PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION (GEC 2)

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

COMMUNICATION – “Communis” – common. Important aspect of human behavior to convey

opinions, feelings, info, and the like through words, written or spoken. 2-way communication is
the most important aspect.

4 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

 VERBAL – Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Small group, Public

 NON-VERBAL
 WRITTEN
 VIRTUAL

COMMUNICATION PROCESS
1. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
SPEAKER -> SPEECH -> AUDIENCE

2. LASWELL’S MODEL
WHO -> SAYS WHAT -> CHANNEL -> TO WHOM -> WHAT
EFFECT
COMMUNICATOR MESSAGE MEDIUM RECEIVER

3. SHANNON WEAVER’S MODEL

INFORMATION -> TRANSMITTER -> CHANNEL <- RECEIVER <-
DESTINATION
SOURCE message signal received message
Signal
NOISE

4. SCHRAMM’S MODEL
MESSAGE
ENCODER DECODER
INTERPRETER INTERPRETER
DECODER ENCODER
MESSAGE

5. BEDLO’S MODEL
SOURCE -> MESSAGE -> CHANNEL -> RECEIVER
Encodes decodes

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
- SOURCE – “Sender” or “Encoder”. Origin of ideas.
- MESSAGE – heart of communication. Content that sender passes to receiver
- CHANNEL – “Medium”. Passageway of message
- RECEIVER – recipient of message.
- FEEDBACK – response the receiver gives to sender.
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
- PURPOSE - ADJUSTMENT TO CONTEXT
- AUDIENCE - PROCESSING AND ADDRESSING FEEDBACK
- TOPIC - DIVERSITY OF PEOPLE AND CULTURE

HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURES LOW-CONTEXT CULTURES

Mediterranean, Slav, Central Europe, Latin Germanic and English-speaking countries
American, African, Arabian, Asian, American-
Indian
 Message is unspecified, understood  Verbal communication and direct
through context, nonverbal cues,
between-the-line interpretation

LANGUAGE REGISTER & MULTIMODAL TEXTS

LANGUAGE REGISTER – variety of language based on uses. Formality of language.

QUICK OVERVIEW OF REGISTERS

1. FROZEN or STATIC – frozen in time and form that never changes.
Examples are Preamble, Poetry, Prayer, Alma mater and Bible verses.
2. FORMAL – academic languages.
Examples are Presentations, Speech, Program, Announcement, Scientific publishing.
3. CONSULTATIVE – used in professional settings. Speaker is addressed by title.
Examples are Strangers, Working-adults, Talking with doctor or lawyer.
4. CASUAL – casual tone. Informal language.
Examples are Friends, Peers.
5. INTIMATE – conversation among close family members.
Examples are Spouse, Siblings, Parents, Cousins.

COMMUNICATION MODES – channel to express communicative intent.

MUTIMODAL TEXT – conveys meaning through 2 or more modes. It can be Paper-based, Live,
and Digital.

DIFFERENT MODES

 VISUAL – still and moving images, characters, symbols, videos, etc.

 AURAL – sound such as music, sound effects, ambient noises, silence, tone, volume,
emphasis, accent.
 GESTURAL – nonverbal cues such as facial expression, eye movements, demeanor,
gait, etc.
 LINGUISTIC – written or spoken words like choice of words, phrases and sentences.
 SPATIAL – design and elements of spaces such as scale, proximity, boundaries,
organization, etc.

FORMS OF DISCUSSION
  NARRATION – story telling through series of events.
 DESCRIPTION – tells through 5 senses
 EXPOSITION – writing to inform. Has subtypes namely:
- Process description
- Analysis
- Definition
- Classification & division
- Comparison and contrast
- Cause and effect
- Problem and solution

OBTAINING INFORMATION FROM SOURCES

PRIMARY SOURCE OF INFORMATION

 Original material - Present at particular time and date

 Firsthand accounts - Interpretation and modification free
 Direct evidence of time and event - Original thought

SECONDARY SOURCE OF INFORMATION

 Interpretation, analysis, commentary

 Criticisms, history, magazine, journal, newspaper

CRAAP TEST

 CURRENT – latest info. Revised, updated or improved.

 RELEVANT – help understand idea. Provide useful information.
 AUTHORITY – expert or experienced person. Connected to credible organization.
Reputable publication.
 ACCURATE – references, objective. Doesn’t contain errors in grammar, spelling, choice
of vocabulary.
 PURPOSE – clearly explain, inform, teach, convince or persuade. Ideas are objective,
impartial.

For online safe searching, determine the website and check the URL.

3 TYPES OF APPEAL

 LOGOS (Logic or Reason) – credible and factual information. Ideas are clear and
coherent.
 PATHOS (Emotion) – empathy. Survived monumental and catastrophic events who
achieved greatness.
 ETHOS (Credibility) – trust among audience as expert. Eloquence in communicating the
message.
 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF (GEC 1)

PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHY – “Philo” – love and “Sophia” – wisdom. “Love of wisdom”. Answers questions
about ourselves and the world, existing knowledge, intuition to be closer to truth. Study of
general and fundamental problems.

BENEFITS OF PHILOSOPHY
- Critical Thinking - Reasoning
- Argument skills - Analysis
- Communication - Problem solving

WESTERN PHILOSOPHY EASTER PHILOSOPHY

Individualism Collectivism
Hands-on Spiritual approach
Punctual Flexible time
Direct Sugarcoats point
Minimal contact Large contact
Disciplined Not strict
Solves problem Avoids problem

EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

BUDDHISM – “Anatta” – no self. Oldest philosophy and is dynamic. Based on Sidharta

Taugama or Buddha – “awakened one”. Has 5 aspects:

 Physical manifestation
 Sensation
 Conceptualization
 Disposition to act
 Consciousness

8 PATHS TO NIRVANNA
- RIGHT VIEW - RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
- RIGHT INTENTION - RIGHT EFFORT
- RIGHT SPEECH - RIGHT MINDFULNESS
- RIGHT ACTION - RIGHT CONCENTRATION

CONFUCIANISM – by Tu Wei Ming. Has 2 aspects: Self as center of bonds and self as
dynamic process of spiritual development.
TAOISM – system of guidance.
TE – awareness of capabilities
TZU JAN - naturally

WU WEI – cleverness to devise plan. Power of knowledge. Knowledge and relativity.

HINDUISM – NYAYA (Reasoning) – deals with logic.

– VAISHESHIKA (Physical science)
– SAMKHYA (Framework of Manifestation) – explains whole and deals with
matter, consciousness, intelligence. Contains Nyaya, Mimasa, Vaisheshika.
– MIMASA (Freedom through action)
– VEDANTA (Contemplative self-inquiry)
– YOGA (Practical methods for direct experience) – “Samkhya yoga”. Deals with
levels and systematic witnessing of inner states.

HINDUISM AS CHAKRAS
- Crown - Solar Plexus (diaphragm)
- Brow - Sacral (abdomen)
- Throat - Root
- Heart

JAPANESE CULTURE – tension within self and role in society.

ETHIC – loyalty to group and country
EMIC – concept of self through interaction. Obedient and high achievement.

ISLAM – Hekma – Islamic view of universe, society, ethics in life.

LEVELS OF SELF

 COMMANDING – “Id”. Succumbs to evil, dominant, selfish, lust, aggressive.

 REGRETFUL – “Ego”. Realizations, repentant, fosters regret, encourages change.
 INSPIRED – joys of spiritual experience, motivated by ideals (Sufism). Reduces desires
and ego.
 PLEASED – content with life while facing trials.
 SELF PLEASING TO GOD – realizing that power comes from God and no one can
achieve it.
 PURE SELF – there’s no God but “GOD”.
 MATH IN MODERN WORLD (GEC 3)

FIBONACCI

SYMMETRY – figure has 2 sides that are mirror images.

LINE OF SYMMETRY – line through picture of object, and sides look the same.

2 KINDS OF SYMMETRY
1. BILATERAL – object has 2 sides that are mirror images.
Examples are human body.
2. RADIAL – center point and numerous lines of symmetry could be drawn.
Examples are circle, starfish.

PARALLEL LINES – stretch to infinity, neither intersecting.

SPIRAL – curved patterns that focuses on certain point.
FRACTALS – repeated shapes that are reduced in size
TESSELLATION – created with identical shapes that fit

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE – recursive arithmetic sequence.

FORMULA FOR FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

Xn = Xn – 1 + Xn – 2 1 = F1: 1st term

1 = F2: 2nd term
Xn = number of term 2 = F3: 3rd term
Xn-1 = previous term
Xn-2 = term before F3 = F2+F1
F3 = 1+1
F3 = 2

BINNET’S FORMULA
FN = (1+√5)n – (1-√5)n
2n√5

GOLDEN RATIO – (φ). Ratio between successive Fibonacci numbers. Value is 1.6180339887.
Longer part divided by smaller segment should equate to Golden ratio as its whole length.

_a_ = _a+b_ = 1.618 = φ a = long part

B a b = short part
a + b = equal parts

Fn + 1 > if missing term is after, use Fn – 1 < if missing term is previous.

SETS (RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS)

Mathematical sentences state a complete though while mathematical expression does

not and can’t be determined if it’s true or false.
Math language is precise, concise, and powerful.

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS

SETS – collection of any object.

ELEMENTS – objects in set.
FINITE SET – elements in set can be enumerated.
INFINITE SET – unlimited number of elements
EMPTY or NULL SET – no members. Denoted by “{} or O”.
COMPLEMENTARY SET – elements in universal set which aren’t contained in a set. Denoted
by ‘.
UNION SET = contains all elements in every set.
LISTING METHOD – members are separated by commas and enclosed in braces {}.

{3, 6, 9, …}

SUBSET SAMPLE
SET S =
SUBSET =

FORMULA TO FIND SUBSET

SUBSET = 2 n
RELATION – (R) one is to many. Relationship between sets of values. Subset of cartesian
product.
FUNCTION – (F or f) many is to one. Relation that one output is for every input.
DOMAIN – (input). Plugged into function.
RANGE – (output). Set of values the function assumes.

BINARY OPERATION – joins 2 values to create new.

1. CLOSURE PROPERTY – 12 + 34 = 46
2. COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY – 8 + 4 = 12 = 4 + 8 = 12
3. ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY – 4 + (5 + 6) = 17
4. IDENTITY PROPERTY – 69 + 0 = 69
5. DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY – x (y + z) = xy + xz
6. INVERSES OF BINARY OPERATION – 100 + (-100) = 0

RECIPROCAL – inverse element of multiplication

REASONING

MATHEMATICAL REASONING – analyzes hypothesis without reference.

TYPES OF REASONING

 INDUCTIVE – based on observations. Logical guess. Making general conclusion from

examples.
Example: I picked a red ball from the bag and it happens to be a red ball. (Conjecture)
All balls in the bag are all red. (Conclusion)
 DEDUCTIVE – specific and truthful conclusion based on principle. Hypothesis is
required. Comprised of Statement, Reasoning, and Conclusion. Always true.
Existing -> Formulate -> Collect -> Analyze -> Do/don’t reject
Theory hypothesis data data hypothesis
 CAUSAL – cause and effect.
 ANALOGICAL – conclusions based on similarities.

POLYA’s PROBLEM SOLVING CHART

1. Understand the problem 3. Execute the plan
2. Make a plan 4. Look back and reflect

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE

Arithmetic sequence – add same value each time.

Constant – difference between one term and the next.
Example: -14, 12, -2, 10, 8, ?_
-14 + 26 = 12
12 – 14 = -2
-2 + 12 = 10
10 – 2 = 8
8 + 10 = 18

FORMULA FOR ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE

an = a1 + ( n – 1 ) d an = nth term a1 = first term
n = number of terms d = constant

FORMULA FOR CONSTANT

d = an – a1 an = nth term a1 = first term
(n – 1) n = number of terms d = constant
 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EI)

EMOTIONS

EMOTIONS – natural instinctive state of mind from circumstances, mood, relationship. Have 2
aspects: Positive and Negative emotion.

EMOTIONS CONSISTS OF:

 SUBJECTIVE FEELING – emotion within self. Can’t be readily observed.

 EXPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR – evident sign that emotion is experienced. Intentional or
unintentional.
 PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE – bodily changes when experiencing emotion.
Awareness and arousal.

FUNCTIONS OF EMOTION
- Arousal - Adding color to lives
- Motivation - Regulating social interactions
- Adaptive functions

FACTOR INFLUENCING EMOTIONS

- Personality - Exercise
- Weather - Age
- Social activity - Gender
- Sleep - Health
- Stress

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EQ) – identify, use, understand, and manage emotions in

positive way. It boosts performance at work, improves physical health and mental health, and
fortifies relationships.

ATTRIBUTES OF EQ
- Self-awareness - Empathy
- Self-management - Motivation
- Social awareness

Emotional Intelligence is a predictor of success. Shows how a person can manage and
change daily action. Measures how you manage and react to others.

DEVELOPING EQ THROUGH 5 KEY SKILLS

1. Quickly reduce stress
2. Recognize and manage emotions
3. Connect with others using nonverbal communication
4. Use humor and play to deal challenges
5. Resolve conflicts properly
FOUR SKILLS IN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE – ability to identify emotions. More relevant in work-related

outcomes that understand, and assess behaviors and attitude. More productive and more
successful in life.
INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT – score from standardized intelligence test. Assess giftedness and
underpin requirements.

Navigating individuals’ emotions need tact and shrewdness.

5 DOMAINS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

 SELF-AWARENESS – emotional awareness, self-assessment, self-confidence.

 SELF-REGULATION – self-control, trustworthiness, conscientiousness, adaptability,
innovativeness.
 SELF MOTVATION – achievement drive, initiative, commitment, optimism.
 SOCIAL AWARENESS – empathy, service orientation, developing political awareness.
 SOCIAL SKILLS – influence, leadership, conflict management, build bonds, cooperation.

Emotional Intelligence skills can be learned.

 INTRODUCTION TO BIBLE

VISSION, MISSION, and CORE VALUES OF WU-P

MISSION - For the glory of God, Wesleyan University-Philippines provides quality education
imbued with Wesleyan spirituality to produce competent and conscientious graduates
committed to the healing of persons and the renewal of the whole of creation.

VISION - As a Filipino and a Methodist University, WU-P fosters God’s vision for humanity
through academic excellence, innovative research, transformative leadership and care for the
environment imbued with social holiness.

CORE VALUES
- Competence - Unity
- Accountability - Compassion
- Spirituality

GOALS
- Transformative education
- Socially responsible academic environment
- Culture of lifelong learning
- Cutting-edge physical and digital infrastructure
- Visibly demonstrated Wesleyan spirituality
- Transparent and accountable governance
- Partnerships for superior performance and sustainability
 MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS

PROBLEM SOLVING & DECISION MAKING

ELEMENTS OF PROBLEM-SOLVING PEDALOGY

 Begin with business problem

 Use economic analysis
 Find ways to implement

USING ECONOMICS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS, ASK THESE:

 Who’s making bad decisions?

 Do they have enough info to make good decision?
 Incentive to do so?

RATIONAL ACTOR PARADIGM – predicts behavior.

RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY – assumes that individuals are rational actors.

The paradigm motivates people to change. Incentives motivates people.

PRACTICAL TIPS TO DEVELOP PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS

 Think about problem from organization’s POV

 Think about organizational design
 Trade-off
 Don’t define problem as lack of solution (backup plan)
 Avoid jargons

ETHICS – “Heart or feelings”. Behavior based on morally good and bad. (Altruism, affection)
ECONOMICS – “Brain”. Deals with scarcity of resources. (Rationality, optimality)
DEONTOLOGY – study of moral obligation.
SPIDERMAN PRINCIPLE – great power comes with great responsibility.
ONE LESSON OF BUSINESS

WEALTH – assets move from lower to higher.

Value of goods and services depends on money. Voluntary transaction creates wealth.

CAPATALISM – private or corporate ownership of capital goods. Produce and distribute

products. Creates wealth.
BUYER SURPLUS – difference between buyer’s value minus price. (Buyer’s POV)
SELLER SURPLUS – difference between agreed price and seller’s value. (Seller’s POV)
TOTAL SURPLUS – sum of buyer and seller surplus.
ZERO SUM FALLACY – if person makes money, someone else is losing. (Bargaining)

Government plays critical role in wealth-creating process e.g. property rights and
contracts. Property rights is associated with environmental quality and human well-being.

EFFICIENCY – most useful in Economics.

“Art of business identify assets in low-valued uses and move it to high value”.

3 IMPEDIMENTS OF WEALTH

 Tax
 Subsidy
 Price control
 PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE (CAE1)

ANNUITY

ANNUITY – sequence of equal periodic payment.

ORDINARY ANNUITY – payments are made at end of intervals.
ANNUITY DUE – payments are made at beginning of intervals.
INTEREST – money charged for borrowing.
LENDER – borrower.
LENDER + INTEREST = Income | BORROWER + INTEREST = Expense

FORMULA FOR SIMPLE INTEREST

I=P•r•t P = Principal r = Rate
t = Time

t = no of months or no of days or Actual time (Banker’s rule)

12 360/365 360

FINAL AMOUNT = P + i

DISCOUNT – interest in advance.

FORMULA FOR DISCOUNT

D = MV • dr • t MV = Maturity value dr = Discount rate
t = Time
COMPOUND INTEREST – “Compounding Interest”. Interest on loan based on initial principal
and interest from previous periods.

FORMULA FOR COMPOUND INTEREST

I = FV – P FV – Future value P = Principal
 FORMULA FOR FV
FV = P ( 1+i ) n P = Principal I = CI rate
n = no. of periods m = compounding period
m = 1, Annual/Annually
m = 2, Semi-annual
m = 4, Quarterly
m = 12, Monthly

FORMULA FOR COMPOUND INTEREST RATE

i=r÷m r = rate m = compounding period

FORMULA FOR NO. OF PERIOD

n=t•m t = time m = compounding period

PRESENT VALUE – current value of money in future.

FORMULA FOR PRESENT VALUE

PV = FV ( 1+i ) -n FV = Future value n = no. of period
i = Compounding rate

FORMULA FOR FUTURE VALUE OF ANNUITY

FV = PMT ( 1 + i ) n – 1 FV = Future value i = rate per period
i PMT = Periodic payment n = number of payments

SINKING FUNDS

SINKING FUND – assets for specific purpose. Retires bonds, make acquisition, or invest.
“Sinking the debt”. Life will retire.
SINKING FUND PAYMENT – amount deposited to account periodically.
SAVINGS ACCOUNT – unknown creation. Don’t have specific end of life.
EMERGENCY FUND – set aside for unexpected events.

FORMULA FOR SINKING FUND

FV = PMT ( 1 + i ) n – 1 FV = Future value i = rate per period
i PMT = Periodic payment n = number of payments
 PAYMENT FORMULA FOR SINKING FUND
FV = i FV = Future value i = rate per period
PMT ( 1 + i ) n – 1 PMT = Periodic payment n = number of payments

AMORTIZATION

SINKING FUND SCHEDULE

FORMULA FOR PV OF ORDINARY ANNUITY

PVOA – PMT 1 – ( 1+i ) – n PMT – Annuity payment n – number of periods
i i - Interest rate
AMORTIZATION – spreading loan to series of fixed payments. Present value is identified.

AMORTIZATION SCHEDULE

TYPES OF AMORTIZING LOANS

 AUTO LOAN – 5 years or less with fixed monthly payment.

 HOME LOAN – 15 year or 30 years fixed rate mortgage.
 PERSONAL LOAN – 3-year term, fixed rate, fixed monthly.

STOCKS, BONDS, and MUTUAL FUNDS

STOCK – ownership certificate of company.

SHARE – stock certificate of company.
STOCK MARKET – securities sold to public. Consists of Primary and Secondary market.
- PRIMARY MARKET – new securities are brought to market. “Initial Public Offering” (IPO).
- SECONDARY MARKET – investors buy & sell shares with others. An investor may trade:
 Directly with other investors
 Indirectly through broker
 Directly with dealer

DEALER – maintains inventory, stands to buy and sell.

BROKER – brings buyer and seller together. Receive and track orders, negotiate price, focal
point of trading.

BID PRICE
ASK PRICE – Offering price.
SPREAD – difference between bid and ask price.

PHILIPPINE STOCK EXCHANGE OF 1992

STOCK QUOTE – important details of stock and trader.

 TYPES OF CORPORATE STOCK
 COMMON STOCK – shares of ownership in corporation. Paid after preferred stock.
Value may become high. High potential. Paid last.
 PREFERRED STOCK – no voting right. No voice in future. Received annually. Non-
participating fixed dividend. Paid first. Unchanged. Don’t grow.

FORMULA FOR DIVIDEND PER SHARE (PREFERRED)

DIVIDEND PER SHARE, PREFERRED = Par value • Dividend rate

FORMULA FOR PREFERRED DIVIDEND

TOTAL PREFERRED DIVIDEND = No. of share • Dividend per share

FORMULA FOR COMMON DIVIDEND

TOTAL COMMON DIVIDEND = Total dividend – Total preferred dividend

FORMULA FOR DIVIDEND PER SHARE

COMMON DIVIDEND = Total common dividend
No. of shares (Common)

BOND – formal unconditional promise. Pay specified for sum of money. Contract of debt.
Agreement to repay face value.
I.O.U – acknowledges debt owed.
FACE VALUE – bond worth at maturity.
COUPON RATE – payment on face value of bond.
COUPON DATES – dates to make interest payments.
MATURITY DATE – bond will mature.
ISSUE PRICE – price originally sells the bonds.

TYPES OF BONDS
 GOVERNMENT BONDS – sovereign bonds.
 CORPORATE BONDS – certificate of indebtedness. Bond indentures – bond
agreements.
 TREASURY BOND – matures beyond 1 year. (2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 years are
tenor).
 MUNICIPAL BOND – own capital investment project. (Roads, buildings, airports, etc.)

MUTUAL FUND – managed by investment company. Value depends on securities’

performance.

3 WAYS TO EARN FROM MUTUAL FUND

1. Earned from dividends on stock & interest
2. Increased price of sold security
3. Fund’s share increases in price

TYPES OF MUTUAL FUNDS

 EQUITY FUNDS – stock funds. Invest primarily in shares.

 INCOME FUNDS – regularly pay dividends and income funds.
 BALANCED FUNDS – both growth and income funds.
 INDEX FUNDS – make up market index
 MONEY MARKET FUNDS – short-term debt.
 PHYSICAL FITNESS (PE)

PHYSICAL FITNESS

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – integral part of educational program. Optimum development of

physical, social, emotional, and mental aspect.

OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

1. Physical Development
2. Social Development
3. Emotional Development
4. Mental Development

PHYSICAL FITNESS – perform one’s task efficiently without fatigue, and reserved energy.

COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS

 ORGANIC VIGOR – soundness of heart and lungs that resists diseases.

 ENDURANCE
 STRENGTH
 POWER
 FLEXIBILITY
 AGILITY
 BALANCE – control organic equipment neuro-muscularly
 SPEED

GYMNASTICS – manipulate body parts to varied position or movements.

HISTORY OF GYMNASTICS

 EARLY CIVILIZATION
 CHINA – “Kung Fu” – medical gymnastics.
 INDIA – Yoga.
 GREEKS – apparatuses. Gymnastics means “Naked Art”.
 EGYPT – pyramid in cheer dance.
 ROMAN – wooden equipment similar to horse.
 GERMAN – greatest contributor.

JOHANN BASEDOW – introduced gymnastics to school.

JOHANN GUTS MUTHS – “Great Grandfather of Gymnastics”.
FRIEDRICH JOHN – “Father of Gymnastics”.
ADOLF SPIESS – introduced marching and freehand exercise with music.
PERH LING – invented stall bars and vaulting box.
Dr. DUDLEY SARGENT – instrumental in school curriculum.
DIRECTOR CANDIDO BARTOLOME and Mrs. FRANCISCA AQUINO – started gymnastics in
Philippines.
 PHASES OF GYMNASTICS PROGRAM
1. CONDITIONING PROGRAM – prepare body for complicated movements and skills.
(Calisthenics)
2. RHYTMIC GYMNASTICS – exercise with music. Includes freehand and light exercise.
3. STUNT – form of play and tests strength, balance, endurance, flexibility, agility,
coordination.
4. TUMBLING – most important phase. Tests performance.
5. APPARATUS EXERCISE (Heavy) – done on balance beam, vaulting horse, parallel and
uneven bars.
6. PYRAMID BUILDING – picture in static position.

BODY MOVEMENTS
1. AXIAL MOVEMENT – body parts in stationary position.
Examples are bending or flexing, lift or raise, stretch, extend or straighten, twist, circle.
2. LOCOTOR MOVEMENT – movement from one place to another.
Examples are walking, running, hopping, skipping, leaping, jumping.

DIRECTION OF MOVEMENTS
- Forward - Diagonal
- Sideward - Clockwise
- Upward - Counter clockwise
- Downward - Backward