Bio Chemistry Script

 Induced Mutation

- Hydroxylamine

 Hydroxylamine ay isang kemikal na sangkap na maaaring magdulot ng mga mutation sa mga

organism. Kapag na-expose sa hydroxylamine, maaari nitong baguhin ang DNA structure sa
pamamagitan ng pagbabago sa mga base na bumubuo ng genetic code. Ito ay maaaring
magresulta sa mga pagbabago sa sequence ng DNA, na nagdudulot ng mga mutation. Ang mga
mutation na ito ay maaaring makaapekto sa pag-andar ng mga genes at posibleng magdulot ng
mga bagong katangian o katangian sa mga organism.

- Oxidative Reactions

 Oxidative reactions can also induce mutations in organisms. Ang mga reaksyong ito ay
nagpapakita ng paglipat ng mga elektrons mula sa isang molecule patungo sa iba, na nagreresult
sa pagbuo ng reactive oxygen species (ROS) tulad ng hydrogen peroxide. Ang ROS ay maaaring
mag cause ng pinsala sa DNA sa pamamagitan ng pagdulot ng mga pagkabali o pagbabago sa
genetic code. Ang mga pangyayaring ito ay maaaring magdulot ng mga mutation na nagbabago
sa genetic information ng isang organism. Ang mga oxidative reaction can be caused ng iba't
ibang mga factros, kabilang ang pagka-expose sa radiation o ilang mga kemikal.
 - Intercalating Agents

 Intercalating agents are chemical compounds that can induce mutations in organisms. These
agents have the ability to insert themselves between the DNA base pairs, causing the DNA
strands to separate slightly. This disruption can lead to errors during DNA replication, resulting
in the insertion or deletion of nucleotides. These changes in the DNA sequence can cause
mutations and alter the genetic information of an organism. Intercalating agents are commonly
used in scientific research to study the effects of mutations and understand how changes in DNA
can affect living organisms.

- Radiation

 There are two types of radiation, ionizing and non ionizing. Pero ang ionizing ang nag cacause ng
induce mutation sa DNA, kase mas powerful siya sa non ionizing.
  Genetic Mosaics

 Genetic Mosaic- The word Mosaic or mosaicism is a condition in which cells within the
same person have different genetic make-up.

Genetic mosaicism is a biological phenomenon that occurs when an individual has two or more
genetically distinct cell populations within their body. This can result from various genetic
mechanisms and can lead to a wide range of physical and physiological differences between
cells.

-Curt Stern

 One of the key figures in the discovery and study of genetic mosaicism was Curt Stern, a
German-American geneticist who made significant contributions to the field of genetics
throughout his career. Stern was particularly interested in the role of mutations in
evolution, and his work on genetic mosaicism helped shed light on the complex ways in
which mutations can affect an individual's phenotype.

 There are two main types of genetic mosaicism that he significantly contributed on,
which is the Somatic Mosaicism and Germline Mosaicism.
 While Stern did not discover these concepts, his research helped to advance our
knowledge of genetic mosaicism and its underlying mechanisms.

-Somatic Mosaicism

 Is a genetic condition where different cells in the body have different genetic makeup due to
mutations occurring during embryonic development or later in life. This means that some cells in
the body have a different genetic makeup than other cells. Somatic mosaicism can occur in any
tissue or organ, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
o Mutations that occur during cell division
o DNA damage caused by environmental factors, such as radiation or chemicals
o Errors in the repair of DNA

 Explaining the diagram of how somatic mosaic woks: Here is a more visual demonstration of
somatic cell mosaicism, and how it happens. So first of all you have is a population of normal
cells and then there is a mutated cell by mitosis (meaning Mitosis is the process of a cell dividing
into two identical daughter cells) and then the mutated cell will carry on to divide by mitosis and
so will the normal cells, and as a result there would be more mutated and normal cells in the
mature organism. So, the final product would be a mosaic.
 Para ma-visualize niyo a little better, I have a diagram of a person with two populations of cells
in their body, so the black regions would be the normal cells, and the red regions would be the
mutated cells.
  Somatic mosaicism is relatively common, and it is estimated that up to 10% of all adults have
some degree of somatic mosaicism. In most cases, somatic mosaicism is harmless and does not
cause any health problems. However, it can sometimes lead to diseases, such as cancer.

 Lines of Blaschko and heterochromia are two examples of somatic mosaicism.

o Lines of Blaschko are stripes of skin that follow a set pattern on the body. They are caused by a
mutation in a gene that controls the development of skin pigment. The mutation can occur in
any cell in the body, but it only affects the cells that are descended from the cell in which the
mutation occurred. This is why the lines of Blaschko follow a specific pattern.
o Heterochromia is a condition in which the two eyes have different colors. It can be caused by a
number of factors, including a mutation in a gene that controls the development of eye
pigment, or an injury to the eye. In the case of somatic mosaicism, heterochromia is caused by a
mutation in a gene that controls the development of eye pigment in one eye, but not the other.

-Germline Mosaicism

 Germline mosaicism is a genetic condition where an individual has two or more genetically
distinct populations of cells in their ovaries or testes. This means that some of the individual's
eggs or sperm will have a different genetic makeup than others. Germline mosaicism can be
caused by a mutation that occurs in a germ cell early in development, or by epigenetic changes
to DNA. It can be difficult to diagnose, but there are tests that can be used to screen for it,
including genetic testing, karyotyping, and microarray analysis. The severity of symptoms can
vary depending on the gene that is mutated and the extent of the mosaicism. Germline
mosaicism can be passed on to offspring, and the risk of passing on the mutation depends on
the extent of the mosaicism and the gene that is mutated.

 Explaining how Germline Mosaicism works: So, how does it happen? During the embryonic of
an organism, mutation would occur in one of the cells as illustrated here, is all the other cells are
normal and then this mutated cell will undergo mitosis, and they become germline cells. The
normal cells did not go mitosis kase hindi sila mutated, they are genetically normal. When this
happens a parent is phenotypically normal (meaning does not show any signs of a genetic
disorder or disease) pero they are actually carrying germline cells that are mutated and passed it
onto their children, kahit na they present with no disease.

 Some of the conditions that can be caused by germline mosaicism include:

 Down syndrome can be caused by germline mosaicism in which the mutation that leads to the
condition occurs in the germ cells of one of the parents. This means that some of their eggs or
sperm have a different genetic makeup than others, and if one of these gametes is fertilized, it
can result in a child with Down syndrome. The severity of symptoms in individuals with Down
syndrome can vary, but common features include intellectual disability, characteristic facial
features, and certain health problems.
-Factors Inducing Mosaicism

 There are several factors that can induce mosaicism, including:

1. DNA replication errors: During cell division, errors can occur in DNA replication, which can
lead to mosaicism.

2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, or viruses can cause changes
to DNA that result in mosaicism.

3. Age-related changes: As an individual ages, the risk of mosaicism increases due to changes in
DNA replication and repair mechanisms.

4. Epigenetic changes: Changes to the way genes are expressed, without changes to the
underlying DNA sequence, can also lead to mosaicism.

5. Inherited mutations: In some cases, mosaicism can be inherited from a parent who has a
genetic mutation in their germ cells.

These factors can lead to mosaicism in different tissues and organs, which can result in a variety
of genetic disorders and health conditions.