ADM-001-20-0061

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 ADM-001-20-0061

PARALLEL LINES AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

Parallel lines have the same slope and will never intersect.
Perpendicular lines are the reciprocal of each other so as their slopes.
CONIC SECTIONS
CIRCLE, ELLIPSE
PARALLEL LINES PERPENDICULAR LINES
PARABOLA, HYPERBOLA

Let’s Visualize!

Imagine you have a cone and a plane

and you slice the cone using a plane, there are certain figures that will be formed.
Those are called conic sections.

Conic sections are generated by the

Illustrative Example: intersection of a plane with a cone.
If the plane is parallel to the axis of
1. Find the equation of the line that is: parallel to y = 2x + 1 and passes though the point
(5,4). revolution (the y-axis), then the
In this example, we are given a line; y=2x+1 and a point (5,4) conic section is a hyperbola. If the
Since parallel lines have the same slope, we will begin to find the slope of the given - plane is parallel to the generating
line y=2x+1 using the slope-intercept form line, the conic section is a parabola.
y= 2x+1 ,m=2 If the plane is perpendicular to the
The slope of the line is (2), since we are asked to find the equation of a line that is axis of revolution, the conic section
parallel to the given line, we are using the same slope of the line (2) and use the is a circle. If the plane intersects
given points (5, 4) and use the point-slope form to find our equation. one nappe at an angle to the axis
Given: m=2, (x1,y1)=(5, 4) (other than 90∘), then the conic
Substitute to the equation: y-y1=m(x-x1) section is an ellipse.
y-(4)=(2)(x-5)
y-4=2x-10; combined liked terms
y=2x-10+4
y=2x-6
The line y=2x+1 is parallel to the line y=2x+6
2. Find the equation of the line that is perpendicular to y = −4x + 10 and passes though
the point (7,2)
1 1
From the equation y=-4x+1, m=-4 the reciprocal of -4 is , we will use and the given
4 4
point (7,2) to find the line that is perpendicular to the given line using the point-slope
form
y-y1=m(x-x1) 1 7 𝟏 𝟏
y-2= 𝑥 −
4 4
y= 𝒙 − is perpendicular to
𝟒 𝟒
1
y-2=4 (𝑥 − 7) the line y = −4x + 10
1 7
y=4 𝑥 − 4 + 2

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Discussion ELLIPSE
An ellipse is the set of all points for which the sum of the distances from two fixed points (the
Circle foci) is constant. Each endpoint of the major axis is the vertex of the ellipse (plural: vertices),
and each endpoint of the minor axis is a co-vertex of the ellipse. The center of an ellipse is the
A circle is formed when the plane is parallel to the base of the cone. Its midpoint of both the major and minor axes. The axes are perpendicular at the center. The foci
intersection with the cone is therefore a set of points equidistant from a always lie on the major axis, and the sum of the distances from the foci to any point on the
common point (the central axis of the cone), which meets the definition of ellipse (the constant sum) is greater than the distance between the foci.
a circle.
All circles have certain features:
• A center point
• A radius, which the distance from any point on the circle
to the center point
On a coordinate plane, the general form of the equation of the circle is
(𝑥 − ℎ)2+(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2

where (h, k) are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and r is the Concept Equation Example
radius. Ellipse with center Standard equation with 𝑥2 𝑦2
(0, 0) a>b>0 + = 1 ;𝑎 = 3 𝑏 = 2
4 9
horizontal axes: Center is (0,0); major axis: vertical
Concept Equation Example 𝑥2 𝑦2 Vertices: (0, ±3) ; 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 (0, ±√5)
+ =1
Circle with center (h, Standard equation 𝑎2 𝑏2 C2=a2-b2=9-4=5, so c= √5
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 16 Has the foci (0, ±𝑐) See the graph below
k)
And the vertices
and radius r. (𝑥 − ℎ)2+(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 h=3, k= 1 r=4
(0,±𝑎)
= 𝑟2 center: (3,1) radius: (4)

V1(0, 3)
(3 1)
F1(0,√5

F2(0, -√5)
V2(0, -3)

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Ellipse with center (h,k) Horizontal major axis: ( 𝑥 − 1) 2 (𝑦 − 1)2 Focus (0, − ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑦 =
+ = 1; 2 2
4 9
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘) 2 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

Vertical major axis:

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 ( 𝑦 − 𝑘) 2
1
+ =1 V1(1,2) y=
𝑏2 𝑎2 2
F1(1, -1+√5)
y=(0,0)
1
F(0, − )
2
F2(1, -1-√5) 𝑥2 = −2𝑦
V2(1, -4)

PARABOLA
Parabola with vertex y2=4px y2=4x has 4p=4 or p=1
A parabola is the set of all points whose distance from a fixed point, called the focus, (0,0) and horizontal p>0 opens to the The parabola opens to the right with vertex
is equal to the distance from a fixed line, called the directrix. The point halfway between axis right (0, 0), focus (1, 0) and directrix x= -1
the focus and the directrix is called the vertex of the parabola. p<0 opens to the left
Directrix: x=-p

V=(0,0) 𝐹(1,0)

X= -1
𝑦2 = 4𝑥

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Parabola with vertex x2=4py x2=-2y has 4p or p=−
2
(0,0) and vertical axis p>0 opens upward
The parabola opens downward with vertex
p<0 opens downward (0,0),
focus (0, p)
Directrix y=-p
Parabola (𝑦 − 𝑘)2=4p (x-h) (𝑦 + 1)2 = −2(𝑥 + 2)
with vertex 1
(h,k) and ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑝 = −
p>0 opens to the right 2
horizontal p<0 opens to the left The parabola opens to the left with vertex
5
axis (-2, -1) , focus (− , −1) and directrix
2
Focus: (h+p, k)

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3 𝑥2 𝑦2
Directrix: x=h-p x= − Hyperbola with Standard equation: − = 1; a=2, b= 3
2 4 9
center (0, 0) Transverse axis:
Transverse axis: vertical
horizontal

3 Vertices (0, ±2) ; foci (0, ±3)

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑦=− − =1 c2=a2+b2=4+9=13 so c= √13
2 𝑎2 𝑏2
2
Transverse axis: vertical Asymptotes: y=± 𝑥
3

𝑦2 𝑥2
− =1
𝑉 = (−2, −1) 𝑎2 𝑏2
(0, √13)
5
F=(− , −1)
2
2
(0,2) 𝑦= 𝑥
3
(𝑦 + 1)2 = −2(𝑥 + 2)

(0, −2) 2
Parabola (𝑥 − ℎ)2=4p (y-k) ( 𝑥 − 1 ) 2 = 8( 𝑦 − 3 ) 𝑦=− 𝑥
3
with vertex p>0 opens upwards has p=2
(h, k) and p<0 opens downward (0, −√13)
vertical axis Focus (h, k+p) The parabola opens upward with vertex (1,
Directrix y=k -p 3) focus (1, 5) and directrix y=1
Hyperbola with Standard equation (𝑥−1)2 (𝑦+1)2
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− 9 = 1; a=2 b=3
( 𝑥 − 1) 2 = 8( 𝑦 − 3 ) center (h, k) Transverse axis:
𝐹 = (1, 5) Transverse axis: horizontal: center (1, -1)
horizontal
Vertices (1 ±2,1) ; foci (1 ±√13, −1)
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
𝑉 = (1, 3) − =1 c2=a2+b2=4+9=13 so c= √13
𝑎2 𝑏2 3
Asymptotes: y= y=± (𝑥 − 1) − 1
2

𝑦=1 Transverse axis:

Vertical
3 3
𝑦= ( 𝑥 − 1) − 1
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 𝑦 = − (𝑥 − 1) − 1 2
2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

(1 − √13, −1) (3, −1)

(−1, −1) (1 + √13, −1)

HYPERBOLA

CONCEPT EQUATIONS EXAMPLE

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