Aling pag-ibig pa ang hihigit kaya

Sa pagkadalisay at pagkadakila
Gaya ng pag-ibig sa Tinubuang lupa?
Aling pag-ibig pa? Wala na nga, wala.
Ulit-ulitin mang basahin ng isip
at isa-isahing talastasing pilit
ang salita't buhay na limbag at titik
ng isang katauhan ito'y namamasid
Banal na pag-ibig pag ikaw ang nukal
sa tapat na puso ng sino’t alinman,
imbit taong gubat, maralita’t
mangmang nagiging dakila at iginagalang.
Pagpupuring lubos ang nagiging hangad
Sa bayan ng taong may dangal na ingat,
Umawit, tumula, kumanta't sumulat,
Kalakhan din niya'y isinisiwalat.
Walang mahalagang hindi inihandog
Ng may pusong mahal sa Bayang nagkupkop,
Dugo, yaman, dunong, katiisa't pagod,
Buhay ma'y abuting magkalagot-lagot.
Bakit? Alin ito na sakdal ng laki,
Na hinahandugan ng buong pagkasi,
Na sa lalong mahal kapangyayari,
At ginugugulan ng buhay na iwi?
Ay! Ito'y ang Inang Bayang tinubuan,
Siya'y ina't tangi sa kinamulatan
Ng kawili-wiling liwanang ng araw
Na nagbibigay-init sa buong katawan.
Sa kanya’y utang ang unang pagtanggap
ng simoy ng hanging nagbigay lunas,
sa inis na puso na sisinghap-singhap,
sa balong malalim ng siphayo’t hirap.
Kalakip din nito'y pag-ibig sa Bayan,
Ang lahat ng lalong sa gunita'y mahal,
Mula sa masaya't gasong kasanggulan
Hanggang sa katawa'y mapasa-libingan.
Ang nangakaraang panahon ng aliw
ang inaasahang araw na darating
ng pagka-timawa ng mga alipin
liban pa ba sa bayang tatanghalin?
At ang balang kahoy at ang balang sanga
na parangniya’t gubat na kaaya-aya
sukat ang makita’t sa ala-ala
ang ina’t ang giliw lampas sa saya
Tubig niyang malinaw sa anaki'y bulog
bukal sa batisang nagkalat sa bundok
malambot na huni ng matuling agos
na nakakaaliw sa pusong may lungkot
Sa aba ng abang mawalay sa bayan!
Gunita ma'y laging sakbibi ng lumbay,
Walang alaala't inaasa-asam
Kundi ang makita'ng lupang tinubuan.
Pati na'ng magdusa't sampung kamatayan
Wari ay masarap kung dahil sa bayan
At lalong mahirap. Oh, himalang bagay!
Lalong pag-irog pa ang sa kanya'y alay.
Kung ang bayang ito'y nasa panganib
At siya ay dapat na ipagtangkilik,
Ang anak, asawa, magulang, kapatid
Isang tawag niya'y tatalikdang pilit.
Datapwa kung bayan ano ang bayan ng katagalogan
ay nilalapastangan at niyuyurakan
katwiran, puri niya't kamahalan
ng sama ng lilong ibang bayan.
Di gaano kaya ang paghihinagpis
ng pusong Tagalog sa puring na lait
at aling kalooban na lalong tahimik
ang di pupukawin sa panghihimagsik?
Saan magbubuhat ang paghihinay
sa paghihiganti't gumugol ng buhay
kung wala ring ibang kasasadlakan
kundi ang lugami sa kaalipinan?
Kung ang pagka-baon niya't pagka-busabos
sa lusak ng daya't tunay na pag-ayop
supil ng pang-hampas tanikalang gapos
at luha na lamang ang pinaa-agos.
Sa kaniyang anyo'y sino ang tutunghay
na di-aakayin sa gawang magdamdam
pusong naglilipak sa pagka-sukaban
na hindi gumugol ng dugo at buhay.
Mangyari kayang ito'y masulyap
ng mga Tagalog at hindi lumingap
sa naghihingalong Inang nasa yapak
ng kasuklam-suklam na Castilang hamak.
Nasaan ang dangal ng mga Tagalog
nasaan ang dugong dapat na ibuhos?
bayan ay inaapi bakit di kumikilos?
at natitilihang ito'y mapanood.
Hayo na nga kayo, kayong nanga buhay
sa pag-asang lubos na kaginhawahan
at walang tinamo kundi kapaitan,
kaya nga't ibigin ang naaabang bayan
Kayong antayan na sa kapapasakit
ng dakilang hangad sa batis ng dibdib
muling pabalungit tunay na pag-ibig
kusang ibulalas sa bayang piniit
Kayong nalagasan ng bunga't bulaklak
kahoy niyari ng buhay na nilanta't sukat,
ng bala-balakit makapal na hirap,
muling manariwa't sa baya'y lumiyag.
Kayong mga pusong kusang inuusal
ng daya at bagsik ng ganid na asal
ngayon magbangon't baya'y itanghal
agawin sa kuko ng mga sukaban
Kayong mga dukhang walang tanging sikap
kundi ang mabuhay sa dalita't hirap,
ampunin ang bayan kung nasa ay lunas
sapagkat ang ginhawa niya ay sa lahat
Ipahandog-handog ang buong pag-ibig
hanggang may dugo'y ubusang itangis
kung sa pagtatanggol, buhay ay mapatid,
Ito'y kapalaran at tunay na langit!
How do plant and animal cells differ?
Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, so they contain membrane-
bound organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria.

However, plant cells and animal cells do not look exactly the same or have
all of the same organelles, since they each have different needs. For
example, plant cells contain chloroplasts since they need to perform
photosynthesis, but animal cells do not.

Diagram of a typical animal cell:

Diagram of an animal cell with components lettered.

Image modified from OpenStax Biology.

Diagram of a typical plant cell:

 Diagram of a plant cell with components labeled.
Image modified from OpenStax Biology.

 Both animal and plant cells have mitochondria, but only plant cells
have chloroplasts. Plants don’t get their sugar from eating food, so they
need to make sugar from sunlight. This process (photosynthesis) takes
place in the chloroplast. Once the sugar is made, it is then broken down by
the mitochondria to make energy for the cell. Because animals get sugar
from the food they eat, they do not need chloroplasts: just mitochondria.

 Both plant and animal cells have vacuoles. A plant cell contains a large,
singular vacuole that is used for storage and maintaining the shape of the
cell. In contrast, animal cells have many, smaller vacuoles.

 Plant cells have a cell wall, as well as a cell membrane. In plants, the
cell wall surrounds the cell membrane. This gives the plant cell its
unique rectangular shape. Animal cells simply have a cell membrane, but
no cell wall.
From an academic perspective, understanding the difference between mitosis and meiosis is
crucial. Read on to explore what is mitosis and meiosis, significant similarities and differences
between the two:

Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of four daughter cells each with half the
number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Mitosis
Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in the formation of two daughter cells each with the same
number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Table of Contents

 Introduction
 Key Differences
 Mitosis – Overview
 Meiosis – Overview
 Similarities
 Conclusion
 Difference Between Mitosis And Meiosis

Introduction
In single-celled organisms, cell reproduction gives rise to the next generation. In multicellular
organisms, cell division occurs not just to produce a whole new organism but for growth and
replacement of worn-out cells within the organisms.
Cell division is always highly regulated and follows a highly orchestrated series of steps. The
term cytokinesis refers to the division of a cell’s cytoplasm, while mitosis and meiosis refer to two
different forms of nuclear division.
Mitosis results in two nuclei that are identical to the original nucleus. Meiosis, on the other hand,
results in four nuclei, each having half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. In
animals, meiosis only occurs in the cells that give rise to the sex cells (gametes), i.e., the egg
and the sperm.
Also read: Cell Cycle

Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis

The important difference between mitosis and meiosis are mentioned below:

Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis

Interphase

Each chromosome replicates during the S phase of Chromosomes not yet visible but DNA has been
the interphase. The result is two genetically identical duplicated or replicated.
sister chromatids (However, do note that interphase
is technically not a part of mitosis because it takes
place between one mitotic phase and the next).

Prophase

Prophase –Each of the duplicated chromosomes Prophase I – crossing-over and recombination –

appears as two identical or equal sister chromatids.
The mitotic spindle begins to form. Chromosomes
condense and thicken.
Homologous chromosomes (each consists of two
sister chromatids) appear together as pairs. Tetrad
or bivalent is the structure that is formed. Segments
of chromosomes are exchanged between non-sister
chromatids at crossover points known as chiasmata
(crossing-over).

Metaphase

Metaphase -The chromosomes assemble at the Metaphase I – Chromosomes adjust on the

equator at the metaphase plate. metaphase plate. Chromosomes are still intact and
arranged as pairs of homologues (bivalent).

Anaphase

Anaphase – The spindle fibres begin to contract. This Anaphase I – Sister chromatids stay intact. However,
starts to pull the sister chromatids apart. At the end homologous chromosomes drift to the opposite or
of anaphase, a complete set of daughter reverse poles.
chromosomes is found on each pole.
 Mode of Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Occurrence

All the cells Reproductive cells

Function

General growth and repair, Cell reproduction Genetic diversity through sexual reproduction

Cytokinesis

Occurs in Telophase Occurs in Telophase I and in Telophase II

Discovered by

Walther Flemming Oscar Hertwig

Mitosis Overview
 Mitosis is a continuous process of cell division which occurs in all types of living cells.
 Mitosis involves four basic phases – prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
 Mitosis is the process where the division of cell occurs by asexual reproduction.
 In mitosis, the nuclear membrane is broken down, spindle fibres (microtubules) attach to
the chromatids at the centromere and pull apart the chromatids.
 When the chromatids reach separate ends of the cells, the spindle fibres disintegrate and
a nuclear membrane rebuilds around the chromosomes making two nuclei.
 Each nucleus is identical to the original nucleus as it was in G1 phase.
Also read: Difference between haploid and diploid

Meiosis Overview
 Meiosis is the form of nuclear cell division that results in daughter cells that have one-half
the chromosome numbers as the original cell.
 In organisms that are diploid, the end result is cells that are haploid. Each daughter cell
gets one complete set of chromosomes, i.e., one of each homologous pair of
chromosomes.
  In humans, this means the chromosome number is reduced from 46 to 23.
 The germ cells undergo meiosis to give rise to sperm and eggs.
 The joining together of a sperm and egg during fertilisation returns the number of the
chromosomes to 46.
 Cells that undergo meiosis go through the cell cycle, including the S phase, so the
process begins with chromosomes that consist of two chromatids just as in mitosis.
 Meiosis consists of meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are
separated into different nuclei.
 This is the reduction division; chromosome number is divided in half. Meiosis II is very
similar to mitosis; chromatids are separated into separate nuclei.
 As in mitosis, it is spindle fibres that “pull” the chromosomes and chromatids apart in
meiosis.
 The end result of meiosis is four cells, each with one complete set of chromosomes
instead of two sets of chromosomes.
Also read: Significance of Meiosis

Similarities Between Mitosis and Meiosis

 Both mitosis and meiosis take place in the cell nuclei, which can be observed under a
microscope.
 Both mitosis and meiosis involve cell division.
 Both the processes occur in the M-phase of the cell cycle. In both cycles, the typical
stages are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
 In both cycles, synthesis of DNA takes place.
Also Read:

 Meiosis I
 Meiosis II

Conclusion
The difference between Mitosis and Meiosis is quite apparent. They are two very different
processes that have two different functions. Meiosis is required for genetic variation and
continuity of all living organisms. Mitosis, on the other hand, is focused on the growth and
development of cells. Meiosis also plays an important role in the repair of genetic defects in
germline cells.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is mitosis?
Mitosis is a form of cell division where the cell splits into two, each identical to the original cell.

2. What is Meiosis?
Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four cells, each having half the number of
chromosomes of the original cell.
3. List out the difference between mitosis and meiosis,
The difference between mitosis and meiosis are as follows:

 Mitosis was discovered by Walther Flamming, while meiosis was discovered by Oscar
Hertwig.
 Cytokinesis occurs only in telophase during mitosis, while it occurs in Telophase 1 and
telophase 2 during meiosis.
 The primary function of mitosis is general growth and repair. It is also used for cell
reproduction.
 Tetrad formation is not observed in mitosis. Tetrad formation is observed in meiosis.
 Meiosis, on the other hand, aims to provide genetic diversity through sexual reproduction.
 Asexual mode of reproduction is observed for mitosis. Sexual mode of reproduction is
observed for meiosis.

4. State a few similarities between mitosis and meiosis.

The similarities between mitosis and meiosis are as follows:

 Mitosis and meiosis take place in the cell nuclei.

 Both involve cell division.
 Both the processes occur in the M-phase of the cell cycle.
 In both cycles, the stages are common – prophase, metaphase, anaphase and
telophase.
 Synthesis of DNA occurs in both.