1.

) COCONUT SHELL AS INK

-Jeruhliza Maddauin

According to Rahul G Karmankar (2016) Carbon black is produced by the incomplete combustion of
hydrocarbon or thermal cracking by using Coconut Shells.
Blacks falls into three method of manufacture, Channel, furnace, thermal. The average particle size of
blacks ranges from about 15 to 275 millimicrons. The finest black are channel blacks and coarsest are the
thermal blacks, but an overlapping of the furnace blacks can be observed at both ends.

According to S Osemeahon et al. (2020) use of Carbon black from locally sourced from waste that are
rich in Carbon such as lampblack, spent tyre and coconut shell that was explored in making erasable
white board ink and demonstrated good physical properties like viscosity, opacity, adhesion, eligibility
and erasability that are optimized by Arabic Gum.

Coconut shells can be turned into ink for it is a carbonaceous waste, when it is burned under low oxygen
and high heat it becomes Carbon black which is mainly used for creating ink that is used by other
manufacturers as an alternative rather than using radioactive and inaccessible materials.

REFERENCE
Rahul G Karmankara (2016) - (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&q=coconut+shell+as+ink#d=gs_qabs&t=1696648596232&u=%23p%3DKKcDW0i-
X54J)

S Osemeahon, M John, B Dimas (2020) - (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&q=coconut+shell+as+ink#d=gs_qabs&t=1696649155943&u=%23p
%3DD8XGfSGzhFgJ)

2.) GUM ARABIC AS BINDER OF INK

-Kristine Martin

According to Prasad, Niranjan, .Thombare, Nandkishore.

Sharma, S.C. Kumar, Shravan (2022).
Gum produced from the Acacia senegal tree, also known as gum arabic (GA), is the oldest and most well-
known exudate gum commercially used for more than 5000 years. In ancient times, in Egypt use of GA
was reported as a mineral pigment adhesive in paint and for embalming mummies (Whistler and
BeMiller, 1993). Some species of the Acacia genus are the source of GA. Due to its natural origin and
safety record, it is recognized as the most crucial exudate gum. It finds application in food,
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textile, paper, ink, adhesive, paint and printing.
REFERENCE
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
as_ylo=2019&q=Gum+Arabic+as+binder+paper+of+ink&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5#d=gs_qabs&t=16966944592
68&u=%23p%3DEVXlFhIFVogJ

3.) AVAILABILITY OF COCONUT SHELL IN THE PHILIPPINES

-Majika Ayessa Bayanay
The availability of coconut shells in the philippines was conducted to assess the husk availability and
utilization. According to Marife L. Moreno, et al. (2020) Philippines is one of the world’s largest exporters
of coconuts.
Fortuna Cools, founded in 2018 by a pair of Stanford University students, saw an opportunity to use
another abundant source of waste in the Philippines: coconut husks.
The coconut shells offer various applications for production, including charcoal, handicrafts, and fuel.
The availability of coconut shell in the philippines is noteworthy, with a production rate of 2.2 million
tons each year. This initiative is helpful in reducing waste.(R U espina, et al.,2023) Along with their
potential for various applications, it highlights the importance of sustainable utilization of this resource
for both industrial and environmental purposes. (Azrine Ajien, et al.,2022)

REFERENCE

Overview and Constraints of the Coconut Supply Chain in the Philippines

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15538362.2020.1746727?fbclid=IwAR1qAXzzlDvk-
QtYfM0zQL1_WB3FIjQFHoPVIEI8CEDhNiWPinw0oJEYx1Y_aem_ARgsn3jumrs4MVAzOrlS85Cv3wV_-
EMRenHDw8YyEgxlNazyrz835ZMHImhNE0Y2rCc

The Energy Yield of The Torrefied Coconut Shells - IOPscience

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1187/1/012020?
fbclid=IwAR3km_7hZR2g5jLuKpfQtWFrN1K7d4OHIzU46WsCjR-
6jGA7ED08vow3RV0_aem_AQ6LnljiaFr5E5HtKq9OuQXsjLWhK1d3UckSKu-
YQG27frqcdvVkNMaYlHsBjv9zZ74

Main Uses of Coconut Shell - COCONUT VIETNAM

https://coconutvietnam.com.vn/news/main-uses-of-coconut-shell/1225.html?
fbclid=IwAR17BTBnPRyjWWhlwul1MIsD97jWliqemMk9U1kKNtO2DR_o7neS7upj6aA_aem_AQ4e5Khk0u
36JrZ7PyIFMzlRIdCUGLuXEHUqqCL5poNq5R_BXxdm8780fwljI_a56As

Coconut shell and husk biochar: A review of production and activation technology, economic, financial
aspect and application
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9925910/?
fbclid=IwAR0TOBbsF0UdqbHsXky3xec417cqd4sxuoOJdL7vmkRa1daT4zexiUxHAZ8_aem_AQ5rigIKRkoWIc
cvouPi9ngFEwLfIQ-hFjcOnnaDsYCKi910aF_cTi2iYJBqwUnzSpE

The Philippines startup is making coolers out of coconuts |CNN

https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/28/asia/philippines-coconuts-plastic-alternative-climate-spc-intl-hnk/
index.html?fbclid=IwAR3GyaDXFJyDIf0fSTZuMi2Yy1BYx-GDfC77xoC-
GzkDbQv11tOr53oclSo_aem_AQ7Mxe16r88wBXfRt5diwWVny28wQOToK9mimPT5Jk-
tV7aiWTT0rCIvMVP7_0ZAcjQ
4.) PROCESS Of MAKING INK USING COCONUT SHELL AND CHARRING METHOD
- Dave Leandro G. Mancao

Coconut shell ink is a type of ink made from the charcoal of coconut shells. It is a natural, non-toxic, and
sustainable alternative to commercial inks, which are often made from petroleum-based products.
To make coconut shell ink, the coconut shells are first burned in a limited supply of air to produce
charcoal. The charcoal is then ground into a fine powder and mixed with a binding agent, such as gum
arabic or glycerin. The binding agent helps to keep the ink particles suspended in solution and prevents
them from clogging the pen or printer.
Coconut shell ink can be used in a variety of applications, including writing, drawing, and printing. It is
also used in some types of calligraphy and art. Coconut shell ink is available in a variety of colors,
including black, brown, and gray.
A study by (Cruz 2014) investigated the feasibility of using coconut shell charcoal as an alternative
pigment source for whiteboard marker ink. The study found that coconut shell charcoal ink was
comparable to commercial whiteboard marker ink in terms of opacity, drying time, and eraseability.
Another study by (alice sheridan,2020) explored the use of coconut shell charcoal ink as an alternative to
printer ink. The study found that coconut shell charcoal ink was able to produce high-quality prints on a
variety of paper types. However, the study also noted that coconut shell charcoal ink was more viscous
than commercial printer ink and required a higher printing temperature.
A study by (Benny Yulianto,2019) investigated the use of coconut shell charcoal ink as a natural pigment
for wood staining. The study found that coconut shell charcoal ink was able to produce a variety of wood
stains with different shades and colors. The study also noted that coconut shell charcoal ink was more
durable than commercial wood stains and was less likely to fade over time.
A according to(S Osemeahon,2020) coconut shell-based ink can be produced through various methods,
including carbonization of the shells to create charcoal and blending the charcoal with a binder and
other additives to form ink. Additionally, the use of coconut shell-based activated carbon as an ink
pigment has been explored due to its adsorption properties.
According to (jake prahinog,2019)coconut shell-based ink can be produced through various methods,
including carbonization of the shells to create charcoal and blending the charcoal with a binder and
other additives to form ink. Additionally, the use of coconut shell-based activated carbon as an ink
pigment has been explored due to its adsorption properties
Overall, the literatures suggests that coconut shell ink is a viable alternative to commercial inks in a
variety of applications. It is a natural, non-toxic, and sustainable ink that can be used to produce high-
quality results.

Charring Method
Charring is a chemical process of incomplete combustion of certain solids when subjected to high heat.
Heat distillation removes water vapor and volatile organic compounds (syngas) from the matrix. The
residual black carbon material is char, as distinguished from the lighter colored ash. By the action of
heat, charring removes hydrogen and oxygen from the solid, so that the remaining char is composed
primarily of carbon. Polymers like thermoset, or most solid organic compounds like wood or biological
tissue, exhibit charring behaviour.
According to (Kimmo Tolonen,2017)The burning of any carbonaceous material (wood, coal, oil etc.)
produces a high number of carbon particles, which after being deposited can in favourable conditions be
preserved in sediments throughout geological periods. On the basis of a microscopic morphology of the
preserved sedimentary charred particles, it is possible to distinguish the combustion products of fossil
fuels from particles
According to (M Kymäläinen, TV Lourençon, K Lillqvist, 2022)Charring breaks down complex organic
compounds into simpler carbon structures, making it easier to analyze them. This is particularly useful
when studying organic materials or substances that are not readily volatilized.
According to (Julian B Marsh, David B Weinstein, 2017)Charring can render the sample more stable,
preventing degradation or changes in composition during storage or analysis.
According to (Ryosuke Ueyama, Masahiro Harada, Tamotu Ueyama, Takashi Yamamoto, Tadashi Shiosaki,
Kiyoshi Kuribayashi, Kunihito Koumoto, Won Son Seo, 2017)After charring, the remaining carbon-rich
residue can be subjected to techniques like elemental analysis to determine the carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and sulfur content, among others.
According to(H Shindo, T Honna, S Yamamoto, H Honma, 2016) Charring can be used to determine the
ash content of a sample, which is particularly important in fields like food and agriculture.
Charring method can be used for a variety of purposes, including
Cooking Charring food adds a smoky flavor and caramelizes the sugars, creating a complex and delicious
taste. Charred vegetables, meats, and seafood are all popular dishes.
Wood preservation,Charring the surface of wood creates a protective layer that helps to resist moisture,
rot, and insect damage. This is a traditional method of preserving wood that is still used today.
Biochar production,Biochar is a charcoal-like substance that is created by charring biomass materials
such as wood, agricultural waste, or manure. Biochar is used to improve soil fertility, reduce greenhouse
gas emissions, and sequester carbon.
Water filtration,Activated charcoal is made by charring wood or other organic materials. It is used to
filter water and remove impurities such as chlorine, heavy metals, and organic compounds.
There are a variety of ways to char materials, including
Direct heat,Direct heat charring can be done using a grill, stovetop, or open flame. This is the fastest and
most common way to char food.
Indirect heatIndirect heat charring can be done using a smoker or oven. This method takes longer, but it
produces a more even char.
Pyrolysis,Pyrolysis is a process of charring materials in the absence of oxygen. This is a more complex
method that is used to produce biochar and activated charcoal.

REFERENCE
Ink From Coconut husk Charcoal
https://www.ehow.com/how_6764405_make-ink-charcoal.html

MAKING OF CHARCOAL AND BISTRE INK

https://alicesheridan.com/make-your-own-charcoal-and-bistre-ink/

Design of eco-friendly pen made of coconut shell waste

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=tl&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=ink+made+of+coconut+shell&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1696681626866&u=%23p
%3DiinmskyJQNUJ
Evaluation of the Use of Carbon Black from Waste Materials for the Production of Erasable White Board
Ink
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=tl&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=coconut+shell+ink&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1696685174376&u=%23p
%3DD8XGfSGzhFgJ

COCONUT HUSK AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK 1

https://studylib.net/doc/25272610/coconut-husk-as-an-alternative-ink-1

Charred particle analysis

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=tl&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=rrl+about+charring+method&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1696686210749&u=%23p
%3DC_ymq4HZ6MIJ

Natural weathering of soft-and hardwoods modified by contact and flame charring methods
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Charring+Method&oq=#d=gs_qabs&t=1696687867989&u=%23p
%3DtiJBt7PyUqQJ
Simple charring method
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=tl&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Charring+Method&oq=#d=gs_qabs&t=1696688037523&u=%23p
%3D_2JFJx6ina8J

ultrafine particles by micro-emulsion charring method

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=tl&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Charring+Method&oq=#d=gs_qabs&t=1696688307549&u=%23p
%3D6hSQG3QxWnAJ

Contribution of charring in plants

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=tl&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=H+Shindo%2C+T+Honna%2C+S+Yamamoto
%2C+H+Honma+charring+method&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1696688745082&u=%23p%3DRWlXnekebNEJ

5.) BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

- Gian Carl Centurias
Eco-friendly alternative inks are important because they can reduce the environmental impact
associated with traditional inks, which often contain harmful chemicals and have a high carbon footprint.
Switching to eco-friendly inks can help lower pollution and promote sustainability in printing and
packaging industries.
According to Jingyun (2023), we need eco-friendly alternative inks to reduce the environmental impact
of printing. Traditional inks, like those made from petroleum, are not good for the environment, human
health, or recycling processes because they are not sustainable and can cause harm.
In the study of Kim (2017), coconut shell ink has the advantage of being an eco-friendly alternative to
traditional ink. It contains carbon black, a pigment used in ink production, and can also be used as a
source of natural dye, which can potentially be used as an alternative printer ink.
According to Yulianto et al. (2019), the coconut palm is a highly useful plant with various benefits for
humans, including its roots, leaves, and fruit. The hard outer layer of the coconut fruit, known as the
coconut shell, is typically considered waste, but it has practical uses such as crafting household items and
even making pens.
According to Salazar (2020), Each year, 50 billion coconuts are grown worldwide, marking a significant
presence in global agriculture. Surprisingly, despite the immense cultivation of these versatile fruits, a
troubling 85% of their shells are simply discarded as waste.
In 2020, the Philippines planted 347 million coconut trees that produced 14.7 million tons of coconuts.
The coconut shells are considered a waste material, which comprise 15.18% of each fruit and account for
2.2 million tons (Espina et al., 2022).
Considering the large quantity of coconut shells being discarded as waste, it makes sense to explore eco-
friendly alternative uses for them, such as in ink production. Repurposing waste materials like coconut
shells into useful products, like ink additives or components, can contribute to sustainability and reduce
environmental impact.

REFERENCE

Jingyun. (2023). Your Guide to Environmentally Friendly Ink For Printing Packaging. Packoi.
https://packoi.com/blog/environmentally-friendly-ink/

Kim, T. (2017). COCONUT HUSK AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK 1. www.academia.edu.

https://www.academia.edu/35405065/COCONUT_HUSK_AS_AN_ALTERNATIVE_INK_1

Yulianto, B., Kurnia, G., Jamari, J., & Bayuseno, A. (2019). Design of Eco-Friendly Pen Made Of Coconut
Shell Waste. E3S Web of Conferences, 125, 03002. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912503002

Espina, R. U., Barroca, R. B., & Abundo, M. L. S. (2022). The optimal high heating value of the torrefied
coconut shells. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 12(3), 8605–8610.
https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4931

Salazar, D. (2020, February 19). The future of discarded coconut shells: Going Beyond waste. Medium.
https://dietsalazar.medium.com/the-future-of-discarded-coconut-shells-going-beyond-waste-
4cbd60ded248#:~:text=Across%20the%20world%2C%2050%20billion,shells%20are%20treated%20as
%20waste.