Amplitude (Linear)

Modulation
Introduction, Baseband vs. Carrier Modulation

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel

Ver. 4.0
 Parts:
DSBSC
1. Introduction, Baseband vs. Carrier Modulation.
2. Double Sideband Amplitude Modulation
(DSBSC) DSB+C
VSB
3. Generation of AM signals (Modulator Circuits) AM
4. Amplitude Modulation (AM): DSB with Carrier Types
5. Quadrate Amplitude Modulation: QAM of AM
6. Side Band (SSB) Modulation
7. Vestigial Side Band (VSB)
8. Carrier Acquisition SSB QAM

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 2

Outline and class objectives
◼ Spectrum & Bandwidth
◼ Baseband vs. Passband
◼ Why to modulate? (Revisited Question)
◼ Types of carrier Modulations
◼ Types of Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 3

Spectrum & Bandwidth
◼ Spectrum
 Range of frequencies contained in a signal
◼ Absolute bandwidth
 Width of spectrum
Absolute bandwidth
◼ Effective bandwidth
 Often called just bandwidth
 Band of frequencies containing most of the
energy (𝐵 = 3𝑑𝐵 bandwidth= half power)
◼ DC Component
 Component of zero frequency

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 4

 Baseband vs Passband Transmission

◼ Baseband signals:
 Voice (0 − 4𝑘𝐻𝑧)
 TV (0 − 6 𝑀𝐻𝑧)
◼ A signal may be sent in its baseband
format when a dedicated wired
channel is available.
◼ Otherwise, it must be converted to
passband.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 5

Modulation: What and Why?
◼ The process of shifting the baseband signal to passband range is called
Modulation.
◼ The process of shifting the passband signal to baseband frequency range is
called Demodulation.
◼ Reasons for modulation:
1. Simultaneous transmission of several signals (FDM)
1
2. Practical Design of Antennas (Antenna length 𝛼 )
𝑓
3. Propagation characteristics are different at different frequencies. (low
frequency penetrates walls)
4. Exchange of power and bandwidth

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 6

Types of (Carrier) Modulation
𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑐 ) 𝑚(𝑡) ֞ 𝑀(𝑓).

◼ In modulation, one characteristic of a signal

(generally a sinusoidal wave) known as the carrier
is changed based on the information signal that
we wish to transmit (modulating signal).
 Amplitudemodulation (AM),
 Angle Modulation
◼ Phase modulation (PM),
◼ Frequency modulation (FM).

Note: the word modulation is also used for its English meaning without shifting frequencies, like in
PAM, PWM,PPM, PCM, DM which are all baseband signals to be discussed later

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 7

Types of Amplitude Modulation (AM)
𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑐 ) 𝑚(𝑡) ֞ 𝑀(𝑓).
𝜃𝑐 = 0 𝐵 𝐻𝑧 (or 2𝐵 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 )

◼ Double Sideband with Carrier (we will call it AM)

 The most widely used type of AM modulation. In fact, all radio channels DSBSC
in the AM band use this type of modulation.
◼ Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)
 Same as the AM modulation above but without the carrier. DSB+C
VSB
AM
◼ Single Sideband (SSB) Types
 Only half of the signal of the DSBSC is used. of AM
◼ Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
 A modification of the SSB to ease the generation and reception of the
signal.
SSB QAM
◼ Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
 Two signals are amplitude modulated one carrier is in quadrature phase
shift with the other.
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 8
Part 2:
Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)
Modulation
Dr. Ali Muqaibel

Class Objective:
• Def. DSBSC
• Modulation:
• In time
• In frequency
• Demodulation:
• In time
• In frequency
• Examples

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 9

DSBSC Modulation
◼ Message signal 𝑚(𝑡) with bandwidth 𝐵 𝐻𝑧 (or 2 𝐵 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 ).
𝑚(𝑡) ֞ 𝑀(𝑓).
◼ Let 𝑐(𝑡) be a carrier signal, 𝑐(𝑡) = cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡), 𝑓𝑐 ≫ 𝐵
1
𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡  [𝑀(𝑓 – 𝑓𝑐 ) + 𝑀(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 )].
2

𝑚(𝑡) X 𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑡

DSBSC Modulator (transmitter)

𝑐(𝑡)
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 10
Time and Frequency Representation of DSBSC
Modulation Process M(f )
A

f
-2fc -fc -B +B fc 2fc

C(f )

1/2 1/2
Shift Left Shift Right
f
-2fc -fc -B +B fc 2fc

GDSBSC(f )

A/2 A/2

USB LSB LSB USB

f
-2fc - fc -B -fc -fc +B fc -B fc fc +B 2fc

Bandwidth 𝐵 𝐻𝑧 ➔ 2𝐵 𝐻𝑧
USB: Upper Sideband (above 𝑓𝑐 )
LSB: Lower sideband (below 𝑓𝑐 )
To avoid overlap of the frequency spectrum, and
𝑚(𝑡) can be recovered,
𝑓𝑐 > 𝐵
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 11
DSBSC Demodulation 𝑒(𝑡)
𝐻𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝑓 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑡 X BW=𝐵 𝐻𝑧
◼ 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 (𝑡) × cos 𝜔c𝑡
• 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡) cos2(𝜔𝑐𝑡)
𝑚 𝑡
𝑐(𝑡)
• 𝑒 𝑡 = 1 + cos 2𝜔𝑐𝑡
2
𝑚 𝑡 𝑚 𝑡
DSBSC Demodulator (receiver)
• 𝑒 𝑡 = + cos(2𝜔𝑐𝑡)
2 2

𝑀 𝑓 1
◼ 𝐸 𝑓  + [𝑀(𝑓 – 2𝑓𝑐 ) + 𝑀(𝑓 + 2𝑓𝑐 )].
2 4

◼ The output signal 𝑓(𝑡) of the LPF will be

1 1
𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) ֞ 𝑀(𝑓).
2 2

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 12

 GDSBSC(f )
Time and Frequency
A/2 A/2
Representation of DSBSC USB LSB LSB USB
f
Demodulation Process -2fc - fc -B -fc -fc +B fc -B fc fc +B 2fc

C(f )

1/2 1/2

Shift Left Shift Right Shift Left Shift Right

f
-fc fc

E(f)

A/4 A/2 A/4

f
-2fc -B -2fc -2fc +B -B +B 2fc -B 2fc 2fc +B

HLPF(f)

f
-B +B

F(f)

A/2

f
-B +B

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 13

 𝑀(𝜔)
Example (DSBSC Dual Tone Modulation) 2𝜋 2𝜋

𝜋 𝜋
◼ A modulating signal 𝑚(𝑡) is given by
𝑚 𝑡 = 2 cos 20𝑡 + cos 30𝑡 𝜔
−30 −20 20 30
◼ Sketch the spectrum of 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑀(𝑓)
◼ Sketch the spectrum of the DSB-SC signal 1 1
2𝑚 𝑡 cos 100𝑡 1 1
◼ Note the answer can be illustrated using PicoScope ® or Matlab® 2 2
◼ See similar example in the book 𝑓
15 10 10 15
− −
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
50
𝜔𝑐 = 100 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑐 = 2
𝜋 𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 )
2
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
𝑓
65 60 40 35 35 40 60 65
− − − −
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 14
Practice:
◼ A 100 kHz carrier cos(2𝜋 ⋅ 105 ⋅ 𝑡) is amplitude-modulated (DSBSC) by a signal 𝑚(𝑡) given as:
𝑚(𝑡) = 20 ⋅ cos(2𝜋 ⋅ 103 ⋅ 𝑡) + 16 ⋅ cos(4𝜋 ⋅ 103 ⋅ 𝑡)
◼ What frequencies are contained in the resultant modulated signal?
◼ Sketch the frequency spectrum of the resultant signal.

Frequencies in resultant modulated signal:

𝑓𝑐 ± 𝑓1 , 𝑓𝑐 ± 𝑓2 , or more precisely:
98, 99, 101, 102 [𝑘𝐻𝑧].

You can also sketch the double sided spectrum (magnitudes will be reduced to 5
& 4. You may also use the radian frequency and all deltas will be scaled by 2π.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 15

 Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel
ver 3.4

Part 3:
Generation of AM signals (Modulator Circuits)
Class Objective:
• Introduction
1) Multiplier Circuits
2) Non-Linear Circuits
3) Switching Circuits
a) Diode-bridge
b) Ring Modulator
• Demodulation of DSBSC

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 16

Modulator Circuits
◼ Basically we are after multiplying a signal with a carrier.
◼ There are three realizations of this operation:
1. Multiplier Circuits
2. Non-Linear Circuits
3. Switching Circuits
1. Diode-bridge 𝑔(𝑡) X Multiplication
2. Ring Modulator
𝑐(𝑡)

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 17

1. Multiplier Modulators
◼ Direct multiplications is undesirable for two main reasons:
 Expensive
 Linearity problems
𝑚(𝑡)

𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑐𝑡)

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 18

Non-Linear Devices (NLD)
◼ A NLD is a device whose input-output relation is non-linear. One such
𝑣𝐷 /𝑣𝑇
example is the diode (𝑖𝐷 = 𝑒 ).
◼ The output of a NLD can be expressed as a power series of the input, that is
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑏𝑥2(𝑡) + 𝑐𝑥3(𝑡) + …
◼ When 𝒙(𝒕) << 𝟏, the higher powers can be neglected, and the output can
be approximated by the first two terms.
◼ When the input 𝑥(𝑡) =𝑚(𝑡) + 𝑐(𝑡),
 𝑥2(𝑡) will have the product term 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐(𝑡)

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 19

Non-Linear Modulators
The following block diagram is a simpler DSBSC modulator, where the non–linear device has
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑏𝑥2(𝑡) + 𝑐𝑥3(𝑡) + …
𝑎 , 𝑐, … . = 0 and 𝑏 = 1

m(t)

x(t) y(t) HBPF()

Cntr Freq. = C
 Non-Linear Device
( . )2 BW = 4B rad/s
q(t)
= 2B Hz
c(t)
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑐(𝑡) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑚2 𝑡 + 2𝑚 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑐 2 (𝑡) 𝑞 𝑡 = 2𝑚 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡

Another DSBSC modulation using a non-linear device

Exercise: verify that this system is able to do DSBSC modulation

However, this system can be used for demodulation only if the magnitude of the message signal is
significantly small such that the square of that signal is much lower (and therefore can be ignored)
than the magnitude of the message signal.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 20

 This circuit is single balanced

2. Non-Linear Modulators modulator. It is balanced for the

carrier as no carrier term appears at
the input to the BPF. Double
balanced modulator exist were only
+ x1(t) the product term appears at the input
m(t)  Non-Linear Device
a( . )+b( . )2
y1(t) to the BPF.

+ z(t) HBPF()
 Cntr Freq. = C q(t)
– y2(t) BW = 4B
x2(t) –
c(t)
+
 Non-Linear Device
a( . )+b( . )2

DSBSC modulation using non-linear device

𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 y1 (t ) = acos(C t ) + m(t ) + bcos(C t ) + m(t )

2

𝑥2 𝑡 = 𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚(𝑡)

= a cos(C t ) + am(t ) + bm 2 (t ) + 2bm(t )  cos(C t ) + b cos 2 (C t )
b b
= am(t ) + bm 2 (t ) + 2bm(t )  cos(C t ) + a cos(C t ) + + cos(2C t )
    2 2 
𝑧 𝑡 = 𝑦1 𝑡 − 𝑦2 𝑡 Undesired Undesired Desired Undesired  
Undesired Undesired

2𝑎𝑚 𝑡 4𝑏𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) y2 (t ) = acos(C t ) - m(t ) + bcos(C t ) - m(t )

2
𝑧 𝑡 = +
𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = a cos(C t ) - am(t ) + bm 2 (t ) - 2bm(t )  cos(C t ) + b cos 2 (C t )
b b
= - am(t ) + bm 2 (t ) - 2bm(t )  cos(C t ) + a cos(C t ) + + cos(2C t )
    2 2 
𝑞(𝑡) = 4𝑏𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) Undesired Undesired Desired Undesired  
Undesired Undesired

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 21

Non-Linear Devices (NLD)
◼ A NLD is a device whose input-output relation is non-linear. One such
𝑣𝐷 /𝑣𝑇
example is the diode (𝑖𝐷 = 𝑒 ).
◼ The output of a NLD can be expressed as a power series of the input, that is
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑏𝑥2(𝑡) + 𝑐𝑥3(𝑡) + …
◼ When 𝒙(𝒕) << 𝟏, the higher powers can be neglected, and the output can
be approximated by the first two terms.
◼ When the input 𝑥(𝑡) =𝑚(𝑡) + 𝑐(𝑡),
 𝑥2(𝑡) will have the product term 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐(𝑡)

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 22

Non-Linear Modulators
The following block diagram is a simpler DSBSC modulator, where the non–linear device has
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑏𝑥2(𝑡) + 𝑐𝑥3(𝑡) + …
𝑎 , 𝑐, … . = 0 and 𝑏 = 1

m(t)

x(t) y(t) HBPF()

Cntr Freq. = C
 Non-Linear Device
( . )2 BW = 4B rad/s
q(t)
= 2B Hz
c(t)
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑐(𝑡) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑚2 𝑡 + 2𝑚 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑐 2 (𝑡) 𝑞 𝑡 = 2𝑚 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡

Another DSBSC modulation using a non-linear device

Exercise: verify that this system is able to do DSBSC modulation

However, this system can be used for demodulation only if the magnitude of the message signal is
significantly small such that the square of that signal is much lower (and therefore can be ignored)
than the magnitude of the message signal.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 23

 This circuit is single balanced

2. Non-Linear Modulators modulator. It is balanced for the

carrier as no carrier term appears at
the input to the BPF. Double
balanced modulator exist were only
+ x1(t) the product term appears at the input
m(t)  Non-Linear Device
a( . )+b( . )2
y1(t) to the BPF.

+ z(t) HBPF()
 Cntr Freq. = C q(t)
– y2(t) BW = 4B
x2(t) –
c(t)
+
 Non-Linear Device
a( . )+b( . )2

DSBSC modulation using non-linear device

𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 y1 (t ) = acos(C t ) + m(t ) + bcos(C t ) + m(t )

2

𝑥2 𝑡 = 𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚(𝑡)

= a cos(C t ) + am(t ) + bm 2 (t ) + 2bm(t )  cos(C t ) + b cos 2 (C t )
b b
= am(t ) + bm 2 (t ) + 2bm(t )  cos(C t ) + a cos(C t ) + + cos(2C t )
    2 2 
𝑧 𝑡 = 𝑦1 𝑡 − 𝑦2 𝑡 Undesired Undesired Desired Undesired  
Undesired Undesired

2𝑎𝑚 𝑡 4𝑏𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) y2 (t ) = acos(C t ) - m(t ) + bcos(C t ) - m(t )

2
𝑧 𝑡 = +
𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = a cos(C t ) - am(t ) + bm 2 (t ) - 2bm(t )  cos(C t ) + b cos 2 (C t )
b b
= - am(t ) + bm 2 (t ) - 2bm(t )  cos(C t ) + a cos(C t ) + + cos(2C t )
    2 2 
𝑞(𝑡) = 4𝑏𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) Undesired Undesired Desired Undesired  
Undesired Undesired

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 24

 3. Switching Modulators
◼ Any periodic function can be expressed as a series of cosines (Fourier Series).
∞

∅ 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑐𝑛 cos(𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑛 )
𝑛=0
◼ The information signal, 𝑚(𝑡), can therefore be, equivalently, multiplied by any periodic
function, and followed by BPF.
∞

𝑚(𝑡)∅ 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑐𝑛 𝑚(𝑡)cos(𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑛 )
𝑛=0
◼ Spectrum of 𝑀(𝑓) is shifted to 0, ± 𝑓𝑐 , ± 2𝑓𝑐 , ± 3𝑓𝑐 , … , , ± 𝑛𝑓𝑐
◼ We can use a BPF with bandwidth of 2𝐵 𝐻𝑧 , and center frequency 𝑓𝑐 .
◼ Did we make things worse ?
◼ Let this periodic function be a train of pulses. Multiplication by a train of pulses can be realized
by simple switching.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 25

Switching Modulator Illustration
𝑚(𝑡)

1 2 1 1
𝑤 𝑡 = + cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − cos 3𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + cos 5𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − ⋯
2 𝜋 3 5

1 2 1
𝑚 𝑡 ×𝑤 𝑡 =𝑚 𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − cos 3𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ⋯
2 𝜋 3

2
𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝜋

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 26

Switching Modulator: Diode Bridge
D1 D3

HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C vx = m(t).cos(Ct)
m(t) BW = 4B rad/s
= 2B Hz
c(t)
D2 D4

Diode-bridge electronic switch

Series-bridge diode modulator Shunt-bridge diode modulator

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 27

Diode Bridge Operation
D1 D3

HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C vx = m(t).cos(Ct)
m(t)  BW = 4B rad/s
= 2B Hz
c(t)
D2 D4

HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C vx = m(t).cos(Ct)
m(t)  BW = 4B rad/s
= 2B Hz

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 28

Switching Modulator: Ring Double balanced modulator
4 1
𝑤0 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜔𝑐 + ⋯
𝜋 3

𝑘𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝑚(𝑡)

𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑤0 𝑡
4 1
= 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜔𝑐 + ⋯
𝜋 3
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 29

Demodulation of DSBSC
◼ The modulator circuits can be used for demodulation, but replacing the
BPF by a LPF of bandwidth 𝐵 𝐻𝑧.
◼ The receiver must generate a carrier frequency in phase and frequency
synchronization with the incoming carrier.
◼ This type of demodulation is therefore called coherent or synchronous
demodulation (or detection).
e(t) HLPF()
gDSBSC(t) X BW = 2B
f(t)

c(t)

DSBSC Demodulator (receiver)

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 30

 Example: Bridge circuit as a demodulator

◼ Analyze the bridge modulator as a demodulator.

◼ 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 × 𝑤 𝑡
1 2 1
◼ = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − cos 3𝜔𝑐 𝑡 +⋯
2 𝜋 3
2
◼ = 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ⋯
𝜋
1 1
◼ = 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ⋯ D1 D3

𝜋 𝜋 HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C vx = m(t).cos(Ct)
m(t) BW = 4B rad/s

◼ Using a LPF D2
c(t)
D4
= 2B Hz

1
◼ = 𝑚 𝑡
𝜋
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 31
 Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel

Introduction from DSBSC to DSBWC(AM)

Definition of AM
Modulation index
Power efficiency
AM signals in time and frequency domains

Next:
AM Generation and Demodulation Circuits

Part 4: Amplitude Modulation

DOUBLE SIDE-BAND WITH CARRIER

(DSBWC) (AM)

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 32

 From DSBSC to DSBWC (AM)
◼ Carrier recovery circuits, which are required for the operation of
coherent demodulation, are sophisticated and could be quite costly point-to-point
(at thousand of miles)

▪ DSBSC is ok for point-to-point communications but not for

broadcasting. (why?)

• If we can let 𝑚(𝑡) be the envelope of the modulated signal,

broadcasting
then a much simpler circuit, the envelope detector, can be
used for demodulation (non-coherent demodulation).
• How can we make 𝑚(𝑡) be the envelope of the modulated
signal?

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 33

 𝑚(𝑡)
𝐴

Definition of AM
𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡)
◼ Shift 𝑚(𝑡) by some DC value “𝐴” such that 𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡) ≥ 0. Or
𝐴 ≥ 𝒎𝒑 𝐴
𝑔𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑔𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡)cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

◼ Called DSBWC. Here will refer to it as Full AM, or simply AM

◼ Modulation index 𝜇 = 𝑚𝑝 /𝐴.
0≤𝜇≤1
𝐴
◼ 𝜇 > 1 overmodulation and must use coherent (synchronous)
demodulation.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 34

 𝑚(𝑡)
𝑚𝑝

𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡) > 0 for all t

𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡) ≯ 0 for all t

|𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡)|

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 35

For non symmetric message amplitude, modulation index
◼ Even if 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≠ −𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛 , the modulation index is
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜇=
2𝐴+𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛
◼ For the special case that 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑝
𝜇 = 𝑚𝑝 /𝐴
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 36

Spectrum of AM
𝑔𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝐴 1
𝑔𝐴𝑀 𝑡 ֞ 𝛿 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝛿 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐
2 2
1
𝑔𝐴𝑀 𝑡 ֞ 𝜋𝐴 𝛿 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐 + 𝛿 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑀 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑀 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐
2

GAM(f)

USB LSB LSB USB

f
-2fc -fc-B -fc -fc+B +fc-B 2fc
+fc +fc+B

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 37

The “Buy” and “Price” of AM
◼ Buy: Simplicity in demodulation.
◼ Price: Waste in Power
𝑔𝐴𝑀(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡
Carrier Power 𝑃𝑐 = 𝐴2/2 (carries no information)
Sideband Power 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑚 /2 (useful)
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑚
Power efficiency = 𝜂 = = = 100%
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑠 𝐴2 +𝑃𝑚

𝑃𝑚 𝑃
= 𝐴2 /2𝑚+ 𝑃 *Common mistakes
𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑚 𝑚

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 38

 Example: Single Tone Modulation
◼ 𝑚(𝑡) = 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑚𝑡 , Find the efficiency?
◼ 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑚𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡
◼ 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴 1 + 𝐵/𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑚𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡
𝐵
◼ 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐴[1 + 𝜇 cos(𝜔𝑚𝑡)] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡 , 𝜇 = 𝐴
𝐵2
𝑃𝑚 2 𝜇2
◼ 𝜂= = 𝐵2
=
𝐴2 +𝑃𝑚 𝐴2 + 2 2+𝜇2

◼ Best conditions, 𝜇 = 1 ➔ 𝜂 max = 1/3 = 33%

◼ For 𝜇 = 0.5, 𝜂 = 11.11%
◼ For 𝜇 = 0.3, 𝜂 = 4.3%
◼ For practical signals, 𝜂 < 25%
Would you use AM or DSBSC?
Practice with dual tone Only for single tone 𝜂 = 𝜇2/(2 + 𝜇2)
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 39
 𝑚(𝑡)

Practice:
𝑡

◼ The message 𝑚(𝑡) is a periodic pulse train as shown in

the figure. The signal is modulated using AM.
a) Sketch the AM signal [𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡)] cos 𝜔𝑐𝑡 corresponding
to the modulation index 𝜇 = 0.666667
b) How much is the power efficiency in this case?

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 40

 Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel

Generation Circuits Similar to DSBSC

Simpler AM Generation
Demodulation of AM Signals
• Rectifier Detector
• Envelope Detector

Part 5: Amplitude Modulation

GENERATION AND DEMODULATION

OF AM
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 41
 Generation of AM
◼ AM signals can be generated by any DSBSC modulator, by using 𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡) as
input instead of 𝑚(𝑡).
◼ In fact, the presence of the carrier term can make it even simpler. We can
use it for switching instead of generating a local carrier.
 The switching action can be made by a single diode instead of a diode bridge.

+ x1(t)
𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡)
m(t)  Non-Linear Device
a( . )+b( . )2
y1(t)
D1 D3

+ z(t) HBPF() HBPF()

 Cntr Freq. = C q(t) 𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡) m(t) Cntr Freq. = C

BW = 4B rad/s
vx = m(t).cos(Ct) 𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡)
– y2(t) BW = 4B c(t)
= 2B Hz

x2(t) –
 Non-Linear Device D2 D4
c(t)
+ a( . )+b( . )2

DSBSC modulation using non-linear device

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 42

 𝑣𝑅 (𝑡)

AM Generator m(t)

R BPF 𝑣𝑜v(𝑡)
o(t)

cos(ct)
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔 𝑐 𝑡)
◼ 𝐴 >> 𝑚(𝑡)
(to ensure switching at every period).
1 2 1
◼ 𝑣𝑅 (𝑡) = [𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡)][ + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡 − cos3𝜔𝑐𝑡 + … )]
2 𝜋 3
𝐴 2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡 + ⋯.
2 𝜋
𝐴 2
◼ 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐𝑡
2 𝜋
 other terms are suppressed by BPF.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 43

AM Generation Process (Frequency) 𝑣𝑅 (𝑡)

m(t)

R BPF 𝑣𝑜vo(𝑡)
(t)

𝑉𝑅 (𝜔) cos(ct)
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)

𝑉𝑜(𝜔)

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 44

 AM Demodulation: Rectifier Detector
capacitor
◼ Coherent: Rarely used for full AM.
◼ Non-coherent: C

1. Rectifier,
m(t)
2. Envelope [A+m(t)]cos(ct) LPF
R

1. Rectifier Detector
 Because of the presence of a carrier term in the
received signal, switching can be performed in switching
the same way we did in the modulator.
 Block DC (𝐴) by capacitor.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 45

Rectifier Detector: Time & Frequency Analysis

𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 46

Rectifier Detector (Time & Frequency Domains)

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 47

2. Envelope Detector 𝐷

[A+m(t)]cos(ct) C R vo(t)

◼ When the diode (𝐷) is forward-biased, the capacitor charges and

follows input.
◼ When 𝐷 is reverse-biased, the capacitor discharges through 𝑅.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 48

2. Envelope Detection
◼ The operations of the circuit requires careful selection of 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
◼ If 𝑅𝐶 is too large, discharging will be slow and the circuit cannot
follow a decreasing envelope.
◼ When 𝑅𝐶 is too small the ripples will be high.
1/𝐵 >> 𝜏 >> 1/𝑓𝑐
◼ The ripples are finally removed by LPF.
◼ The DC value is blocked by a capacitor.

[A+m(t)]cos(ct) C R vo(t)

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 49

 Exercise:
◼ Compare Rectifier Detector with Envelope detector.
(Find the answer in the text)
◼ Rectifier: Half wave rectifier +LPF, synchronous
effect, 𝑅𝐶 LPF to separate 𝑚(𝑡)
◼ Envelope detector: Half-wave rectifier +LPF,
nonlinear operation, 𝑅𝐶 depends on 𝜇 for LPF.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 50

 Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel

Objectives:
▪ Definition
▪ Modulation
▪ Demodulation
▪ Phase and frequency mismatch
▪ Advantages and disadvantages of QAM

Part 5:

QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE
MODULATION (QAM)

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 51

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
◼ In DSBSC or AM the modulated signal occupies double the bandwidth of
the baseband signal.
◼ It is possible to send two signals over the same band, one modulated with a
cosine and one with sine.
◼ Interesting enough, the two signals can be received separately after
demodulation.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 52

 QAM Modulation and Demodulation
m1(t)cos2(ct) + m2(t)sin(ct)cos(ct)
=m1(t)/2+m1(t) cos(2ct)/2 + m2(t)sin(2ct)/2

IN-PHASE Baseband Around c Around c

modulator branch
m1(t)cos(ct)
HLPF()
m1(t) X X BW = 2B
m1(t)/2

cos(ct) cos(ct) IN-PHASE

demodulator branch

Phase Shifter Phase Shifter
sin(ct) sin(ct) QUADRATURE
– /2 – /2 demodulator branch

HLPF()
m2(t)
X X BW = 2B
m2(t)/2
m2(t)sin(ct)

QUADRATURE
m1(t)cos(ct)sin(ct) + m2(t)sin2(ct)
modulator branch gQAM(t)=m1(t)cos(ct) + m2(t)sin(ct)
=m1(t)sin(2ct)/2 + m2(t)/2 – m2(t)cos(2ct)/2

Around c Baseband Around c

QAM Modulator/Demodulator
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 53
Demodulation: Carrier Phase and/or Frequency Mismatch
m1(t)cos(ct)cos[(c+t+ + m2(t)sin(ct)cos[(c+t+
=(1/2)[m1(t)cos(t+) + m1(t) cos(2ct+t+) – m2(t)sin(t+) + m2(t)sin(2ct+t+)]

Baseband Around c Baseband Around c

m1(t)cos(ct)
HLPF()
m1(t) X X (1/2)[m1(t)cos(t+) – m2(t)sin(t+)]
BW = 2B

cos(ct) cos[(c+t+


Phase Shifter Phase Shifter
sin(ct) – /2 – /2 sin[(c+t+

HLPF()
m2(t) X X BW = 2B
(1/2)[m1(t)sin(t+) + m2(t)cos(t+)]
m2(t)sin(ct)

m1(t)cos(ct) + m2(t)sin(ct) m1(t)cos(ct)sin[(c+t+ + m2(t)sin(ct)sin[(c+t+

=(1/2)[m1(t)sin(t+) + m1(t) sin(2ct+t+) + m2(t)cos(t+) – m2(t)cos(2ct+t+)]

Baseband Around c Baseband Around c

QAM Modulator/Demodulator with Demodulator Carrier Phase and/or Frequency Error

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 54
 Carrier Phase and/or Frequency Mismatch
1
𝑟1 𝑡 = [𝑚1(𝑡)cos(2𝜋∆𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃) – 𝑚2(𝑡)sin(2𝜋∆𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃)]
2
1
𝑟2 𝑡 = [𝑚1(𝑡)sin(2𝜋∆𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃) + 𝑚2(𝑡)cos(2𝜋∆𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃)]
2
If the carrier at the receiver has a small frequency error 𝑓 (but a phase error 𝜃 = 0),
the two output signal become
1
𝑟1 𝑡 = [𝑚1(𝑡)cos(2𝜋∆𝑓𝑐 𝑡) – 𝑚2(𝑡)sin(2𝜋∆𝑓𝑐 𝑡)] Time varying Co-channel
2 interference
1
𝑟2 𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝑡 sin 2𝜋∆𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚2 𝑡 cos 2𝜋∆𝑓𝑐 𝑡
2
If the carrier at the. receiver has a phase error  (but a frequency error 𝑓 = 0), the two
output signal become
1
𝑟1 𝑡 = [𝑚1(𝑡)cos(𝜃) – 𝑚2(𝑡)sin(𝜃)] The ratio of the two
2 messages in each output is
1
𝑟2 𝑡 = [𝑚1(𝑡)sin(𝜃) + 𝑚2(𝑡)cos(𝜃)] a constant.
2
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 55
Advantages and Disadvantages of QAM
◼ Advantages and disadvantages of QAM
+ Bandwidth Efficiency: Transmit two signals (each of bandwidth 𝐵) at 2𝐵.
 - Requires coherent demodulation with exact phase and frequency.

◼ Did you know?

 The cos term is known as the in-phase (I) component and the sin term is
known as the quadrature (Q) component.
 QAM is used in color TV for colors information.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 56

Matlab Demo: Impact of Carrier Phase and/or Frequency
1
Mismatch in QAM 𝑟1 𝑡 = [𝑚 (𝑡)cos(2𝜋∆𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃) – 𝑚 (𝑡)sin(2𝜋∆𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃)]
2 1 2
1
𝑟2 𝑡 = [𝑚1(𝑡)sin(2𝜋∆𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃) + 𝑚2(𝑡)cos(2𝜋∆𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃)]
◼ Sound and Plots 2

𝜃 = 10𝑜 , ∆𝑓 = 10𝐻𝑧 𝜃 = 90𝑜 , ∆𝑓 = 0 𝐻𝑧

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 57

 Class Objective:
1.Introduction & Definition
2.Time Domain Representation
3.Hilbert Transform
4.Generation
a. Selective Filtering
b. Phase Shifting
5.Demodulation of SSB
a. Coherent
b. Non-Coherent (SSB+C)
Amplitude Modulation
Part 6:
SINGLE SIDEBAND (SSB) MODULATION
VERSION 3.0

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 58

Single-Side Band (SSB) Modulation
◼ DSBSC (as well as AM) occupies double the
bandwidth of the baseband signal, although the two
sides carry the same information.
◼ QAM requires co-located 𝑚1 𝑡 and 𝑚2 𝑡
◼ Why not send only one side, the upper or the lower?
◼ Modulation: similar to DSBSC. Only change the
settings of the BPF (center frequency, bandwidth).
◼ Demodulation: similar to DSBSC (coherent)

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 59

SSB Frequency Representation
How would we represent
the SSB signal in the
time domain?
𝑔𝑈𝑆𝐵(𝑡) = ?
𝑔𝐿𝑆𝐵(𝑡) = ?

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 60

 Time-Domain Representation of SSB (1/2)

◼ 𝑀(𝑓) = 𝑀+ (𝑓) + 𝑀− (𝑓)

◼ Let 𝑚+ (𝑡) ↔ 𝑀+ (𝑓) and 𝑚− 𝑡 ↔ 𝑀− 𝑓 .Then:
𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑚+ 𝑡 + 𝑚− (𝑡)
[linearity]
◼ Because 𝑀+ (𝑓) and 𝑀− (𝑓) are not even ➔
𝑚+ (𝑡), 𝑚− (𝑡) are complex.
◼ Since their sum is real they must be
conjugates.
𝑚+ (𝑡) = ½ [𝑚(𝑡) + 𝑗 𝑚ℎ(𝑡)]
𝑚− (𝑡) = ½ [𝑚(𝑡) − 𝑗 𝑚ℎ(𝑡)]
◼ What is 𝑚ℎ(𝑡) ?

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 61

Time-Domain Representation of SSB (2/2)
𝑀(𝑓) = 𝑀+ (𝑓) + 𝑀− (𝑓)
𝑀+ (𝑓) = 𝑀(𝑓)𝑢(𝑓); 𝑀− (𝑓) = 𝑀(𝑓)𝑢(−𝑓)

1 1 1 1
𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓) = 2𝑢(𝑓) − 1 ➔ 𝑢(𝑓) = + 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓); 𝑢(−𝑓) = − 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓)
2 2 2 2
1
𝑀+ (𝑓) = [ 𝑀(𝑓) + 𝑀(𝑓)𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓)]
2
1
𝑀− (𝑓) = [𝑀(𝑓) − 𝑀(𝑓)𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓)]
2
Comparing to from previous slide:
1 1
𝑚+ (𝑡) = [𝑚(𝑡) + 𝑗 𝑚ℎ(𝑡)] ↔ [𝑀(𝑓) + 𝑗 𝑀ℎ(𝑓)]
2 2
1 1
𝑚− (𝑡) = [𝑚(𝑡) − 𝑗 𝑚ℎ(𝑡)] ↔ [𝑀(𝑓) − 𝑗 𝑀ℎ(𝑓)]
2 2
We find
𝑀ℎ(𝑓) = − 𝑗 𝑀(𝑓) ∙ 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚ℎ(𝑡) ↔ 𝑀ℎ(𝑓)
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 62
Hilbert Transform
◼ 𝑚ℎ(𝑡) is known as the Hilbert Transform (HT) of 𝑚(𝑡).
◼ The transfer function of this transform is given by:
𝐻(𝑓) = −𝑗 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓) |H()| = 1

H() = – jsgn()



= - sgn
–j /2

–/2
◼ It is basically a 𝜋/2 phase shifter

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 63

 Example :Hilbert Transform of cos(ct)
1
cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ↔ [𝛿(𝑓 – 𝑓𝑐 ) + 𝛿(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 )]
2
1
𝐻𝑇[cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)] ↔ −𝑗 𝑠𝑔𝑛 𝑓 𝛿 𝑓 – 𝑓𝑐 + 𝛿 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐
2 1
= +𝑗 𝑠𝑔𝑛 𝑓 −𝛿 𝑓 – 𝑓𝑐 − 𝛿 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐
2
𝑗
= + −𝛿 𝑓 – 𝑓𝑐 + 𝛿 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐
2
𝑗
+ −𝛿 𝑓 – 𝑓𝑐 + 𝛿 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 ↔ sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2

Which is expected since:

𝜋
cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − ) = sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 64
Time-Domain Operation for Hilbert
Transformation
For Hilbert Transformation 𝐻(𝑓) = −𝑗 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓).
What is ℎ(𝑡)?
𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑡) ↔ 2/(𝑗2𝜋𝑓) [From FT table]
1
↔ 𝑠𝑔𝑛(−𝑓) [symmetry] 𝐻 𝑓 = −𝑗𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓) 𝑚ℎ (𝑡)
𝑗𝜋𝑡 𝑚(𝑡) 1
1 ℎ(𝑡) =
𝜋𝑡
↔ −𝑗 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓)
𝜋𝑡
Since 𝑀ℎ(𝑓) = − 𝑗 𝑀(𝑓) ∙ 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓) = 𝐻(𝑓) ∙ 𝑀(𝑓)
1 1 +∞ 𝑚 𝛼
Then 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 = ∗ 𝑚 𝑡 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑑𝛼
𝜋𝑡 𝜋 𝑡−𝛼

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 65

Finally …
𝐺𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝑓 = 𝑀+ 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀− 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐
𝑔𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚+ 𝑡 𝑒 +𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚− (𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡
1 1
𝑔𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 𝑒 +𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑚ℎ (𝑡)𝑒 +𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡
2 2
1 1
+2 𝑚 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 2 𝑗𝑚ℎ (𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡
= 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)

𝐺𝐿𝑆𝐵 𝑓 = 𝑀+ 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀− 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐
𝑔𝐿𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚+ 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚− (𝑡)𝑒 +𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡
1 −𝑗𝜔 𝑡
1
𝑔𝐿𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 𝑒 𝑐 + 𝑗𝑚ℎ (𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡
2 2
1 +𝑗𝜔 1
+2 𝑚 𝑡 𝑒 𝑐 − 𝑗𝑚 (𝑡)𝑒 +𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝑡
2 ℎ
= 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)

𝑔𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 66

 Class Objective:
1.Introduction & Definition
2.Time Domain Representation
3.Hilbert Transform
4.Generation
a. Selective Filtering
b. Phase Shifting
5.Demodulation of SSB
a. Coherent
b. Non-Coherent (SSB+C)
Amplitude Modulation
Part 6:
SINGLE SIDEBAND (SSB): GENERATION AND
DEMODULATION
VERSION 3.0

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 67

Generation of SSB

𝑔𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

◼ Selective Filtering Method

Realization based on spectrum analysis
◼ Phase-Shift Method
Realization based on time-domain expression of the modulated signal

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 68

 M()

Selective Filtering 
-C -2B +2B C

GDSBSC()

USB LSB LSB USB


-C-2B C -C+2B C-2B C C+2B

M() (an example of an

HUSB()
audio signal) Guard Band
BW = 2B (B Hz)
of 600 Hz Center Freq = c+B

-C-2B C -C+2B C-2B C C+2B

 GUSB()
-5000 Hz -300 Hz 300 Hz 5000 Hz
USB USB


-C-2B C C C+2B

HLSB()
BW = 2B (B Hz)
Center Freq = c– B


-C-2B C -C+2B C-2B C C+2B

GLSB()

LSB LSB


C -C+2B C-2B C

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 69

 𝑔𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)
Phase Shifting 𝑔𝐿𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)
m(t)cos(ct)
X
(a)

cos(ct)
m(t) (d)
 gSSB(t)
Phase Shifter
sin(ct) – /2 gUSB(t) if –
+ or –
gLSB(t) if +

(b) (c)
Phase Shifter
– /2 X
mh(t)sin(ct)

mh(t)
SSB Modulator
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 70
Phase-shifting Method: Frequency-Domain Illustration
m(t)cos(ct)
X
(a)

cos(ct)
m(t) (d)
 gSSB(t)
Phase Shifter
sin(ct) – /2 gUSB(t) if –
+ or –
gLSB(t) if +

(b) (c)
Phase Shifter
– /2 X
mh(t)sin(ct)

mh(t)
SSB Modulator

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 71

 1
sin x sin y = cos(x - y ) - cos(x + y )
In class exercise 2
1
cos x cos y =  cos(x - y ) + cos(x + y ) 
2

◼ A modulating signal 𝑚(𝑡) is given by 𝑚 𝑡 = 2cos(40𝜋𝑡) + cos(60𝜋𝑡)

i. Sketch the spectrum of 𝑚(𝑡)
ii. Sketch the spectrum of the DSB-SC signal 2𝑚 𝑡 cos(200𝜋𝑡)
iii. From the spectrum obtained in (ii), suppress the LSB spectrum to sketch
the USB spectrum.
iv. Knowing the USB spectrum in (iii), write the expression 𝒈𝑼𝑺𝑩 𝒕 for the
USB signal
v. Find 𝑚ℎ (𝑡) ?
vi. Evaluate 𝑔𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡), where 𝑓𝑐 = 100𝐻𝑧,
and prove it is similar to what you get in part (iv)
Quiz3 032

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 72

 Solution iv) 𝐺𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝑓 = 𝛿 𝑓 − 120 + 𝛿 𝑓 + 120
i) 𝑚 𝑡 = 2cos(40𝜋𝑡) + cos(60𝜋𝑡) 1
+ 𝛿 𝑓 − 130 + 𝛿 𝑓 + 130
𝑀(𝑓) 2
1 1 𝑔𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 2 cos 2𝜋 120 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 130 𝑡
1/2 1/2

𝑓
−30 −20 20 30
𝜋
ii) 2𝑚 𝑡 cos(200𝜋𝑡) v) 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 is a phase shifted version of 𝑚 𝑡 by − 2
2 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 = 2sin(40𝜋𝑡) + sin(60𝜋𝑡)
𝐺𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 )
2
𝐺𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 (𝑓)
1 1 1 1 vi) 𝑔𝑈𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 = 2cos(40𝜋𝑡) + cos(60𝜋𝑡) cos 200𝜋𝑡 −[2sin(40𝜋𝑡) + sin(60𝜋𝑡)]𝑠𝑖𝑛200𝜋𝑡
1 1
𝑓 = cos(2𝜋80𝑡) + cos(2𝜋120𝑡) + cos(2𝜋70𝑡) + cos(2𝜋130𝑡)
−120
2 2
-80 −70 70 80 120 130 1 1
−130
− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 2𝜋80𝑡 − cos 2𝜋120𝑡 + cos(2𝜋70𝑡) − cos(2𝜋130𝑡)
2 2
iii) 𝐺𝑈𝑆𝐵 (𝑓) = 2 cos 2𝜋 120 𝑡 + cos 2𝜋 130 𝑡
1 1
1/2 1/2

𝑓
−120 120 130
−130
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 73
SSB Demodulation
Any DSBSC demodulation can be used (coherent)
HLPF()
gSSB(t)
(Upper or Lower
X BW = 2B
m(t)

Side bands)

cos(ct)

SSB Demodulator (receiver)

𝑔𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

1 1
𝑔𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 [1 + cos 4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡] ∓ 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin(4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2 2
1
LPF Output= 𝑚(𝑡)
2
Envelope detection can be used assuming 𝐴 ≫ 𝑚 𝑡 (noncoherent)
𝑔𝑆𝑆𝐵𝑊𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 74

Exercise: Show that we can use envelope Detector for SSB+C?
𝑔𝑆𝑆𝐵+c 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝑔𝑆𝑆𝐵+c 𝑡 =[𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐𝑡
𝑔𝑆𝑆𝐵+c 𝑡 = 𝑬 𝒕 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑬 𝒕 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑔𝑆𝑆𝐵+c 𝑡 .
1
1 2𝑚 𝑡 𝑚 𝑡 2
𝑡 𝑚ℎ2 2
𝑬 𝒕 = [𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 ]2 + 𝑚ℎ2 𝑡 2 = 𝐴 1+ + +
𝐴 𝐴2 𝐴2
If 𝐴 ≫ 𝑚 𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴 ≫ |𝑚ℎ (𝑡)|, last two terms can be ignored

1
2𝑚 𝑡 2
𝑬 𝒕 ≈𝐴 1+
𝐴
Using polynomial expansion as in the appendix
𝑛 𝑛−1 2
1 + 𝑥 𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯ ≈ 1 + 𝑛𝑥, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 ≪ 1
2!
𝑚 𝑡 𝑚 𝑡
𝑬 𝒕 ≈ 𝐴 1 + 𝐴 = 𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡), because 𝐴 ≪ 1, "𝐴” can be blocked.
For envelope detection AM requires 𝐴 ≥ 𝑚 𝑡 .
However , SSB+C requires 𝐴 ≫ 𝑚 𝑡 . (Efficiency Concern)
SSB is used in Telecom Channel Multiplexing between exchanges.
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 75
SSB FDM in Telephony: FDM Hierarchy
108 k 552 k
12 5
11 4
10 3
9 2
8 1 312 k
7
6 Supergroup
5
4 ◼ FDM is done in stages
3 

Reduce number of carrier frequencies
More practical realization of filters
2 ◼ Group: 12 voice channels  4 kHz = 48 kHz
1 occupy the band 60-108 kHz
◼ Supergroup: 5 groups  48 kHz = 240 kHz
4
0 Group 60 k ◼
occupy the band 312-552
Mastergroup: 10 S-G  240 kHz = 2400 kHz
occupy the band 564-3084 kHz

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 76

Exercise gSSB(t)
(Upper or Lower
Side bands)
X HLPF()
BW = 2B
m(t)

cos(ct)
◼ Compare SSB with QAM.
SSB Demodulator (receiver)

◼ SSB is less exacting in terms of the

carrier frequency phase and frequency M() (an example of an
audio signal)
and in the requirements of a distortion- Guard Band
of 600 Hz

less channel 
-5000 Hz -300 Hz 300 Hz 5000 Hz

◼ SSB is good if there is a null at DC. M()

◼ SSB phase shifter and/or filter are not -C -2B

GDSBSC()
+2B C


m(t)cos(ct)

realizable. USB

-C-2B C
LSB

-C+2B

HUSB()
LSB

C-2B
USB

C C+2B
 X
(a)

BW = 2B (B Hz)
Center Freq = c+B

cos(ct)
-C-2B C -C+2B C-2B C C+2B (d)
GUSB()
m(t)
 gSSB(t)
Phase Shifter
USB USB
sin(ct) – /2 gUSB(t) if –

+ or –
-C-2B C C C+2B
gLSB(t) if +

HLSB()
(b) (c)
Phase Shifter
BW = 2B (B Hz)
Center Freq = c– B


– /2 X
-C-2B C -C+2B C-2B C C+2B mh(t)sin(ct)
GLSB()

LSB LSB mh(t)


C -C+2B C-2B C

SSB Modulator

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 77

 M()


-C -2B +2B C

GDSBSC()


- C C

HVSB()

2B (B Hz) < BW < 4B (2B Hz)


- C C

GVSB()


- C C

X()


- C - C C C

HLPF()


- C C

M()


Amplitude Modulation - C C

Part 7:
VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND (VSB) MODULATION
Class Objective:
VERSION 3.0 1. Introduction & Definition
2. VSB Filter Design

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 78

Vestigial Side Band Modulation (VSB)
◼ What if we want to generate SSB using
selective filtering but there is no guard band
between the two sides?
➔We will filter-in a vestige of the other band.
◼ Can we still recover our message, without
distortion, after demodulation?
Yes. If we use a proper BPF.

Summary of Advantages and disadvantages for VSB

+ Relaxed Filter Design
+ − Traded bandwidth 25%-33% greater than SSB.

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 79

 Filtering Condition of VSB
gDSBSC(t)
HVSB()
m(t) X (BPF)
gVSB(t)

• 𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑡 = 2𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝐶 𝑡
2cos(ct)
• 𝐺𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝜔 = 𝑀 𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶 + 𝑀 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶
• 𝐺𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 = 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 𝑀 𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶 + 𝑀 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶 VSB Modulator (transmitter)

• 𝑋 𝜔 = 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶 𝑀 𝜔 − 2𝜔𝐶 + 𝑀 𝜔 x(t)

HLPF()
𝑎𝑡+2𝜔𝐶 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 gVSB(t) X BW = 2B
m(t)

+𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶 𝑀 𝜔 + 𝑀 𝜔 + 2𝜔𝐶
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 −2𝜔𝐶
2cos(ct)
• 𝑍 𝜔 = 𝐻𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝜔 [𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶 + 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶 ]𝑀(𝜔)
VSB Demodulator (receiver)
1
• 𝐻𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝜔 = ; |𝜔| ≤ 2𝜋𝐵
𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔−𝜔𝐶 + 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔+𝜔𝐶

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 80

 1
𝐻𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝜔 = ; |𝜔| ≤ 2𝜋𝐵
VSB Filtering 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔−𝜔𝐶 + 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔+𝜔𝐶

HVSB()


- C C
Shifted filter
components

Shifting 

What happens outside the

band of the demodulated HVSB(-c)+HVSB(+c)
signal is not important . So,
the LPF does not have to
inverse this part. 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶 + 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶

Addition 
Band of Signal

HVSB(-c) = 1/[HVSB(-c)+HVSB(+c)]
over the band of the signal only

1
𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶 + 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶

Inversion 
Band of Signal

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 81

VSB Filter: Special Case
◼ Condition for distortionless demodulation:
1
|𝜔| ≤ 2𝜋𝐵
𝐻𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝜔 = ቐ𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶 + 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
◼ If we impose the condition on the filter at the modulator:

𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶 + 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶 = 1 ; 𝜔 ≤ 2𝜋𝐵

then 𝐻𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝜔 = 𝟏 for |𝝎| ≤ 𝟐𝝅𝑩 (Ideal LPF)

◼ 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 (𝜔) will then have odd symmetry around c over the transition period.

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 82

 M()

Example for the Special

Case which only requires 
-C -2B +2B C
Ideal LPF
GDSBSC()


- C C

HVSB()

2B (B Hz) < BW < 4B (2B Hz)


- C C

GVSB()


- C C

X()


- C - C C C

HLPF()


- C C

M()


- C C

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 83

 1
|𝜔| ≤ 2𝜋𝐵
𝐻𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝜔 = ቐ𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 − 𝜔𝐶 + 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔 + 𝜔𝐶
Example 0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Given the transmit filter, design the receive filter. 𝑓𝐶 = 20 𝑘𝐻𝑧 and 𝐵 = 6 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝐻𝑖 𝜔

𝑓 𝑘𝐻𝑧

𝐻𝑖 𝜔 + 𝜔𝑐 + 𝐻𝑖 𝜔 − 𝜔

Shifting & Addition

𝑓 𝑘𝐻𝑧

𝐻𝑜 𝜔

Inversion
𝑓 𝑘𝐻𝑧

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 84

Envelope Detection of VSB
◼ Can we use envelope detection for VSB+C?
 The performance is in between SSB+C and DSB+C(AM).
 The required carrier amplitude is more than AM and less than SSB+C.

◼ Practical Examples for using VSB

 VSB is used in broadcast television.
 Video in Baseband = 4.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧 of bandwidth,
◼ DSB= 9 𝑀𝐻𝑧,
◼ SSB= 4.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧,
◼ VSB= 𝟔 𝑴𝑯𝒛.

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 85

CARRIER ACQUISITION
VER 3.6
Class Objectives:
DR. ALI MUQAIBEL
1. Carrier Acquisition in DSBSC
• Signal Squaring Method
• Phase Locked Loop (PLL)
• Costas Loop
2. Carrier Acquisition in SSB

Why do we need carrier acquisition?

For coherent demodulation

Signal Squaring Method 𝑚(𝑡)cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ×

PLL
carrier
VCO acquisition cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 86

Carrier Acquisition in DSBSC
GDSBSC(f) Can we use a narrow filter to
extract the carrier?

f
-fc
+fc

Carrier
Frequency
M()


-C C

GDSBSC()


-C

C

Carrier
Frequency

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 87

Signal Squaring Method
Narrowband
m(t) cos(ct) x(t) y(t) Phase Locked z(t) 2:1 r(t)
2 BPF
(.) Loop Frequency
(PLL) Divider
C.F. = 2c

M() = F {m(t)}


-C C

F {m2(t)}


-C C

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 88

 Narrowband
m(t) cos(ct) x(t) y(t) Phase Locked z(t) 2:1 r(t)
BPF
Spectrum in (.) 2

C.F. = 2c
Loop
(PLL)
Frequency
Divider

Signal Squaring X

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 2 
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑚2 𝑡 cos 2 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 -C -C C  C

Y
𝑚2 𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = 1 + cos(2𝜔𝑐 )
2
2
𝑚 𝑡 𝑚2 𝑡 
𝑥 𝑡 = + cos(2𝜔𝑐 𝑡) -C -C C  C
2 2
Z


Signal Squaring Method -C -C C  C

R
PLL
VCO

-C -C C C

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 89

 Phase Locked Loop (PLL)
A cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 𝜋 A sin(ct+i) x(t) y(t) Voltage Controlled z(t)
Narrowband
− X Oscillator
2 LPF
(VCO)

B cos(ct+o)

𝐴𝐵
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃0 = sin 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 + sin 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 + 𝜃𝑜
2

𝐴𝐵 Note that 𝑦 𝑡 is the controlling

𝑦 𝑡 = sin 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 voltage and the output is at
2 𝑧(𝑡)
Voltage–Controlled Oscillator (VCO): is a device that produces a sine wave with a frequency that is linearly proportional to the value
of the input signal (when the input increases, the frequency of the output increases and vice versa). The frequency of the output of the
VCO when the input is zero is called the Free Running Frequency (FRF).

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 90

Characteristics of a PLL
PLL have several characteristics that are summarized as follows:

1.CAPTURE Range (pull in range)

2.LOCK Range
3.Noise filtering: (in the signal squaring)

The LOCK range of a PLL is always

LARGER THAN the CAPTURE range.

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 91

 x1(t) y1(t)
X
Costas Loop LPF

r(t) =
m(t) cos(ct+i) Voltage Controlled w(t) z(t)
cos(ct+o) Narrowband
Oscillator
LPF X
(VCO)

–/2 text here

Your
sin(ct+o)
x2(t) y2(t)
X LPF

𝑚 𝑡
𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑜 = cos 2𝜔𝑠 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 + 𝜃𝑜 + cos(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
2
𝑚 𝑡
𝑥2 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑜 = sin 2𝜔𝑠 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 + 𝜃𝑜 + sin(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
2
𝑚 𝑡
𝑦1 𝑡 = cos(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
2
𝑚 𝑡
𝑦2 𝑡 = sin(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
2

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 92

 x1(t) y1(t)
….Continue Costas Loop X LPF

r(t) =
m(t) cos(ct+i) Voltage Controlled w(t) z(t)
cos(ct+o) Narrowband
Oscillator
LPF X
(VCO)
𝑚 𝑡
𝑦1 𝑡 = cos(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 ) –/2
2
𝑚 𝑡 sin(ct+o)
𝑦2 𝑡 = sin(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
2 x2(t) y2(t)
X LPF

𝑚 𝑡 𝑚 𝑡
𝑧 𝑡 = cos(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 ) sin(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
2 2
𝐷
𝑚2 𝑡 𝑤(𝑡) = sin(2 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
𝑧(𝑡) = cos(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 ) sin(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 ) 8
4
𝑚2 𝑡 𝐴𝐵
𝑧(𝑡) = sin 0 + sin(2 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 ) Compare with PLL sin 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜
8 2
𝑚2 𝑡
𝑧(𝑡) = sin(2 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑜 )
8 Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 93
Carrier Acquisition in SSB
Narrowband
m(t) cos(ct) x(t) y(t) Phase Locked z(t) 2:1 r(t)
2 BPF
(.) Loop Frequency
(PLL) Divider
C.F. = 2c

◼ Exercise: Show that Signal Squaring method does not

work for SSB.
◼ The solution is :
 Using pilot. Not a full carrier.
 High Quality Cristal Oscillators are used.

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 94

Types of
Amplitude
Modulations:

The Big Picture

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel

 Dr. Ali Muqaibel

1
𝑚(𝑡) ֞ 𝑀(𝑓) 𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 [𝑀(𝑓 – 𝑓𝑐 ) + 𝑀(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 )]
2

Bandwidth Efficiency
Power Efficiency
Ease of reception (non-coherent)
Ease of implementation (transmitter)
DSBS 𝑔𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝐻𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝜔 =
1
; |𝜔| ≤ 2𝜋𝐵 C
𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔−𝜔𝐶 + 𝐻𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝜔+𝜔𝐶 VS
B+c 𝐴 ≫ 𝑚𝑝
VS DSB+C 𝐴
𝛿 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝛿 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 +
1
𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐
B Types
AM 2 2

of AM
𝐴 ≫≫ 𝑚𝑝 SS
Dr. 𝑚𝑝
B+c 𝜇= . 0≤𝜇≤1
SS Muqaibel
QAM
𝐴

𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑚
B Power efficiency = 𝜂 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
=
𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑠
= 2
𝐴 +𝑃𝑚
100%
𝑔𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ 𝑚ℎ 𝑡 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
+ Bandwidth Efficiency: Transmit two signals (each of bandwidth 𝐵) at 2𝐵. 𝑔𝑄𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚2(𝑡)sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
- Requires coherent demodulation with exact phase and frequency.
- Requires co-located messages.
Dr. Ali Muqaibel