‭Functional‭‬‭‬Group‬

‭ hese‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬specific‭‬‭‬names‭‬‭‬given‭‬‭‬to‭‬‭‬certain‭‬‭‬compounds‭‬‭‬that‭‬‭‬describe‭‬‭‬their‭‬‭‬chemical‬
T
‭reactivity.‬
‭Or‬
‭A‭‬‬f‭ unctional‭‬‬g
‭ roup‭‬‬i‭s‭‬‬a
‭ ‭‬‬g
‭ roup‭‬‬o
‭ f‭‬‬a
‭ toms‭‬‬o
‭ r‭‬‬b
‭ onds‭‬‬i‭nside‭‬‬a
‭ ‭‬‬s
‭ ubstance‭‬‬t‭ hat‭‬‬i‭s‭‬‬r‭ esponsible‭‬‬f‭ or‭‬‬t‭ he‬
‭substance’s‭‬‬u ‭ nique‭‬‬c ‭ hemical‭‬‬r‭ eactions‭‬‬i‭n‭‬‬o ‭ rganic‭‬‬c ‭ hemistry.‬
‭Or‬
‭ ‭‬‭‬functional‭‬‭‬group‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬an‭‬‭‬atom‭‬‭‬or‭‬‭‬a‭‬‭‬group‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬atoms‭‬‭‬that‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬responsible‭‬‭‬for‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬chemical‭‬‭‬properties‬
A
‭of‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬molecule.‬

‭ nowing‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬functional‭‬‭‬groups‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬a‭‬‭‬must‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬organic‭‬‭‬chemistry‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬this‭‬‭‬post,‭‬‭‬we‭‬‭‬will‭‬‭‬go‬
K
‭over‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬structure‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬interesting‭‬‭‬applications‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬most‭‬‭‬common‭‬‭‬functional‭‬‭‬groups‭‬‭‬in‬
‭mistry.‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭Alkanes‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭ re‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬first‭‬‭‬group‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬organic‭‬‭‬compounds.‭‬‭‬They‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬made‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬carbons‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬hydrogens‭‬‭‬that‭‬‭‬are‬
a
‭only‭‬‭‬connected‭‬‭‬with‬‭single‭‬‭‬(σ)‭‬‭‬bonds‭‬‭‬no‭‬‭‬pi‭‬‭‬bond.‬

‭ ll‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬carbons‭‬‭‬are‬‭sp3‭‬‭‬hybridized‬‭,‭‬‭‬with‭‬‭‬only‭‬‭‬single‬‭bonds,‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬all‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬bonds‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬non-polar,‬
a
‭therefore,‭‬‭‬alkanes‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬all‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬other‭‬‭‬hydrocarbons‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬non-polar,‭‬‭‬hydrophobic‭‬‭‬molecules.‬

‭Alkenes‬

‭are‭‬‭‬similar‭‬‭‬to‭‬‭‬alkanes,‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬only‭‬‭‬difference‭‬‭‬being‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬presence‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬a‭‬‭‬double‭‬‭‬bond.‬

‭ he‭‬‭‬two‭‬‭‬carbons‭‬‭‬with‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬double‭‬‭‬bond‭‬‭‬are‬‭sp‬‭2‭–
T ‬ ‬‭hybridized‬‭,‬‭and‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬geometry‭‬‭‬is‬‭trigonal‬
‭planar‬‭with‭‬‭‬a‬‭120‬‭o‬ ‭angle‬‭between‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬atoms.‭‬‭‬The‭‬‭‬double‬‭bond‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬made‭‬‭‬of‬‭one‭‬‭‬σ‬‭and‬
‭one‭‬‭‬π‬‭bond.‬

‭Alkynes‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭ he‭‬‭‬difference‭‬‭‬between‭‬‭‬alkynes‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬alkenes‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬change‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬double‭‬‭‬bond‭‬‭‬to‬
T
‭a‭‬‭‬triple‭‬‭‬bond.‭‬‭‬The‭‬‭‬ending‭‬‭‬changes‭‬‭‬from‬‭-yne:‬

‭ he‭‬‭‬hybridization‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬triple-bonded‭‬‭‬carbons‭‬‭‬is‬‭sp‬‭which‬‭corresponds‭‬‭‬to‬‭the‭‬‭‬liner‬
T
‭geometry‬‭–‬‭180‬‭:‬

‭Nitriles‬

‭Alkyl‭‬‭‬groups‭‬‭‬together‭‬‭‬with‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬-CN‭‬‭‬(cyano)‭‬‭‬group‭‬‭‬make‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬nitriles:‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭Alcohols‬

I‭f‭‬‭‬instead‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬halogen,‭‬‭‬we‭‬‭‬put‭‬‭‬an‭‬‭‬OH‭‬‭‬(hydroxyl‭‬‭‬group)‭‬‭‬on‭‬‭‬an‭‬‭‬alkyl‭‬‭‬halide,‭‬‭‬we‬
‭get‭‬‭‬alcohol.‬

‭ or‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬general‭‬‭‬formula,‭‬‭‬we‭‬‭‬have‭‬‭‬R-OH,‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬below‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬some‭‬‭‬common‬
F
‭examples:‬

‭Ethers‬

‭ thers‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬different‭‬‭‬from‭‬‭‬alcohols‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬that‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬hydrogen‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬hydroxyl‭‬‭‬group‭‬‭‬is‬
E
‭replaced‭‬‭‬with‭‬‭‬another‭‬‭‬alkyl‭‬‭‬group.‭‬‭‬So,‭‬‭‬to‭‬‭‬recognize‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬ether‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬an‭‬‭‬organic‬
‭molecule,‭‬‭‬look‭‬‭‬for‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬bridging‭‬‭‬oxygen:‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭Amines‬

‭ mines‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬derivatives‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬ammonia‭‬‭‬(remember‭‬‭‬NH‬‭3‬ ‭from‭‬‭‬General‭‬‭‬chemistry).‬
A
‭Replacing‭‬‭‬one‭‬‭‬hydrogen‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬ammonia‭‬‭‬with‭‬‭‬an‭‬‭‬alkyl‭‬‭‬group‭‬‭‬forms‭‬‭‬an‭‬‭‬amine‭‬‭‬with‭‬‭‬a‬
‭general‭‬‭‬formula‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬R-NH‬‭2‬‭:‬

‭ epending‭‬‭‬on‭‬‭‬how‭‬‭‬many‭‬‭‬alkyl‭‬‭‬groups‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬connected‭‬‭‬to‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬nitrogen,‭‬‭‬we‭‬‭‬have‬
D
‭primary,‭‬‭‬secondary‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬tertiary‭‬‭‬amines,‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭Carbonyl-containing‭‬‭‬functional‭‬‭‬groups‬
‭ arbonyl‭‬‭‬(C=O)‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬an‭‬‭‬extremely‭‬‭‬important‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬common‭‬‭‬group‭‬‭‬that‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬part‭‬‭‬of‬
C
‭many‭‬‭‬functional‭‬‭‬groups:‬

‭Aldehydes‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭Connecting‭‬‭‬hydrogen‭‬‭‬with‭‬‭‬a‭‬‭‬carbonyl‭‬‭‬group‭‬‭‬gives‭‬‭‬an‭‬‭‬aldehyde:‬

‭ he‭‬‭‬simplest‭‬‭‬aldehyde‭‬‭‬with‭‬‭‬one‭‬‭‬carbon‭‬‭‬atom‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬formaldehyde‭‬‭‬followed‭‬‭‬by‬
T
‭acetaldehyde.‬

‭ ormaldehyde‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬widely‭‬‭‬used‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬medicine‭‬‭‬a‭‬‭‬preservative‭‬‭‬agent‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬also‭‬‭‬as‭‬‭‬a‬
F
‭precursor‭‬‭‬for‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬synthesis‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬many‭‬‭‬chemicals.‬

‭ cetaldehyde‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬a‭‬‭‬naturally‭‬‭‬occurring‭‬‭‬aldehyde‭‬‭‬which‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬also‭‬‭‬produced‭‬‭‬on‭‬‭‬a‭‬‭‬very‬
A
‭large‭‬‭‬scale‭‬‭‬for‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬chemical‭‬‭‬industry.‭‬‭‬It‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬also‭‬‭‬produced‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬human‭‬‭‬body‭‬‭‬from‬
‭ethanol‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬Alcohol‭‬‭‬dehydrogenase‭‬‭‬enzymes‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬partly‭‬‭‬responsible‭‬‭‬for‭‬‭‬the‬
‭cause‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬hangover.‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭Ketones‬

‭ utting‭‬‭‬alkyl‭‬‭‬groups‭‬‭‬on‭‬‭‬both‭‬‭‬sides‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬carbonyl‭‬‭‬switches‭‬‭‬from‭‬‭‬aldehydes‭‬‭‬to‬
P
‭ketones:‬

‭ ome‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬ketones‭‬‭‬such‭‬‭‬as‭‬‭‬Ketoses‭‬‭‬(e.g.‭‬‭‬fructose)‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬great‭‬‭‬biological‬
S
‭importance.‭‬‭‬Acetone‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬a‭‬‭‬commonly‭‬‭‬used‭‬‭‬solvent‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬organic‭‬‭‬labs‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬a‭‬‭‬nail‭‬‭‬polish‬
‭remover.‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭Carboxylic‭‬‭‬acids‬

‭ he‭‬‭‬combination‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬carbonyl‭‬‭‬with‭‬‭‬OH‭‬‭‬gives‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬carboxylic‭‬‭‬acid‭‬‭‬functional‬
T
‭group:‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭ emember,‭‬‭‬however,‭‬‭‬that‭‬‭‬you‭‬‭‬cannot‭‬‭‬indicate‭‬‭‬them‭‬‭‬as‭‬‭‬two‭‬‭‬different‭‬‭‬functional‬
R
‭groups!‭‬‭‬If‭‬‭‬they‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬together‭‬‭‬it‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬carboxy‭‬‭‬group.‬

‭ s‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬name‭‬‭‬suggests,‭‬‭‬these‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬organic‭‬‭‬acids‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬therefore‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬very‭‬‭‬common‬
A
‭and‭‬‭‬widely‭‬‭‬used‭‬‭‬for‭‬‭‬different‭‬‭‬applications.‭‬‭‬For‭‬‭‬example,‭‬‭‬vinegar‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬a‭‬‭‬~5%‬
‭aqueous‭‬‭‬solution‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬acetic‭‬‭‬acid.‭‬‭‬Carboxylic‭‬‭‬acids‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬also‭‬‭‬part‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬amino‭‬‭‬acids‬
‭which‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬central‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬life:‬

‭Esters‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭ aving‭‬‭‬another‭‬‭‬alkyl‭‬‭‬group‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬place‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬hydrogen‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬carboxylic‭‬‭‬acid,‭‬‭‬makes‭‬‭‬the‬
H
‭esters:‬

‭ sters‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬extremely‭‬‭‬abundant,‭‬‭‬occurring‭‬‭‬both‭‬‭‬naturally‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬synthetically.‭‬‭‬Most‬
E
‭esters‭‬‭‬have‭‬‭‬a‭‬‭‬characteristic‭‬‭‬smell‭‬‭‬responsible‭‬‭‬for‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬aroma‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬fruits,‭‬‭‬flowers,‬
‭wine,‭‬‭‬perfumes‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬etc.‬

‭ ‭‬‭‬large‭‬‭‬portion‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬industrial‭‬‭‬application‭‬‭‬goes‭‬‭‬to‭‬‭‬synthetic‭‬‭‬polyesters.‭‬‭‬Polyesters‬
A
‭such‭‬‭‬as‭‬‭‬polyethylene‭‬‭‬terephthalate‭‬‭‬(PET)‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬widely‭‬‭‬used‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬clothing,‭‬‭‬plastics,‬
‭furniture,‭‬‭‬tires,‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬many‭‬‭‬other‭‬‭‬products.‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭Amides‬

‭Amides‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬combination‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬carbonyl‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬amines:‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭ ust‭‬‭‬like‭‬‭‬for‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬amines,‭‬‭‬depending‭‬‭‬on‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬number‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬carbons‭‬‭‬connected‭‬‭‬to‭‬‭‬the‬
J
‭nitrogen,‭‬‭‬we‭‬‭‬have‭‬‭‬primary,‭‬‭‬secondary,‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬tertiary‭‬‭‬amides.‭‬‭‬Notice‭‬‭‬that‭‬‭‬the‬
‭carbonyl‭‬‭‬carbon‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬also‭‬‭‬counted:‬

‭ mides‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬essential‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬chemistry‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬biology‭‬‭‬as‭‬‭‬they‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬part‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬many‭‬‭‬peptides‬
A
‭and‭‬‭‬nucleobases.‭‬‭‬In‭‬‭‬fact,‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬amide‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬also‭‬‭‬known‭‬‭‬as‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬peptide‭‬‭‬bond‭‬‭‬since‭‬‭‬it‭‬‭‬is‬
‭the‭‬‭‬linkage‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬aminoamides‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬peptides‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬proteins.‬

‭ s‭‬‭‬expected,‭‬‭‬amides‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬very‭‬‭‬stable‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬that‭‬‭‬is‭‬‭‬why‭‬‭‬they‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬also‭‬‭‬used‭‬‭‬in‬
A
‭synthetic‭‬‭‬polymers‭‬‭‬such‭‬‭‬as‭‬‭‬nylon‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬Kevlar,‭‬‭‬used‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬production‭‬‭‬of‬
‭bullet-proof‭‬‭‬material:‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭1‬
‭Acid‭‬‭‬Chlorides‬

‭ cid‭‬‭‬chlorides‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬derivatives‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬carboxylic‭‬‭‬acids‭‬‭‬where‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬acidic‭‬‭‬proton‭‬‭‬is‬
A
‭replaced‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬chlorine:‬
‭1‬
‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭These‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬very‭‬‭‬reactive‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬mainly‭‬‭‬used‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬organic‭‬‭‬synthesis.‬

‭Functional‭‬‭‬groups‭‬‭‬with‭‬‭‬two‭‬‭‬carbonyls‬
‭ ou‭‬‭‬may‭‬‭‬not‭‬‭‬see‭‬‭‬them‭‬‭‬as‭‬‭‬often,‭‬‭‬but‭‬‭‬acid‭‬‭‬anhydrides‭‬‭‬and‭‬‭‬imides‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬also‬
Y
‭important‭‬‭‬functional‭‬‭‬groups‭‬‭‬in‭‬‭‬organic‭‬‭‬chemistry:‬

‭ nhydrides‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬removing‭‬‭‬one‭‬‭‬water‭‬‭‬molecule‭‬‭‬(dehydrating)‭‬‭‬from‭‬‭‬two‬
A
‭carboxylic‭‬‭‬acids‭‬‭‬which‭‬‭‬are‭‬‭‬indicated‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬name‭‬‭‬of‭‬‭‬the‭‬‭‬functional‭‬‭‬group:‬

‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬
‭Prepared‭‬‭‬by‭‬‭‬Malike‭‬‭‬shamel‬

‭ IERRA‭‬‭‬LEONE‭‬‭‬MUSLIM‭‬‭‬CONGRESS‭‬‭‬SECONDARY‭‬‭‬SCHOOL‬
S
‭http://www.ch‬‭organic‭‬‭‬che‬‭emshamel.madpath.com/‬