A

DISSERTATION
ON
“LIGHT OPERATED RELAY”

In The Partial Fulfillment of Diploma Engineering

Submitted By

MD ZISHAN AKHTAR (Diploma 2nd Year, Registration No.: D202101962)

MOHAMMAD MASOOM (Diploma 2nd Year, Registration No.: D202101963 )
MD SAHIL KHAN (Diploma 2nd Year, Registration No.: D202101961)
MD SAHIL ALAM (Diploma 2nd Year, Registration No.: D212220156)
ANAND KUMAR (Diploma 2nd Year, Registration No.: D202101915 )
SUBHAM KUMAR PANDEY (Diploma 2nd Year, Registration No.: D192002302)

UNDER THE SUPER-VISION OF

Mr. Subinoy Choudhury
Lecturer, BCP

PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR
Mr. Abhijit Ghosh

Lecturer, BCP

BENGAL COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC, DURGAPUR

Sahid Sukumar Banerjee Sarani,
Bidhannagar, Durgapur-713212
West Bengal
 BENGAL COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and affiliated to WBSCT&VE&SD,Kolkata

CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE OF EVALUATION

COMMITTEE

The dissertation entitled “ Light Operated Relay ” has been prepared and submitted
by Md Zishan Akhtar, Mohammad Masoom, Md Sahil Khan, Md Sahil Alam, Subham
Kumar Pandey, Anand Kumar from department of Electrical Engineering in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of degree of diploma in Electrical engineering at BENGAL
COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC, Durgapur and is here by accepted for the award of degree.

Name and Designation Evaluation Signature

MR. MANISH KUMAR Satisfactory/Not

satisfactory Principal In-charge
BCP, Durgapur _______________________

MR. PRONOY DAS CHOUDHURY Satisfactory/Not

satisfactory H.O.D
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
BCP, Durgapur ________________________

MR. ABHIJIT GHOSH Satisfactory/Not

satisfactory Project Co-ordinator
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
BCP, Durgapur ________________________

Mr. Subinoy Choudhury Satisfactory/Not

satisfactory Lecturer
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
BCP, Durgapur

The dissertation has been examined by the evaluation committee and found acceptable.
 BENGAL COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and affiliated to WBSCT&VE&SD,Kolkata

SELF ATTESTED

This is to certify that we have ourselves worked on the dissertation untitled “Light Operated

Relay”. This result mentioned in the reports has been generated during the work and analyses are
genuine. It is the result of extensive work carried out by us. The data and information obtained
from other agencies has been dully acknowledged. The report and result submitted forward of the
Diploma and Electrical Engineering is a research is a work carried out by us. The dissertation has
not been submitted for the award of diploma in any other university.

Date: Participate candidate

Place- Durgapur (Md Zishan Akhtar)

(Mohammad Masoom)
(Md Sahil Khan)
(Md Sahil Alam)
(Subham Kumar Pandey)
(Anand Kumar)
 ABSTRACT

Making report is always an occasion to gather and share knowledge about the
various aspect of the subject. It provides us an opportunity to experiment and
implement practically the theoretical input gained in the classroom premises.

A Light / Dark activated switch is a circuit that will somehow measure the light level and
will turn on or off a relay accordingly. We will use an LDR (Light Depended Resistor) to
measure the light level. Also, we will not demonstrate only one circuit but instead, three
circuit will be put under the microscope. Each one will have different characteristics but
the operation will be the same.

As light falls on the surface of the LDR, the LDR changes it's resistance. The more the
light, the less the resistance of the LDR, the less the resistance, the less the voltage drop
across it. The less the light, the more the resistance and thus the more the voltage drop
across it.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We deem it a privilege to have been the student of BENGAL COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC,

DURGAPUR Department of Electrical Engineering. We are grateful to our advisor Mr. Subinoy
Choudhury, Lecturer, department of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, for introducing us to this
topic, his kind support, guidance, and encouragement throughout the dissertation work.

We would also take this opportunity to express our gratitude and sincere thanks to
our Principal in Charge MR. MANISH KUMAR, Bengal College Of Polytechnic and MR.
PRONOY DAS CHOUDHURY, HOD Of Electrical Engineering Department for his
invaluable advice, encouragement, aspiration and blessing.

We would like to take chance to express our appreciation to our family member for
constant prayer support and inspirational encouragements and moral supports which enables
us to pursue our studies. Their continuous love and support gave us strength to pursuing our
dream. Special thanks to our friend and other members of the department for being so
supportive and helpful in every possible way. We are very thankful to our entire faculty and
staff members of Electrical Engineering, Bengal College of polytechnic, and Durgapur
for their direct and indirect help and co-operation.

Best Regards to All of You!

___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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 Student Signature

CONTENTS

Sl.
No. Particulars Page No

01. Objectives 01

02. Circuit Diagram 01

03. Circuit Explanation 02

04. Components Used 02

05. 555ic Timer 03-09

06. Relay 10

07. Resistance 11

08. Light Dependant Resistor 12

09. Diodes 13

10. Capacitors 14

11 Conclusion 15

12. Reference 15

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 Objectives

This kit can operate as a twilight on/off switch or as a light trigger relay. Operated from 12
volts, this versatile project triggers a 6-amp relay when the light intensity falls below an
adjustable threshold. Turn lights on around the house when it goes dark or trigger an alarm
when a light is switched on. Kit supplied with Kwik Kit PCB, relay and all electronic
components.Recommended plugpack - MP3002.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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FIG:LIGHT OPERATED RELAY

Circuit Explanation
A light dependent resistor (LDR) Can be used with a 555 timer to form a
photo sensitive relay in an intruder alarm system or for switching on a light at sun set
and off at sun rise.

Resistor R1 in fig.1 is so adjusted that under normal conditions when the light is falling on
the photo-cell,the voltage across the photo-cell is less than 1/3 Vcc. The actual value of R1
will depend on the resistance of the LDR. The output in this condition high.As the day
light fades or the light on the LDR is interrupted by an intruder,the voltage across it rises
above 2/3 Vcc ,tripping the IC flip-flop.The output goes low actuating the relay.When the
light is restored,the voltage falls below 1/3 Vcc , again tripping the flip flop casuing the
output go high and the relay drops. The difference of 1/3Vcc between turning on and
turning off voltages prevents relay chatter. This differential can be reduced by connecting
a resistor R2 shown dotted in the figure. Its value is about one and a half times of the LDR
resistance in its illuminated condition.

Components Used

Timer : 555ic
Relay : Dc Relay 6 V Or 12 V( Operating Current 200 Max.)
Resistance : (A) R1:
(B) R2:
Ldr : Light Dependant Resistor
Didode : (D1)Dr-50 Or In-4001
Capacitor : 0.01 µf Ceramic

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 555ic Timer
 INTRODUCTION:
The 555 timer is one of the most remarkable integrated circuits ever
developed. It comes in a single or dual package and even low power cmos versions exist
- ICM7555. Common part numbers are LM555, NE555, LM556, NE556. The 555 timer
consists of two voltage comparators, a bi-stable flip flop, a discharge transistor, and a
resistor divider network.
     Philips describe their 555 monlithic timing circuit as a "highly stable
controller capable of producing accurate time delays, or oscillation. In the time delay
mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor.
For a stable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty cycle are
both accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may
be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output structure can source or sink up
to 200mA."

 HISTORY:
The 555 timer IC was first introduced arround 1971 by the Signetics
Corporation as the SE555/NE555 and was called "The IC Time Machine" and was also the
very first and only commercial timer ic available. It provided circuit designers and hobby
tinkerers with a relatively cheap, stable, and user-friendly integrated circuit for both
monostable and astable applications. Since this device was first made commercially
available, a myrad of novel and unique circuits have been developed and presented in
several trade, professional, and hobby publications. The past ten years some manufacturers
stopped making these timers because of competition or other reasons. Yet other
companies, like NTE (a subdivision of Philips) picked up where some left off.

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 Definition of Pin Functions:

Inside the 555 timer, at fig. 3, are the equivalent of over 20 transistors,
15 resistors, and 2 diodes, depending of the manufacturer. The equivalent circuit, in
block diagram, providing the functions of control, triggering, level sensing or
comparison, discharge, and power output. Some of the more attractive features of the
555 timer are: Supply voltage between 4.5 and 18 volt, supply current 3 to 6 mA, and a
Rise/Fall time of 100 nSec. It can also withstand quite a bit of abuse.

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FIG: Schematic Diagram of 555IC

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 Description:
Pin 1 (Ground):  The ground (or common) pin is the most-negative supply potential of the
device, which is normally connected to circuit common (ground) when operated from positive
supply voltages.

Pin 2 (Trigger):  This pin is the input to the lower comparator and is used to set the latch,
which in turn causes the output to go high. This is the beginning of the timing sequence in
monostable operation. Triggering is accomplished by taking the pin from above to below a
voltage level of 1/3 V+ (or, in general, one-half the voltage appearing at pin 5). The action of
the trigger input is level-sensitive, allowing slow rate-of-change waveforms, as well as pulses,
to be used as trigger sources. The trigger pulse must be of shorter duration than the time
interval determined by the external R and C. If this pin is held low longer than that, the output
will remain high until the trig input is driven high again.

Pin 3 (Output):  The output of the 555 comes from a high-current totem-pole stage made up of
transistors Q20 - Q24. Transistors Q21 and Q22 provide drive for source-type loads, and their
Darlington connection provides a high-state output voltage about 1.7 volts less than the V+
supply level used. Transistor Q24 provides current-sinking capability for low-state loads
referred to V+ (such as typical TTL inputs). Transistor Q24 has a low saturation voltage,
which allows it to interface directly, with good noise margin, when driving current-sinking
logic. Exact output saturation levels vary markedly with supply voltage, however, for both
high and low states. At a V+ of 5 volts, for instance, the low state Vce(sat) is typically 0.25
volts at 5 mA. Operating at 15 volts, however, it can sink 200mA if an output-low voltage
level of 2 volts is allowable (power dissipation should be considered in such a case, of
course). High-state level is typically 3.3 volts at V+ = 5 volts; 13.3 volts at V+ = 15 volts.
Both the rise and fall times of the output waveform are quite fast, typical switching times
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being 100nS.

Pin 4 (Reset):  This pin is also used to reset the latch and return the ouput to a low state. The
reset voltage threshold level is 0.7 volt, and a sink current of 0.1mA from this pin is required
to reset the device. These levels are relatively independent of operating V+ level; thus the
reset input is TTL compatible for any supply voltage.
The reset input is an overriding function; that is, it will force the output to a low state
regardless of the state of either of the other inputs. It may thus be used to terminate an output
pulse prematurely, to gate oscillations from "on" to "off", etc. Delay time from reset to output
is typically on the order of 0.5 µS, and the minumum reset pulse width is 0.5 µS. Neither of
these figures is guaranteed, however, and may vary from one manufacturer to another. In
short, the reset pin is used to reset the flip-flop that controls the state of output pin 3. The pin
is activated when a voltage level anywhere between 0 and 0.4 volt is applied to the pin. The
reset pin will force the output to go low no matter what state the other inputs to the flip-flop
are in. When not used, it is recommended that the reset input be tied to V+ to avoid any
possibility of false resetting.

Pin 5 (Control Voltage):  This pin allows direct access to the 2/3 V+ voltage-divider point, the
reference level for the upper comparator. It also allows indirect access to the lower
comparator, as there is a 2:1 divider (R8 - R9) from this point to the lower-comparator
reference input, Q13. Use of this terminal is the option of the user, but it does allow extreme
flexibility by permitting modification of the timing period, resetting of the comparator, etc.
When the 555 timer is used in a voltage-controlled mode, its voltage-controlled operation
ranges from about 1 volt less than V+ down to within 2 volts of ground (although this is not
guaranteed). Voltages can be safely applied outside these limits, but they should be confined
within the limits of V+ and ground for reliability.
By applying a voltage to this pin, it is possible to vary the timing of the device independently
of the RC network. The control voltage may be varied from 45 to 90% of the Vcc int eh
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monostabel mode, making it possible to control the width of the ouput pulse independently of
RC. When it is used in the astable mode, the control voltage can be varied from 1.7V to the
full Vcc. Varying the voltage in the astable mode will produce a frequency modulated (FM)
output.
Pin 6 (Threshold):  Pin 6 is one input to the upper comparator (the other being pin 5) and is
used to reset the latch, which causes the output to go low.
Resetting via this terminal is accomplished by taking the terminal from below to above a
voltage level of 2/3 V+ (the normal voltage on pin 5). The action of the threshold pin is level
sensitive, allowing slow rate-of-change waveforms.
The voltage range that can safely be applied to the threshold pin is between V+ and ground. A
dc current, termed the threshold current, must also flow into this terminal from the external
circuit. This current is typically 0.1µA, and will define the upper limit of total resistance
allowable from pin 6 to V+. For either timing configuration operating at V+ = 5 volts, this
resistance is 16 Mega-ohm. For 15 volt operation, the maximum value of resistance is 20
MegaOhms.

Pin 7 (Discharge):  This pin is connected to the open collector of a npn transistor (Q14), the
emitter of which goes to ground, so that when the transistor is turned "on", pin 7 is effectively
shorted to ground. Usually the timing capacitor is connected between pin 7 and ground and is
discharged when the transistor turns "on". The conduction state of this transistor is identical in
timing to that of the output stage. It is "on" (low resistance to ground) when the output is low
and "off" (high resistance to ground) when the output is high.

Pin 8 (V +):  The V+ pin (also referred to as Vcc) is the positive supply voltage terminal of
the 555 timer IC. Supply-voltage operating range for the 555 is +4.5 volts (minimum) to +16
volts (maximum), and it is specified for operation between +5 volts and + 15 volts. The
device will operate essentially the same over this range of voltages without change in timing
period. Actually, the most significant operational difference is the output drive capability,
which increases for both current and voltage range as the supply voltage is increased.
Sensitivity of time interval to supply voltage change is low, typically 0.1% per volt. There are
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special and military devices available that operate at voltages as high as 18 V.

Different Operating Modes Of Ic555 Timer

Monostable Mode:
The 555 in fig. 9a is shown here in it's utmost basic mode of operation;
as a triggered monostable. One immediate observation is the extreme simplicity of this
circuit. Only two components to make up a timer, a capacitor and a resistor. And for noise
immunity maybe a capacitor on pin 5. Due to the internal latching mechanism of the 555,
the timer will always time-out once triggered, regardless of any subsequent noise (such as
bounce) on the input trigger (pin 2). This is a great asset in interfacing the 555 with noisy
sources. Just in case you don't know what 'bounce' is: bounce is a type of fast, short term
noise caused by a switch, relay, etc. and then picked up by the input pin.
The trigger input is initially high (about 1/3 of +V). When a negative-going trigger pulse is
applied to the trigger input (see fig. 9a), the threshold on the lower comparator is exceeded.
The lower comparator, therefore, sets the flip-flop. That causes T1 to cut off, acting as an
open circuit. The setting of the flip-flop also causes a positive-going output level which is
the beginning of the output timing pulse.

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 Relay:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through

the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch
contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are
double throw (changeover) switches.

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be

completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a
relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay
between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and mechanical.

Advantages of relays:
relays

 Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
 Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
 Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
 Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Disadvantages of relays:
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  Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.
 Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times
per second.
 Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.

Resistance:-

Electrical resistance is a ratio of the degree that an object opposes an electric current
through it, measured in Ohms. Its reciprocal quantity is electrical conductance measured in
siemens. Assuming a uniform current density, an object's electrical resistance is a function
of both its physical geometry and the resistivity of the material it is made from:

where

ℓ is the length (in units of meters)

A is the cross sectional area (in units of m2), and
ρ is the resistivity (in units of Ω·m) of the material

Discovered by Georg Ohm in the late 1820s[1], electrical resistance shares some
conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion of friction. The SI unit of electrical
resistance is the ohm, symbol Ω. The resistance of an object determines the amount of
current through the object for a given potential difference across the object.

where

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 R is the resistance of the object, measured in Ohms, equivalent to J·s/C2
V is the potential difference across the object, measured in Volts
I is the current through the object, measured in Amperes

This ratio of voltage divided by electric current is also called the chordal resistance.

Light Dependant Resistor

A photoresistor or Light Dependent Resistor or CdS Cell is a resistor whose resistance

decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referred to as a
photoconductor.
A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the
device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound
electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and
its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor
has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, e.g. silicon. In intrinsic
devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must
have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices
have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the
conduction band; since the electrons don't have as far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e.,
longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample
of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be
extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.

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 Diodes:

Function:
Diodes allow electricity to flow in only one direction. The arrow of the circuit
symbol shows the direction in which the current can flow. Diodes are the electrical version
of a valve and early diodes were actually called valves.
Forward Voltage Drop:
Electricity uses up a little energy pushing its way through the diode, rather like a
person pushing through a door with a spring. This means that there is a small voltage
across a conducting diode, it is called the forward voltage drop and is about 0.7V for all
normal diodes which are made from silicon. The forward voltage drop of a diode is almost
constant whatever the current passing through the diode so they have a very steep
characteristic (current-voltage graph).
Reverse Voltage:
When a reverse voltage is applied a perfect diode does not conduct, but all real diodes leak
a very tiny current of a few µA or less. This can be ignored in most circuits because it will
be very much smaller than the current flowing in the forward direction. However, all
diodes have a maximum reverse voltage (usually 50V or more) and if this is exceeded the
diode will fail and pass a large current in the reverse direction, this is called breakdown.

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 Capacitors:

A capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in the

electric field between a pair of conductors (called "plates"). The process of storing energy
in the capacitor is known as "charging", and involves electric charges of equal magnitude,
but opposite polarity, building up on each plate. A capacitor's ability to store charge is
measured by its capacitance, in units of farads.
Capacitors are often used in electric and electronic circuits as energy-
storage devices. They can also be used to differentiate between high-frequency and low-
frequency signals. This property makes them useful in electronic filters. Practical
capacitors have series resistance, internal leakage of charge, series inductance and other
non- ideal properties not found in a theoretical, ideal, capacitor.
Capacitors are occasionally referred to as condensers. This term is
considered archaic in English, but most other languages use a cognate of condenser to
refer to a capacitor.
A wide variety of capacitors (see photos) have been
invented, including small electrolytic capacitors used in electronic circuits, basic parallel-
plate capacitors, mechanical variable capacitors, and the early Leyden jars, among
numerous other types of capacitors.
Theory of operation:
A capacitor consists of two conductive electrodes, or plates. Charge may however move
from one plate to the other through an external circuit, such as a battery connected
between the terminals.

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 Conclusion:
By doing this project we have gathered the knowledge of the 555 timer IC, and it’s
application. We get the idea of light dependent resistor and its application in this circuit.
The uses of capacitor, diode, resistor, relay. Here we implemented the circuit in an
innovative way and we able to minimize the cost for preparing this circuit. The work is
totally team work.
By using automatic night lamp we can save the power because the light are on when it's
gets dark otherwise lights are off there is no power wastage.

Reference
www.wickipedia.com
www.automKationdirect.com
www.kpsec.freeuk.com

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