tbip-{In-kvXp-
hn-t\m-Sp≈ {]tXyI aXn∏ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ Aßs\ hnNn-¥\w
sNbvXpsh-¶n¬, hnth-Im-\μ - \pw, a-lm-flm- Km-‘nbpw, tUmIvS¿ cm[m-
Ir-jvW\pw Hs° ss{IkvX-h -]m-c-º-cy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kzX-{¥-amb
hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ aptJ-\-bmWp ss{IkvX-h- th-Z-im-kv{X-sØ-∏‰n hnNn-
¥\w \S-Øn-bXv. kz¥-amb aXn-∏ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-sW-¶nepw,
kzX-{¥-amb \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-sW-¶n-epw, `mc-Xo-b-
amb ImgvN∏ - m-Sn¬ {InkvXp-hn-s\bpw ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{X-sØbpw
ImWp-hm-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-ß-fmWv Ah. AXp-sIm≠v `mc-Xo-b-amb Hcp
ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{X-Nn-¥bv°v, Ah-cpsS ho£-W-ßsf hnkva-cn-
°p-I km[ya-√.
6. cmPmdmw taml≥tdmbn (1772˛1833)
`mcX-Øns‚ tZiob-Xb - psS {]hm-NI\pw, `mc-X- \-thm-∞m-\Øns‚
DZ-b-\-£-{Xhpw Fs∂ms° hnti-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ cmPmdmw -tam-l-≥
tdmbn, Hcp bphm-hmbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ ]Tn-∏n-
°-ep-If- n¬ BIr-jSv \- m-bn-cp-∂p. {_“-ka - mPw ÿm]n-°p-∂Xn\p a - pºp-
Xs∂, tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s\-°p-dn®p Fgp-Xp-hm\pw, {]kw-Kn-°p-hm\pw
At±-l-Øn\p Nne kμ¿`-ßƒ D≠mbn. tbip-hns‚ D]-tZ-i-ßƒ:
kam-[m-\Øn\pw kt¥m-jØn\pw D≈ am¿Kw F∂ Xe-s°-ń¬,
\mep kphn-ti-j-ß-fn-¬ \n∂pw sXc-s™-SpØ {]t_m-[-\-ßƒ
At±lw {]kn≤o-Ic - n-®Xv CXns‚ DZm-lc - W- a
- m-W.v tbip-{In-kXv p-hns\
ssZh-Øns‚ ktμ-ih - m-lI\pw, AXn-t{ijvT Kpcphpw Bbn´v AwKo-
I-cn-°p-hm≥ Ignbpw F∂pw tbip-{InkvXphns‚ [m¿anI D]-tZ-iß - ƒ
F√m Ah-Xm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-tZ-i-ßsfbpw Ih-®p-h-bv°p-∂-Xm-
sW∂pw dmw taml≥tdmbn {]kvXm-hn®p. F∂m¬ {XnØz-hn-izm-khpw,
{InkvXp-hns‚ ssZhXzhpw At±-lØn\p kzoIm-cy-amb Imcy-ß-f√m-
bn-cp∂p. ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv hnip-≤a - mb kzm[o\tam, B¥-cn-Ii - ‡
- ntbm
Bbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ssZhnI ssNX-\y-amWv F∂v At±lw hymJym-
\n®p. Npcp-°-Øn¬, GI-ssZh hnizm-k-Øns‚ LS-\-bn¬ tbip-
{InkvXp-hns\ AXyp-∂X Kpcphpw tbmKnbpw Bbn tdmbn kzoI-cn-®p.
86 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
AXns\ DZm-l-cn-°p-hm≥ I\y-I-bn¬ \n-∂p≈ P\-\-sØbpw, A¤p-

X-{]-h¿Ø-\ßsfbpw, I_dn¬ \n∂p≈ Dbn¿∏n-s\bpw tdmbn
\ymboI-cn®p hymJym-\n-®p.
7. sIj-_v N-{μ-sk≥ (1838˛1884)
cmPmdmw taml≥ tdmbn°p tijw {_“-ka - m-PØ- ns‚ AXyp-∂X
t\Xm-hm-bn-Øo¿∂ sI.- kn. -sk≥ ]e-Xp-sIm≠pw tdmbnbn¬ \n∂p
hyXy-kvX-\m-bn-cp-∂p. tdmbn tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ ]Tn-∏n-°-ep-I-fn¬
BIr-jSv \ - m-bnsb¶n¬, sk≥ tbip-hns‚ c£m-Ic - {- ]-h¿Ø-\Ø - nepw,
\nXy ssZhnI Bf-XzØnepw BIr-jSv \ - mbn. tdmbn {XnXz-hn-izm-ksØ
bp‡n-]cw As√∂p ]d™-t∏mƒ, sk≥ k—n-Zm-\μ k¶ev]w Xs∂-
bmWp {XnXzw F∂p ]d™v A-Xns\ AwKo-Ic - n-®p. tdmbn°p {InkvXp
D∂X Kpcp-hm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw,- GIssZh hnizm-k-Øn-e-Sn-ÿm\s∏´
BtKm-f a - X
- Ø
- n\p tI{μw H∂p-a√- m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ sk∂n\v {InkvXp-
hn¬ tI{μoIr-X-amb Hcp BtKmfaXw cq]-h¬°-cn-°p-hm≥ AXn-
bmb taml-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. a‰p aX-ßf - nepw, At\zjW-ßf - nepw ad™p
InS-°p∂ {InkvXp-hn-s\-°p-dn®pw sk≥ Xs‚ Fgp-Øp-I-fn¬ kqNn-
∏n®p. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn¬ IqSn {]]©w apgp-h≥ Hcp ]pXnb cq]m-¥c
{]{In-bb
- n¬ BsW∂pw sk≥ ]Tn-∏n-®p. Aßs\ ss{IkvXh - t- hZim-
kv{X-Øns‚ an°-hmdpw F√m Awi-ßs - fbpw sI.- kn. s - k≥ kzmw-io-
I-cn®p. {]tXy-In®v kXv, Nn-Øv, B\μw F∂o aq∂p XØz-ß-fpw,
AhbpsS ]n∂nse "k—n-Zm-\μw' F∂ GI bmYm¿∞yhpw Bbn
hn. {XnXz -Nn-¥sb _‘n-∏n-®Xp ]e-scbpw BI¿jn-®p.
8. ]n. -kn. a÷w-Zm¿ (1840˛1905)
sI. kn. sk∂ns\-t∏mse, {InkvXym-\n-bm-ImØ {InkvXym-\n-bmbn-
cp∂p ]n. kn. a÷w-Zm¿. sk∂ns‚ kzm[o-\hpw, `mc-Xob aX-{K-Ÿß - -
fnse k¿hw Cuiz-c-abw F∂ Bi-bhpw At±-l-Øn\p "]uc-kvXy-
\mb' Hcp {InkvXp-hns\ At\zjn-®p- I-s≠-Øp-hm≥ CS-bm°n. tbip-
{InkvXp kz¥w hy‡n-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp X\n ]uc-kvXy-\m-b-Xn-\m¬
Ahs\ ]m›m-Xy-tc-°mƒ Ffp-∏Øn¬ ]uc-kX v y¿°p a\- n-em-°m≥
Ignbpw F∂-t±lw hniz-kn®p. "]uc-kvXy-\mb {InkvXp' F∂ Xs‚
{KŸ-Øn¬ ka¿∞n-°p-∂Xv Cuiz-cs‚ ]cn-{Xm-W-\-Øn-s‚bpw
kvt\l-{]-Im-i\- Øns‚bpw kºq¿Wm-hÿ - b- mWv {InkvXp-sh-∂mWv.
{InkvXp-hns\ Adn-bp-∂-h≥ ssZhoI ssNX-\y-Øns‚ kvt\l-
kºq¿W-Xsb ]cn-Nb - s
- ∏-Sp∂p; AXn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ Ah-
\n¬ IqSnbpw ssZhw {]Im-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 87
9. kzman hnth-Im-\μ (1863˛1902)

cma-Ir-jvW- ]-c-a-lw-kcpsS apJy-injy-\m-bn-cp∂ kzman hnth-Im-
\-μ≥ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ Poh≥ ap‡-\mb Hcp ]pWy-tbm-Kn-bmbn
I≠p. tbip-hns‚ Poh≥ap-‡m-h-ÿ-sb-bmWp ss__nƒ ]mc-º-cy-
Øn¬ "{InkvXp' F∂ ]Z-Øn¬ hnh-£n-°p-∂s - X∂v At±lw ]d™p:
"tbip \sΩ-t∏mse Hcp-h-\m-bn-cp∂p; Ah≥ {InkvXp-hmbn; \ap°pw
AXp km[n°pw; km[n-°Ww: {InkvXphpw _p≤\pw \mw FØn-t®-
tc≠ Hc-h-ÿ-bpsS \ma-ßƒ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. AXp shfn-s∏-Sp-Ønb
Bfp-If - mWv tbiphpw KuX-a\ - pw.'
10. alm-flmKm‘n (1869˛1948)
`mc-XØ
- ns‚ cmjv{S-]n-Xm-hmb alm-flm-Km‘n "bwKv C≥Uy', "lcn-
P≥' apX-emb {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfn¬°qSn Xs∂ BI¿jn® {InkvXp-
hn-s\-°p-dn®v [mcmfw FgpXn. tbip-{In-kX
v p-hns‚ "Kncn-{]-`m-jW-ßƒ'
At±-l-Øn\v AXy-¥w -lr-Zy-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn\p ]n∂nse tbip-
{InkvXp-hns\ Km‘n I≠Xv AXp-ey-\mb kXym-{K-ln-bm-bn-´mWv. Xs‚
ssZh-Xztam, a\p-jym-h-Xmc bmYm¿∞ytam H∂p-a√ {][m\ BI¿-
jWw. Hcp a\p-jy\v, kXy-Øn-\p-th≠n Fßs\ kacw sNbvXp
hnPbw hcn°mw F∂p-≈-XmWp {InkvXp ImWn-®-sX∂p Km‘n
FSpØp ]d-™p. A\m-k-‡-amb Hcp Pohn-X-Øn¬°qSn, kl-\-k-a-
c-Øn¬°qSn kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ i‡n Fßs\ a\p-jy-cn¬ {]h¿-
Øn°pw F∂p-≈-XmWv Ipcnipw Dbn¿∏pw ImWn°p-∂-sX∂t±lw
Nq≠n-°m-ń.
11. tUmIvS¿ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ (1888˛1975)
kp{]-kn≤ Zm¿i-\n-I-\m-bn-cp∂ tUmIvS¿ Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥
Xs‚ {KŸ-ßf - n¬°qSn ]m›m-Xy¿°p lnμp-aX alna hymJym-\n-°p-
hm\pw, ]uc-kvXy¿ {InkvXp-hns\ Fßs\ ImWp-∂p-sh∂p kqNn-∏n-
°p-hm\pw {ian-®p. At±-lØ - ns‚ {InkvXp-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ho£Ww
kzman- hn-th-Im-μt- ‚-Xp-ambn hfsc kmay-ap-≈X
- m-bn-cp∂p. {]-[m-\a- mbpw
Hcp AssZzX thZm-¥n-bpsS ho£Ww Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. tb-ip-
{InkvXp, a\p-jy-\nse ssZh-XzsØ Is≠-Ønb tbmKn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
"Rm\pw ]nXmhpw H∂m-Ip∂p; Fs∂ I≠-h≥ ]nXm-hns\ I≠n-cn-
°p∂p' F∂p {InkvXp ]d-™X - v, bYm¿∞-Øn¬ "Alw- {_-“mkvan'
"XØz-akn' F∂ D]-\n-jZ- vXØ - z-Øns‚ as‰m-cm-hn-jv°c- W
- a- m-bn-cp-∂p-
sh-∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]mbw.
88 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
12. Ie-tKmd kp_-dmhp (1912˛)

B{‘-{]-tZ-in¬ Hcp "lnμp ˛ {InkvXy≥' {]ÿm\w \bn® hy‡n-
bmWp kp_-dm-hp. {InkvXp-hns‚ Hcp Z¿i\w D≠mb kp_-dmhp,
"{InkvXym\n'bmImsX Xs∂ {InkvXp-hns\ A\p-`h - n®p. At±-lØ
- n\p
kuJy-Zm-\h- cw IqSn D≠m-bn-cp-∂X
- p-sIm≠v At±-lØ- ns‚ {]ÿm\w
hf¿∂p-h-∂p. At±lw {InkvXp-hn¬ tI{μo-Ir-X-amb Hcp thZm-¥-
Zm¿i\nI Nn¥sb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn, "kz¥w', "kzbw' F∂o Nn¥-
Iƒ°-Sn-a-s∏´ Ah-ÿ-bmWv "amb' AYhm "]m]w.' AXn¬\n-∂p≈
tamN-\-amWv c£. ssZzX-`m-hsØ C√m-Xm-°n-bm¬, ssZh-hp-ambn
H∂m-Ip-∂p-sh-∂mWp {Iqiq Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂Xv.
13. Hcp hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
Ass{I-kX v h
- c
- mb `mc-Xo-bc
- psS ss{IkvXh thZ-im-k{v X-Nn¥-bn¬
Nne s]mXp-hmb Imcy-ßƒ ImWp-hm≥ Ignbpw. sI. kn. s - k≥ Hgn®p
_m°n-bmcpw tbip{In-kvXp-hns‚ kØm-]-c-amb ssZh-Xz-sØtbm
c£Wy-amb tI{μn-Iÿ - m-\s- Øtbm A{X {][m-\s - ∏´ Imcy-ambn Icp-
Xp-∂n-√. {InkvXp-hn¬ km[y-am-bXv, F√m a\p-jy-cnepw km[y-am-Ip∂
Hcp km[y-X-bmWv F∂p F√m-hcpw FSp-Øp-Im-´p-∂p. {InkvXp-hns\
Adn-bm\pw A\p-`h - n°m\pw kwL-S\ - m-flI
- a
- mb "k`' AXym-hi - y-amWv
F∂ Nn¥ B¿°pw C√. -]c{_“-Øns‚ amb-bnse {]Im-i-\-amb
Cuiz-c-\m-bnt´m, Hc-h-Xmcw Bbn-t´m, alm-tbm-Kn-bm-bn-t´m, t{ijvT-
Kp-cp-hm-bnt´m, Po-h≥ ap-‡-\m-bnt´m {InkvXp-hns\ AwKo-I-cn-°m≥
Cu Nn¥-I-cn¬ ]e¿°pw {]bm-k-an-√.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. anj-\-dn-am-cpsS kw`m-h\ Xt±-io-bo-IrX ss{IkvXh Nn¥bv°p
F{Xam-{Xap-≠mbn?
2. Ass{I-kvXh - c
- mb `mc-Xo-bc
- psS ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{X-Nn-¥sb
hne-bn-cp-ØpI.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 89
]mTw 2
`mcX ss{IkvXh
- - Nn-¥I
- cpsS
kw`mh\ ˛ 1
 sI. Fw. _m\¿Pn  {_“-_m-‘hv D]m-Zymb  hn. N°ssc  ]n.
sN©ø  km[p -kpμ¿knwKv
1. sI. Fw. _m\¿Pn (1813˛1885)
Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ U^v F∂ anj-\-dn-bp-am-bp≈ kº¿°-Øn¬
ss{IkvX-h-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ Hcp _wKm-fn-bm-bn-cp∂p IrjvW- tam-l≥
_m\¿Pn. At±-lØ - n\p thZ-ßf - psS ]T-\Ø
- n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ XmXv]cyw,
kz¥-amb Hcp ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{X- Nn-¥-bn-te°p -hgnsX-fn®p.
thZ-ßfnse tI{μn-I-X-Øzw, -bmKw aptJ\ ]cn-c-£n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp
[m¿anI LS-\b- m-W.v {]]©Im-cW`qX-\mb "{]Pm-]Xn' AYhm "]pcp-
j≥' AYhm "hniz-I¿a≥' {]]-©sØ Dcp-hm-°n-bXpw \ne-\n¿Øp-
∂Xpw bmKw aptJ-\b - m-Wv. Cu Dƒ°m-gvNb - psS ]q¿Øo-Ic - Ww BWv
tbip{InkvXp-hns‚ c£m-I-c-bm-Kw. AXp-sIm-≠v, AXn-]p-cm-X\ aX-
{K-Ÿa
- mb thZ-Øn¬ bmKw aptJ-\b - p≈ c£-bv°p-th≠n Hcp At\z-
jWw Bcw-`n-°p-∂p-sh∂pw, A-Xns‚ as‰mcp {]Im-i\w blq-Z-a-X-
Ønse bmK-I¿a-ß-fn¬ XpS-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw, F√m-‰n-s‚bpw Ncn-{X-]-c-
amb ]q¿ØoI-cWw tbip-{In-kvXp-hm-Ip∂ A`n-\h {]Pm-]-Xn-bpsS
bmK-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p-sh∂pw At±lw a\-kn-em°n. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬, `mc-X-Øn¬ {InkvXp-hns\ thZ-ß-fnse bmK-X-Øz-Øns‚
]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ (blq-Z-∑m¿ aninlm k¶¬]-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-
Øn¬ a\-kn-em-°n-b-Xp-t]mse) hymJym-\n-°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-am-bn-
cp∂p _m\¿Pn-bp-tS-Xv.
2. {_-“-_m-‘hv D]m-[ymb (1861˛1907)
Hcp _wKmfn {_m“W IpSpw- _- Ø n¬ P\n® `hm-\ n-N -c¨
_m\¿Pn, ]n¬°m-eØp {_“-_m-‘hv D]m-[ymb F∂ t]cn¬
{InkvXym-\n-bmbn. BZyw Hcp Bw•n-°≥ k`mw-K-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw
]n∂oSv ItØmen°m k`mw-K-Xz-Øn-te°v At±lw amdn. ka-Im-eo\
ItØm-en-°m- k-`b - n¬ At±-lØ- n\p e`n-®n-cp∂ AwKo-Ic - Ww kwi-
bm-kv]-Z-am-sW-¶n-epw, ]n¬°m-eØp ]e ItØm-en°m ]ptcm-ln-X-
∑mcpw At±-lØ - n-s‚ Nn¥mK-Xn-Isf ]n≥]-‰p-Ib- p-≠m-bn. "tkm^nb'
F∂ amkn-I-bnse XpS¿te-J-\-ß-fn¬ IqSn {io i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS
90 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
AssZz-X-Nn-¥sb D]-tbm-Kn-®p- ss{I-kvXh thZ-imkv{Xw hnI-kn-∏n-

°phm-\p≈ {ia-am-bn-cp∂p {_“-_m-‘hv {][m\ambpw sNbvXX - .v thZ-
ßƒ°v, ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚ ÿm\w C¥y-bn¬ D≠m-IWw F∂v
At±lw hmZn-®p. k®n-Xm-\μ {_“w F∂ k¶¬]w D]-tbm-Kn®p
{XnXzsØ hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ At±lw {ian-®p. ssZh ˛ a-\p-jy-\mb
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ "\c- ˛ -lcn' F∂pw At±lw hnti-jn-∏n-®p.
3. hn. -N-°ssc (1880˛1958)
a{Zm-kp-Im-c-\mbncp∂ sh¶¬ N-°c sNń F∂ A`n-`m-j-I≥
1903˛¬ {InkvXym-\n-bmbn. ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{X-sØ-°p-dn®p ka-
{K-amb Hcp ]T-\hpw \S-Øn-bn-ń-s√-¶nepw, kz¥-amb Hcpƒ°m-gN v bn¬
\n∂p `mcX ss{IkvX-h-Nn-¥bv°p At±lw kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In.
"tbipsh∂ Ah-Xmcw', "Ipcnipw `mc-Xob Nn¥bpw' apX-emb {KŸ-
ß-fn¬ Iq-Snbpw, Nne teJ\-ß-fn¬ Iq-Snbpw At±lw Hcp Imcyw
hy‡-am°n. `mcX aX]mc-º-cy-Ønse ]e ]Z-ßfpw k¶-¬]ßfpw
`mcX ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{X-Øn-\p-w D]-tbm-Kn°mw. kºq¿W
AhXm-ca - mb tbip-{InkvXp, hnizm-knI-fn¬ A¥-cym-an≥ Bbn hkn-
°p-∂p-sh∂v At±lw Nq≠n-°mń. Ipcn-inse bmK-Øn¬ \n∂p ]pd-
s∏-Sp∂ {Inbm-i-‡n-bm-Wp- tem-IsØ \ho-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
]m]w F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv "amb'bn¬ Bbn-cn°p∂ Ah-ÿb - m-W.v AXn¬
\n-∂p≈ tamN-\a - m-Wv {InkvXp A¥-cym-an-bm-Ip-tºmƒ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv.
4. ]n. sN©ø (1886˛1959)
sN©øbpw, N°-ssc-sb-t∏mse ]gb a{Zmkv kwÿm-\Ø - p\
- n∂p
{InkvXp-aX- m-he
- w-_n-bmb Hcp A`n-`mjI\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv At±lw
No^v PÃokv hsc-bmbn. At±-lhpw kzX-{¥-amb Hcp ho£-WtIm-
Wn¬ \n∂p ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{X-sØ-°pdn®p Nn¥n-®p. {][m-\-
ambpw At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ cwK-{]-th-iw sNbvXXp sl≥-
{UnIv s{Ibva¿ F∂ anj\dn, Xmºcw anj-\dn tIm¨{^≥kn¬ (1938)
Xt±-iob aXmt\z-jW - ß- sf ss{IkvXh kphn-ti-jI - ¿°p Ku\n-t°-
≠-Xn√ F∂-b¿∞-Øn¬ \S-Ønb {]kw-K-Øn\p adp-]-Sn-sb∂ \ne-
bn-em-Wv. b-lq-Z -kw-kv°m-c-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hnI-kn-°-s∏´
{InkvXp k¶¬]sØ `mcX kwkv°m-cØ - ns‚ ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n¬ hnI-
kn-∏n-°Ww F∂t±lw hmZn-®p. AXn\p ]g-b\ - nba-Øns‚ ÿm\Øp
`mcX aX-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ°p {]tXy-I-ÿm\w \¬I-s∏-SWw F∂pw
At±lw ]d- ™ p. "{Inkv X psh∂ Ie¿∏n- √ mØ bmYm¿∞yw'
Is≠Øn Ahs\ kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn \ndw sImSp-°p-I-bmWv `mcX
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 91
ss{IkvX-hs‚ [¿aw. Cu Ie¿∏n-√mØ bmYm¿∞yw, {]]-©-Øn¬

kw`-hn-®n-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]pXnb hwi-Øns‚ Bcw-`-am-Wv. AXm-bXv,
CXphscbp≈ {]]© hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ ssZhnI Poh≥ kwtbm-Pn®
Hcp ]cnWmaw \S-∂n-cn-°p-∂X - mWv {InkvXp. Xm≥ ]pXnb Hcp krjvSn-
bpsS BZn-]p-cp-j-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B ]cnWm-a-Øns‚ ssNX-\y-amWp
]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv. tbip-{InkvXphns\ `mc-X-Øn\p a\-knem-°p-hm≥,
]m]Øns‚bpw, \ymb-hn-[n-bp-sSbpw, Ip-cn-ins‚bpw, kz¿K-Øn-s‚-bpw,
\c-IØ- ns‚bpw `mj XnI®pw A]cym-]vXa - m-sW∂mWp sN©ø Icp-
Xn-bXv. tbip c£n-°p-∂Xv, {Iqinse IjvSm-\p-`hw sImt≠m, {]mb-
›nØ ac-W-Ømtem A√, {]XypX Xs‚ D◊bn¬ Hcp ]pXnb
hwihpw, hyh-ÿn-Xnbpw Bcw-`n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv. Cu
]pXnb Pohs‚ i‡n {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ kw`-h-amWp ]p\-cp-∞m\w.
AXns\ "]cn-ip-≤m-fl-tbmKw' aptJ\ hy‡n-Iƒ°p km£mXv°-
cn°mw. "k`'-sb∂ hyhÿm-]nX LS\ Bh-iy-an√. "anj≥',
"{InkvXob km∂n[yw' BWv aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w A√. ]e-Xp-sIm-≠pw
sN©ø F{X-am{Xw "{InkvXob' ho£-W-ap-≈-bm-fmWv F∂p \ncq-]-
I-∑m¿ tNmZn-t®-°pw.
5. km[p kpμ¿ knwKv (1889˛1929)
Hcp kn°p IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ]n-d∂p hy‡n-]-c-amb Hcp At\zj-W-
Øns‚bpw, Is≠-Ø-en-s‚bpw ê-ambn 1905˛¬ {InkvXym-\n-bmb
Bfm-Wp km[p- kp-μ¿knwKv. `mc-XØnse `‡n ]mc-º-cy-Øn\p
{InkvXp-hns\ F{X-am{Xw Dƒs°m≈mw F∂ At\z-jW-amWp km[p-
kp-μ¿knw-Kn-t‚-Xv. hn. -tbm-l-∂m≥ Du∂n-∏-d-bp∂ Xo{h-amb ssZh-
kvt\-lhpw, ssl-μh ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ I¿a-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ k¶¬-
]hpw, kpμ¿knw-Kns‚ thZ-imkv{XNn¥sb tI{μn-Ia - mbn `cn-®n-cp∂p.
]m]w C√m-bva-bm-Wv. C√m-bva-bpsS km[y-X-bn¬ Xp-S-cp∂ Ah-ÿ-
bmWp I¿a_‘w. CXn¬\n∂v, tamN\w Xcp-hm≥ \n-Xy-amb D◊bv°,v
ssZh-kvt\l-Øn\p am{Xta km[n°q. B kvt\l-hp-am-bp≈ hnizm-
k-Ønse sFIyw "C√mbva' AYhm "]m]-'Øn¬ \n∂p hnS¿Øn D◊-
bpsS Ah-ÿ-bn¬ ]cn-c-£n-°p∂p. C{]-Im-cap≈ ]cn-{Xm-W-\-amWv
tbip-{In-kvXp-hn¬ \S-°p-∂-Xv. AXp A\p-`-hn-®-dn-bp-I-b-√msX a‰p
am¿Kw H∂p-an√. kpμ¿knw-Kns‚ {]kw-K-ßfpw, eLp-IrXn-Ifpw efn-
Xhpw lrZ-bk- v]¿in-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-bnse BI¿j-Iamb `mc-Xob
]›m-Ø-e-Ønse ZrjvSm-¥-ßƒ GsXmcp ss{I-kvXh thZ- hym-Jym-
Xmhpw Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
92 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ `mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I-cpsS kw`m-
h-\-Isf XΩn¬ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
2 ]g-b\
- n-baw, hyh-ÿm-]nX k` F∂n-hbv°p `mc-Xob Nn¥-I∑
- m¿
\¬Ip∂ {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp \ncq-]Ww \¬Ip-I.
]mTw 3
`mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-Ic
- psS
kw`mh\ ˛ 2
 F. sP. A∏m-kman  ^°o¿`mbn  ]n. Un. tZhm-\-μ≥  Fw.
Fw. tXmakv  sdbvapt≠m ]Wn°¿  Fkv. sP. ka¿∞
6. F. sP. A∏m-kman (1891˛1975)
Hcp ss{I-kvXh IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n®p ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{X-
Øn¬ th≠-hn-[Ø - n¬ A`y-k\w \SØn tImb-ºØ - q-cn¬ _nj-∏mbn
{]h¿Øn® Hcp ]›m-Ø-e-amWp _nj∏v A∏-m km-anbp-tSXv. sshjv-
Wh `‡n {]ÿm-\-Øns‚, {]tXy-In®p sshjvWh tbmKn-I-fm-bn-
cp∂ "Bƒhm-d'- ∑m-cpsS kzm[o\w A∏-mkm-an-bpsS thZ-im-kv{X-ho-£-
W-Øn¬ kphy-‡-am-Wv. hnip≤ ss__n-fn¬ tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-
ti-j-tØmSv At±-l-Øn\p {]tXyI {]Xn-]-Ønbp-≠mbn-cp∂p.
sslμh Nn¥-bnse A¥-cym-an-bm-b s- sZ-hhpw, hn. tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-
tij-Ønse A¥-cym-an-bmb hN-\hpw (temtKmkv) kam\ kqN-\-I-
fp-≈-Xm-sW∂v A∏m-kman IcpXn. A¥-cym-an-bmb ssZhw Xs‚
kvt\lm-Xn-tc-I-Øm¬ a\p-jy-\mbn. Ahn-Sp∂p Ipcn-in¬ Imńb
kvt\lw AXns‚ ]mc-ay-am-Wv. a\p-jy¿°v Ah-cpsS I¿a-`m-c-Øn¬
\n∂p≈ tamN\w \¬Ip-hm-\mWv Ahn-Sp∂v A{]-Imcw kvt\lw Imń-
bXv. \mw Ah-\n-tebv°p `‡n-tbmsS Xncnbp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS I¿a
`mcsØ Ah≥ hln®p \sΩ kzmX-{¥y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p ˛ CXmWv, "`‡n-
am¿K-amb {InkvXo-bX' F∂ At±-l-Øns‚ {KŸ-Øns‚ D≈-S-°w.
"c£' F∂ ]Z-Øn\p ]Icw, "tam£w' F∂p `mcX-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-
°Ww F∂-t±lw \n¿t±-in-®p. ]g-b-\nbaØn\pw, k`bv°pw kp{]-
[m-\-amb Hcp ÿm\w A∏-mkm-an-bpsS thZ-im-kv{X-Øn¬ D≈Xv
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 93
At±lw Xs∂ HutZym-KnIk`-bpsS {]Xn\n[n-bm-b-Xp- sIm-≠t√

F∂p tNmZn-°p-∂h - c
- p-≠v. F∂m¬ tbip{InkvXp-hns‚ Ncn-{X-]c - a
- mb
bmYm¿∞yw ]g-b\ - n-ba ]›m-Øe - a
- n√msX sXfn-hm-Ib
- n√; AhnSpsØ
c£m-]-c-amb A\p-`-h-Øns‚ XpS¿®bv°pw km£y-Øn\pw "k`'bpw
AXy-¥m-t]-£n-Xa - mWv F∂ kXyw A∏m-kman ]e {]mhiyw hy‡-
am-°m≥ {ian-®n-´p-≠v.
7. ^°o¿`mbv (1895˛1967)
KpP-dm-Ønse Hcp sslμh IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n-®v, {InkvXym-\n-bm-
bn-Øo¿∂-bm-fmWp Z≥Pn-`mbv ^°o¿`m-bv. Hcp Du¿P-X{¥w s{]m^-
k¿ Bbn-cp∂ At±lw, Xs‚ ss{IkvXm-hm-\p-`-hsØ `mc-Xob
ssien-bn¬ Bhn-jv°c - n-°p-hm≥ , "lr-Zb
- K
- oX', "{InkvtXm-]\ - n-jØv',
"kvt\l-Z¿i\w' apX-emb IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®p. I¿a, ⁄m\, `‡n am¿K-
ßsf ka-\z-bn-∏n®p, AssZzX thZm-¥Ø - ns‚ ssien-bn¬ "t{]a' kzcq-
]-\mb {InkvXp-sh∂ ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn-®-t±lw hni-
Zo-I-cn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ {InkvXphn⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ [mcmfw D]-\n-
jØp hmIy-ßƒ kam-\X - Ø
- zßfmbn´v D]-tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-ń-cp-∂p. At±-
l-Øns‚ thZ-im-kv{X-`mjmssi-enbpw {]tXyIw {it≤-b-amWv:
{]⁄m\w, i_vZ {_“w, {InkvXv AssZzXw apX-emb ]Z-ßƒ DZm-l-
c-W-ßfm-Wv.
8. ]n. Un. tZhm-\-μ≥ (1901˛1962)
t]mƒ tUhnUv tZhm-\-μ≥ Hcp ss{I-kvXh sshZn-Is‚ ]p{X-\m-
bn-cp-∂p. XnI®pw Xnf-°-am¿∂ Hcp- ss{I-kvXh {]h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂
tZhm-\-μ≥ Xs‚ thZ-imkv{X Nn¥-bn¬ Du∂¬ sImSp-ØXp c≠p
Imcy-ßƒ°m-bn-cp∂p: (1) `mc-X-a-X-ß-fpsSbpw {]Xybimkv{X-ß-fp-
sSbpw kulr-Z- kw-hm-Z-Øn¬ IqSn kmaqly hyXn-bm-\-Øn-\m-hiy-
amb ASn-ÿm-\-ßƒ Is≠-ØpI. (2) hyh-ÿm-]nX kwL-S-\-sb∂
\nebn-e√, cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kaqlw F∂ \nebn¬ k`-bpsS
ZuXyw \nd-th-‰p-I. H∂masØ kwK-Xn-bpsS Bi-b-]-c-amb hy‡-X-
bv°mWp At±lw "amb'F∂ XXz-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp Kth-jW ]T\w
Xs∂ \S-Øn-bXv. "amb' Ahn-cmaw {]b-Xv\n-t°≠ I¿a-a-fi-esØ
Xp-d∂p Im´p-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ ss{IkvX-h\pw, sslμ-h\pw
AwKo-Ic - n-°m-hp∂ Hcp {]]© ho£-Wa- mbn ambsb tZhm-\μ
- ≥ Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cub¿∞-Øn-emWp tdma. 8:20 s\ At±lw hymJym-\n-
°p-∂X - v.
94 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
9. Fw. Fw. tXmakv (1916˛1996)

tIc-f- ss{I-kvX-h-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ \n∂p kz¥-amb ssZhimkv{Xm-
hn-jv°-c-W-Øn\p DZy-an®p {]kn-≤-\mb hy‡n-bmWp tUmIvS¿ Fw.
Fw. tXmakv. almflmKm‘n-bp-sSbpw Imd¬ am¿Ivkn-s‚bpw Nn¥-I-
tfm-Sp, `mc-X-Øns‚ \thm-∞m\ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ka-\z-bn-°m≥
{ian® Hcp `mcX -ss{I-kvX-h-s\-bmWp Fw. Fw.- tXm-a-kns‚ IrXn-I-
fnepw {]kw-Kß - f
- nepw \mw Z¿in-°p-∂X
- v. "Hcp {Iao-IrX ssZh-im-kv{X-
Øn\v Bhn-jvI-cWw \¬IpI F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ D]-cn-bmbn kmaqly
Pohn-XØ- ns‚bpw Ncn{X bmYm¿∞yß-fp-sSbpw ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n¬ Dcp-
Øn-cn-bp∂ ssZhimkv{X-amWv Bhiy-sa∂p tXmakv Icp-Xp-∂p.
hkvXp-Xbv°v Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m≠p kaIm-enI {]k-‡hpw,
kmμ¿`n-I-hp-amb ssZh-im-kv{X-amWp kPo-h-sa∂p At±lw Icp-
Xp∂p' (dh. -tUm. -]n. Pn. Ipcp-hnf, `m-cX ss{IkvXh Z¿i-\-ßƒ,
t]Pv 152). tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ c£m-I-c -{]-h¿Ø-\sØ, tXmakv
hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂Xv, kºq¿W-amb am\-ho-I-c-W-
Øns‚ {]Im-i-\-am-bn-´mWv. ]m]-Øn-epw, A\o-Xn-bpsS F√m cq]-ß-
fnepw ImWp-∂Xp hnI-e-amb am\-ho-b-X-bm-Wv. AXns\ hyXn-bm-\-
s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ ZuXy-amWv, hntam-NI\pw, cq]m-¥cw hcp-Øp-∂-h-
\p-am-b {InkvXp Xs‚ kºq¿W am\-ho-Ic - W- Ø- n¬ \n¿h-ln-®X
- v. k`-
bnse aX-]c - a
- mb Iq´m-bvabpw, a-tX-Xc kaq-lØ - nse am\pjnI Iq´m-
bvabpw XΩn¬ Cu am\-ho-Ic - W Nn¥-bn¬ IqSn _‘w Is≠-Øm≥
Ign-bpw. CXc aX-ßf - nse ]e XØz-ßfpw \thm-∞m\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw
Ah F{X-am{Xw a\p-jys‚ ta¬ {Inbm-flI - a
- mbn kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-
∂pthm A{X-am{Xw {InkvXp-hn-t\mSp _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw
tXmakv Xd-∏n-®p- ]-d-bp∂p (Cu _‘-s∏-S¬ t_m[-]q¿htam,
ss{IkvX-h¿ A\p-im-kn-°p∂ hn[-Øntem BI-W-sa-∂n√). a-\p-
jys‚ bYm¿∞ hntam-N-\-Øn\pw, cq]m-¥-c-Øn\pw \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂
cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb ]cn{iaßƒ B\pIm-enI Ncn-{X-Øns‚
`mK-am-Wv. AXn-ep≈ ]¶m-fn-Øhpw t\Xr-Xzhp-amWv ss{IkvX-hs‚
ZuXyw.
10. sdbvapt≠m ]Wn-°¿ (1921˛)
Hcp sslμh ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw Hcp kv]m\njv tdma≥ ItØm-en°m
amXm-hn-s‚bpw ]p{X-\mbn P\n® ]Wn-°¿, C∂p `mc-Xob Nn¥-bpsS
temI{]ikvX h‡m-hmb Hcp ItØm-en°m sshZn-I\ - m-W.v "sslμh
[¿aØnse Adn-b-s∏-SmØ {InkvXp', "{XnXzhpw temI-a-X-ßfpw',
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 95
"a{¥aRvPcn AYhm thZm-\p-`qXn ' apX-emb {KŸ-ßfpw A\-h[n

teJ-\ß - fpw At±-lsØ {it≤-b\ - m-°p-∂p. AssZzX thZm-¥Ø - nepw
Cuiz-c\v Hcp ÿm\w D≠t√m. Cu Cuiz-ck - ¶
- ev]w hn. tbml-∂ms‚
kphn-ti-jØ - nse hN\w AYhm temtKm-kn\p kam-¥c - a
- mbn ImWp-
hm≥ I-gnbpw. temtKmkv {InkvXp-hmWv. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬,
ssZhw FhnsS {]h¿Øn-°p-∂pthm AXp {In-kvXphnepw {InkvXp-
hn¬Iq-Snbpw BsW∂p ImWm≥ Ignbpw F∂p ]Wn-°¿ ka¿∞n-
°p-hm≥ {ian-®n´p≠v. F√m- a-X-ß-fnepw {XnXz-k-¶-ev]hpw, {InkvXp
k¶-ev]hpw Ds≠∂pw, ss__nfnse tbiphpw {InkvXp-hns‚ Hcp
{]Xncq]w- am-{X-am-sW∂pw ]Wn-°¿ ImWp-tºmƒ, ss{IkvXh thZ-
im-k{v XsØ km¿heu-InI {]k-‡a - m-°p-hm-\p≈ Hc-t\z-jWw BWv
hy‡-am-Ip-∂X - v.
11. Fkv. sP. ka¿∞ (1920˛)
Hcp thZ-im-k{v X-⁄\pw, aX-kw-hm-ZØ - ns‚ h‡mhpw Bb ka¿-
∞-bpsS ]e At\zj-W-ßfn¬ H∂v AssZzX Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ]›m-
Ø-eØ - n¬ Fßs\ ss{IkvXh ssZh-imkv{Xw hnI-kn-∏n°mw F∂p-
≈-XmWv. a-\p-jys‚ t_m[-Xe - Ø
- nepw, {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ ssZh-Øns‚
shfn-]m-Sns\ am‰n\n¿Øn, AXns\ N-cn-{X-Øn¬ am{Xw HXp-°n- \n¿-
Øp∂ ]m›m-Xy- ss{I-kvXh {]h-W-Xsb `mc-X-Øn¬ Xncp-tØ-≠-
Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX ka¿∞ FSp-Øp-]-d-bp∂p. ¢mkn-°¬ Z¿i-\-
Øns‚ thcp-I-fn¬ Dd-®p-sIm≠p Xs∂, \oXn-]q¿h-amb tamN\ ka-
c-ßf- n-ep≈ ]¶m-fn-ØØ - n\p {InkvXp F√m-hscbpw hnfn-°p∂psh∂v
`mc-XØnse ss{IkvX-h¿ km£n-°Ww. B km-£y-Øns‚ B[n-
Im-cnI-Xbn-emWp ss{IkvXh kphnti-j-Øns‚ am‰p-cbv-°p-∂Xv
F∂p ka¿∞ FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂p.
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]cn-Nb- s∏´ Nn¥-Ic- psS thZ-imkv{X ho£-Wß
- ƒ
Xmc-Xay-s∏-SpØn Npcp-°-Øn¬ {]kvXmhn-°pI.
2. Cu ]mTØn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ Bcp-sSsb¶nepw Hcp ]pkvXI
- tam,
teJ-\tam, hmbn-°p-hm≥ {ian-°pI.
96 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
]mTw 4
`mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-Ic
- psS
kw`mh\ ˛ 3
 ]t{Xmkv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm  ]utemkv am¿
{KotKm-dntbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm  Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm  ^m. tUm. hn. kn. iap-th¬  `mcX ss{IkvXh
Nn¥I-cpsS kw`m-h-\-sb-°p-dn®v Hcp kam-]\ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
13. ]t{Xmkv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
(1886˛1968)
hSt° C¥y-bn¬ km[p kpμ¿knw-Kns‚ km£yw t]mse tIc-f-
Øn¬ {it≤-b-\m-tI≠ Hcp hy‡n-bp≠v: ]t{Xmkv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-
tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm. At±lw C∂sØ FdWm-Ipfw Pn√-bn¬
]pcm-X\ \{kmWn IpSpw-_-amb aq°-t©-cn¬ BWp P\n-®Xv. `mcX
ss{IkvXh - c- psS {]mtbm-KnI thZ-im-kv{X-sØ-°p-dn®v BWv At±lw
Nn¥n-®Xv. tIc-f-Øn¬, {]tXy-In®v ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsSbnS-bn¬,
Abn-Øm-Nmcw {]_-es - ∏´ Hcp Ime-L´- Ø- n¬ At±lw AXns\-Xnsc
Fgp-Xp-Ibpw, ]-d-bp-Ibpw, {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. -]-gb ae¶c-
\{kmWn ]mc-ºcyw, kmwkvIm-cn-Iambn kaq-l-Ønse D∂X h¿K-
hp-ambn ka-\z-bn-®-t∏mƒ, `mc-X- kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ as‰mcp hi-amb
A[xIrX-cp-ambn A\p-cq-]-s∏Sp∂ {]mtbm-KnI thZ-im-kv{X-Øn-\-Sn-
ÿm\w CSp-I-bmbn-cp∂p ]t{Xmkv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n.
A[xIrXsc Icp-Xp-hm≥ k¿°mcpw \nb-ahpw Ad-®p- \n¬°p-tºmƒ
tIc-f-Ønse lcn-P-\-ß-fpsS Iqc-Ifn¬ Ib-dn-s®∂v Ah¿°v
Bizmkw \¬In, Ah-tcm-sSm∏w `£Ww Ign-®v, Ah¿°v DÆm\pw
DSp-°m\pw InS-°m\pw hI Is≠-Øp-hm≥ A[zm-\n®v, Ah-km\w Ah-
cn¬\n∂v Ccp-]-Øo-cm-bn-c-tØmfw t]sc {InkvXp-hns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-
fm-°nb Hcp hnπh- {]-ÿm-\a - m-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ
- nt‚Xv. Hcp sshZnI-
ÿm-\n-bm-bn-cn°p-tºmƒ ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øn¬- A-t±lw ]¶p-
sIm≠p.- "kz-cmPy' F∂ Cw•ojv ]{X-Øn¬ At±lw FgpXn: "tIc-f-
Ønse ]pcm-X\ kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n kaqlw {InkvXp-hns‚ kzmX-
{¥yZmbI-amb kphn-ti-j-tØmSp th≠-hÆw Bflm¿∞-X-bp-≈-h-
cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah¿°v A¤p-X-ßƒ sNøm-am-bn-cp-∂p' F∂v.
1919 ¬ "Bcm-[\ \m´p`mj-bn¬' F∂ {]ÿm\w At±lw kpdn-bm-\n-
{InkvXym\nIfpsSbnS-bn¬ Bcw-`n®p. ]n∂oSv A[xIrX-cpsSbnS-bnse
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 97
{]h¿Ø\w IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-bn -Xp-S¿∂p. B hn-π-h-Nn-¥-bpsS XpS¿-

®bv°pw ]q¿ØoI-c-W-Øn\pambn-cp-∂p "…o_mZmk kaqlw' Bcw-
`n-®Xv. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ Pohn-X-ssi-en, kaq-l-Ønse Xmgv∂-h-
cpambn {]tXyIw A\p-cq-]-s∏´ Ahn-SpsØ {]h¿Ø\ssien Ch-
sbms° 20˛mw \q‰m-≠nse `mc-XØn¬ F{X-am{Xw {]mh¿Øn-Ia - m°mw
F∂p-≈-Xns‚ DZm-lc-W-am-bn-cp∂p At±lw. At±-l-Øns‚ {]kw-
K-ßƒ efnXhpw Xt±-iob DZm-lc - W
- ß- ƒ \nd-™X - p-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±-
l-Øns‚ {]m¿∞-\m-tbm-K-ßƒ°v, "kvXpXn-∏n≥ kvXpXn-∏n≥ tbip-
tZhs\' apX-emb Io¿Ø-\-ßfpw, `mc-Xob Xmf-ta-f-ßfpw A∂v Hcp
{]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp∂p.
14. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
(1922˛1996)
BtKmf FIyp-sa-\n-°¬ {]-ÿm-\-Ønepw, Zm¿i-\nI kmwkvIm-
cnI afi-e-ß-fnepw t\XrXzw \¬Inb tUmIvS¿ ]utemkv am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xmt∏m-eoØm-bpsS thZ-im-k{v X-Nn-¥bn¬ `mc-Xob
ss{IkvXh Nn¥-sb-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb Nne k¶ev]ß - f- p-≠v. At±-l-
Øns‚ Hcp {][m\ t_m[yw, Xt±-iob thZ-im-kv{X- Nn¥ BI-am\
ss{IkvXh ]mc-º-cy-hp-ambn kPo-h-amb _‘w ]pe¿tØ≠-Xm-bn-
´p≠v F∂m-Wv. Cu _‘-Øns‚ ]mX-bn¬ `mc-Xob ss{IkvXh
Nn¥bv°p tim`-\-amb `mhn-bp-s≠-∂-t±lw hniz-kn-®p.- A-Xn\v Hcp
{][m\ Im-c-W-ap≠v. BI-am\ ss{IkvXh ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ Nn¥m-
Xcw-Kß
- ƒ°v Hcp GI-tZi cq]w \¬Ip-∂X - n¬ \memw \q‰m-≠p- h-sc-
bp≈ ss{IkvXh ]nXm-°-∑m¿°p kp{]-[m\ ÿm\-ap≠v. A-h-cpsS
XmXznI ]mc-º-cyhpw, Nn¥m-K-Xn-Ifpw, ]e-Xp-sIm≠pw `mc-Xob
XmXznI ]mc-º-cy-hp-ambn kmayhpw, sFIyhpw D≈-h-bm-Wv. B-b-Xn-
\m¬ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS thZ-im-kv{XsØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\Øn¬°qSn
`mcXob ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{X-Øn\p Xs∂ B{i-bn-°m-hp∂ Hcp
ASn-Ød Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bpw.
{]kvXpX ASn-Ød- b
- n¬ ka-Im-eo\ kmaq-ly, Zm¿i-\nI {]Xn-Ic
- -
W-ßƒ IqSn tN¿Øp-sIm-≠v ss{I-kvXh thZ-im-kv{X-Nn¥ ]ptcm-K-
an-°Ww F∂mWp ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dntbm-kns‚ Hcp {][m\
\n¿tZiw. \nkm-bnse am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ thZ-imkv{X ho£-W-
ßsf°pdn-®p≈ ]T-\-amb "tImkvanIv' am≥ ("{]m]-©nI a\p-jy≥')
F∂ {KŸhpw "{ôUw B≥Uv AtXm-dn‰n' (kzmX-{¥yhpw A[n-Im-
chpw) F∂ {KŸhpw Cu \n¿t±-iØ - ns‚ hni-Zmw-iß- ƒ N¿®- sN-øp-
98 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
∂p≠v. Cu Bi-b-Øns‚ {]mtbm-Kn-Im-t\z-j-W-Øn-\mWp \yqU¬-

ln-bn¬ At±lw ÿm]n® "k¿h-[¿Ω \ne-bhpw' a‰pw (The Delhi
Orthodox Centre).
15. Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
(1918˛)
temI-Øn¬ apgp-h\ - pap≈ a¿±n-Xc
- psSbpw Zcn-{Z-cp-sSbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-
bmbn k`-bv°p-≈nepw cmjv{S-Ønepw {]Xn-Ic - n-°p∂ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿
HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbpsS At\Iw IrXn-I-fn¬ ]e-
Xnepw `mcX ss{IkvX-h-cpsS ASn-ÿm\ thZ-imkv{X ho£-W-sØ-
°p-dn®v Hcp cq]-tc-J-bp-≠v. hnip≤ {XnXz-Øns‚ Iq´mbva amXr-I-bm-
bp≈ Hcp kmaqly hyh-ÿn-Xn-°p- th-≠n-bp≈ Nn¥bpw, hm°pw,
{]h¿Ø-\h - p-am-bn-cn-°Ww `mcX ss{IkvXh - c
- p-tS-Xv. AXp `mc-XØn¬-
am{Xw HXp-ßp-Ib - pan√ F∂-t±lw FSp-Øp- ]-db - p-∂p. hn. {XnXzØn¬,
_lp-Xzhpw, Bf-Xz A\-\y-Xz-hpw, kwc-£n-°-s∏´p Iq´mbva-bpsS
sFIyw \nd™ kºq¿W amXr-I-bmb Hcp kaq-l-ap≠v. C{]-Im-c-
ap≈ Hcp kmaq-ly-Po-hnX km£m-Xv°m-c-amWp ssZhcmPyw. AhnsS
"kmaqly' PohnXw F∂p- ]-d-™m¬ XnI®pw ùXnI-amb Hcp hyh-
ÿn-Xn-b√ F∂-t±lw FSp-Øp-]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Zcn-{Z-am-bn-
cn°p∂ Hcp temI-Øn¬ [\n-I-\m-bn-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xp- Xs∂ ]m]-am-Wv.
B ]m]Øns‚ hnSp-X¬ \S-°p-∂Xp ka-{K-amb Hcp LS-\m-hy-Xn-bm\w
aptJ-\bpw lrZ-b- ]-cn-h¿Ø\w aptJ-\bpw BWv. Cu hyXn-bm-\- ]mX-
bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {InkvXp-hns\-°p-dn®p {]kw-Kn°ptºm-gm-W,v "c£
{InkvXp-hn¬ am{Xtam' F∂ {]iv\-sØ-°p-dn®p `mc-Xo-b-amb ]›m-
Ø-eØ - n¬ {]tXy-In®v At±lw Nn¥n-°p-∂Xv. Cu ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n¬
c£m-Zm-bI- \- mb {InkvXp-hns‚ {]h¿Ø\w k`bv° - p- ]p-dØpw Ds≠-
∂-t±lw {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
16. ^m. tUm. hn. kn. iap-th¬ (1913˛1998)
ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`sb {]tXy-Ia - mbn I≠p-sIm≠v, 1975˛¬
"CXv Hcp C¥y≥ k`tbm?' F∂ Xe-s°-ń¬ hna¿i-\-]-c-amb Hcp
{KŸw cNn® ^mZ¿ hn. k - n. imap-th¬ `mcX-Ønse ss{IkvXh - tcmSp
s]mXp-hm-bn-´p X-s∂bmWv B tNmZyw tNmZn-®Xv. `mcX ss{IkvX-
h¿°p-≠m-tI-≠, k`mho£Ww, thZ-imkv{X ho£Ww, Bcm-[-\m-
]m-cº
- cyw F∂n-hs - b-°p-dn®v At±-lØ- n\p hy‡-amb Nne [mc-WI - -
fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ \n∂m-cw-`n-°p∂ Hcp kzX{¥
ss{IkvXh ss]Xr-Ia - mWp `mcX ss{IkvXh - ¿°p-≈Xv F∂-Xn-\m¬,
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 99
ASn-t®-e] v n-®tXm, sIń-®a- ®- tXm A√m-ØX - mb Hcp k`m-Nc - n{X ho£-

Wap≠m-IWw F∂-XmWv At±-lØ - ns‚ Hcp XmXv]cyw. I¬°-tZm\y
kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ bmsXmcp ]¶m-fn-Øhpw C√m-Xn-cp∂ ae-¶ck`sb
"GI-kz-`mh hmZn-Iƒ' F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xns‚ \nc¿∞-I-Xz-sØbpw,
At¥ym-Iy-bnse tkth-dn-tbm-kn-s‚bpw a‰pw Fgp-Øp-If - n¬ t]mepw
A{]-Imcw Hcp ]Tn-∏n-°¬ C√ F∂p≈ hkvXp-Xsbbpw hy‡-am-°p-
∂-XmWv At±-l-Øns‚ "I¬°-tZm\y' kp∂-ltZmkns\°p-dn-®p≈
{KŸw. ]gb thZ-imkv{X kwhm-ZsØ-°p-dn®v ]p\xhn-Nn-¥\w sNbvX-
t∏mgpw k`-bpsS km£ysØ°pdn®v Nn¥n-®-t∏mgpw At±-l-Øn\v
t_m[y-amb Nne hkvXp-XI - f - p≠v: (1) ss{IkvXh kaq-lß - f - n¬ C∂p
ImWp∂ ]e BNmc, Iogvhg°, ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ°pw ]n∂n¬ _e-h-
Ømb Hcp thZ-im-kv{Xm-Sn-ÿm\w A√ D≈-Xv, {]XypX am\p-jn-I-
amb Nne CjvSm-\njvSß-fm-W.v (2) tbip-{In-kX v p-hn¬ tI{μo-Ir-Xa - mbn,
{]]-©-sØ -ap-gp-h≥ kvt\l-Øn¬ -Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp k`m-L-S-\-
bv°p-th≠n `mc-Xss{I-kX v h - ¿°p {]b-X\ v n°p-hm≥ Ign-bWw. (3) k`m-
Po-hnX-ssi-en-bnepw, Bcm-[\ - b- nepw, Xt±-io-bamb bmYm¿∞y-ßsf
Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ Ign-bWw. (4) `mc-X-Ønse ss{IkvXh ]mc-ºcyw,
Hcp ImcW-h-imepw {Ko°v, -eØo≥, ss{IkvXh ]mc-º-cyß-tfmSp
hnt[-bXzw ImWn-t°-≠-Xn-√. {InkvXp-hn¬ tI{μo-Ir-Xhpw, a\p-jy-
PohnX bmYm¿∞ysØ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xpw, `mc-X-Øns‚ ]ucm-Wn-
Ihpw B[p-\n-I-hp-amb kwkvIm-c-tØmSv A¿∞-h-Ømbn {]Xn-I-cn-
°p-∂X - p-amb Hcp ss{IkvXh - P- o-hnX km£yw, `mc-Xo-b¿°p kzX-{¥-
ambn D≠m-°m-hp-∂XmWv. AXp BI-am\ ss{IkvXh ]mc-º-cy-hp-
ambn A¥-k-Ø-bn¬ _‘-s∏-´Xmbncn-°Ww F∂p am{Xw.
`mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I-cpsS kw`m-h-\Iƒ:
Hcp hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
CXx]cy¥w ]cn-Nb - s
- ∏´ `mcX ss{IkvXh - - Nn-¥I - ¿°p ]e¿°pw
hyXy-kX v amb ]›m-Øe - ß
- fpw, thZ-imkv{X ho£-Wß-fpamWv D≈-
sX∂p I≠p-Ig - n-™p. Ah-cpsS N¿®-bnse Hcp {][m\ hnjbw, Xt±-
io-bX- bpw BI-am\ ss{IkvXh - - ]m-cº
- c
- yhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-am-Wv.-
X-t±-iob {]iv\ß - ƒ°pw a‰pw AanX {]m[m\yw sImSp-Øv, ]c-kv]c - w
bmsXmcp _‘hpw sFIyhpw C√mØ A\-h[n "{InkvXob' ]mcº-
cy-ßƒ DSseSp°m≥ CS-bm-tb°mw. BZna k`m-Nc - n{X-Ønse ⁄m\-
hmZ kaq-l-ßƒ°p- ]-‰nb Ipg-∏-an-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu A]-ISw I≠p-
sIm≠v, BI-am\ ss{IkvXh ]mc-ºcy-hp-ambn _‘w kq£n-°p-hm≥,
Xt±ioboI-cW thZ-imkv{X kwcw-`-ßƒ°p Ign-b-Ww.
100 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
]e `mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-Icpw `mc-Xob ]›m-Ø-e-am-bn-s´-Sp-

Øn-cn°p∂Xv, sslμh ]mc-º-cy-sØ-bm-Wv. a‰-t\Iw aX-]mcº-
cyßƒ `mcXØnep≠v. sslμh ]mc-ºcyw Xs∂ sshcp-≤ym-fl-I-
amb hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv. "sslμhw' F∂p ]d-
™m¬, "AssZzXw' am{X-am-sW-t∂m, "thZm¥w' BsWt∂m [cn-°p-
∂Xv icn-b√. sslμ-h-aXw bYm¿∞-Øn¬, `mc-Xob kwkvIm-csØ
hf-sc-b-[nIw Dƒs°m≠ Hcp aXw am{XamWv. AXp-t]mse `mc-Xob
kwkvIm-csØ, hyXy-kvX-X-I-tfmsS Dƒs°m-≈p-hm-\p≈ Hcp sh√p-
hn-fn-bmWp `mcX ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{X-Øn\pw D≈Xv.
`mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ C∂p s]mXpsh IqSp-X¬
{it≤-b-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]cn-{iaw D≠v: AXm-bXv, `mc-Xo-b-amb
{KmaoW PohnXssienbn¬ Pohn®v, `mcXo-ba - mb ]pcm-X\ [ym\-am¿K-
ßfpw a‰pw ]cn-io-en®p, {InkvXp-hn-ep≈ A\p-`-hsØ ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-
Øn-s°m≠p h√Xpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw, ]d-bp-Ibpw sNøpI. Ah¿°v,
Ass{I-kvX-hcmb `mc-Xo-b-cp-ambn tN¿∂v Bcm-[\ \S-Øp-∂Xpw,
H∂n®p Xma-kn-°p-∂Xpw ]Tn-°p-∂Xpw N¿® sNøp-∂Xpw {]tXyI
kt¥m-ja - m-Wv. Cu Xc-Øn-ep≈ At\z-jW-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw sImSp-
Øn-´p-≈Xpw sImSp-°p-∂Xpw, hntZiob-cmWv F∂ hkvXpX FSp-Øp-
]-d-tb-≠n-bncn-°p∂p (DZm-l-c-W-Øn\p, Imth-cn-Xo-cØp Xncp-®n-d-∏n-
≈-bn¬ k®n-Zm-\μ - m-{iaw XpS-ßnb kzman ]ca Acq-]ym-\μ
- bpw (Pqƒkv-
sam≥Im-\n≥ F∂ {^©p-Im-c≥), kzman A`njn‡m\-μ\pw ]n∂oSv
AhnsS Kpcp-hm-bnØo¿∂ _oUv{Ko^vØpw, Ipcn-ipae B{iaw Bcw-
`n® {^m≥knkv BNm-cybpw {it≤-b-cmWv).
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. Cu ]mT-Øn¬ N¿® sNøp∂ Nn¥-Ic - psS `mcX kml-Nc
- y-Ønse
thZ-imkv{X ho£-W-ßƒ kw{K-ln-°p-I.
2. `mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I-cpsS Nn¥-sb, ]gb\nb-a-tØm-Sp≈
at\m-`mhw, {InkvXp-hn-s\-bp≈ Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww, k`m-LS- \
- t- bm-Sp≈
at\m-`mhw F∂o aq∂p- X-e-s°-ń¬ Xm-c-X-ay-s∏SpØn a\- n-
em°pI.
3. `mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I-cpsS kw`m-h-\-sb-°p-dn®v s]mXp-hm-
bn´v \nß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ Xbm-dm-°pI.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 101
]mTw 5
thZ-imkv{X Nn¥-bnse
Nne XmXznI {]iv\ß- ƒ˛1
 ssZh k¶ev]w  Ncn{X k¶ev]w  krjvSn k¶ev]w
`mc-Xob ss{IkvXh thZ-imkv{X Nn¥bv°v, `mc-Xob XØz-Nn-¥-
bpsSbpw aX-Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw {]tXyI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Nne XmXzn-I-
{]-iv\-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNtø-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xn-s\-°p-
dn®v Aev]-ambn N¿®- sN-ømw.
1. ssZh- k-¶ev]w
1. `mcX ss{IkvX-hs‚ ssZhw F√m-h-cp-sSbpw ssZh-at√?
ssZhw Hcp-ht\-bp-≈q.- A-Xp-sIm≠v Ah≥ F√m-hc
- p-sSbpw ssZh-
am-Wv. B ssZhsØ ]e ]e ho£W tImWp-I-fn¬ \n∂p t\m°p-
∂p-sh-∂p- am-{Xw.
2. ssZhsØ AssZzX {_“-ambn ImWp∂ Nn¥-tbmSp `mcX
ss{IkvX-h¿s°-{X -am{Xw tbmPn°mw?
ssZhsØ AssZzX {_“w F∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp
{]-[m-\a
- mbpw c≠p Imcy-ßf
- mWv: H∂v, ssZhw Xs‚ D◊-bn¬ At⁄-
b-\mWv. c≠v, k¿hØns‚bpw B[mcw Ahn-Sp-∂m-Wv. Cu c≠p Imcy-
ß-fnepw `mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥bv°v hf-sc-b-[nIw tbmPn-°p-hm≥
Ignbpw.
]g-b\n-ba - Ønem-bmepw, ]pXnb\nb-aØ- n-em-bmepw hy-‡a - m-°p∂
kwK-Xn-bm-Wv, ssZhsØ bmsXmcp XØz-⁄m-\n°pw Xm¿°n-I\pw
_p≤n-]c - a
- mbn {Kln-°p-hm≥ km[y-as-√∂v (DZm. 1 tbml. 4:12). ]t£
AXp-sIm≠p ssZh-sØ-°p-dn-®mcpw an≠m-Xn-cn-°p-∂n√. A\p-`h - Ø
- n¬
Ahn-SpsØ Adn-™n-S-tØmfw hm-°p-I-fn¬ {]Im-in-∏n-°p-hm≥ {ian-
®n-´p≠v. AssZz-Xt- h-Zm-¥nbpsS A\p-`h
- Ø
- n¬ B ssZhw Xm≥ Xs∂-
bpamWv. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn¬ IqSn B ssZhsØ A\p-`h - n-®h
- ¿°v, B
ssZhw ]nXmhpw a\p-jy-sc√mw Ahn-SpsØ a°-fp-ambn t_m≤y-s∏-´p.
k¿h-Øn-s‚bpw Imc-W`-q-X≥ ssZh-am-sW∂p `mcX ss{IkvX-
h\pw G‰p-]-dbpw. am{X-hp-a√, F¥n-s\-¶nepw AkvXnXzw Ds≠¶n¬
AXp ssZhØn¬ \n∂msW∂pw `mcX ss{IkvXh\p ]d-bm≥
Ignbpw.
102 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
3. ssZhw ]nXm-hmWv F∂ Nn¥ `mc-X-Øn¬ F{X-am{Xw {]k-‡-

amWv?
skan-‰nIv aX-Nn-¥-bn¬ ]n-Xm-hn-\p≈ ÿm\w AXp-ey-am-Wv. Icp-
W-bp≈ ]nXm-hnt\-°mƒ t{ijvT-amb Hcp ]Zhn a‰m¿°pw k¶-ev]n-
®n-cp-∂n√. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ {]tXy-In®v, tbip-\m-Y≥ ssZhsØ
]nXm- h mbn ]cn- N - b - s ∏- S p- Ø n. ssZhsØ ]nXm- h mbn ImWp∂
ho£Ww, `mc-X-Ønse thZ-ß-fnepw, D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnepw D≠v. DZm-
l-c-W-Øn\p EtKz-Z-Øn¬ bmKw \S-Øp-∂h≥ tZh-t\m-Sn-ßs\
{]m¿∞n-°p-∂p:
"htc-Wy-\mb `hm≥ A—≥; Rm≥ aI≥. _‘p _‘p-hn-s\bpw,
kJmhp kJm-hn-s\bpw k¿hYm {]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-at√m' (1. 6. 26 (3))
F∂m¬ tbip-{In-kvXp-hn¬ Cu ssZhw shfn-s∏´psh∂-XmWp
ss{IkvXh
- s‚ A\p-`hhpw hnizm-khpw. Cu shfn-s∏-Se
- n\p ImcWw
ssZhw kvt\l-am-sW-∂-Xm-Wv.
4. ssZhw shfn-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Xs‚ kvt\l-Øns‚ ]mcayw aqe-am-sW-
∂p-≈Xp `mc-Xob ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Fßs\ hniZo-I-cn°mw.
AssZzX {_“w F∂ XØztØ-°mƒ ssZhsØ Bf-Xz-]c - a
- mbn
a\-knem-°p∂ ho£-WamWp `mcX aX ]mc-º-cy-Øn-¬ IqSp-X-ep-
≈Xv. Bf-Xz-]-c-ambn, ssZhw F√m \∑bp-sSbpw ]q¿W-X-bmWv. Cu
]q¿W \∑-bpsS Ah-ÿ-bv°mWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬, "ssZhw kvt\l-
am-Ip∂p' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. kvt\l-Øns‚ ]q¿WX Z¿in-°p-∂Xp
Xmgv∂n-dßn, A\p-cq-]-s∏´v, XymKw A¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn-emWv. AXmWp
ssZh shfn-s∏-S-ens‚ a¿Ωw. ssZhw Xs‚ kvt\l-k-ºq¿W-X-bn¬
AXyKm[ XymK-am-Wv. B XymK-amWp ssZhØns‚ shfns∏Sepw
IjvSXbpw, ac-Whpw.
5. ssZhw {XnXz-am-sW∂ hkvXpX, `m-c-Xob ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
Fßs\ hni-Zo-Ic
- n°mw?
ssZhw _lp-Xz-a√. ssZhw GIt\bp≈p. At\Iw tZh-\m-a-ßƒ
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ EtKzZw t]mepw ]d-bp∂p, "GIw kXv hn{]m _lp-
[m-h-Z¥n' (GI-s\-bp≈p; Ahs\ hn⁄m-\n-Iƒ ]e coXn-bn¬
]dbp∂p) F∂v. ]t£ "GI-'\mb ssZhw, KWnXimkv{X-{]-Im-ca - p≈
"H∂v', A√ Xm\pw. ImcWw KWnXimkv{X-{]-Im-c-ap≈ "H∂v', AXp-
t]m-se-bp≈ tImSm-\p-tImSn "H∂p'Ifn¬ H∂mWv (\qdv F∂p- ]-d-bp-
∂Xv \qdv "H∂v' IqSnb-Xm-Wt√m). F∂m¬ ssZhØns‚ GIXzw k¿h
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 103
_lp-Xz-sØbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kºq¿W-Xb - psS GI-Xz-am-Wv. _lp-

Xz-ap≈ {]]©-Øns‚ aqe ImcWw Ahn-Sp-∂m-Wv, AXp-sIm≠v ssZh-
Øn¬ _lp-Xz-Øns‚ XØzhpw Dƒs°m≈mXncn°m≥ km[y-a-√.
"_lp-'Xz-Øns‚bpw "H∂n-'s‚bpw XØz-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-sh-
∂-XmWv ssZh-Øns‚ FI-Xz-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX. Cu bmYm¿∞ysØ
hni-Z-am-°p∂ ]Z-amWv "{XnXzw' F∂Xv. GI-Xzhpw \m\m-Xzhpw AS-
ßnbncn-°p∂ kºq¿W- X-Øz-amWp {XnXzw. ssZhw kvt\l-amWv F∂-
Xns‚ as‰mcp kqN\ ssZhw Hcp Iq´m-bva-bm-sW-∂p-≈-Xnem-Wt√m.
ImcWw, kvt\lw- ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂Xp Iq´m-bva-bn-emWv. Iq´m-bva-bpsS
]q¿WX ssZh-Øn¬ Ds≠-¶n¬ AhnsS GI-Xzhpw _lp-Xzhpw ktΩ-
fn®n-cn-°Ww. ssZhw GI-\m-sW∂pw, Ahn-SpsØ kvt\l-Øns‚
Iq´m-bva-bmWv ]n-Xm-hn-epw, ]p{X-\n-epw, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hnepw Z¿in-°p-
∂-sX∂pw BWv hn. {XnXz k¶ev]w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
ssZhw shdpw GI-Xz-hpw A√ _lp-Xzhpw A√, {]XypX GI-Xz-
Øns‚bpw _lp-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw sFIy-amWv F∂ kqN-\-bt√
"AssZzXw' F∂ ]Z-Ønepw ImWp-∂Xv? GI-s\t∂m, ssZzXw
(_lpXzw) Ft∂m- ]d-bmsX "AssZzXw' F∂p ssZhsØ hnti-jn∏n-
®-t∏mƒ taev]-d™ sFIy-kq-N\ hy‡-am-Wv. AXns‚ Ipd-®p-IqSn
hy‡-amb Hcp hni-Zo-I-c-W-am-Wv, ssZhw "k—n-Zm-\μw' BWv F∂-
Xn¬ (kXv = AkvXnXzw; NnXv = t_m[w; B\μw = kt¥m-j-
ssNX\yw) ImWp-∂Xv. Npcp-°Ø - n¬, ssZh-Xz-Øn¬ GI-Xzhpw _lp-
Xzhpw AS-ßnbn-cn-°p∂psh∂ Nn¥bv°p sslμh ]mc-º-cy-Ønepw
ÿm\-ap≠v.
Aßs\, ssZh-Øn¬ GI-Xzhpw _lp-Xzhpw Dƒs°m-≠n-cn°Ww
F∂p bp‡n-bn-epw Ahn-Sp∂v ]nXmhpw, ]p{X-\pw, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hp-amb
{XnXz-Øns‚ kvt\l-Iq-´m-bva-bmWv F∂v ss{IkvX-hm-\p-`-h-Ønepw
{]Xn-jvTn-Xa
- m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
2. Ncn{X k¶-ev]w
thZ-im-k{v X Nn¥-bn¬ Ncn-{X-k¶
- e
- ]
v Ø
- n\p kp{]-[m-\a
- mb ÿm\-
ap≠v. Ncn{Xw (History) F∂p ]d-™m¬ ChnsS Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv, Ign-
™p-t]mb kwK-Xn-I-fpsS hnhcWw F∂-b¿∞-Øn-e-√, {]XypX
{]]©- {]-Xn`m-k-Øns‚ KXnsb-°p-dn®p≈ s]mXp-hmb [mcW
F∂b¿∞- Ø n- e mWv . Cu [mc- W - b p- a mbn _‘n®p `mc- X ob
ss{IkvXh thZ-imkv{X Nn¥-bn¬ Nne {]iv\-ßƒ N¿® sNø-s∏-
SWw.
104 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
1. skan‰n°v aX-ß-fpsSbpw `mcX aX-ß-fp-sSbpw Ncn{X ho£-

Wßƒ XΩn¬ hyXym-k-apt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ AXv thZ-im-kv{XsØ
F{X-am{Xw _m[n°pw?
skan-‰nIv aX-ß-fp-sSbpw (blqZ, ss{IkvX-h, C…mw) `mcX aX-
ß-fp-sSbpw (DZm: sslμh, ssP\, _p≤-a-X-ßƒ) Ncn{X ho£-W-
ßƒ XΩn¬ {]Ya ZrjvSn-bn¬ kmc-amb hyXym-k-ap≠v. skan-‰nIv
aX-ß-fpsS Ncn{X ho£-W-K-Xnsb, Bcw-`-ap-≈-Xpw {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn
]ptcm-Ka- n°p-∂Xpw Hcp ]cnk-am-]X v n-bp-≠m-Ip-∂Xpamb Ncn{Xw F∂p
s]mXpsh ]dbmw. F∂m¬ `mcX aX-ßƒs°√mw Xs∂ BXy¥nI-
ambn BZnbpw, {Iao-IrX ]ptcm-Ka - \- h
- pw, A¥hpw C√mØ Hcp Ncn{X-
k¶-ev]-amWp≈Xv. BZy-tØXns\ s]mXpsh EPp-tcJm ho£Ww
F∂pw c≠m-a-tØ-Xns\ s]mXpsh Nm{InI ho£Ww F∂pw hnfn-
°m-dp-≠.v Cu hyXymkw \nanØw, thZ-im-k{v X-Ønepw XZ-\p-kr-Xa - mb
A¥cw ImWmw. EPp-tcJm ho£-W-Øn-em-Wv, Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hcmcw-
`sØ°pdn-®pw, hogvNs - b-°p-dn-®pw, Ah-km\ \ymb-hn-[nsb-°p-dn®pw,
Hs° Kuc-h-X-c-ambn Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv. Nm{InI ho£-W-{]-Imcw, Hcp
\nXy-{]-]©- {]-Xn`m-kØ - n¬ Pohm-flmhv {]m]n-t°≠ kzÿX BWv
thZ-im-kv{X-Nn-¥b
- psS tI{μ-_nμp. ss{IkvXh Ncn{X ho£-Wt- Øm-
Sp≈ hntbm-Pn-∏mWp ]e `mc-Xob Nn¥-Ic - nepw ]m›mXy ss{IkvXh
thZ-im-kv{X-tØm-Sp-≈ -F-Xn¿∏mbn {]Xy-£-s∏-´Xv (DZm: sN©ø).
2. EPp-tcJm ho£-Whpw Nm{InI ho£-Whpw ]c-kv]chncp≤-ß-
fmtWm?
{]Y-a-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ sshcp-≤ymfl-I-sa∂p tXm∂n-bmepw, Bg-Øn¬
Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ c≠pw ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-ß-fmb Du∂-ep-Iƒ am{X-am-
sW-∂p -ImWmw. EPp-tc-Jm-ho-£-W-Øn¬ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Nm{In-I-
XØzhpw, Nm{In-Ih - o-£W
- Ø
- n¬ Hcp ]cn-[n h
- sc EPp-tc-Jm-XØ
- zhpw
Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.
EPp-tcJm ho£-W{]-Imcw, ssZh-amWp Ncn{X-Øns‚ Bcw-Ì - ≥.
Ahn-Sp∂p Xs∂ AXn\p Hcp ]ptcm-K-a-\hpw ]q¿Øo-I-c-Whpw \¬-
Ip∂p. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Bcw-`h
- pw,- ]p-tcm-Ka
- \- hpw, e£yhpw, ssZh-Øn¬
Xs∂ ASnÿm-\s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. A-ßs - \-sb-¶n¬, Hc¿∞-Øn¬ ssZh-
Øn¬ \n-∂m-cw-`n®p ssZh-Øm¬ \bn-°s - ∏-´v, X∂n¬ ]q¿Øo-Ic- Ww
{]]n-°p∂ XØzw, -Hcp t]mbn-‚ n¬ \n∂m-cw-`n®v AXn¬ Xs∂ Xncn-
sI-sb-Øp∂, Nm{In-I-XØz-amWv.
Nm{InI Ncn{X- ho£-WØ
- n¬, hy‡n-Ifpw kaq-lßfpw Xß-fpsS
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 105
e£yw {]m]n-°p-∂ Hcp ]mX-bp-≠v. AXp I¿a-_-‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂p

tamN\w t\Sp∂ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]mX-bm-Wv. Cu ]ptcm-KXn \S-t∂-
]‰q. At∏mƒ, {]]-©-Øns‚ Nm{In-I-KXn-°p-≈n¬, hy‡n-I-fpsS
]ptcm-KX
- n-bp-sS, Hcp t]mbn‚n¬ \n∂p as‰mcp t]mbn‚n-te°p ]ptcm-
K-an-°p∂, EPp-tc-Jm-X-Øzw -Dƒs°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p.
3. `mc-Xob ss{IkvXh Ncn-{X-ho-£Ww Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww?
EPp-tc-Jm-ho-£-W-Øn\p Atß-b-‰sØ Du∂¬ sImSp-Øp-sIm-
≠mWp ]m›mXy ss{IkvXh thZ-im-k{v Xw hf¿∂-X.v `mc-Xob Nn¥m-
]m-c-º-cy-Øn\p EPp-tcJm ho£Ww A{X Ncn-N-b-ap-≈-X-√m-bn-cp-∂-
Xn-\m¬, s]mXpsh `mc-X-Øn¬ ]m›mXy thZ-im-kv{X-Nn-¥-tbmSp
aXn∏p tXm∂n-bn-´p-an-√. Cu bmYm¿∞yw a\-kn-em-°n-s°m≠v, `mcX
ss{IkvXhNn¥ EPp-tc-Jm -ho£WsØ-bpw, Nm{In-I -ho-£-W-
sØbpw kaz-\n-bn-∏n®v Hcp Ncn{Xho£Ww kzmb-Ø-am-t°-≠nbn-cn-
°p∂p. AXn\p klm-bI - amb Hcp bm∞m¿∞y-amWp apI-fn¬ Is≠-
Øn-bXv.
AXm-b-Xp, EPptc-Jm ho£-W-Øn¬ Nm{In-I-X-Øzhpw, Nm{InI
ho£-W-Øn¬ EPp-tcJmXØzhpw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Dƒs°m-≠n-´p≠v
F∂ hkvXp-X. {]kvXpX Dƒ°m-gvN-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ c≠p
XØzß-sfbpw kay-°mbn kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp Ncn-{X-ho-£-W-{]-
Imcw, tbip{InkvXp-hns‚ c£m-I-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hym]vXnbpw,
{]k-‡nbpw hymJym\n°ptºmgpw, "c£'sb hni-Z-am-°p-tºm-gpw,
bpKm¥y kw`-hß - sf hymJym-\n-°p-tºmgpw AXn-t‚-Xmb {]tXy-IX
ImWp-hm≥ Ignbpw. `bs∏-Sp-Øp∂Xpw, k¶p-NnX h¿Kob hnIm-cß - ƒ
Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xpw, B£-cnI ]q¿Øo-I-c-WØn¬ A‘-ambn hniz-
kn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp hymJym\ kao-]-\-am-bn-cn-°-bn√ AXv. {]XypX
F√m- h - s cbpw Dƒs°m- ≈ p- ∂ Xpw, ssZh- k v t \- l - Ø ns‚ Bhn-
jv°mchpw, A£-cØ - n\p ]n∂nse Bflm-hns\ kv]¿in-°p-∂X - p-amb
Hcp hymJym-\ h- o-£W- a
- m-bn-cn°pw AXv (]pkvXI
- Ø
- n-s\m-Sp-hn¬ sImSp-
Øn-cn-°p∂ hni-Zo-I-cW Ipdn∏v ImWpI).
3. krjvSnk¶¬]w
ss{IkvXh [¿a-Øn¬ "krjvSn-'sb-°p-dn®p hfsc Kuc-ha - mb thZ-
im-kv{Xm-]-{K-Y-\-amWp \S-∂n-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ `mc-X-a-X-Z¿i-\-ßƒ
s]mXpsh krjvSn k¶¬]-tØmSp bp‡n-]c - a
- mbn tbmPn-°p-∂n√. Cu
]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ `mc-Xob ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{XØn¬ krjvSn-
k¶¬]sØ Fßs\ hymJym-\n-°Ww F∂Xp {][m-\a - m-bn-Øo-cp∂p.
106 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
1. `mc-Xa
- X
- - Z¿i-\ß
- ƒ krjvSn-k¶
- ¬∏-tØmSv F¥p-sIm≠v tbmPn-
°p-∂n√?
`mcXaX Z¿i-\ßƒ s]mXpsh krjvSn-Nn¥-bpsS bp‡ntb-°mfpw,
\nXy{]]© ho£-W-Øns‚ bp‡n-sb-bmWp ]n¥m-ßp-∂Xv. \n-Xy-
\mb Cuiz-c\- n¬ \nXy-ambn {]]©hpw Ah-ÿm-¥c - ß
- t- fmsS ÿnXn-
sN-øp-∂p. Cu Ah-ÿm-¥c-ßsf Imhy-`m-h\ - b
- n¬, thZ-Ønepw a‰pw
"krjvSn' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p-sh-∂p- am{Xw.
2. krjvSnk¶¬∏Ønsebpw \nXy-{]-]-©-ho-£-W-Ønsebpw
bp‡n-]c
- a
- mb {]iv\ß
- ƒ
krjvSn-®p-sh-∂p- ]-d-b-W-sa-¶n¬, krjvSn°p apºp krjvSn C√m-
bn-cn-°Ww. \nXy-\mb ssZhw \nXy-\mbn {kjvSm-hm-Wp X - m\pw. CsX-
ßs\ kw`-hn°pw? \nXy-ambn, krjvSnbpw GsX-¶nepw Hc-hÿ - b
- n¬
ssZh-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-t°t≠? CXp bp‡n-]-c-amb Hcp tNmZy-am-b-
Xn-\m¬ bp‡n-]-c-ambnXs∂-bp≈ adptNmZyhpw D≠mIpw. krjvSn
\nXy-ambn "{kjvSm-'hn¬ ÿnXn sNbvXp-sh-¶n¬, B {kjvSmhp Fß-
s\-bmWv {kjv-Sm-hm-Ip-∂Xv? {kjvSm-h-√mØ ssZhw, ssZhamtWm?
{]]©w \nXy-ambn ssZh-Øn¬ ÿnXn sNbvXpsh∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ,
ssZhw {]-]-©Øns‚ \nXym-h-ÿbp-sS -ta¬ \n lm-b-\m-sW∂p
]d-tb-≠n- h-cnt√? Ah-ÿm-¥-c-ßfpw, Po¿W-Xbpw, A]q¿W-Xbpw
D≈ {]]©w ssZh-hp-ambn H∂m-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂p ]d-™m¬ B
ssZh-Øn¬ Xs∂ AsXm-s°-bp-s≠∂p ]d-tb≠nh-cnt√? Aß-s\-
bp≈ ssZhw ssZh-amtWm? Npcp°w ]d-™m¬ "C√m-ba v b
- n¬ \n-∂p≈
krjvSn' Nn¥bpw \nXy-{]-]© {]Xn-`mk Nn¥bpw bp‡n-]-c-ambn
Hcpt]mse tNmZyw sNø-s∏Smw.
3. krjvSn-Nn-¥bpw, Cuiz-c-_-‘-Ønse \nXy {]]-©-Nn-¥bpw
sshcp-[ym-flI
- a
- mtWm?
kq£va hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ c≠pw sshcp-≤ym-fl-I-a√. krjvSnNn¥
Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂Xp {]]-©-Øn\p ssZhw Bcw`w sImSp-sØ-∂m-Wv.
\nXy-{]-]© Nn¥ Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂Xp ssZhw {]]-©-Øn\p \nXy-
ImcWhpw B[m-chpw BsW-∂m-W.v Npcp-°Ø - n¬, ssZhØn¬ BXy-
¥n-I-ambn Bcw`w ImWp∂ Hcp Nn¥-bp-sS -Xs∂ c≠p hi-ßƒ
am{XamWv C√m-bva-bn¬ \n∂p≈ krjvSn-Nn-¥bpw, \nXy-{]-]-©-{]-Xn-
`m-kN
- n-¥b
- pw. F∂m¬ {kjvSm-hp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn¬ krjvSn°p Hcp
]pXnb bmYm¿∞yw Ds≠∂ ss{IkvXhNn¥, `mc-X-Øns‚ ]ucm-
WnI ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ ]pXp-a-bp-≈-Xm-Wv.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 107
4. krjvSn-Nn-¥-bnse "Ah-km\' km[y-Xbpw, \nXy-{]-]-©-Nn-¥-

bnse "\nXyXm' k¶-ev]hpw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-at√?
ss{IkvXh - ho-£W-Øn¬ krjvSn-°p- Im-Wp∂ "Ah-km\' km[y-
X-sb-∂p- ]-d-™m¬, GX-h-ÿ-bnepw C√m-Xm-Ip-hm-\p≈ km[y-X-
tbmsS, \nXy-X-bn-te°p cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-ÿ-sb-∂m-Wt√m a\-
kn-em-°p-∂-Xv. \nXy-X-bn-te-°p≈ cq]m-¥-c-Øn¬, A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-
°p∂ Ah-ÿm-¥-c-sØ-bm-Wt√m At∏mƒ "Ah-km\w' F∂ ]Zw
sIm≠p hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv.
\nXy-{]-]©Nn-¥b
- nepw, Ah-ÿm-¥c
- ß
- t- fmsS \nXy-am-bn-cn-°p∂
{]]-©-sØ-bmWp ImWp-∂-Xv.
Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ c≠nepw s]mXp-hm-bn-´p-≈XmWv Ah-ÿm-¥-c-
Øns‚ km[yX. "Ah-ÿm-¥-c'-Øn¬ Hc-h-ÿ-bpsS "Ah-km\w'
Dƒs°m-≠n-´p-≠-t√m. AXn-\m¬ c≠p ho£-W-ßfpw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-
≤-sa∂p ]d-bpI km[y-a√.
tNm-Zy-ßƒ
1. {Xnaq¿Øn- k¶ev]hpw, k—n-Zm-\μ k¶-ev]-hpw, hn. {XnXz-sØ-
°p-dn-®p≈ `mc-X-ss{I-kvXh hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw XΩn¬ Fßs\
s]mcp-Ø-s∏´p t]mIpw?
2. "ssZh-Øns‚ \ymb-hn-[n'sb°pdn®p `mc-Xo-bamb Hcp Ncn{X
ho£-W-{]-Imcw hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-I.
3. `mc-X-Ønse, ss{IkvXh{]]© ho£-W-Øn¬ kay-°mbn
ktΩ-fn-t°≠ Du∂-ep-Iƒ Gh?
108 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
]mTw 6
thZ-imkv{X Nn¥-bnse
Nne XmXznI {]iv\ß- ƒ˛2
 a\p-jy-k¶
- ¬]w  ]m]-k¶
- ¬]w  c£m-k¶
- ¬]w
4. a\p-jy-k-¶¬]w
a\p-jy-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ASnÿm\- ho-£-W-Øn¬, ss{IkvXh-
Nn¥bpw `mc-Xob aX-Z¿i-\ß- fpw XΩn¬, Nne hyXym-kß
- ƒ ImWp-
∂p-≠v. Cu hyXym-k-ß-fp-ambn _‘n®v, `mc-Xob ss{IkvXh Nn¥-
bnse a\p-jy-k¶-ev]-sØ-°p-dn®p Nne Imcy-ßƒ N¿®- sNømw.
1. a\p-jy-k-¶-ev]sØ kw_‘n®p `mc-Xob aX-Z¿i\-ßfpw
ss{IkvX-h-Nn-¥bpw XΩn-ep≈ ASn-ÿm\ hyXymkw.
`mc-Xob aX-Z¿i-\ß
- f
- n¬ XmXzn-Ia
- mbn a\p-jy\p {]tXy-I ÿ- m\w
H∂pw sImSp-°p-∂n√ (a\\w sNøp∂h\mWv a\p-jy-s\-¶nepw). a\p-
jy-\nse Pohm-flmhp Xs∂-bmWv CXc Pohn-If - n-sebpw Pohm-flm-hv.
AXp-t]mse Xs∂ XmXzn-Ia - mbn ]ecpw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂Xp {]]-©- Ncn-
{X-KXn \n¿W-bn-°p-hm≥ a\p-jyt\m, Pohm-flm-hnt\m tI{μnIÿm\w
H∂p-an√ F∂m-Wv.
F∂m¬ ss{IkvXhNn¥-bn¬, krjvSn-bpsS aIpSw a\p-jy-\mWv.
{]]© Ncn{XKXn \n¿W-bn-°p-hm≥ a\p-jy\p tI{μoI-amb ÿm\w
D≠v. a\p-jy\pw {]]-©h
- p-ambn ka-\z-b_
- ‘
- a
- m-Wp-≈X
- v.
AtX-bh - k
- c- Ø
- n¬, {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-Nn-¥\
- Ø
- n¬ `mc-Xob aX-Z¿-
i\ßfpw ss{IkvXh ho£-Wt- Øm-Sp- tbm-Pn-°p-∂ps≠∂p- ImWmw.
{]Ir-Xn-bpsSbpw CXc Poh-Pmeß-fp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw t{ib-kn-\p-
am-bp≈ ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ F√mw Xs∂ a\p-jys\ tI{μo-I-cn-®mWp {Ia-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv (DZm. EX ]cn-c-£bv-°p≈ bmK-ßfpw a‰pw).
AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂, Pohm-flm-hns‚ tamlhpw XrjvWbpw A\p-k-cn-
®m-Wt√m I¿Ωhpw I¿am-\p-kr-X-ambn {]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-ÿm-¥-c-
ßfpw \S-°p-∂-Xv.
CXn¬\n∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂Xp `mc-Xo-bamb ss{IkvXh Nn¥-bn¬
a\p-jy\p {]mamWyw Iev]n-°p-∂Xpw, a\p-jy ˛ -{]-]© _‘sØ
FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°p-∂Xpw sshtZ-in-Imibßfmbn tXm∂p-Ibn-√sb-
∂mWv.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 109
2. a\p-jy-kzm-X{- ¥y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ss__nƒ ho-£W

- hpw, `mc-X-
aX, Z¿i\ ho£-Whpw.
ss__nƒ ho£-W{- ]-Imcw, a\p-jys‚ "kzmX-{¥y'-Øn¬ ASn-ÿm-
\-s∏-´mWp krjvSn-bpsS Ncn-{X-KXn Xs∂. a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ kzm-X{¥y-
Øn¬ FSp-°p∂ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ ]m]tam c£tbm F∂ Ah-ÿ-I-
fn¬ Ah-s\bpw kaq-l-sØbpw {]]©-sØbpw ]¶p-Im-cm-°p∂p.
hy‡nbpw, a\p-jy-ka-q-lhpw, {]]-©hpw XΩn¬ ka-{K-ambn _‘n-
°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.
`mcX, aX, Z¿i-\ß- f - n¬ kzmX-{¥y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Du∂¬ {]I-S-
a-s√-¶nepw, hy‡n-bpsS DØ-ch - m-ZnØzØm¬ BXy-¥n-Ie - £yw {]m]n-
t°-≠X - ns‚ Bh-iy-IX FSp-Øp- ]-db - p-∂p-≠v. kaq-lØ
- n¬ kz[¿aw
A\p-jvTn-t°-W-sa∂pw, a‰p-≈-h¿°p-th≠n XymKw A\p-jvTn-°-W-
sa∂pw Hs° A\p-im-kn-®mepw, `mcX aXZ¿i\ß-fn¬ {]Y-a-ambpw
sImSp-°p∂ Du∂¬ hy‡n-bpsS e£y-{]m-]vXn-bm-Wv. AXpsIm≠p
hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw {]]-©h - p-am-bp≈ ka-{K-_‘sØ Du∂n-∏d - b
- p-
tºmgpw, hy‡n-bpsS DØ-ch - m-Zn-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®p FSp-Øp-]d - b
- p∂ Hcp
a\p-jy-ho-£W - Ø
- n\v, `mc-Xob ss{IkvXh Nn¥-bn¬ kp{]-[m-\a - mb
ÿm\-ap-≠v.
5. ]m] k¶ev]w
ss{IkvXh thZ-im-kv{X-Øn¬ "]m]-'sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnNn¥\-
Øn\p kp{]-[m-\-amb ÿm\-ap-≠v. ]m›mXy hnNn-¥\Øn¬, "]m]'-
sØ ssZh-Ie - ]v \
- t- bm-Sp≈ A\pkcWt°Smbn s]mXpsh hymJym\n-
°p-∂p. CØ-cØ - nep≈ Hcp hnNn-¥\w, `mc-X- aXZ¿i-\ß
- f
- n¬ ImWm-
Ø-Xp-sIm≠v ChnsS "]m]'sØ Kuc-h-ambns´-Sp-°p-∂n√ F∂p Nne
ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ "]m]w'
Ft∂m, "A\pkc-W-t°-Sv', Ft∂m D≈ ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ßƒ C√m-sb-
¶nepw ]m]-Øns‚ ]n∂nse bmYm¿∞ysØ-°p-dn®v BWp `mcX aX-
Z¿i-\ß- f
- psS {][m\ ]cnNn¥\w. AXpsIm≠p, {]kvXpX ]cn-Nn¥-
\-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, "]m]-'sØ°p-dn-®p≈ ss{IkvXh Nn¥
`mc-X-Øn¬ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw DØaw.
1. "]m]-'sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]m›mXy ss{IkvXh ho£-W-Ønse
{]tXy-IX- I
- ƒ
]m]w ssZhIev]-\sb [n°-cn-°p-∂-XmWv. ssZhw \oXn-am-\m-I-
sIm≠p in£ \¬IWw. B in£-bmWp acWw. ssZhw kvt\l-
110 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
hm\pw IqSn-bm-bX
- p-sIm≠v c£ \¬I-Ww. AXn\pth≠n Xm≥ Xs∂
a\pjy\mbn c£m-{]-h¿Ø\w \n¿h-ln-®p. F¶nepw BXy-¥n-Ia - mbn
Xm≥ F√m-hscb-pw \ymbw hn[n°pw. in£bpw c£bpw \¬Ipw. C{]-
Im-c-ap≈ Hcp hni-Zo-I-c-W-Øn\p ]n∂n¬, \oXn-am\pw kvt\l-hm-\p-
amb Hcp cmPmhpw {]P-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øns‚ Nn-{X-am-Wp-≈Xv.
2. "]m]' bmYm¿∞y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ `mcX, aX Z¿i\ ho£Ww
`mc-X- aX Z¿i-\ß-fpsS s]mXp-hmb ho£-WØ- n¬ {]]© ssNX-
\y-amWp ssZhw. Ahn-SptØmSp _‘ap-≈-t∏mƒ B ssNX\yw
\Ωn¬ sXfn™psIm≠n-cn°pw. Bflmhp kzbw \n¬°ph-m≥ B{K-
ln-°p-tºmƒ, B _‘w \jvS-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu Ah-ÿ-bn¬ "C√mbva'
AYhm "amb' AYhm "tamlw' AYhm "XrjvW 'AYhm "I¿a-_‘w'
AYhm "A⁄m\w' AYhm "AhnZy'bn¬ Bflmhp ]c-Xp∂p.
AsXmcp _‘\-am-Wv. bYm¿∞-ambn Bbn-cn-t°≠ Ah-ÿ-bn¬
\n-∂p≈ hyXn-N-e\am-WnXv. AXp-sIm≠p bYm¿∞-ambn Bbn-cn-
t°≠ Ahÿ-bn-te-bv°p≈ At\z-jW - amWp `mcX, aX-Z¿i-\ß
- ƒ
F√mw \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
3. `mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-bn¬ "]m]' k¶ev] hni-Zo-I-c-Ww.-
b-Ym¿∞ambn- B-bn-cn-t°≠ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n-∂p≈ hyXn-N-e\w
Xs∂-bm-Wp ]m]w F∂p ss{IkvX-h\pw kΩ-Xn-°pw. AXv Hcp
Ahÿm-]-c-am-b -ÿnXnhnti-j-am-sW∂pw hy‡w. AXn\v C√m-bva-
bn-tebv°p≈ \o°w F∂p hymJym\w \¬Inbn´p≈- ss{I-kvXh
Nn¥I-cp≠v. ]m]m-h-ÿsb _‘-\-ambn ImWm\pw ss{IkvX-h\p
{]bm-ka - n-√. B Ah-ÿbv°p `mc-XØ - n¬ "]m]w' F∂ ]Zw am{Xta
D]-tbm-Kn-°mhq F∂pw ss{IkvX-h≥ \n¿_‘w ]nSn-t°-≠-Xn-√.
F¶n¬ ]ns∂, "]m]-Øn\p ]n∂nse XmØznI bmYm¿∞y-sØ-°p-
dn®p ss{IkvXh - cpw `mc-Xa
- X Nn¥-Icpw Hcp-t]mse t_m[ap≈hcmWv
F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp -sIm-s≠-¥mWp Ipg∏w?
]m]m-h-ÿ-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb H-cmw-`-Øn-tebv°p hnc¬ Nq≠p-
hm≥ BZy-]m-]-Øns‚ Imcyw ss{IkvX-h≥ ]d-bp-∂p. ]m]m-h-ÿ-
bn¬ \n-∂p≈ tamN\w {InkvXp-hn¬ ImWp-∂psh∂pw ss{IkvX-h≥
]d-bpw. ]m]m-hÿ
- b
- n¬ \n-∂p≈ tamN\w hy‡nbpsS BflobXe-
Ønepw [m¿anI Xe-Ønepw kmaqly Xe-Ønepw D≠m-I-W-sa∂pw
ss{IkvXh - ≥ Du∂n-∏d
- b
- W
- w.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 111
6. c£mk¶ev]w
GsXmcp aX-Øn-\m-sW¶nepw {]Xybimkv{X-Øn-\m-bmepw Hcp
"BXy-¥n-I \∑'sb°pdn®p ]d-bphm-\p≠v. blq-Z- a-XØ - n¬, AXns\,
"c£'sb∂pw "imtemw' F∂pw hnfn®p. C…mw aXØn¬ AXn\p
"kz¿Kw' F∂pw, C…mw (kºq¿W ka¿∏Ww) F∂p- X-s∂bpw ]d-
bp-am-bn-cn°pw. sslμh [¿aØn¬ AXn\p "tam£-'sa∂p ]d-bp-
tºmƒ, ssP\-a-X-Øn¬ AXn\p "ssIheyw' F∂pw, _p≤-a-X-Øn¬
"\n¿ΔmWw' F∂pw ]d-bp∂p. am¿IvknÃp {]Xybimkv{X-Øn¬
AXn\p ka-Xz-kp-μc - a
- mb hyh-ÿnXnsb∂p ]d-bm-ambn-cn°mw: Km‘n-
b≥ {]Xyb-im-kv{X-Øn¬ AXn\p "k¿tΔm-Zb'sat∂m, "At¥ym-
Zb'sat∂m "cma-cmPy'sat∂m Hs° ]d-bp-ambncn°pw. ss{IkvXh
[¿aØn¬ "c£' F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ AXn\p "ssZh-hmgvN'-
sb∂p XpSßn At\Iw hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂p. Aß-s\-sb-
¶n¬, ss{IkvXh c£mk-¶-ev]sØ `mc-Xob ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hni-
Zo-Ic
- n-°p-tºmƒ, "BXy-¥n-I \- ∑'sb°p-dn-®p≈ hnhn[ `mc-Xob ImgvN-
∏m-Sp-I-tfmSp _‘w ]pe¿tØ-≠Xmbn- hcpw.
c£-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ss{IkvXh ho£W-Øns‚ tI{μnI hkvXpX
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ c£m-Ic ZuXy-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p tbip-{In-kvXp-
hns‚ hkvXpXbpsS hymJym-\-amWv, `mc-Xob ss{IkvXh Nn¥-bn¬
c£-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cn-Nn-¥-\-Øn¬ {][m-\-ambn hcp-∂Xv.
1. ]m]-mh-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, a\p-jym-
h-Xmc hkvXp-Xsb `mc-Xob thZ-imkv{Xw Fßs\ Dƒs°m-≈Ww?
]m]-mh-ÿsb kw_-‘n-®p≈ `mc-Xob ss{IkvXh ]cn-Nn-¥\w
Is≠Øn-bX - p, bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Bbn-cn-t°≠ Ah-ÿb - n¬ \n-∂p≈
hyXn-N-e-\-ambn "]m]'sØ `mc-X-Øn¬ hymJym-\n°mw F∂mWv.
Aßs\-sb-¶n¬, bYm¿∞mhÿ-bn-te-bv°p≈ cq]m-¥-c-Ønt\m
{]kvXpX Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-t_m-[-Øn-t\m, ssZhw a\pjy-
\m-Ip∂ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hkvXpX A\n-hm-cy-amtWm F∂Xp N¿®-
sNtø-≠n h - c- pw. Chn-sS-bmWp `mcX ss{IkvXh - s‚ A\p-`hw {]tXy-
I-ambn ]¶p-tN-tc-≠-Xv. bp‡n-]-c-amb hni-I-e-\-Øn\p taev]-d™
tNmZy-Øn\p DØcw ImWp-hm≥ {]bm-k-am-Wv. t\tc-a-dn®v, `mcX-
Ønse ss{IkvX-h≥ {InkvXpsh∂ Ncn{X bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬°qSn
Xs‚ bYm¿∞ Ah-ÿb - n-tebv°v cq]m-¥cw {]m]n-°p-∂X - ns\ A\p-
`-hn-°p-tºmƒ, DØcw Ffp-∏-am-Wv. bp‡n-]-c-amb hni-I-e-\-Øn¬,
H∂p-In¬ tbip{In-kvXphns‚ Ncn-{X-]c - a
- mb hkvXp-Xsb, "Cuiz-c≥'
112 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
F∂ k¶-ev]Øn¬ ebn-∏n®p Nn¥n-°Ww (AXmWp sdbva≠v ]Wn-

°¿ `mKn-Ia - mbn \n¿t±-in®Xv). As√-¶n¬ `K-hX - vKo-Xb
- nse Ah-Xmc
k¶-ev]-hp-ambn _‘n®p Nn¥n-°Ww (KoX. 4:6, 7). As√-¶n¬ tbip-
{In-kvXp-hns\ al-mtbm-Kn-bmb a\p-jy≥ Bbn I≠p G‰-hpw t{ijvT-
am-Xr-I-bmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°Ww (Cß-s\-bmWv, `mc-Xo-b-cmb ]e
ss{IkvXt- h-Xc Nn¥-I∑ - mcpw \n¿t±in-®Xv). As√-¶n¬, ssZh-Øns‚
\nXy-amb kzb-{]-Im-i\ - Ø- n¬ a\p-jy≥ ]q¿W-ambn ]¶p-tN-¿∂p, B
{]Im-iØ- ns‚ apJ-ambn Xocp∂ bmYm¿∞y-amWp tbip-{In-kvXp-hn¬
kw-`-hn-®-sX∂pw, Ah-\p-ambn sFIy-s∏-Sp-∂-h-sc√mw B ssZhnI
{]Im-i\ - Ø
- n¬ ]¶p-]‰ - p-∂p-sh∂pw Hs° ]d™mepw, tbip-{In-kvXp-
hnse hkvXp-X-bpsS Hcp kºq¿Wmhn-jv°m-c-am-hn-√.
2. c£-bpsS BXy-¥n-Im-hÿ: sFIytam, eb-\tam, ]¶mfn-
Øtam?
ss{IkvXh ho£-WØ - nse BXy-¥n-I\ - ∑
- b- psS A\p-`h
- w, ssZh-
tØm-Sp≈ sFIy-amtWm, eb-\a - mtWm, ]¶m-fn-Øa - mtWm? hy‡nXzw
]cn-c-£n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hc-h-ÿ-bm-W-sX∂p ss{IkvXh thZ-imkv{Xw
FSpØp ]d-bp-tºmgpw Hcp Imcyw Hm¿°Ww. kzm¿∞X apgp-h≥
shSn™p kz¥-amb Hcp \ne-\n-ev]n-s\-°p-dn®p Nn¥n-°m≥ km[y-a-
√m-Ø Hch-ÿ-bn¬ sFIy-hpw, eb-\-hpw, ]¶m-fn-Øhpw Htc A\p-`-
h-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX Bhn-jv°m-c-ßtf BIp-hm≥ km[n°q.
3. Ass{I-kvX-h-cpsS c£
"c£' F∂p- ]-d™ - m¬, Ah-km\w Bflm-hn\p In´m≥ t]mIp∂
Hcp kz¿K-`mKyw am{X-am-sW-∂p≈ Nn¥-bpsS ASnÿm-\-Øn-emWp
"c£'sb°p-dn®p ]e tNmZy-ßfpw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv. "c£' hy‡n-X-e-
Ønepw, km-aqly-ambpw, {]]©w- ap-gp-h-\mbpw kw`-hn-°p∂ ka-{K-
amb Hcp cq]m-¥-c-amsW∂pw ssZhw BWv AXn\v {]]-©sØ apgp-
h≥ \bn-°p-∂-sX∂pw `mcX ss{IkvX-h≥ hniz-kn-°p∂p. At∏mƒ
Ah-≥ Bcp-sSbpw "c£-'sb-°p-dn-®p -hn-[n -]-d-bp-hm≥ Xp\n-bp-I-bn√.
ss{IkvX-hs\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Cu "c£-'bpsS apJm-¥n-c-amb
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p ÿe-Ime, aX-Z¿i-\-]-c-am-b-
AXncp Iev]n-°p-hm\pw ssien \n¿t±-in-°p-hm\pw a\p-jy\v Ah-Im-
i-aps-≠∂p tXm∂p-∂n√. F√m-hcpw ssZh-Øns‚ a°m-f-msW-∂w-Ko-
I-cn-®p-sIm≠p, `mcX ss{IkvXh
- ≥ Ahs‚ c£-bpsS A\p-`h - Ø
- n¬
hf-cWw. B hf¿®bpsS ]mX-bmWp km£y-]mX; Xt±iob-amb
kml-N-cy-tØmSp≈ A¿∞-h-Ømb {]Xn-IcW]mX.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 113
tNmZy-ßƒ
1. "a\pjy' k¶-ev]-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ `mc-Xob thZ-imkv{X Nn¥-
bn¬- D-cp-Øn-cn-bp∂ {][m-\ -Im-cy-ßƒ Gh?
2. "]m]'sØ "amb' F∂ k¶-ev]-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n®p hni-Zo-I-cn-
°m≥ {ian-°p-I.
3. "c£'-sb-°p-dn®p `mcX ss{IkvX-hs‚ ASn-ÿm\ [mc-W-Iƒ
Fs¥m-s°-bm-IWw?
114 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
{KŸkq-NnI
1. Parett, z. M., ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ: ]Z-hnbpw PmXym-Nmcßfpw,
Manorama Publishing House,1960.
2. Podippara, Placid, J., The Malabar Christians, Prakasham,
Alleppey, 1972.
3. Ayyar, L. K. Ananthakrishna, Anthropology of Syrian Christians,
Ernakulam,1926.
4. Daniel, Mathew, Rev., tIcf ss{IkvXhkwkv°m-cw, T. L. C.,
Tiruvalla, 1985.
5. Samuel, V. C. Fr., Dr., k` hf-cp∂p, Divyabodhanam, 1984.
6. Samuel, V. C. Fr., Dr., CXv Hcp C¥y≥ k`tbm?, C. L. S., Xncp-
h√, 1975.
7. eqt°mkv, ]n. bp. (kºm.), ]pcm-X\
- ∏
- m-´p-Iƒ, tPymXn, tIm´bw,
1980.
8. Thaliath Jonas, The Synod of Diamper, Rome, 1958.
9. ss{IkvXh hn⁄m-\-tImiw, {]Im-iw, Be-∏p-g, 1975.
10. ]md-°-S-hn¬, tPmkv, tIc-f- ss{I-kvX-h-cpsS \mS≥]m´p-Iƒ,
C. L. S., Xncp-h√, 1975.
11. Boyd, R. H. S., An Introduction to Indian Christian Theology,
C.L.S, Madras, 1975 (rev.).
12. Ipcp-hnf, ]n. -Pn., dh. tUm., `mcX ss{IkvXh Z¿i-\-ßƒ,
T.L.C., Xncp-h√, 1986.
13. Thomas, M. M., Acknowledged Christ of Indian Renaissance,
C.L.S., Madras, 1976.
14. Thomas M. M., The Christian Response to the Asian Revolution,
C. I. S. R. S, 1966.
15. Thomas, P. T., The Theology of Chakkarai, C. I. S. R.S., 1968.
16. Appasamy, A. J., Christianity as Bhakti - Marga, C. L. S., Madras,
1928.
17. Appasamy, A. J., The Gospel and India’s Heritage, SPCK,
London, 1942.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 115
18. Banerji, K. M., The Asian Witness...., Calcutta, 1875.

19. Upadhyaya, Brahmabandhav, ‘Vande Saccidanandam’ Sophia,
Oct., 1898.
20. Chakkarai, V., Jesus the Avatar, CLS, Madras, 1932.
21. Chakkarai, V., The Cross and Indian Thought, CLS, Madras, 1932.
22. Chenchiah, P., ‘Indian Christian Theological Task’, The Guard-
ian, 2-1-1947 to 6-3-1947.
23. Devanandan, P. D., The Concept of Maya, London, 1950.
24. Fakirbhai, Dhanjibhai, Khristopanishad, C I S R S, 1965.
25. Mozoomdar, P. C., The Oriental Christ, Boston, 1898.
26. Panikkar, Raymond, The Unknown Christ of Hinduism, London,
1964.
27. Singh, Sadhu Sundar, At the Master’s feet, C. L. S., Madras, 1923.
28. Gregorios, Paulos Mar, Cosmic Man, Sophia Publications,
Kottayam - New Delhi, 1980.
29. Gregorios, Paulos Mar, Freedom and Authority, C. L. S., Madras,
1974.
30. Osthathios, Geevarghese Mar, Theology of a Classless Society,
London, 1979.
31. Osthathios, Geevarghese Mar, c£ {InkvXp-hn¬ am{Xtam? St.
Paul’s Mavelikara, 1976.
32. h¿°n, ]n. ]n., ]t{Xmkv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kv, tIm´bw, 1962.
33. k`bpw hnI-k-\hpw, sI. kn. kn. {]kn-≤o-I-cWw, 1986.
116 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
Glossary
1. A¥-cyman (p. 92)
A¥-cyman F∂m¬ D≈n¬ hkn-°p-∂Xv F∂¿∞w. sslμh ]mc-º-
cy-Øn¬ Cuiz-cs - \, D≈nse ssNX\yw AYhm A¥-cym-an-bmbn ImWp∂p.
Cu k¶-e] v Ø
- ns‚ Nph-Sp-]n-Sn®v _nj∏v A∏m-kman, hN-\a - mb ssZhsØ
(tem-tKm-kv) A¥-cym-an-bmbn Ah-Xc - n-∏n®p. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\bpw A¥-
cym-an-bmb ssZh-sa∂v ]d-bm-dp≠v.
2. Alw {_“mkvan (p. 87)
D]-\n-jZv Z¿i-\Ø- ns‚ ad-]‰
- n, AssZz-Xt- h-Zm-¥n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
kq{X-hm-Iy-amWv ""Alw {_“mkvan.'' ""Rm≥ {_“≥ (ssZhw) BIp∂p''
F∂mWv ]Z-{]-tbm-K-Øns‚ A¿∞w. tbip-{In-kvXp, "Rm\pw ]nXmhpw
H∂m-Ip∂p' F∂v (tbm-l. 10:29) ]d™-t∏mƒ "Alw {_“m-kvan'-sb∂p
Xs∂-bmWv A¿∞am-°n-bsX-∂,v ]e `mc-Xob Nn¥-Ic - pw, {]tXy-In®v tUm.
cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, hniz-kn-®p.
3. Bfl≥ (p. 44)
D]-\n-jØ
- p-If
- n¬ [mcm-fa
- mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≈ ]Z-am-Wn-Xv. ]c-aa
- mb
Bfl≥ F∂-b¿∞-Øn¬ ssZh-Øn-\pw, Pohm-fl≥ F∂-b¿∞-Øn¬ a\p-
jy\pw Cu ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.
4. HmwIm-cw
"Hmw' F∂ i_vZw: sslμ-h- ]m-cº - c
- y-Ønse ]pcm-X\ - a
- mb at{¥m-®m-
cW i_vZw. k¿Δ-kX - y-sØ-bpw, ssZh-sØ-Øs - ∂bpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ i_vZ-
{]-Xo-Ia
- m-Wn-X.v ""Hmw'' i_vZ{_“-ambpw \mZ-{_-“a - mbpw hnti-jn∏n-°s∏Sm-
dp-≠v. A, D, Aw F∂o i_vZß - f - psS ka-\z-ba- mWv "Hmw.' BZn (A), a[y
(D), A¥ (Aw) {]Xn-`m-k-ßsf AYhm krjvSn, ÿnXn, kwlm-c-ßsf
Cu i_vZw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-sh∂pw hymJym-\n-°m-dp≠v.
5. {InkvXv AssZzXw (p. 93)
{InkvXp tI{μ-_n-μp-hmb AssZzXw F∂¿∞w. {InkvXp-hmWv F√mw.
{InkvXp-hn¬ \n∂v thdn´v H∂n\pw \ne-\n-ev]n-√. F√m ssZzX-`m-h-ßfpw
{InkvXp-hn¬ ]cn-k-am-]n-°p-∂p ˛ Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ Nn¥-I-sf-bmWv Cu
]Zw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X- .v Z≥Pn-`mbv ^°o¿`mbv F∂ {InkvXp-`‡
- ≥, kvt\l-
kz-cq-]\
- mb {InkvXp-hn-t\m-Sp≈ _‘sØ "{InkvXv AssZz-X'-Øn¬ A\m-
h-cWw sNøp-∂p.
6. Poh≥ ap‡≥ (p. 88)
Poh-t\msS Ccn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ ap‡n AYhm tam£w {]m]n-®-h≥
F∂¿∞w. sslμh B[ym-fln-IX - b
- n¬ tam£w {]m]n-°p-∂h
- ¿ c≠v KW-
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 117
Øn-emWv; H∂v, Poh≥ap-‡≥ AY-hm, ico-c-Øn-en-cn-°p-tºmtg tam£w

{]m]n-®-h≥. c≠v, hntZ-l-ap-‡≥, AYhm, icocw hn´v tam£w {]m]n-®-
h≥. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s\, ico-c-Øn-en-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ tam£-{]m-]vX-
\mbn ImWp∂ ]e sslμh Nn¥-I-cp-ap-≠v.
7. \c-lcn (p. 90)
\c≥ a\p-jy-\pw, lcn hnjvWp AYhm ssZh-hp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v
a\p-jy\pw ssZhhpw tN¿∂-Xns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂ ]Z-amWv \c-lcn F∂Xv.
`mc-Xob `mjm-ssi-en-bn¬ ssZh- ˛ a
- \
- p-jy-\mb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ {_“-_m-‘hv D]m-[ym-b-tb-t∏m-se-bp-≈-h¿ D]-tbm-Kn®
]Z-{]-tbm-Ka- m-Wn-Xv.
8. ]c-{_“w (p. 88)
sslμh ]mc-ºc - y-Øn¬ Cuiz-cs\ ]c-{_“w F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p.
Cuiz-cs‚, AYhm ssZhØns‚ kØm-]c - a
- mb `mhsØ-bmWv ]c-{_“w
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X
- v. ]c-aa- mb ssZh-Xz-sØ, ]c-{_“w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-sh∂p
kmcw.
9. ]cn-{Xm-W\w (p. 86, 91)
]cn-{Xm-W\w F∂m¬ c£n-°p-Is- b-∂¿∞w. ]cn-an-Xa
- mb A¿∞-Øn¬
]cn-]m-e\w F∂pw A¿∞w sImSp-°m-dp-≠v. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ c£m
{]h¿Ø-\w, "]cn-{Xm-W\w' Bbn ]d-bm-dp-≠v.
10. ]mc-{Xn-II
- m-cy-ßƒ (p. 39)
ùXnIw AY-hm sFln-Iw, A√m-ØX - mWv ]mc-{Xn-Iw. \nXy-Po-h\pw,
kz¿§hpw ac-Wm-\-¥cmh-ÿ-bpw, c£m-\p-`-hhpw Hs° ]mc-{Xn-I-Im-cy-
ß-fm-Wv.
11. ]pcp-j≥ (p. 89)
sslμh ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ hnhn[ A¿∞-X-e-ß-fp≈ ]Z-amWv "]pcp-
j≥.' thZ-ß-fn¬, "]pcp-j≥' BZn-]p-cp-j≥ Bb Bcw-`-I-\mWv. Bcw-`-
I≥ Xs∂-bmWv ssZhw. Npcp-°Ø - n¬, krjvSn°v Bcw`w Ipdn-°p∂ ssZh-
sØ-Ø-s∂-bmWv ]pcp-j-s\∂v ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]pcp-j≥ kzbw bmK-
am-bn-´,v B bmK-Øn¬ \n∂v Cu {]]©w Dcp-hm-°n-bX- mbn EKvth-ZØ
- nse
]pcp-j-kq-‡-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. Cu ]pcp-js\, tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ kqN-
\-bm-bn´v ImWp∂ `mc-Xob ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I-∑m¿ D≠v. {kjvSm-hmb
ssZh-hpw, krjvSn-bmb a\p-jy-\pw, H∂mbn tNcp∂ {]Xo-I-amWv ""]pcp-
j≥.'' `mc-XØ - nse kmwJy-Z¿i-\Ø
- n¬, BXy-¥n-Ia
- mb c≠v XXz-ßf - mWv
]pcp-j\pw {]Ir-Xn-bpw. Ah-bpsS kmao]ytam th¿]n-cn-btem BWv
{]]© {]Xn-`m-k-Øns‚ ]n∂n¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.
118 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
12. {]⁄m\w (p. 93)
{]⁄ F∂m¬ t_m[w, Adn-hv, Nn¥ Fs∂m-s°-bm-W¿∞w. ssZhw
Xs∂-bmWv BXy-¥nI t_m[w ({]⁄m\w {_“) F∂pw a\p-jy-\nse
t_m[w ssZh-km-∂n≤yw BsW∂pw lnμp-aXw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. temtKmkv
F∂ {Ko°p-]Zw t_m[-sØ-bpw, bp‡n-sbbpw, hN-\-sØbpw kqNn-∏n-
°p-∂p. tbip-{InkvXp "temtKmkv' Bbn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ F√m
t_m[-Øn-s‚bpw Dd-hn-S-ambn BZna ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I¿ hymJym-\n-®p.
CXns‚ Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-®v, `mcX ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I¿ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\
{]⁄m\w F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.
13. {_“≥
{_“≥ F∂m¬ sslμ-h-[¿Ω-Øn¬ ssZh-sØ-bmWv A¿∞-am-
°p∂Xv. thZm¥ Z¿i-\Ø - n-emWv Cu ]Zw IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-
Xv. {_“≥ ssZh-hpw, Bfl≥ a\p-jy\pw BWv. F∂m¬ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-
fn¬, Cu ]Z-Øn\v {]m¿∞-\, a{¥w F∂pw A¿∞w sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v.
14. amb (p. 90, 93)
lnμp-aX-Øn¬ ]e A¿∞-Xe - ß
- f
- p≈ ]Z-amWv ""amb.'' A£-cm¿∞-
Øn¬ ""amb'' F∂m¬ bYm¿∞w A√m-ØXv F∂m-Wv. ss\an-jn-Ihpw
Aÿn-c-hp-am-b-Xns\ "amb' F∂v ae-bmf thZ-]p-kvX-Ihpw kqNn-∏n-°p-
∂p. F∂m¬ thZm¥ Nn¥-bn¬ "amb' ssZh-Øns‚ krjvSn-i‡ - n-bm-Wv.
AtX-b-h-k-c-Øn¬, "amb' hy‡n-I-fn¬ AhnZy AYhm A⁄-Xbmbn
{]Xy-£s- ∏-Sp-∂p. AhnZy AYhm A⁄-Xsb thZm-¥h - o-£W- Ø- n¬ a\p-
jys‚ {][m\ {]iv\-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠v, ss{IkvXh
Nn¥-bnse ""]m]'' k¶-ev]Ø - n\v kam-¥c
- a
- mbn AhnZy AYhm "amb'sb
]ecpw ImWp-∂p.
15. hniz-I¿Ω≥ (p. 89)
EKvth-Z-Øn¬ temI-Øn\p cq]w \¬Ip∂ i‡nsb hniz-I¿Ω≥
F∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. ]pcm-W-ß-fn¬ At\Iw {]mhiyw ssZh-ß-
fn¬ Hcp-h-\mb hniz-I¿Ωm-hns\ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v.
16. i_vZ {_“w (p. 93)
ssZhw i_vZ-cq-]Øn¬ F∂v B¥-co-Im¿∞w. "Hmw' F∂ a{¥-
i_vZsØ i_vZ-{_“w F∂pw \mZ-{_“w F∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp≠v.
CXnt\mSv _‘n®v "hN- \ amw' ssZhsØ (tem- t Km- k v ) `mcX
ss{Ikv X hNn¥- b n¬ i_v Z {_“- a mbn hnti- j n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - h - c p- ≠ v .
^°o¿`mbn Aßs\ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.
17. k—n-Zm-\μw (p. 86, 103)
D]-\n-jZv ]mc-ºc
- y-Øn¬ ssZhsØ k—n-Zm-\μw Bbn ]d-bp∂p. kXv,
NnXv, B\μw F∂o aq∂v KpW-`m-h-ß-fpsS ka-\z-b-amWv k—n-Zm-\-μw.
km£y-]m-X-bn¬ 119
kXv F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm\ D◊ F∂pw, NnXv F∂m¬ {]m]-©nI t_m[w

F∂pw, B\μw F∂m¬ B¥-cnI kuμcyw F∂pw hymJym-\n-°p-∂p.
Cßs\ Hcp {XnI `mh-Øn¬ ssZhsØ ImWp-∂Xv, `mc-X-Øn¬ {XnXz
k¶-ev]sØ hni-Zo-Ic - n-°p-hm≥ klm-bI - a
- m-sW∂v hnNm-cn-°p-∂h- c
- p-≠v.
""kXv'' ]nXm-hn\p Xpey-am-bn´pw ""NnXv'' ]p{X\p Xpey-am-bn-´pw, ""B\μw''
]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn\p Xpey-am-bn´pw ImWp-∂p. sIj_v N{μ-sk≥, {_“-
_m-μ_v D]m-[ymb apX-em-bh - ¿ C{]-Imcw I≠p. ssZh-Xz-Ønse sFIyw
ChnsS ]cn-c£- n-°s - ∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ {Xnaq¿Øn k¶-e] v Ø
- n¬, Cu sFIyw
]cn-c£
- n-°s- ∏-Sp-∂n√.
18. kvsImfm-ÃnIv thZ-imkv{X Nn¥ (p. 15)
a[y-Im-eL- ´- Ø- nse ]m›m-Xy- k-`m-th-Zi- m-k{v XsØ kvsImfm-Ãn-knkw
F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠.v tXmakv AIzn-\m-kn-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ Nn¥-IcmWv
Cu thZ-imkv{X h‡m-°ƒ. ssZhnI hnj-b-ßƒ°v hfsc hni-Z-am-bn´v
bp‡n-bpsS hni-I-e\w \S-Øp∂ kao-]-\-am-WnXv. a[y-Im-eL-´-Øn¬
Acn-tÃm-ńens‚ XXz-Nn-¥bv°v ]m›m-Xytem-IØv hfsc {]Nmcw Inń.
AXn-\\
- p-kr-Xa - mbn k`m thZ-im-kv{X-Ønepw Acn-tÃm-ń-ens‚ bp‡n-{]-
[m\ hni-Ie- \w IS-∂p-hc - p-Ib
- m-Wp-≠m-bXv. Npcp-°Ø- n¬ Xt±-io-bo-Ic
- -
W-Øn-s\mcp DZm-lc - W
- a
- m-Wn-Xv.
19. kz[¿Ωw (p. 109)
Hcp hy‡n A\p-jvTn-t°≠ Npa-Xe F∂mWv hm°ns‚ A¿∞w.
Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw kmaq-ly-\n-eb- \
- p-kc- n-®pw, Pohn-Xm-hÿ
- b - \- p-kc
- n®pw A\p-
jvTn-t°≠ ""kz[¿ΩsØ''-bmWv h¿Æm-{ia [¿Ω-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X - v.
`K-hXvKoX-bn¬ {ioIr-jvW≥ A¿Pp-\t- \mSv ]d-bp-∂Xv, £{Xn-b≥ F∂
\ne-bn¬ kz[¿Ωw A\p-jT v n-°p-∂X- n¬ \n∂v ]n¥n-cn-bc - p-sX-∂m-W.v ]t£
kz[¿Ωhpw ap‡n-°p -th-≠n-bp≈ am¿§w am{X-amWv.
hni-ZoI-cW°pdn∏pIƒ
Ipdn∏v 1 (t]Pv 35)
{_“-_m‘h D]m-[ym-bs - b∂ `mc-Xss{I-kvXh Nn¥-I≥ AssZzX
thZm¥ amXr-Ib - n-ep≈ Hcp `mc-Xob ss{IkvXh Nn¥ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥
{ian-®p. ssZh-Øn\v k—n-Zm-\μw F∂v t]cp-≈Xv {XnXz-Øns‚ kqN-\b - m-
sW∂pw, c£-bpsS A\p-`-hw, ssZh-km-£m-XvImcw AYhm k—n-Zm-\μ
km£m-XvImcw BsW∂pw At±lw hymJym-\n®p. as‰mcp `mcX
ss{IkvXh Nn¥-I-\mb _nj∏v A∏m-kman sshjvWh `‡n {]ÿm-
\Ønse Cuiz-ct- \m-Sp≈ t{]a-`‡ - nsb ASnÿm-\a - m°n Hcp ss{IkvXh
anÃn-°¬ (tbm-Km-fl-I) thZ-imkv{Xw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ {ian-®p. `mc-X-
Øn¬ h∂v, `mc-Xo-b\ - mbn Pohn-°p-hm≥ {ian® Hcp {^©p ItØm-en°m
120 km£y-]m-X-bn¬
]ptcm-ln-X\ - m-bn-cp∂p _oUv{Kn-^Ø
v v. D]-\n-jØ
- nse Nne Bi-bß - f- psS
Nph-Sp-]n-Sn®v a\p-jys‚ BXy-¥nI e£yw BZy-t{km-Xk - n-te-°p≈ Xncn-
s®-Øe - mWv F∂v At±lw ka¿∞n-°p-hm≥ {ian-®p. Xncp-®n-d∏ - ≈
- n-bn¬
k—n-Zm-\μ - m-{iaw F∂ ss{IkvXh [ym\-tI{μw XpS-ßnb {^©p ItØm-
en°m sshZn-I\ - mb kzman A`n-jn-‡m-\μ≥, D]-\n-jØp-If - n¬ H∂n¬
kqNn-∏n-°p∂ "lrZ-bK - pl'sb∂ kqN-\sb tI{μo-Ic - n®v Hcp ss{IkvXh
anÃn-°¬ kao-]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn.
tbmK-Nn-¥-bnse Hcp kmt¶-XnI ]Z-amWv lrZb Kpl (Cave of the
heart). A¥-cm-flmhv [ym\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp∂ Hcp D∂-X-amb Ah-ÿ-
sb-bmWv CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Ah-ÿ-bn¬ "t`Zw' AYhm hyXy-
kvX-Xbv°v ÿm\-an-√msX hcp-∂p. lrZbKpl-bn¬ hnhn[ aXm-\p-`-h-
ßƒ°v sFIyw Is≠-Øm-\mhpw F∂mWv kzman A`njn-‡m-\μ - ≥ kqNn-
∏n-®X
- v.
sdbva≠v (sd-ba
v p-t≠m) ]Wn-°¿ ""a{¥-aRvPc
- n-'' F∂ {KŸ-Øn-eqsS
`mcX aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn-epw, temI aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fnepw D≈ Bflob A\p-`q-
Xnsb kw_-‘n-®p≈ kam-\-]m-T-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v, Bflo-b-X-
bpsS k¿Δ-eu-InI sFIyw FSp-Øp-Im-´p∂p.
Ipdn∏v 2 (t]Pv 104, 105)
EP-ptc-Jm-ho-£W
- hpw Nm{InI ho£-Whpw
lnÃdn AYhm Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ c≠p ho£-Wß - m-WnXv. Linear
- f
History F∂-Xn-s\-bmWv EP-ptcJm ho£Ww F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv.
ss{IkvXh, blqZ Ncn{X ho£W-ßƒ EP-ptcJm ho£-W-am-sW∂p
]d-bm-dp-≠v. Hcp _nμp-hn¬ Bcw-`n®v as‰mcp _nμp-hn¬ {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn
]ptcm-K-an®v FØp∂ EP-ptcJ AYhm t\¿ tcJ t]mse krjvSn-bn¬
Bcw`n®v Hc-¥y-Øn¬ FØp∂ Ncn{X ho£-W-amWv EP-ptcJm ho£-
Ww.
Cyclic History F∂-Xn-s\-bmWv Nm{InI ho£Ww F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv.
`mc-X-a-X-ß-fpsS Ncn-{X-ho-£-W-ßƒ Nm{In-I-ho-£-Wam-sW∂p ]d-bm-
dp-≠v. Hcp N{Iw t]mse A\-¥a - m-bX
- pw, Htc {]{Inb A\-¥a - mbn XpS-cp-
∂Xpw BWv `mc-Xa - X
- ß
- f
- psS Ncn-{Xho£Ww. \nXy-amb Bflm-h,v hnhn[
ico-cß- s- f-SpØv kwkmc N{I-Øn¬ XpS-cp∂ ""]p\-c] - n-P\
- \w ]p\-c]
- n-a-
cWw'' {]Xn-`m-ka - m-Wn-Xv.

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17 Sakshya Pathayil

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km£y-]m-X-bn¬

^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥

tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ Zob-ktv °mtdmkv sa{Xm-t∏meoØm

ssZh-Øn\p kvXpXn A¿∏n-®p-sIm≠v Znhy-t_m-[\w {KŸm-h-en-bn¬

^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥

blq-Z-P\w {]Xo-£n-®n-cp∂ anin-lmbv°v, blqZ shfn-∏mSp {KŸ-ß-

`b-s∏´p \oXn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-hs\ Ah≥ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p

th≠-hn[w ]ptcm-Ka- n-®n√ F∂p ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p (B-cm-[\

Ønse ]pcm-X\ k`-bmb ae-¶ck`-bnepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWp

_n-enb Unkv{In]vXm'; 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ (D-Zbwt]cq¿ kp∂-lt- Zm-kn\p

jWw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p \¬Is∏´n-cp∂p F∂v Duln-°mw ("X-cokm'

IØpw {]th-in®p tPmen sNøm≥ A]q¿h A\p-aXn \{km-Wn-°p-

c-W-ßfpw (Im¬Øf AS-°w) Ben-e-bpsS BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ sI´p-

’-ha- mb Xncp-thm-WØ - ns‚ BtLm-jØ - n\p \{km-Wn-Iƒ kp{]-[m-

tbip-{In-kvXphpw At∏m-kvtXm-e-∑mcpw kzoI-cn® \ne-]mSv F¥m-bn-

Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ Adn-bp-∂Xp ck-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw.

"Cu {InkvXy-m\n-I-fpsSbnS-bn¬ Ign-™p-Iq-SpI F\n°p

a≠n h∂n-S-b¿ I≠p Ipºn-s´mcp \√ Xºp-cm\v

3. ae-¶c \{km-Wn-I-fpsS ]pcm-X\ aX-Po-hn-XØnse GsXms°

dn-amcpw Ah-cpsS C≥Uy-bnse sa{Xm-\m-bn-cp∂ Zm\n-tb¬ hn’\pw

IpØ-cpX F∂pw hf¿Ø-cpX F∂pw. CXn\p FS-ØqS sNøp-

amthen-°c kp∂-l-tZm-knepw 1876- ˛se apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-

"hnip-≤-∑m-cpsS s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fn¬ Ahsc A\p-I-cn-∏m≥ ]Tn-

At±lw {ian-®p. 1706-˛¬ {Sm≥I-_m-dn¬ Cd-ßnb eqX-d≥ anjWdn

AXn-t\m-Sp≈ {]Xn-Iqe {]Xn-I-c-W-hp-ambn `mc-Xob \ho-I-cW

kzX{¥-ambn Hcp am\-ho-bm-[ym-ﬂnI-Xsbbpw AXns\ Dƒs°m≈p∂

5. ka-{K- k-ao-]-\-Ønse {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

D≠m-Ipw. Aßs\ kΩ-Xn-®p-t]m-bm¬ {InkvXp ssItamiw

CXn¬ BZysØ aq∂p L´-ß-fn-embn, sslμh, ssP\, _p≤,

WnI ]mc-º-cy-Øn\p kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-´p≈ aX]mc-º-cy-

X-bpsS ]›m-Øe ssZh-im-kv{Xw, `mc-Xobtam hn-tZ-io-btam Bb

bm-\p-jvTm-\-ßtf°mƒ kpdnbm\nk`-bpsS Bﬂobm\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ

{]th-in-°pIsb∂Xv. ssZhsØ hy-‡n-Xz-Øn¬ apgp-h≥ cpNn-®d - n-bp-

°p∂ at\m-`mhw! B at\m-`m-h-Øns‚ Ahm-Nym-\p-`q-Xn-°p, hm°p-

D≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂pw kp-hn-Zn-X-am-Wv. ]Zy-cq-]-Øn¬ Be-]n-°p-tºmƒ,

ß-fmWv \n»-_vZ-X-bpsS \nan-j-ßƒ. Bcm[\-bn-se- Xs∂ hm°p-I-

kmaq-ly- hy-Xnbm-\-Øn-\p≈ ss{IkvXh km£yw G‰hpw ^e-

6. \mS-Im-hn-jv°-c-W-Øn¬ ss__nƒ IY-Iƒ am{X-a√ B\p-Im-

k`m ]mc-º-cy-Ønse thZ-hym-Jym-\-ssi-enbpw `mc-Xob -hym-Jym-\-

Ø-eØn¬ ]dbm-hp∂ ZrjvSm-¥a

º-cy-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xpw kXy-Øn¬ H∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv, Du∂-en¬

Øn\pw Hcp ka-{KX thWw. hy‡n-K-X-amb Hcp Bﬂm-hns‚ am{Xw

hkvXpXsb hnkvac - n-® kaq-l h

hnhm-l-Øn\v Xte-cm-{Xn-bn¬ \S-°p∂ NS-ßp-Ifpw a‰pw. Zm\-[¿Ω-

c-W-ß-fn¬ CXc aX-ÿ¿°pw ]¶n-Sp-hm≥ Ah-kcw D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw

XWp∏pw, Xos]m-≈p∂ NqSpw, `oI-ca - mb hcƒ®bpw, tLmc-amb AXn-

Xn°v ]e s]mXp-hmb kz-`m-h-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Ah-bn¬ NneXp Xmsg-∏-d-

ii. `qhp-S-a-bp-sSbpw sXmgn-ep-S-a-bp-sSbpw \ymb-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

ix. {Kma-Ønse Dev]∂-ßfpw \K-cØ

I-fpsS a’-c- ]›m-Øew F∂p am{X-a√ A¿∞w. cmjv{S-Øns‚ \nba

fnse "XcwK'ßfn¬ DS-°n-°n-S-°p-∂p. X∑qew ]e-t∏mgpw i‡-amb

Ø-c-°m-cm-bn-cp∂ Hcp- \√ iX-am\w P\-ßfpw kmº-Øn-I-ambn

6. ss{IkvXh ÿm]-\-ß-fnse sXmgn¬, hnZym-`ymk Ah-k-c-

ambn´p≠m-bmte _mly-{]-Xn-Ic- Ww i‡nbp≈-Xm-Iq. C{]-Im-ca

bnepw ]e cmPy-ßsfbpw kzmX{¥yw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ klm-bn-®Xpw,

Xs∂, C{]-Im-ca - p≈ {]iv\ß

C{]-Imcw D≈ Bip-]{Xn-Iƒ "d^-d¬' Bip-]-{Xn-I-fmbncp∂p

a‰p hn`-hß- fpw kam-lc - n-°p-hm≥ _m¶p-If - p-sSbpw, Khs◊‚ v ˛ A¿≤-

2. `mcX-Ønse anj-\-dn-amcpw thZ-imkv{X Nn¥bpw

hm\pw, ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm\pw XpS-ßn. \qdp kwkvIrX t«mI-ß-fmbn

AXns\ DZm-l-cn-°p-hm≥ I\y-I-bn¬ \n-∂p≈ P\-\-sØbpw, A¤p-

9. kzman hnth-Im-\μ (1863˛1902)

12. Ie-tKmd kp_-dmhp (1912˛)