5 Đại Từ Quan Hệ Trong Mệnh Đề Bao Gồm:

1. WHO
Đại từ quan hệ Who làm chủ từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ và thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người trong
câu. 

Cấu trúc: …. N (person) + who + V + O

2. WHOM
Đại từ quan hệ Whom được sử dụng làm túc từ cho động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ thay thế
cho danh từ chỉ người trong câu. 

Cấu trúc:

 …..N (person) + WHOM + S + V

3. WHICH

Which làm chủ từ hoặc túc từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật trong câu. 
Cấu trúc:

 ….N (thing) + WHICH + V + O

 ….N (thing) + WHICH + S + V

4. THAT
Đại từ quan hệ That có thể thay thế cho vị trí của who, whom, which trong mệnh đề quan hệ
quan hệ xác định. 

* Các trường hợp sử dụng “that” là:

– đi sau các hình thức so sánh nhất

– đi sau các từ: only, the first, the last

– danh từ đi trước chỉ người hoặc vật

– khi đi sau các đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ chỉ số lượng: no one, nobody, nothing,
anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little, none.

5. WHOSE
Dùng để chỉ sở hữu cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật, thường thay cho các từ: her, his, their,
hoặc hình thức sở hữu. 

Cấu trúc:

…..N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V ….

Các Trạng Từ Quan Hệ: Why, Where Và When
1. WHY: Trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason.
Cấu trúc:

…..N (reason) + WHY + S + V …

Ex: I don’t know the reason. You didn’t go to school for that reason.

 → I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school.

2. WHERE: thay thế từ chỉ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there
….N (place) + WHERE + S + V ….

(WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)

Ex: a/ The hotel wasn’t very clean. We stayed t that hotel.

 → The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.

 → The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t very clean.
3. WHEN: thay thế từ chỉ thời gian, thường thay cho từ then
….N (time) + WHEN + S + V …

(WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)

Ex: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day.

 → Do you still remember the day when we first met?

 → Do you still remember the day on which we first met?
 1. Her many friends gave her encouragement. I like to be considered among them.
Her many friends, among whom I like to be considered, gave her encouragement.
2.   Her father died last year. She looked after him for over twenty years.
Her father, who she looked after for over twenty years, died last year.
3. The bed has no mattress. I sleep on this bed.
The bed (which/that) I sleep on has no mattress./ The bed on which I sleep has no mattress
4. There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from this box.
There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box, (which/that) I was phoning from.
5.   I was sitting on a chair. It suddenly collapsed.
The chair (which/that) I was sitting on suddenly collapsed./ The chair on which I was sitting suddenly
collapsed.
6. .  Mr Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. I had come specially to see him.
Mr Smith, whom I had come specially to see, was too busy to speak to me.
7.   I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable.
I saw several houses, most of which were quite unsuitable.
8.   Graham took us to his office. It was filled with books.
The office (that/which) Graham took us to was filled with books.
9. .  Mr Marks is unhappy about the plans for the new dam. The stream flows across his farm.
Mr Marks, whose farm the stream flows across, is unhappy about the plans for the new dam./ Mr Marks,
across whose farm the stream flows,…
10.   They picked up five boat-loads of refugees. Some of them had been at sea for several months.
They picked up five boat-loads of refugees, some of which had been at sea for several months.
11.   Tom came to the party in patched jeans. This surprised the other guests. Most of the other guests
were wearing evening dress.
Tom came to the party in patched jeans, which surprised the other guests, most of whom were wearing
evening dress.
12.   The people didn’t know French. He was speaking to these people.
The people (who(m)/ that) he was speaking to didn’t know French./ The people to whom he was speaking
didn’t know French.
13. .  Mr Jones was very generous about overtime payments. I was working for him.
Mr Jones, who(m) I was working for, was very generous about overtime payments./ Mr Jones, for whom I
was working, was very generous …
14.   The Roman coins are now on display in the National Museum. A local farmer came across them in a
field.
The Roman coins, which a local farmer came across in a field, are now on display in the National Museum.
15. .  Professor Johnson is to visit the University next week. I have long looked up to him
Professor Johnson, who(m) I have long looked up to, is to visit the University next week.! Professor
Johnson, to whom I have long looked up….
16. A number of rare animals are now in danger of extinction.
A. IN B. OF C. FOR D. FROM
17.  If people’s interference in the environment decreases, more species will survive and produce off-
spring.
A. IN B. OF C. FOR D. FROM
18. The government should do more to protect rare animals from being extinct.
A. IN B. OF C. FOR D. FROM
19. She believes there is life on other planets.
A. IN B. OF C. ON D. FROM
20. The EU has imposed a ban on the import of seal skins.
A. FOR B. TO C. ON D. FROM
21. People are destroying the air by adding pollutants to it.
A. FOR B. FROM C. ON D. TO
22. Human beings are responsible for the changes in the environment.
A. FOR B. TO C. ON D. FROM
23. They are changing weather conditions by cutting down trees in the forests.
A. DOWN B. INTO C. UP D. FROM
24. National parks should be set up to save animals and plants.
A. DOWN B. INTO C. UP D. FROM
25. Raw sewage was discharged from the treatment plant directly into the river.
A. DOWN B. INTO C. UP D. FROM

Replace the relative clauses by an infinitive or infinitive phrase.

to + V + tân ngữ/bổ ngữ

26.   He was the first man who left the burning building.
He was the first man to leave the burning building.
27. The last person who leaves the room must turn out the lights.
The last person to leave the room must turn out the lights.
28. The child is lonely; he would be happier if he had someone that he could play with.
The child is lonely; he would be happier if he had someone to play with.
29.   Here are some accounts that you must check.
Here are some accounts for you to check.
30. .  My brother is the only one who realized the danger.
My brother is the only one to realize the danger.
31. .  The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which has been built on the Clyde.
The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship to be built on the Clyde.
32. .  We had a river in which we could swim.
We had a river to swim in.
33. She said that she wasn’t going to buy any cards; she hadn’t anyone to whom she could send cards.
She said that she wasn’t going to buy any cards; she hadn’t anyone to send cards to.
34. .  Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.
Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
35. The fifth man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable.
The fifth man to be interviewed was entirely unsuitable.
36. I wish we had a garden that my children could play in.
I wish we had a garden for my children to play in.
37. I have some homework that I must do tonight.
I have some homework to do tonight.
38.   Have you brought a book that Kevin can read?
Have you brought a book for Kevin to read?
39. She is the only woman who was appointed to the board.
She is the only woman to be appointed to the board.
40.   The floor is dusty but I haven’t got a brush that I can sweep it with.
The floor is dusty but I haven’t got a brush to sweep it with.

Cách thức rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ

1. Chứa Tobe.

Loại bỏ đại từ quan hệ (ĐTQH), tobe và giữ nguyên phía sau.

Ví dụ: 

+ We have a chance to visit Germany, which is famous for car productions.

-> We have a chance to visit Germany famous for car productions.

2. Chứa ONLY, LAST, FIRST, SECOND, ... Hoac so sanh I => to V

– Công thức: ONLY/LAST/FIRST/SECOND + S + V (ed/2) 

– Cách dùng: Bỏ ĐTQH, chuyển thành TO – V nguyên mẫu

Ví dụ:

He is the last candidate who joins our competition. 

-> He is the last candidate to join our competition.

3. Xác định đặc tính của mệnh đề

– Mệnh đề bị động: câu có chứa chủ ngữ “được, bị” tác động bởi người/vật khác

 a. Đối với mệnh đề ở dạng chủ động

Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ dạng chủ động thì động từ được biến đổi thành V-ing.

Ví dụ:

– The woman who looks for her child is my aunt.

==> The woman looking for her child is my aunt (Người phụ nữ đang tìm con là dì của tôi).

 b. Đối với mệnh đề ở dạng bị động

Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ dạng bị động thì động từ biến đổi thành V-ed/2.

Ví dụ:

– The car which is being painted belongs to me.

=> The car painted belongs to me

4. Một số dấu hiệu khác cần chú ý

Noun-phr (Cụm danh từ):

Cụm danh từ, chia tương tự như Danh từ.

Ví dụ:

+ Carrot, which is a popular vegetable, is good for your health.

-> Carrot, a popular vegetable, is good for your health.

(Cà rốt, một loại rau phổ biến, tốt cho sức khỏe của bạn).

– Adj-phr (Cụm tính từ):

Cụm tính từ thì cần xác định thêm những dấu hiệu:

+ Trong câu có something, anything, anybody, … thì lược bỏ Relative Pronoun (Đại từ quan hệ)
và cả tobe.
 Change all of the adjective clauses to adjective phrases. Use the participles.
41. Only a few of the movie that are shown at the Gray Theater are suitable for children.
Only a few of the movie shown at the Gray Theater are suitable for children.
42. The couples who live in the house next door are both college professors.
The couples living in the house next door are both college professors.
43. A knuckle is a point that connects a finger to the rest of the hand.
A knuckle is a point connecting a finger to the rest of the hand.
44. Antarctica is covered by a huge ice cap that contains 70 percent of the earth’s fresh water.
Antarctica is covered by a huge ice cap containing 70 percent of the earth’s fresh water.
45. Only a small fraction of the eggs that are’ laid by a fish actually hatch and survive to adulthood.
Only a small fraction of the eggs laid by a fish actually hatch and survive to adulthood.
46. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way.
Our solar system is in a galaxy called the Milky Way.
47. None of the pedestrians who were walking up and down the busy street stopped to help the elderly
man who was slumped in the door way.
None of the pedestrians walking up and down the busy street stopped to help the elderly man
slumped in the door way.
48. Food that passes from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube which is called the esophagus.
Food passing from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube called the esophagus.
49. Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the
wild.
Animals born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those captured in the wi1d.
50. The children attended a special movie program that consisted of cartoons that featured Donald Duck
and Mickey Mouse.
The children attended a special movie program consisting of cartoons featuring Donal Duck and
Mickey Mouse.
51. The Indians who lived in Peru before the discovery of the New World by Europeans belonged to the
Incan culture.
The Indians living in Peru before the discovery of the New World by Europeans belonged to the Incan
culture.
52. I was awakened by the sound of laughter which came from the room which was next to mine at the
motel.
I was awakened by the sound of laughter coming from the room next to mine at the motel.

Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

53. We visited Madrid, which is the capital of Spain.
We visited Madrid, the capital of Spain.
54. Astronomy, which is the study of planets and stars, is one of the world’s oldest sciences.
 Astronomy, the study of planets and stars, is one of the world’s oldest sciences.
55. Jasmine, which is a viny plant with fragrant flowers, grows only in warm places.
Jasmine, a viny plant with fragrant flowers, grows only in warm places.
56. Arizona, which was once though to be a useless desert, is today a rapid growing industrial and
agricultural state.
Arizona, once thought to be a useless desert, is today a rapid growing industrial and agricultural
state.
57. Simon Bolivar, who was a great. South American general, led the fight for independence early in the
19th century.
Simon Bolivar, a great South American general, led the fight for independence early in the 19th
century.
58. Few tourists ever see a jaguar, which is a spotted wild cat that is native to tropical America.
Few tourists ever see a jaguar, a spotted wild cat that is native to tropical America.
59. Nero, who was Emperor of Rome from AD 54 to 68, is believed to have murdered both his mother
and his wife.
Nero, Emperor of Rome from A.D 54 to 68, is believed to have murdered both his mother and his
wife.
60. 1In hot weather, many people enjoy lemonate, which is a drink that is made from lemon juice, water,
and sugar.
In hot weather, many people enjoy lemonate, a drink that is made from lemon juice, water, and sugar.
61. My uncle Elias, who is a restaurant owner, often buy fish and shellfish from boats that are docked at
the local pier.
My uncle Elias, a restaurant owner, often buy fish and shellfish from boats that are docked at the local
pier.
62. Honolulu, which is best known to the travelers for Waikiki Beach, has consistently pleasant weather.
Honolulu, best known to the travelers for Waikiki Beach, has consistently pleasant weather.