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Chapter 7
Chapter 7
(Burgers vector b)
Edge dislocation
Edge dislocation
(extra half plane)
2
(Burgers vector b)
Screw dislocation
Screw dislocation
(Cutting plane)
3
เปรียบได้ กับ การ เคลื่อน ที่ ของ หนอนผีเสื้อ
4
5
ง สนาม ความ เค้น อัด
G
6
Burgrvatorvs ทิศ ของ การ เคลื่อน ที่
7
close pack ed plane
( -(
• (
(
(
ที อะตอม เรียง ชิด กัน จะ เลื่อน
"
ระนาบ
8
อะตอม เรียง ชิด ติด กัน ทั้ง 3 ทิศ
:
( -
9
HCP
Metals Slip Plane No. of slip system
Face-Centered Cubic
Cu,Al,Ni,Ag,Au {111} 12
Body-Centered Cubic
-Fe,W,Mo {110} 12
-Fe,W {211} 12
-Fe,K {321} 14
Hexagonal Closed-Packed
Cd,Zn,Mg,Ti,Be {0001} 3
Ti,Mg,Zr {1010} 3
Ti,Mg {1011} 6
10
resolved shear stress, R.
¥
R cos cos
11
Condition for dislocation motion: R CRSS
งหิ๊ค้นเฉือนรีแล์
ไม่ เกิด
C R S
( 12
a) Will the single crystal yield?
b) If not, what stress is needed?
=60°
crss = 3000 psi
=35°
cos cos
6500 psi
Adapted from
Fig. 7.7,
(6500 psi) (cos 35 )(cos 60 )
Callister 7e.
(6500 psi) (0.41)
2662 psi crss 3000 psi
= 6500 psi
So the applied stress of 6500 psi will not cause the
crystal to yield.
13
What stress is necessary (i.e., what is the
yield stress, y)?
y 7325 psi
14
7.1
A (110 [111]
15
-
300 m
16
17
•
( )
18
1
slip plane B
n
ai
gr
grain A
gr
ina
bo
u nd
ar
Hall-
y
yield o k y d 1/ 2
19
•
20
(
21
1/ 2
y ~ C
( y
22
-Forging force -Rolling
die
Ao blank Ad
Ao Ad
%CW x100
Ao
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Forging
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Rolling
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Extrusion
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Ti alloy cold working
Dislocations entangle
with one another
during cold work.
Dislocation motion
becomes more difficult.
Dislocation
Dislocation
27
( d)
Carefully prepared sample: d ~ 103 mm/mm3
Heavily deformed sample: d ~ 1010 mm/mm3
a b
28
Yield strength ( y ) increases.
Tensile strength (TS) increases.
Ductility (%EL or %AR) decreases.
29
ro2 r d2
%CW x100 35.6%
ro2
30
(Annealing)
31
A cylindrical rod of brass originally 0.40 in (10.2 mm)
in diameter is to be cold worked by drawing. The
circular cross section will be maintained during
deformation. A cold-worked tensile strength in excess
of 55,000 psi (380 MPa) and a ductility of at least 15
%EL are desired. Further more, the final diameter
must be 0.30 in (7.6 mm). Explain how this may be
accomplished.
32
If we directly draw to the final diameter what
happens?
Brass
Cold
Work
Do = 0.40 in Df = 0.30 in
Ao Af Af
%CW x 100 1 x 100
Ao Ao
2
Df2 4 0.30
1 2
x 100 1 x 100 43.8%
Do 4 0.40
33
420 540
– y = 420 MPa
– TS = 540 MPa > 380 MPa
– %EL = 6 < 15
• This doesn’t satisfy criteria…… what can we do?
34
380 15
12 27
35
36
extra half-plane
of atoms Dislocations
atoms annihilate
diffuse and form
to regions a perfect
of tension atomic
extra half-plane plane.
of atoms
37
0.6 mm 0.6 mm
Adapted from
Fig. 7.21 (a),(b),
Callister 7e.
(Fig. 7.21 (a),(b)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)
38
0.6 mm 0.6 mm
After 4 After 8
seconds seconds
39
•
40
• At longer times, larger grains consume smaller ones.
0.6 mm 0.6 mm
Adapted from
Fig. 7.21 (d),(e),
Callister 7e.
(Fig. 7.21 (d),(e)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)
After 8 s, After 15 min,
580ºC 580ºC
coefficient dependent
• Empirical Relation:
on material and T.
exponent typ. ~ 2
grain diam. elapsed time
n
at time t. d d on Kt
Ostwald Ripening
41
(
42
0.6 mm 0.6 mm
(a) 33%
(b)
After 4 After 8
seconds seconds (c)
(d)
(e) (f)
After 8 s, After 15 min,
580C 580C
43
44