Граматика Іспит Студенти (Автосохраненный)

ЗМІСТ
1. Іменник 1
2. Артикль 6
3. Займенник 13
4. Прикметник 19
5. Прислівник, числівник 26
6. Дієслово. Видо-часові форми (активний стан) 32
7. Дієслово. Видо-часові форми (пасивний стан) 44
8. Модальні дієслова. 51
9. Непряма мова. Узгодження часів. 56
10. Інфінітив. ING-FORMS 63
11. Прийменник 69
12. Сполучник 75
13. Умовні речення. Речення з дієсловом wish. 78
14. Утворення форм наказового способу. There is / are. Have / have got. 82
Узгодження підмета з присудком.
15.Words often Confused 88
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ІМЕННИК (NOUN)
Опрацювавши цей розділ, Ви зможете

поновити знания:
o однини/множини іменників;
o особливих випадків утворення множини іменників;
o присвійного відмінка іменників;
o iмeнникiв у функції означення;
розрізняти та вживати:
o обчислювальні i необчислювальні іменники;
o іменники, що мають однакову форму множини i однини;
o іменники, що вживаються тільки в однині або множині;
o іменники у функції означення;
утворювати:
o множину іменників за допомогою закінчень s/es;
o множину іменників за допомогою зміни кореневого голосного;
o множину складних іменників типу daughter-in-law,
o присвійний відмінок іменників в однині та множині;
o присвійний відмінок словосполучень.
МНОЖИНА ІМЕННИКА
Іменники, що утворюють множину за правилами
Закінчення слова Приклади Закінчення слова Приклади

в однині у множині
s, ss, sh, ch, х, z bus, class, dish, watch, N+ es buses, classes, dishes,
box, topaz watches, boxes, topazes
bee
голосна голосна + о video N+s bees, videos, boys, months
голосна +у приголосна boy
month
приголосна +у lady, story N(y) -> ies ladies, stories
приголосна + о potato, hero N + es potatoes, heroes
Винятки: photos, pianos, solos, autos, avocados
f, fe leaf, knife Nf(e) -> ves leaves, knives
Винятки: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, chefs, cliffs, sheriffs.
Імснники, що утворюють множину не за правилами

Однина Множина
Man, woman, mouse, tooth, foot, goose Men, women, mice, teeth, feet, geese
Sheep, fish, trout, deer, aircraft, series Sheep, fish, trout, deer, aircraft, series
Child, ox, person Children, oxen, persons or people
Примітка
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1. Деякі iменники вживаються тільки в однинi: advice, knowledge, news, research,
money, hair, success, progress etc. Водночас вони перекладаються українською
мовою як поради, знания, новини, дослідження, гроші, волосся, ycnixu тощо.
Наприклад:
No news is good news. – Biдcymність новин – дo6pi новини.
Слід пам’ятати, що
порада – a piece of advice; двi поради – two pieces of advice;
новина – a piece of news; двi новини – two pieces of news.
До цієї групи іменників також належать назви наук i навчальних дисциплін (physics,
linguistics, mathematics etc.), хвороб (mumps, measles etc.), iгop (billiards, darts,
dominoes, cards etc.).
2. Деякі iменники вживаються тільки у множині: police, clothes, scissors, trousers,
spectacles, pajamas, binoculars etc.
Наприклад:
The police are efficient. – Поліція npaцює ефективно.
These clothes are stylish. – Цей одяг стильний.
Слід пам’ятати, що
a pair of jeans – одна пара джинсів;
three pairs of jeans – три пари джинсів.
Запам’ятай!
passers-by forget-me-nots men-servants
daughters-in-law take-offs women-teachers
commanders-in-chief merry-go-rounds men-doctors
birds of prey
Exercise 1. Write the plural form of each noun.

Holiday apple trout sheriff
turkey peach goose life
knife tomato myth ox
cranberry pie dish wolf
potato shelf path postman
family deer person cuckoo
spice roof foot mother-in-law
nut woman-driver sky mouse
guest watch photo spy
man tax sheep series
snack month wife passer-by
woman chief fox
Exercise 2. Use the words in the sentences below

Carton, loaf, cup, strand, packet, jar, slice, piece, pound, glass, bottle, tin, bowl, piece
1. When I entered the kitchen, I saw a … of coffee and a … of cake on the table.
2. Will you buy a … of sardines and a … of jam on your way home?
3. Two … of bread will be enough for our family.
4. She took a … of milk out of the fridge, but then changed her mind and poured herself
a … of juice.
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5. How much is a … of crisps?
6. You can take either of these two … of advice, they’re both reasonable.
7. Her hair is jet-black, but for one … of hair, which is bleached.
8. Uncorking a … of wine, he took a … of cheese.
9. You’d better take a … of soup.
10.How much is a … of beef?
Exercise 3. Use is/are in the sentences below.

1. My new watch … five minutes fast.
2. All the sheep on the farm … grazing now.
3. The police … after a dangerous robber.
4. The money … not enough to buy a laptop.
5. His clothes … wet – he has fallen into a pool!
6. Your progress … amazing.
7. My mother’s hair … turning grey.
8. Darts … popular with people of any age.
9. Measles … dangerous for grown-ups.
10.This pair of jeans … not very expensive.
ПРИСВІЙНИЙ ВІДМІНОК ІМЕННИКА
Іменник Закінчення Приклад
1. Назви іcтот в однині N’s The boy's book is on the table.

N типу boy
2. Назви іcтот у множині Ns’ The parents’ house is big.
Ns типу parents
3. Назви іcтот, що утворюють The men’s suits are grey.
множину не за правилами, N’s The book is about women’s friendship.
N типу men women children The children's toys are everywhere.
4. Імена, що закінчуються на -s, N’(s) Charles’ wife is pretty.
N типу Charles Charles’s wife is pretty.
5. Складні іменники типу N’s
daughter-in-law My daughter-in-law’s favourite flowers are roses.
6. Імена двох ociб, що спільно чимось
володіють, (N and N)’s Ilf and Petrov’s novels (cniвaвmopu) але
Byron's and Shelly’s poems (не cniвaвmopu)
N and N
7. Збipнi іменники N’s The government’s decision is quite arguable.
N типу government
8. Географічні назви N’s Kyiv is Ukraine’s capital.
N типу Ukraine
9. Назви неістот the… of … St. Peter’s is the name of the church.
N типу church N...
Примітка
three weeks’ holiday
a three-week holiday
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Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with the correct possessive form of the nouns.
1. That store sells … (children) books.
2. Mary is a … (girl) name.
3. (Mary and Sue) room is rather big.
4. Robert is staying at his … (uncle) house.
5. In this country teachers have … (two months) holiday.
6. Biographies are stories of … (people) lives.
7. … (students) lives are busy.
8. Do you know … (Mr. Richards) wife?
9. Have you seen my … (brothers) wives?
10. My … (parents-in-law) house is in California.
11. My … (dog) name is Fido.
12. Everybody knows … (Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky) novels.
13. Are Jim and Tom … (men) names?
14. Our … (children) school is near our house.
15. The … (windows/church) are very beautiful.
16. The … (church/name) is Saint Paul’s.
17. The … (dresses/girls) are pretty.
18. Who chose the … (flowers/colour)?
19. There’s a considerable decrease in … (Spain) imports.
20. The … (committee) decision is rather arguable.
Exercise 5. Put in the nouns and add -s if necessary.

► Claire had to take her luggage through customs (custom).
1. Please accept this gift as an expression of our … (thank).
2. The woman is demanding … (damage) for her injuries.
3. The ... (pain) was so bad I called the doctor.
4. The old man carried his few … (belonging) in a plastic bag.
5. If we pay in cash, we make a … (saving) of ten per cent.
6. More … (good) should be transported by rail instead of by road.
7. The gas explosion caused some … (damage) to the flats.
8. We’re going to spend all our … (saving) on a new car.
9. The company always takes … (pain) to protect its image.
Exercise 6. Choose the correct verb form.

1. The television news is/are at ten o’clock.
2. These clothes is/are the latest fashion.
3. Maths is/are Emma’s favourite subject.
4. The troops was/were involved in a training exercise.
5. The contents of the briefcase seems/seem to have disappeared.
6. Darts is/are sometimes played in pubs in England.
7. The athletics we watched was/were quite exciting.
8. The remains of the meal was/were thrown in the bin.
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Exercise 7. Complete this email Rachel has received from her sister. Choose the correct
forms.
Thank/Thanks for your email. Your news (1) was/were interesting. We must talk soon.
What about us? Well, we’re living on the (2) outskirt/outskirts of town, not far from the
company (3) headquarter/headquarters, where Jeremy works. We’ve spent nearly all our (4)
saving/savings on the house. That wouldn’t matter so much if I hadn’t crashed the car last
week and done some (5) damage/damages(збитки) to the front of it. More bills! But at least I
wasn’t hurt. The house is nice actually, but the surroundings(бо це множина) (6) isn’t/aren’t
very pleasant. We’re on a very busy (7) crossroad/crossroads. I’m doing the course I told you
about. Statistics (8) is/are an easy subject, I find, but economics (9) gives(тому що
економика однина)/give me problems!
Exercise 8. Choose the correct form.

► The house is built of stone/a stone.
1. Each team wear/wears a different colour.
2. Let me give you an advice/a piece of advice.
3. Everyone was watching the football match/the match of football.
4. We had to take our luggage through customs/а customs.
5. The band is/are proud of their success.
6. I haven’t got many/much friends.
7. Three hours is/are long enough to look round the museum.
8. I wear this glass/these glasses when I go out.
9. My father had a job at the steelwork/steelworks.
10.We couldn’t find an/any accommodation.
11.Do you eat meat/a meat?
12.The contents of the box was/were thrown away.
13.Noise/A noise woke me up in the middle of the night.
14.Cattle was/were driven hundreds of miles by the cowboys.
15.One of the windows is/are open.
16.What would it be like to travel at the speed of light/a light?
17.Is there a sport club/sports club near here?
18.E-mail is a relatively new mean/means of communication.
19.We make furniture out of many different wood/woods.
20.Someone has/have kidnapped the President!
Test 1
Choose А, В, С or D to fill in the blanks in the sentences below.
1. The police … for Ted Turner.
A is looking В are looking С has looked D was looking
2. Her clothes … smart.
A is В was С were D have
3. Mary gave me … advice.
Aa В an С some D several
4. Several witnesses saw these … .
A thief В thief’s С thieves D thieves’
5. The students were talking about various … .
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A hobbies’ В hobby С hobbies D hobby’s
6. The … are hurrying to catch the last bus.
A passer-by В passers-by’s С passer-by’s D passers-by
7. I can’t find the money. Where (завжди гроші з іт та іс однина)… ?
A is it В are they С is there D are there
8. Mr. Jackson has returned from a … trip to London.
A three-day В three-day’s С three days D three days’
9. The department of … clothing is downstairs.
A child В child’s С children D children’s
10. It was … breaking news.
Aa В piece of С a piece of D an
11. The … bags were rather heavy.
A postmen В postmen’s С postman D postman’s
12. Your … washing.
A pajamas needs В pajama needs С pajamas need D pajama need
Test 2
1. The price includes meals and … .
A flat В accommodation С apartment D living
2. Pete and Andy are away on holiday. ______ flat is empty now.
A Pete and Andy’s В Pete’s and Andy’s С Pete’s and Andy D Pete and Andy
3. Joan is exhausted after a … trip.
A ten days В ten day’s С ten-day D ten days’
4. How do I get to the … station?
A police В police’s С policeman’s D policemen’s
5. I am lucky to have three daughters and two … .
A son-in-law’s В sons-in-law С sons-in-law’s D son-in-law
6. Nobody expected me to make such … in my Spanish.
A success В results С grades D progress
7. Chinese … are rather unsafe.
A coal mines В coal’s mines С coal miners D coal miner’s
8. For … sake, don’t forget to call Mr. Jenkins.
A god В heaven С gods’ D heaven’s
9. The … order was fulfilled immediately.
A commander’s-in-chief С commander’s-in-chief’s
В commander-in-chief’s D commanders-in-chief
10. The … haven’t arrived yet.
A boat В ship С goods D train
11. Mumps … rather dangerous for adults.
A has В is С have D are
12. … very popular in this country.
A Dominoes is В Dominoes are С Domino is D Domino are
АРТИКЛЬ (ARTICLE)
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Артикль – це службове слово, яке вживається з іменниками. В англійській мові є три
артиклі: означений (the), неозначений (а/ап) та нульовий. Вживання артикля залежить
від типу іменника i контексту. Щоб вибрати необхідний артикль, слід визначити:
1) чи називає іменник предмет взагалі (не видiляючи його з однорідних предметів),
чи вiн указує на конкретний предмет.
Наприклад:
I bought a book yesterday (книжку, а не зошит).
The book I bought yesterday is really interesting (саме та книжка, яку я купив);
2) іменник є обчислювальним чи необчислювальним.
Наприклад:
a book, a house, a dog, a watch, a friend – обчислювальні іменники;
joy, snow, love, furniture, sunshine, advice – необчислювальні іменники;
3) іменник має форму однини чи множини.
Наприклад:
a book – однина;
books – множина.
Нижче подано алгоритм уживання артикля.
1) Чи називає іменник конкретний предмет?
Так (the) Hi (-)
2) Чи називає іменник обчислювальний предмет?

Так Hi (-)
3) Чи називає іменник предмет в однині?

Так Hi
(a) (-)
This is a book. These are books.
Не is a doctor. They are doctors.
There is a cup on the table. There are cups on the table.
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles.

1. books on the table are not mine.
2. airports and railway stations are usually overcrowded.
3. I prefer green tea.
4. The soup was very tasty.
5. The boys, who were playing in the yard, didn’t hear anything strange.
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6. The freedom is impossible without a democracy.
7. Stanley works at a factory. He’s a worker.
8. Where did you find the keys?
9. The carpet needs hoovering.
10. How often do you read detective novels?
11. The Browns spent the holiday in mountains.
12. Put the milk into the fridge.
13. The plane landed safely.
14. The houses were built of stone.
15. I like (общеизвестная вещь) cheese.
16. There is the lake near the village.
17. I want to give him a picture as a birthday present.
18. Сhildren like ice cream. (нет артиклей общее понятие )
19. It’s a interesting TV programme.
20. The doctor told the patient to have some tests.
hoover ['huːvə] – пылесосить, чистить пылесосом
ОСОБЛИВІ ВИПАДКИ ВЖИВАННЯ АРТИКЛЯ
Нульовий артикль (-) Означений артикль (the)

Уживання Приклад Уживання Приклад
Власні імeнa John Kennedy Члени однієї родини the Kennedys
Титул + iм’я Queen Elizabeth Титул the Queen

Етнічні групи the Ukrainians
Kyiv, Ohio, Mexico, Країни, назва яких the United States
Mістa, штати, країни,
South America складається з кількох the Republic of China
континенти
Виняток the Hague слів Виняток Great Britain
Гори Mount Everest Групи гip the Himalayas
Peak Dale
Назви планет, cyзip’їв Venus, Mars Унікальні об’єкти the earth, the moon,
the sun, the sky
Coney Island,
Острови, озера Групи ocтpoвiв, озер the Philippines,
Lake Michigan,
the Great Lakes
але the lake of Michigan
the Danube
Річки, океани, моря, the Atlantic Ocean
Пляжі Palm Beach канали the Mediterranean
Пустелі the Panama canal
the Sahara Desert
Wall Street,
Madison Avenue, Bідомі будівлі, the Empire State Building
Вулиці, бульвари, парки Hyde Park назви кораблів the Titanic
Виняток the High Зоопарки the San Diego Zoo
Street
Мови English Мова + language the English language
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ігри, види спорту basketball Play + музичний
play the piano
play + вид спорту play soccer інструмент
July
Місяці, дні, свята, Saturday День + місяць the Eighth of March
місяць + день Mother’s Day
March 8
Hopkins College
ім’я + коледж London University,
(університет) Війни the Crimean War
але the University of
London
Шкільні предмети History, maths Назви газет the Tribune
Назви журналів Sports Історичні документа the Constitution

Нульовий артикль (-) Неозначений артикль (а)
Уживання Приклад Уживання Приклад
Хвороби AIDS, malaria Нездужання a cold, a toothache,
a headache
Виняток the flu

1. The Blacks are moving to New Zealand.
2. Lake Balaton is situated in Hungary.
3. The President delivered a speech at the convention.
4. The Checks are preparing for the presidential elections.
5. My uncle has a farm in Montana.
6. The weather in The United Kingdom is very changeable.
7. The Andes are situated in America.
8. The students observed Venus in The sky.
9. I have always dreamt about a week’s holiday in The Bahamas.
10. The Nile flows into The Mediterranean Sea.
11. We spent the weekend in Regent’s Park. (non park)
12. The Eifel Tower was built in Paris.
13. How long have you been learning The Italian language?
14. I learnt to play THe flute when I was ten.
15. The Titanic is the best-known ship in The world.
16. Let’s meet on Monday, the 15th of November.
17. Phil is proud of being a student of Harvard University. He studies Law there. (one
student)
18. Businessmen read The Financial Times.
19. Fortunately people in Ukraine seldom have malaria.(bolezn ne nado art)
20. Don’t worry, it’s just a cold.

1. On our trip to Spain we crossed The Atlantic Ocean.
2. Last time we played baseball ten years ago. (bo gra)
3. Rita play the violin and her sister plays the guitar.
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4. David attended Princeton University.
5. Harry has been admitted to The University of Delaware.
6. children like sweets.
7. He has a black umbrella. The black umbrella is in his bag.
8. Do you like apples?
9. I am taking a trip to Africa in July.
10. Queen Elizabeth I was a monarch of The Great Britain.
11. The armchair that you are sitting in is broken.
12. I’ve got a headache, it might be the flu.
13. Rita is studying The English language and maths this semester.
14. Lake Erie is one of Great Lakes in North America.
15. The Civil War was fought in The United States between 1861 and 1865.
16. Florida State University is smaller than The University of Florida.
17. The Declaration of Independence was drawn up in 1776. (po 2 cifri)
18.Thanksgiving is a celebration of a friendship.
19. Cooper’s Art School is known all over the world.
20. Have you ever been to St. James’ Park?
Уживання артикля в деяких сталих виразах

a lot of / a great deal of / a great number of in the morning/evening/afternoon
as a result in the country
as a matter of fact in the original
for a short / long time on the one hand / on the other hand
in a low / loud voice on the whole
it’s a pity / shame the other day
in a hurry to be out of the question
at a loss to go to the theatre / cinema / movies
to have a good time to tell the time
to tell the truth
to pass the time
at night / dawn / dusk / sunset day by day
by day bit by bit
at dinner / breakfast / supper from morning to(till) night
at school / home / work from time to time
at first sight from head to foot
at peace / war from beginning to end
by саг / bus / train / plane
by heart
by chance / mistake
on board a ship
on foot
on sale
to take offence
Prison, school, bed, etc.
1 Prison or the prison?

This man is in prison. He went to prison two years The young woman is in the prison. She has gone to
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ago. the prison to visit her father.
We do not use the when we are talking about We use the when we mean the prison as a specific
being in prison as a prisoner. building. The young woman is in the prison as a
visitor.
Here are some examples with other buildings.

School is over at half past three.( = school The school is a mile from here. (= the school
activities) building)
Vicky is at college. (She is a student there.) The meeting was at the college.
David is in hospital. (He is a patient.) Melanie waited in the hospital for news.
Melanie is going to church. (She is going to a We wanted to look round the church, but it was
service.) locked.
We can also use jail and university in this way. But we do not leave out the before other nouns for buildings,
e.g. the cinema, the factory, the house, the library, the office, the pub, the shop, the station.
2 Bed, home, etc.

Here are some phrases with other nouns.
bed: in bed, go to bed (to rest or sleep) But sit on the bed, make the bed
home at home, go home, come home, leave But in the house, to the house, in the home
: home
sea: at sea (= sailing) But on the sea, by the sea, at/to the seaside,
go to sea (as a sailor) on/to the coast
town: in town, go into town, leave town But the town centre, the city, the village
work: at work, go to work, leave work But the office, the factory
Exercise 4. Put in the words in brackets. Decide if you need the. Prison or the prison?
The four members of the gang were sent to prison (prison). Their wives drove together to the
рrіson (prison) every week to visit their husbands.
1. Not many people go to church regularly nowadays. I saw some tourists walking
to the church last week, but they only wanted to take photos of it.
2. A group of people came out of the cinema, crossed the road and went into the pub.
3. When my father was ill and had to go to hospital, my sister went with him in the
ambulance. She’s a doctor, and she works at the hospital.
4. Mark has always known what he wanted to do in life. After leaving school, him
took a course in business studies at college. (нету блин)
Exercise 5. Complete this paragraph from a magazine article about Melissa Livingstone. Put
in the words with or without the.
Today Melissa Livingstone is a popular actress and star of the TV soap opera ‘Round
the Corner’. But as a child she was very unhappy. She didn’t do well at school, and she never
went to college. Her greatest pleasure was going to the (cinema). Her family lived in an
unattractive town and their home was next to the (station). Melissa’s father, Tom, was a
sailor, and he spent months at sea.
He was hardly(esva li) ever at (home) and when he was, he didn’t do very much.
Sometimes he spent all day in the (bed). Melissa’s mother, Susan, had to get up at five
o’clock every day to go to the (work). When Tom lost his job he stole a gold cup from the
church Susan used to go to. He had to go to at (prison) for a year. Melissa’s mother was
horrified at the shame he had brought on the family.
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Exercise 6. Complete the sentences. Use in, at or to and these words: bed, church, college,
factory, home, hospital, library, prison, shop, town, work. Decide if you need the.
1. We’ll eat out tonight. I’ll meet you іn town later.
2. This sweater was cheap. I bought it at shop by the railway station.
3. The weather was awful. We stayed at home all weekend.
4. Melanie had an early night last night. She was in bed at ten.
5. Emma’s friend has just had a baby. Emma is going to the hospital to visit her.
6. Vicky’s parents are religious. They go to at church every Sunday.
7. Laura doesn’t like her job. She just goes to the work to earn some money.
8. I’ve read these books. I’m taking them back to the library
9. The man who did the robbery is no longer in the prison . He was let out last month.
10.Jessica is a student. She’s at college
11.It’s very quiet in the factory when they’ve turned all the machines off.
On Friday, for lunch, etc.

Henry: Don’t forget we’re meeting on Friday for lunch.
Sarah: Of course I haven’t forgotten.
But remind me where we’re eating.
Henry: The Riverside Restaurant. You’ve been there before. Claire was with us. It was the Friday before
she went to Australia. We had a good lunch.
Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the. But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause
after Friday, lunch, etc.
We’re meeting on Friday for lunch. It was the Friday before she went to Australia.
We normally use a/an or the if there is an adjective.
We had a good lunch
Years, seasons and months

I was born in 1974. That was the year I was born.
We play cricket in summer/in the summer. It was the winter of 1995 when things started to go
wrong for the company.
Winter always depresses me.
I start the course in September.
Special times
We go away at Christmas. We had a wonderful Christmas.
Easter is early this year. I started work here the Easter before last.
I'll be home for Thanksgiving.
Days of the week

Yes, Thursday will be convenient. The storm was on the Thursday of that week.
I'll see you on Tuesday evening. We went surfing at the weekend.
Parts of the day and night

I can't sleep at night. It’s warmer in/during the day.
I prefer to travel by day/by night. Someone got up in/during the night.
I must get to bed before midnight. We’re meeting in the morning.
They arrived at the hotel in the evening.
We were on the beach at sunset. It was a beautiful sunset.
I hope to get there before dark. I couldn’t see in the dark.
Meals
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I’ll see you at breakfast. We had a quick breakfast.
We have supper at about eight. The supper David cooked was excellent.
I’m going out after lunch. The meal was very nice.
We’ll need an evening meal.
Exercise 7. Complete the conversations. Put in the words and use a/an or the if you need to.
Rachel: Is it the pop festival on Friday (Friday)?
Vicky: I think it’s the Friday (Friday) after that.
1. Henry: Will you be in America for Thanksgiving?
Claire: Oh no. That’s in November, isn’t it?
2. Nick: Are you doing anything at the weekend?
Tom: Well, I’m going to the match on Saturday, of course.
3. Ilona: Does it snow here at Christmas?
Emma: Not often. We haven’t had a white Christmas for years.
4. Nick: How long have you lived here?
Harriet: We came here in at the summer of 1997.
5. Laura: I’d like to look round the castle in afternoon.
Trevor: Well, it’s just a ruin. The building dates from the year 900.
6. Mark: I like driving at night when the roads are quiet.
Trevor: Oh, I don’t like driving in the dark. I’d much rather travel during at day.
Exercise 8. Put in the words. Decide if you need to use the.

Claire: Hello, Henry. Come in.
Henry: Oh, sorry. You’re having lunch (lunch).
Claire: No, this is breakfast. I had a late night. It was long after midnight when I got in.
Henry: Someone told me you’re going away after Christmas.
Claire: Yes, I’m going to the Seychelles on Wednesday.
Henry: What a life you lead, Claire. What time do you leave for the airport?
Claire: Oh, in the morning some time. About ten. It’s cheaper to fly at the night, but I
decided it would be easier during the day.
Henry: I can drive you to the airport. I’m usually free on Wednesday mornings. I’d like to
see you off.
Claire: That’s sweet of you Henry, but I can take a taxi.
Henry: I’ll just check in my diary that it isn’t at Wednesday of our next board meeting. No,
it’s OK. I can do it. And when will you be back?
Claire: At the beginning of February. The second, I think.
Exercise 9. Decide which word or words are correct.

I think that’s an awful thing to say.
a) a awful b) an awful c) awful
1. Judy goes to … on the bus.
a) work b) a work c) the work
2. I don’t know what to do. It’s … problem.
a) quite difficult b) a quite difficult c) quite a difficult
3. … is my favourite sport.
a) Golf b) A golf c) The golf
4. … starts at nine o’clock.
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a) School b) A school c) The school
5. We had … time at the disco yesterday.
a) really nice b) a really nice c) really a nice
6. Nigel opened a drawer and took out … .
a) photos b) a photos c) some photos
7. Did you learn to play … ?
a) violin b) a violin c) the violin
8. We can finish the rest of the bread for … .
a) breakfast b) a breakfast c) the breakfast
9. While I was in hospital, they gave me … .
a) X-ray b) a X-ray c) an X-ray
10.I might listen to … .
a) radio b) radios c) the radio
11.We need to protect … from pollution.
a) environment b) some environment c) the environment
12.Why do they always play … music?
a) so terrible b) such terrible c) such a terrible
Exercise 10. Read the story about a silly mistake and decide if a word needs to go in the
space. If a word is missing, write the word. If no word is missing, write X.
This is also a true story. It shows how X plans can sometimes go wrong and how (1) …
people can make silly mistakes. This too happened quite (2) … long time ago – in (3) …
1979, in fact. The scene was (4) … old people’s home in (5) … small town in (6) … north of
England called (7) … Otley. The owners of the home wanted to put (8) … fence around it to
make it more private. The work began soon after (9) … Christmas when (10) … workmen
arrived in (11) … lorry with planks of wood which they put up around the building. ‘It was
(12) … very nice fence,’ said (13) … of the old people. But there was (14) … problem. The
workmen forgot to leave a gap for the lorry to drive out through. They had to come back the
next day to knock down part of (15) … fence. ‘(16) … a silly mistake!’ said another resident.
‘It was (17) … funny we had to laugh. In fact it was (18) … most fun we’ve had for a long
time.’
Exercise 11. Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word, which should not
be there. If the sentence is correct, put a tick (V). If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary word
out of the sentence and write it in the space.
1. The space capsule came down in the Pacific. V
-
2. My new job starts in the April. the
3. I was so tired I went to bed at nine. V
4. We had a very good lunch in the company canteen. V
5. The life just isn’t fair sometimes. V
6. What the clever children you have! the
7. We went out and bought some pictures. V
8. Tessa was still working at the midnight. the
9. I drive past the hospital every morning. V
10.A one boy was much taller than all the others. A boy/one boy
11.It costs such a lot of money, you know. V
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12.I’ll meet you outside the National Gallery. V
13.Have you any idea who invented the fridge? V
Exercise 12. Complete the conversation. Put in the words and decide if you need a, an, some
or the.
Martin: I think we ought to book a holiday (holiday). Where shall we go?
Anna: What about Scotland (Scotland)? I think Edinburgh is a (beautiful city). I love going
there.
Martin: (2) The (weather) might not be very good. We went there at (3) (Easter), and it was
freezing, remember.
Anna: We could have a walk along (4) … (Princes Street) and up to the castle. And I wanted
to go to (5) … (Royal Scottish Museum), but we never found time.
Martin: Can’t we go somewhere different?
Anna: We could spend some time in (The (Highlands), I suppose.
Martin: When I go on holiday, I want to do something more relaxing than climbing (7)
(mountains). And I find it pretty boring.
Anna: How can you say such a (thing)?
Martin: Actually, I’d prefer somewhere warmer and by a (sea). I think (10) (Corfu) would be
nice. We might get some (sunshine) there. I just want to lie on a beach.
Anna: Martin, you know I’m not at all keen on (12) (beach holidays).
Test 1
1. I have never been to … Hague.
Aa В an С the D–
2. They spent their honeymoon in … South America.
3. Mary gave me … book about theatre.
4. Jane prefers chicken … salad.
5. … coffee is cold.
6. My dream is to see … Lake Baikal.
7. That’s … film I told you about.
8. Jeremy has won a grant at … London University.
9. … US is inhabited by people of various nationalities.
10. It was … ancient statue.
11. The students had a wonderful time in … Great Britain.
12. … discussion lasted for more than two hours.
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Test 2
1. … air-conditioning is not working.
2. … tea is too sweet for me.
3. I’d like to work as … guide.
4. My brother is a student at … Kharkiv University.
5. … Times is a quality newspaper.
6. We decided to present her with … umbrella.
7. There’s … university in our town.
8. … Cambrian Mountains are situated in Wells.
9. … Snowdon is the highest peak of Great Britain.
10. It was … sensible advice.
11. … AIDS is a dangerous disease.
12. … discovery made by Eugene Mayson is going to change the world.
ЗАЙМЕННИК (PRONOUN)
Ви зможете розрізняти та вживати:

o особові займенники у загальному та об’єктному відмінках;
o залежну та абсолютну форми присвійних займенників;
o зворотні займенники;
o вказівні займенники в однині та множині у функціях підмета, додатка та
означення;
o питальні займенники who (whom), what, which, whose;
o неозначені займенники some, any, one;
o неозначені займенники типу somebody в загальному i присвійному відмінках з
урахуванням типу речення;
o заперечні займенники по, nobody, по one, nothing, none, neither у функціях
підмета, додатка та означення у загальному та присвійному відмінках;
o означальні займенники all, both, each, every, everybody, everyone, everything,
either, another;
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o сполучні займенники who (whom), what, which, whose, that для зв’язку підрядних
речень iз головними
ТИПИ ЗАЙМЕННИКІВ
ОСОБОВІ, ПРИСВІЙНІ ТА 3BOPOTHI ЗАЙМЕННИКИ (PERSONAL,
POSSESSIVE AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS)
Ocoбoвi (Personal) Присвійні (Possessive) Зворотні

Загальний Об’єктний Відносна форма Абсолютна (Reflexive)
відмінок відмінок форма
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its — itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
He was behaving strangely. Behave yourself.
Він поводився дивно. Поводься чемно!
How do you feel? He got to his feet and felt himself.
Як почуваешся? Biн підвівся i обмацав себе.
BKAЗIBHI ЗАЙМЕННИКИ (DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS)

Однина Множина
this book (this N) these books (these Ns)
that book (that N) those books (those Ns)
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns.

1. I have a sister. … sister got married five years ago.
2. She loves … husband very much.
3. My sister and I visit … parents once a week.
4. My parents have got a nice country house. … country house is by the lake.
5. My dress is white. … (she) is blue.
6. My dress is white. … (she) dress is blue.
7. Their dog is ugly. … (we) dog is cute.
8. Their dog is ugly. … (we) is cute.
9. The teacher helps … (we) to learn English.
10. … (we) classroom is large.
11. The teacher brings … (she) books, and we bring … .
12. My children go to a private school. … (she) go to a public school.
13. Daniel loves Sofia, she loves … (he) too.
14. I don’t like to eat by … .
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15. I often ask … what unites people in the family.
16. Frank and Silvia spend … (they) free time in the country.
17. We have to solve our problems by … .
18. … (this) jeans are blue, … (that) are grey.
19. We have three kids, we spend a lot of time with … .
20. We had our birthday party at home, they had … in Paris.
НЕОЗНАЧЕНІ (SOME, ANY), ЗАПЕРЕЧНІ (NO)

ТА ОЗНАЧАЛЬНІ (EVERY) ЗАЙМЕННИКИ Й ПОХІДНІ ВІД НИХ
BODY ONE THING WHERE

SOME somebody someone something somewhere
ANY anybody anyone anything anywhere
NO nobody no one nothing nowhere
EVERY everybody everyone everything everywhere
Примітки
Some is used in questions when we want to make an offer, a request or when we expect
a positive answer.
Would you like some hot chocolate?
Could I buy some oranges?
Any is used in positive sentences meaning "it doesn’t matter when, which, etc."
You can go anywhere you want.
Anybody can do this.
None of us know(s) his real name
Nobody / No one knows his real name. (if there are more than two of us).
Neither of us knows his real name
(if there are two of us).
Exercise 2. Complete the conversations. Put in the correct words.

Melanie: Did you say you found something in the street?
David: Yes, a diamond ring.
1. Nick: We all know the man is a thief, don’t we?
Tom: Yes, …. knows, but … dares to say so publicly.
2. Mark: Were there any calls for me?
Secretary: Yes, … rang while you were out. It was rather strange. He refused to give
his name, but he wants to discuss … with you.
3. Melanie: Do you have any plans for the summer?
Tom: I’d like to go away … if I can. … I know has invited me to his villa in Portugal,
so I may go there.
4. Daniel: Has Matthew got a job yet?
Emma: No, but he’s looked … . He’s been to all the job agencies. He hates the idea of
sitting around doing … .
Exercise 3. Choose the right word.

1. There is anything/nothing in the refrigerator.
2. Have you got some/any free time on Sunday?
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3. Does somebody/anybody understand this?
4. Just say anything/nothing, so that we can see if the car works.
5. Jack tells his problem to anybody/nobody who will listen.
6. Is anything /everything OK?
7. I’m not hungry. I don’t want nothing/anything.
8. That’s too hard: nobody/everybody can do it.
9. Jane is unhappy: everybody/nobody loves her.
10. Do you know some/any good jokes?
11. Nobody/none of them were at home last night.
12. Jack and Pete are good at tennis. Nobody/neither of them likes football.
13. Mr. Smith is somewhere/anywhere in the Far East.
14. I’m glad everything/everywhere is alright.
15. None/neither/nobody of my parents can speak Polish.
ПИТАЛЬНІ ЗАЙМЕННИКИ (INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS)

(used at the beginning of the sentences)
who whom what which whose
Примітки
Who is this boy? – Tom Rider.
What is your father? – An architect.
Хто цей хлопець (як його iм’я)? –
Хто твій батько (за професією)? – Архтектор.
Том Райдер.
Who is going to the theatre? Which of you is going to the theatre?
Хто йде до театру? Хто З вас йде до театру?
Exercise 4. Complete the sentences below with appropriate interrogative pronouns.

1. … will take part in the discussion?
2. … do you think about John’s offer?
3. … did Mary invite to the wedding party?
4. I like both books. … shall I buy?
5. … is this girl? – Jenny Forsyte.
6. What is she? – She is a dancer. Профессия блин
7. … do you do for your living?
8. What present has she prepared for her granny?
9. Whose towel is it? – Mine.
10. Which of the exercises was the most difficult?
11. Who is laughing in the next room?
12. What is going on here?
СПОЛУЧНІ ЗАЙМЕННИКИ (CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS)

(used to introduce subordinate clauses)
who whom what which whose that
Exercise 5. Complete the sentences below with appropriate conjunctive pronouns.

1. Is there anybody to whom I can turn for help?
2. I’ve got a friend whose mother works at the bakery.
3. The book that is on the table is not mine.
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4. I can’t understand what you want of me.
5. Anybody who is interested in the job can come for the interview tomorrow.
6. He burst into laughter, that is rather strange.
7. Amy Brown, who lives in the country, commutes to work.
8. The car, that was badly damaged, was taken away from the road.
9. It’s a good suit that you can find in our shop.
10. I’ll never forget what you’ve done for me.
11. I didn’t buy the computer that was displayed in the shop window.
12. Mum always approves of what I do.
ОЗНАЧАЛЬНІ 3АЙМЕНHИКИ (DEFINING PRONOUNS)

All-все вещи (зе – норм) both-оба each-каждый every-все из.. everybody-каждый
everyone-каждый everything-все вещи either-один из двух another-другой один
other(s)-другие много
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences below with appropriate defining pronouns. Sometimes
more variant is possible.
1. everybody believes the project will be completed in time.
2. He was carrying a suitcase in each hand.
3. Bill and Jack are my brothers. Both of them are students.
4. All night it was raining heavily.
5. I’ll keep two of these books and return the other books to the library.
6. Every student has to work hard during the exam time.
7. Can I have a look at another hat? You’ve got so many of them.
8. All the clothes have been washed.
9. Where are the others ?
10. My granny is always kind to everybody .
11. Every the tourists have gone on the excursion.
12. Have you invited Tim or Ron? – both .
Примітки
an + other + N (one more) I need another pencil (one more pencil).
Meнi пoтpiбeн ще один (будь-який) олівець.
I have two pencils. One pencil is blue, the other pencil is black
the other + N (the last of the set) (the last pencil present).
В мене два олівця. Один олівець – блакитний, інший олівець –
чорний.
other + Ns (some more) I have enough pencils. I don’t need other pencils (any more pencils).
В мене достатньо олівців. Мені не пoтpiбні інші (будь-які) олівці.
I have five pencils. Two pencils are blue, the other pencils (all
the other + Ns (the rest of the set) remaining) are green.
В мене є п’ять олівців. Два олівця – блакитні, решта oлівців –
зелені.
others (any other) Some people like tea, others prefer coffee.
Деякі люди полюбляють чай, інші надають перевагу каві.
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the others (the last of the set) I have five pencils. Two pencils are mine, the others (all remaining)
belong to my brother.
В мене є п’ять олівців. Два належать мені, решта – моему братові.
the other day – днями
one way or another – так чи інакше
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences below with the appropriate form of the pronoun other.
Use articles where necessary.
1. Have you told the others about the meeting?
2. Would you like another apple?
3. Have you read these two books yet? – I have read this one, but haven’t read the other .
4. Some of my friends learn German, others learn French.
5. The other members of my family approve of my decision.
6. Of these two coats one is too tight, the other – too loose.
7. We have already been to York, Leeds and others cities.
8. David passed the last exam the other day.
9. Two of my classmates voted against the proposal, the others supported it.
10. We’ll return to this discussion some other day.
11. I advise you to read another book by this author.
12. There were so many people at the concert – Jane, Josh, Sue and others .
Test 1
1. My book is in the bag, … is on the table.
A she В her С hers D herself
2. My brother has got a family of … own.
A he В him С his D himself
3. Girls, you should read this text by … .
A your В yours С yourself D yourselves
4. Paul and Stan speak German, but … of them can speak French.
A none В neither С no one D nobody
5. I can’t find my address book … .
A anywhere В somewhere С everywhere D nowhere
6. The task is very easy. … can do it.
A somebody В nobody С anybody D someone
7. This is the boy … father is a writer.
A who В that С which D whose
8. This magazine is interesting, but … over there are not.
A that В those С these D this
9. … knows this famous actor.
A Each В Every С Everybody D Some
10. … of these students is your boyfriend?
A Who В Whom С Which D Whose
11. Would you like … ice cream?
A some В something С any D anything
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12. Ann and Mary like music. … of them play the piano.
A each В any С all D both
Test 2
1. … of my parents likes porridge.
A Nobody В No One С Neither D None
2. I haven’t decided yet … to ask for help.
A which В whom С whose D what
3. Stan and Mike have fixed the bicycle … .
A they В their С them D themselves
4. It’s my phone. Where’s … ?
A you В your С yours D yourself
5. I’ve got two friends. … of them are sportsmen.
A both В each С all D every
6. I want to tell you about my neighbor, … dog is constantly barking.
A who В whose С whom D which
7. I’ll go home if there is … urgent to do now.
A something В anything С everything D nothing
8. That’s … she told me about.
A all В nothing С which D none
9. … has come. We can start the meeting.
A All В Everybody С Both D Nobody
10. Children, you must do your room … .
A both В everybody С yourself D yourselves
11. I’ve got … time to waste.
A no В none С nothing D neither
12. Have you seen my notebook … ?
A somewhere В anywhere С everywhere D nowhere
ПРИКМЕТНИК
o пpocтi i складені форми вищого й найвищого ступенів порівняння прикметників;
o використовувати порівняльні конструкції as … … as, not so ... as;
o прикметники типу sensitive/sensible.
УТВОРЕННЯ ПРИКМЕТНИКІВ
Прикметники утворюються за допомогою суфіксів
-ic historic -ent independent -ed tired

-al cultural -less cloudless -ive active
-able capable -ant brilliant -ish childish
-ible audible -ing interesting -ous famous
-ful wonderful -y rainy -ly friendly
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Exercise 1. Use the words in В to form adjectives that fit the spaces in the sentences in A.
A В
1 Julia is a … and loving mother. caring
2 My brother is interested in the … life in this country. Political
3 Your suspicions are … ! ridiculars
4 I’d like to watch a … comedy. funny
5 Everybody values her … taste. artistic
6 Sam is a good boy, so … of his little brother. mindful
7 What a … dress you’re wearing today! lovely
8 I’d like to apologize for my … behavior. thoughters
9 Mum was really … at hearing about my progress at school. surprised
10 Brian didn’t expect the cabin to be so … . comfortable
11 I hope you understand how … for me it is. importantly
12 A … person like Bob can’t do such a stupid thing. sensible
113 If parents are too … , their children get spoilt. indulgent
14 The measures taken by police turned out to be … . effective
15 You’re 18 already, stop being so … . boyish
СТУПЕНI ПОРIВНЯННЯ ПРИКМЕТНИКIВ
Найвищий
Порівняльний
Форма Прикметник ступінь
ступінь
порiвняння
1. Прикметник має один склад tall taller the tallest
2. Прикметник має два склади i easy easier the easiest
закшчуегь-
закінчується на clever clever er the cleverest
-y, -er, -е, -le, - ow, -ure nice nicer the nicest
simple simpler the simplest
narrow narrower the narrowest
pure purer the purest
3. Прикметник має два склади. active more active the most active
Виняток. Taкi двоскладові quiet quieter the quietest
прикметники мають дві форми: more quiet the most quiet
simple, common, handsome,
quiet, gentle, narrow, clever,
friendly, angry, polite, stupid
4. Прикметник має три склади difficult more difficult the most difficult
або більше
5. Прикметник закінчується на tired more tired the most tired
-ed або -ing interesting more interesting the most
interesting
ПРАВИЛА ПРАВОПИСУ ПРИКМЕТНИКІВ
Форма Правило Приклад
24
1. Прикметник, що закінчується на easy – easier –
Adj (у) —> ier/est
-у the easiest
2. Прикметник, що закінчується на nice – nicer –
Adj (е) + er/est
-е the nicest
приголосна
3. Прикметник, що закінчується на big – bigger –
подвоюється
приголосну - голосну - приголосну the biggest
Adj + er/est
Прикметник Порівняльний ступінь Найвищій ступінь порівняння
good better the best

bad worse the worst
far farther the farthest (про відстань)
further the furthest (про відстань i
послідовність
little less the least
a lot
many more the most
much
old older the oldest
elder (члени однієї родини) the eldest
late и)
later the latest
the last
near nearer the nearest
the next
Exercise 2. Give the comparative and superlative forms of each word. –

- нічо
Fat Fatt The Fattest little thin thinnest
Pretty Prittier The Pritiest beautiful 2< simple
High far farther the farthest tired
Important more impotant foolish more most tall
most impotant good better the best hard hardler the hardest
Careful more carful the famous more most new
most careful elegant more most a lot
Delicious (більше двух) common more most angry
young lucky luckies sad
bad worst the worst fast
Exercise 3. Use the adjectives given in brackets in the comparative or superlative form. Add
articles if necessary.
1. Fanny is The Pritiest girl in our group.
2. Your book is thicker than mine.
3. I’d like to get more money.
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4. Few people have come to today’s conference.
5. This is exciting film I’ve seen lately.
6. My mother wants me to find a less dangerous job.
7. If you want to improve your results, you should be more hardworking.
8. There was a bench in the farthest corner of the garden.
9. I was frustrated when my project turned out to be the worst in the class.
10. You look happier than your cousin.
11. What is the most important thing for you now?
12. Ned has bought this juice at the nearest shop.
13. I’ve got two brothers. My elder brother’s name is Peter.
14. Kevin goes to oldest university of our city.
15. My elder sister is three years old than me.
16. I have never seen narrower street than this one.
17. I disapprove of your buying the most expensive TV in the shop.
18. Which of your friends is the most handsome?
19. Never before have I felt more tired.
20. You have made three mistakes again, you should be more careful.
still + порівняльний She is still cleverer (still more Вона ще розумніша, ніж її
ступінь intelligent) than her brother. брат.
many
She is much cleverer (much
much + порівняльний Вона набагато розумніша,
more intelligent) than her
far ступінь ніж її брат.
brother.
a lot
порівн-ий + порівн- She is getting cleverer and Вона стає все
ий cleverer (more and more розумнішою i
ступінь ступінь intelligent). розумнішою.
Exercise 4. Translate the words given in brackets and use them in the appropriate form in the
sentences below. Add articles if necessary.
1. It is still warmer today than yesterday.
2. His latest novel is much interesting than the previous one.
3. Lately he has been getting more and more serious.
4. His actions were still much unexpected than his words.
5. Dorothy is getting more and more funny.
6. Bill is much younger than I am.
7. I don’t know why, but I feel much sadder… .
8. After the rain the air has become still warm … .
9. The soup you’ve cooked today is still more delisious … than before.
10. Jack’s article is much langer than Ivan’s.
This phone is as cheap as that one. Цей телефон такий же дешевий, як той.
This phone is not as/so cheap as that one. Цей телефон не такий дешевий, як той.
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This telephone is twice as expensive as that Цей телефон yдвічі дорожчий, ніж той.
one. This telephone is half as expensive as Цей телефон наполовину дешевший, ніж
that one. той.
Exercise 5. Recast the sentences below according to the model.

Model: The Hudson is shorter than the Mississippi (long). –
The Hudson isn’t so long as the Mississippi.
1. Kharkiv is younger than Kyiv. Kharkiv isn`t as older as Kyiv
2. The dictionary isn`t so expensive than the encyclopedia (expensive).
3. The Baikal bigger than the Balaton (big). the Balaton isn`t so big than BAi
4. My room is darker than yours (light).
5. The novel is duller than the story (exciting).
6. Ann is eighteen, Jane is nine (old).
7. Bob is 90 cm tall, his elder brother is lm 80cm (6 foot) tall (tall).
8. Elbrus is lower than Everest (high).
9. The cat is smaller than the dog (big).
10.Today is colder than yesterday (warm).
The more he reads, the less he likes Чим більше він читає, тим менше йому
the books. подобаються книги.

Model: Jeremy drove for a long time. He was very tired. –
The longer Jeremy drove, the more tired he was.
1. It was getting dark. We were cold.
2. I spend a lot of time on my English. My grades are better now.
3. Justin has a lot of friends. He’s very happy.
4. Julia has bought two books. She has little money left.
5. The music is very loud. Mum is angry.
6. The sea is stormy. There are few people on the beach.
7. The apples are big. They are tasty.
8. The book is thrilling. My brother is very interested in it.
9. The trousers are short. Peter looks funny.
10.The day is warm. There are a lot of children outside.
MUCH, MANY, A LOT, A LOT OF, FEW, A FEW, LITTLE, A LITTLE

Обчислювальні іменники Необчислювальні іменники
many much
багато
рідко вживається в стверджувальних реченнях
a lot of a lot of
багато
a few a little
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мало, але достатньо
few little
мало, недостатньо
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences. Sometimes more than one variant is possible.
1. We didn’t spend … money.
2. Kate drinks a lot of Coke.
3. Does it cost much to repair the car?
4. He isn’t very popular. He has a few friends.
5. Jane is very busy these days. She has … time.
6. The days have been dry recently. We’ve had … rain.
7. I’m lucky. I’ve got … problems today.
8. I don’t know … French, just … words.
9. This square is not a very interesting place to visit, so … tourists come here.
10. A … learning is a dangerous thing.
11. Cactuses need … water.
12. Your ideas are difficult, … people can understand you.
13. Are there … theatres in your city?
14. Could you possibly give me … help?
15. She speaks … languages.
16. Please, add … milk to the coffee.
17. There is … food in the refrigerator. Let’s make a sandwich.
18. She is a healthy woman, she gets … exercise.
19. She walks … miles.
20. How … sugar is there in the recipe?
COMMONLY MISUSED WORDS
alike similar
My friend and I are alike. We have similar interests.
alone lonely
I spent the evening alone. I felt very lonely.
confident confidential
Steve is confident of his abilities. The information is confidential.
considerable considerate
Paul has considerable knowledge. Paul is a considerate person.
dead deadly
The detective examined the dead body. There was an epidemic of a deadly disease.
later latter
Louise came by a later train. I see John and Jack. The latter (Jack) is smiling.
loose lose
The coat is loose on you. I'm afraid I may lose the key again.
gold golden
Gold watches are rather expensive. Her golden hair is so beautiful.
imaginary imaginative
Kids often have imaginary friends. To be a writer one should be imaginative.
ill sick
Helen is ill. The sick girl was sleeping.
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immortal immoral
Geeek gods were considered to be immortal. What you are doing is immoral.
industrial industrious
Kharkiv is an important industrial centre. Mary is a very industrious girl.
sensitive sensible
She’s very sensitive and easily gets hurt. She's very sensible and always gives clever
advice.
worthless priceless
Your opinion doesn't mean anything: it's This painting is a masterpiece: it's priceless.
worthless.
lively alive
The lively cheerful kids were playing in the We hope the victims are still alive.
garden.
economic economical
He gave a talk about the economic situation in She's very economical and spends money
country. reasonably.
principal principle
The principal problem was to find water. I won't act against my principles.
quiet quite
It’s quiet. Not a single sound is heard. It's quite noisy outside.
Exercise 8. Choose the right word to complete the sentences below.

1. The police are after the thieves who have stolen a worthless/priceless landscape from
the museum.
2. When the ambulance arrived, the patient was lively/alive.
3. Twins often buy alike/similar things.
4. The kids are sleeping, so everybody’s trying to be quite/quiet.
5. I need to talk to the principal/principle.
6. Kevin and Arnold are my friends. The former/previous is 16, the later/latter is 17.
7. If you want to buy a new laptop, try to be more economic/economical.
8. The doctor spent the night at the ill/sick girl’s bedside.
9. Being so sensitive/sensible, you can’t make a good boss.
10. Kelly is so imaginary/imaginative: she’s very good at making up stories.
11. My cousin prefers a(n) lonely/alone mode of life.
12. He’s changed a lot lately, has become more considerable/considerate and industrial/
industrious.
13. Put down the letter. It’s confident/confidential.
14. Everybody likes her: she has a gold/golden heart.
15. I like this coat, but it is a bit too loose/lose.
Test 1
1. This is … trick I have ever seen in the circus.
A a dangerous В a more dangerous С the more dangerous D the most dangerous
2. I can’t foresee his … actions.
A far В farther С further D farthest
3. My sister is 5 years … than me.
A older В senior С oldest D eldest
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4. Denis is getting … .
A more tired and tired В more and more tired С tired and tired D most tired and tired
5. This task seems to be as … as the previous one.
A simply В simpler С simple D simplest
6. It’s getting … outside.
A more colder В less colder С most coldly D much colder
7. My dad is a reasonable person, he always gives … advice.
A sensitive В sensible С senseless D sensibly
8. Have you heard the … news?
A late В last С later D latest
9. I’ve got … friends than you do.
A few В less С fewer D the least
10. The weather is changing for … .
A bad В worse С the worst D the worse
11. My apartment is twice … yours.
A as big В bigger as С as big as D as big than
12. My … friend specializes in physics.
A oldest В older С old D eldest
Test 2
1. The … I get, the … my eyesight is.
A elder poorer В older poorer С eldest poorest D oldest poorest
2. This way is twice … that one.
A as longer as В as long than С longer as D as long as
3. The author has told us about his … novel.
A last В late С later D latest
4. Are you getting off at the … stop?
A next В near С nearer D nearest
5. His knowledge is getting … .
A more and more good В better and better С best D best and best
6. The swimming pool is … than I expected.
A much bigger В the biggest С twice as big D still big
7. My father’s salary is … my mother’s.
A higher as В more than С higher than D as much as
8. Which of the two boys is … ?
A tallest В the tallest С taller D the taller
9. I’m afraid the dictionary is … than I can afford.
A less expensive В more expensive C as expensive D the most expensive
10. Allen spent … hours on his homework than Patrick.
A less В a few С fewer D the least
11. Liz was … girl in the group.
A a more cheerful В the more cheerful С most cheerful D the most cheerful
12. We were ready to carry out his … orders.
A far В farther С further D furthest
ПРИСЛІВНИК. ЧИСЛІВНИК. (NUMERAL)
30
поновити знання:
o утворенння прислівників;
o місця прислівників у реченні;
o ступенiв порівняння прислівників;
o прислівники різних типів;
o прислівники часу, місця, частотності, ступеня i способу дії;
o прислівники типу hard/hardly;
o кількісні i порядкові числівники;
o прості, похідні i складені числівники;
утворювати:
o прислівники за допомогою -lу;
o синтетичні й аналітичні форми ступенів порівняння прислівників;
o порядкові числівники;
o прості і десяткові дроби.
УТВОРЕННЯ ПРИСЛІВНИКІВ НА –lу
Закінчення Закінчення
Приклад Приклад
прикметника прислівника
Adj + ally
-ie basic basically
Виняток public – publicly
приголосна + le simple Adj (le) – e + у simply
приголосна + e nice Adj (e) + ly nicely
Adj (y) -» i + ly
приголосна -у easy easily
Виняток shy – shyly
quiet quietly
більшістъ прикметників Adj + ly
slow slowly
a fast train to run fast
a hard frost to work hard
a late visit to come late
an early breakfast to get up early
a good lesson to read well
hard важко, багато hardly ледь
late пізно lately останнім часом
close біля, поруч closely ретельно
near біля, поруч nearly майже
wide широко widely широко
deep глибоко у прямому смислі deeply глибоко у переносному
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high високо highly високо
Exercise 1. Choose the correct adverb to complete the sentences below.

1. This year the river is flowing wide/widely.
2. Professor Peyton is wide/widely known in scientific circles.
3. The wind is blowing hard/hardly now.
4. The wind is hard/hardly blowing today.
5. Why did you come so late/lately?
6. What have you been doing late/lately?
7. The birds are flying high/highly.
8. He is always high/highly spoken about.
9. Why are you looking at me so close/closely?
10. I live close/closely to my school.
11. The oil deposit is deep/deeply under the ground.
12. Everybody was deep/deeply touched by his words.
13. The library is near/nearly the cathedral.
14. It’s near/nearly midnight. It’s time to go to bed.
СТУПЕНІ ПОРІВНЯННЯ ПРИСЛІВНИКІВ
Найвищий
Порівняльний
Форма Прислівник стyпiнь
стyпiнь
порівняння
1. Прислівник має один
fast faster (the) fastest
склад
2. Прислівник закінчується brightly more brightly (the) most brightly
на -1у Виняток early earlier (the) earliest
Прислівник Порівняльний стyпiнь Найвищій стyпiнь порівняння
well better best
badly worse worst
much more most
far farther farthest (про відстань)
further furthest (про відстань i послідовність)
Exercise 2. Use the adverbs given in brackets in the comparative or superlative form.
1. Who can do it … (fast) than you?
2. Henry works on his English … (hard) of all.
3. Could you come a little bit … (early) tomorrow?
4. The sun is shining … (brightly) today than yesterday.
5. I would be glad if you spoke … (loudly).
6. Which of you lives … (far) from the office?
7. She did the translation … (well) of all.
8. I don’t understand you, speak … (distinctly).
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9. Claudia studies at the library … (often) of all.
10. I know where to buy this laptop … (cheaply).
still + порівняльний She runs still faster than her Вона бiгає ще швидше, ніж
ступінь brother. її брат.
many She runs much faster than Вона бiгає набагато
far + порівняльний her brother. швидше, ніж її брат.
a lot ступінь
порівн-ий + порівн-ий She is running faster and Вона біжить усе швидше (i
ступінь ступінь faster. швидше).
Exercise 3. Translate the words given in brackets and use them in the appropriate form in the
sentences below.
1. This time he read the text (ще уважніше) … .
2. As usual, the mother got up (набагато раніше) … than the others.
3. Paul comes home (усе пізніше) … .
4. I know Jeremy (ще краще) … than you.
5. The bakery is situated (ще ближче) … than the chemist’s.
6. She was whispering something (yce тихіше) … .
7. We like your new boyfriend (набагато більше) … .
8. Lenny has been speaking (усе грубіше) lately … .
9. He tells this joke (набагато смішніше) … .
10. The professor repeated the last sentence (ще чіткіше) … .
This phone rings as quietly as that one. Цей телефон дзвонить так само тихо, як
той.
This phone does not ring as/so quietly Цей телефон не дзвонить так само тихо, як
as that one. той.

Model: The Browns live nearer than the Smiths (far). –
The Browns don’t live so far as the Smiths.
Jim and Sally are examining the picture closely (closely). –
Jim is examining the picture as closely as Sally.
1. Bob knows the text well. So does Joe (well).
2. Derek sings worse than Frank (nicely).
3. Mark and Alex are driving equally fast (fast).
4. Ron likes Coke. So does Rita (much).
5. Little Doris was reading the book more slowly than her brother (fast).
6. Denis and Willy were deeply touched (deeply).
7. Mother woke up later than Father (early).
8. Victoria visits her granny more seldom than Lucy (often).
9. Mary and Ann were laughing happily (happily).
10. The boys were playing more loudly than the girls (quietly).
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The dish tastes nice. Блюдо чудово смакує.
The music sounds harsh. Музика лунає різко.
She looks wonderful today. Вона виглядає чудово сьогодні.
The cloth feels soft. Тканина м’яка на дотик.
The milk smells strange. Молоко пахне дивно.
Exercise 5. Choose the correct word to complete the sentences below.

1. I like people who always look happy/happily.
2. The mother looked happy/happily at her newborn son.
3. The radiator feels warm/warmly.
4. The doctor was feeling the patient’s injured leg cautious/cautiously.
5. The dog is smelling the food suspicious/suspiciously.
6. I refuse to eat this meat, it smells suspicious/suspiciously.
7. Your remarks sound rude/rudely.
8. What are you listening to so careful/carefully?
9. The cake tastes delicious/deliciously.
10.The kid tasted the porridge unwilling/unwillingly.
Exercise 6. Adverb or adjective?

Vicky is telling Rachel about a dream she had. Choose the correct forms.
I had a strange/strangely dream last night. I was in a garden. It was getting (1) dark/darkly,
and it was (2) terrible/terribly cold. My head was aching (3) bad/badly. I was walking out of
the garden when (4) sudden/suddenly I saw a man. He was sitting (5) quiet/quietly on a seat.
He seemed very (6) unhappy/unhappily. He looked up and smiled (7) sad/sadly at me. I don't
know why, but I felt (8) curious/curiously about him. I wanted to talk to him, but I couldn’t
think what to say. I just stood there (9) foolish/foolishly.
Adjective or adverb?
Friendly, likely, etc.
The ending -ly is the normal adverb ending (see Unit 108). But a few adjectives also end in -ly.
Melanie was very friendly. It was a lively party. We had a lovely time.
Some more examples are: elderly, likely, lonely, silly, ugly
The words are adjectives, not adverbs (NOT She spoke to us friendly). And we cannot add -ly.
There is no such word as friendldy. But we can say in a friendly way/manner.
She spoke to us in a friendly way.
If we need to use an adverb, we often choose another word of similar meaning.
It was lovely. Everything went beautifully.
Hard, fast, etc.

Compare these sentences.
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
We did some hard work. We worked hard.
I came on the fast train. The train went quite fast.
We can use these words both as adjectives and as adverbs:

34
deep, early, fast, hard, high, late, long, low, near, right, straight, wrong (For hardly, nearly, etc, see 3.)
In informal English, the adjectives cheap, loud, quick and slow can be adverbs.
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
They sell cheap clothes in the market. They sell things cheap/cheaply there.
Back already! That was quick. Come as quick/quickly as you can.
Hard, hardly, near, nearly, etc.

There are some pairs of adverbs like hard and hardly which have different meanings.
Here are some examples.
I tried hard, but I didn’t succeed.
I’ve got hardly any money left, (hardly any - very little, almost none)
Luckily I found a phone box quite near. I nearly Jell asleep in the meeting, (nearly = almost)
Rachel arrived late, as usual. I’ve been very busy lately, (lately - in the last few days/weeks)
The plane flew high above the clouds. The material is highly radioactive, (highly = very)
We got into the concert free, (free = without paying)
The animals are allowed to wander freely, (freely = uncontrolled)
Good and well

Good is an adjective, and well is its adverb. The opposites are bad and badly.
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
Natasha is a good violinist. She plays the violin very well.
Our test results were good. We all did well in the test.
I had a bad night. I slept badly last night.
Well can also be an adjective meaning ‘in good health’, the opposite of ill.
My mother was very ill, but she’s quite well again now.
How are you? ~ Very well, thank yo
Exercise 7. Complete the conversation. Decide if you need -ly with the words in brackets.
Mark: How did you get on with Henry today?
Sarah: Oh, we had a nice lunch and some lively (live) conversation. Henry was charming, as
usual. He gave me a lift back to the office, but it was (1) … (hard) worth risking our lives to
save a few minutes. He (2) … (near) killed us.
Mark: What do you mean?
Sarah: Well, we’d sat a bit too (3) … (long) over our meal, and we were (4) … (late) getting
back to work. Henry drove very (5) … (fast). I tried (6) … (hard) to keep calm, but I was
quite scared. We went (6) … (wrong) and missed a left turn, and Henry got annoyed. Then a
van came round the corner, and it was coming (8) … (straight) at us. I don’t know how we
missed it.
Mark: Well, I’m glad you did. And next time you’d better take a taxi.
Exercise 8. Complete the conversation. Put in good, well (x2), bad, badly and ill.
Rachel: How did you and Daniel get on in your tennis match?
Matthew: We lost. I’m afraid we didn’t play very well. Daniel made some (1) … mistakes. It
wasn’t a very (2) … day for us. We played really (3) … .
Andrew: I heard Daniel’s in bed at the moment because he isn’t very (4) … .
Matthew: Yes, I’m afraid he’s been (5) … for several days, but he’s better now.
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Exercise 9. Complete the conversation. Choose the correct form.
Daniel: Is it true you saw a ghost last night?
Vicky: Yes, I did. I went to bed late/lately, and I was sleeping (1) bad/badly. I suddenly
woke up in the middle of the night. I went to the window and saw the ghost walking across
the lawn.
Daniel: Was it a man or a woman?
Vicky: A woman in a white dress. I had a (2) good/well view from the window, but she
walked very (3) fast/fastly. She wasn’t there very (4) long/lonqly. I’d (5) hard/hardly caught
sight of her before she’d gone. I (6) near/nearly missed her.
Daniel: You don’t think you’ve been working too (7) hard/hardly? You’ve been looking a bit
pale (8) late/lately.
Vicky: I saw her, I tell you.
Daniel: It isn’t very (9) like/likely that ghosts actually exist, you know. I expect you were
imagining it.
ЧИСЛІВНИК (NUMERAL)
Kількісні числівники (Cardinal) Порядкові числівники (Ordinal)

one first
two second
three third
кількісний числівпик + th
four fourth
five fifth
six sixth
seven seventh
eight eighth
nine ninth
ten tenth
twelve twelfth
20-90 20-90-ty —► ieth
twenty twentieth
twenty-three twenty-third
Exercise 1. Write the following numbers in words.

Example: 137 – one hundred and thirty-seven
2, 458 – two thousand four hundred and fifty-eight
47; 149; 387; 1,953; 2,611; 324,564; 1,975,600; 10,112,324; 234,768,155.
1965 nineteen sixty-five
Примітка
1908 nineteen (ou) eight
in the 20-ies у 20-тi роки
3 dozen dozens of books
5 hundred hundreds of students
10 thousand thousands of stars
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page 3 the third page
Exercise 2. Write the following telephone numbers in words.
Example: 714 78 08 – seven one four seven eight ou eight
933 56 42 – nine double three five six four two
564 77 32, 321 89 15, 455 12 49, 905 85 63, 757 83 10.
Exercise 3. Write the following fractions in words.

Example: 2/3 – two thirds
4.52 – four point five two/four point fifty two
1.06 – nine point naught six
3/5; 65.89; 1/7; 8/9; 3.0987; 1.76; 2/6; 0.456; 87.231; 2/7.
Test 1
1. I was so tired, I could … walk.
A hard В hardly C harder D hardest
2. I like apples … of all.
A much В more C most D better
3. Nobody was able to run the distance as … as John.
A fast В faster C fastest D twice faster
4. This dish smells … than that one.
A tastily В tasty C more tastily D tastier
5. Pete … at home in the evening.
A is always В always is С never is D stays always
6. The ship was sailing … away from the port.
A farther and farther В far and far С farthest and farthest D furthest and furthest
7. I liked the text on … very much.
A the page 3 В page 3 С third page D a third page
8. Bill recited the poem …
A real good В real well С really good D really well
9. I have found you … .
A last В lastly С at last D at least
10. Jim looked … at the restored painting.
A near В nearly С closely D close
11. He has been feeling … lately.
A bad and bad В worse and worse С badly and badly D worst and worst
12. … people surf the Internet every day.
A Million В Million of С Millions D Millions of
Test 2
1. The roast beef tastes … today than yesterday.
A delicious В deliciously С more delicious D more deliciously
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2. Mum bought two … eggs.
A dozen В dozen of С dozens D dozens of
3. The wind was blowing … .
A hard and hard В hardly С harder and harder D more and more hardly
4. We were told to do the exercise on … .
A the page 7 В page 7 С seventh page D a seventh page
5. … workers went on strike.
A Hundred В Hundreds С Hundred of D Hundreds of
6. There are … twelve million books in our library.
A near В nearly С close D closely
7. Why have you been so busy … .
A late В later С latest D lately
8. Ken has done … in his English today than at the previous lesson.
A badly В worst С bad D still worse
9. He became a champion because he ran the distance … of all.
A much faster В faster С still faster D fastest
10. Your voice sounds … .
A quietly В more quietly С quiet D much more quietly
11. Such cars were produced in … .
A fifty В fiftieth С the fiftieth D the fifties
12. The car was … damaged.
A bad В worse С badly D worst
ДІЄСЛОВО. ВИДО-ЧАСОВІ ФОРМИ (активний стан)

o системи англійського дієслова (активний стан);
утворювати, розрізняти та вживати:
o статичні та динамічні дієслова;
o видо-часові форми дієслів (активний стан);
o стверджувальні, заперечувальні i питальні речення.
СПИСОК НЕПРАВИЛЬНИХ ДІЄСЛІВ
Past Participle Past Participle

Base form (V) Past form (V2) Base form (V) Past form (V2)
(V3) (V3)
be was/were been lay laid laid
bear bore born/borne lead led led
beat beat beaten leave left left
become became become lend loaned/lent loaned/lent
begin began begun let let let
bend bent bent lie lay lain
bet bet bet light lit lit
bid bid bid lose lost lost
bind bound bound make made made
buy bought bought mean meant meant
bite bit bitten mistake mistook mistaken
bleed bled bled overcome overcame overcome
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blow blew blown overtake overtook overtaken
break broke broken overthrow overthrew overthrown
breed bred bred pay paid paid
bring brought brought plead pled/pleaded pled/pleaded
broadcast broadcast broadcast prove proved proven/proved
build built built put put put
burst burst burst read read read
cast cast cast ring rang rung
catch caught caught rise rose risen
choose chose chosen run ran run
cling clung clung say said said
come came come see saw seen
cost cost cost seek sought sought
creep crept crept sell sold sold
cut cut cut send sent sent
deal dealt dealt set set set
dig dug dug sew sewed sewn
dive dove/dived dove/dived shake shook shaken
do did done shed shed shed
draw drew drawn shine shone/shined shone
drink drank drunk shoot shot shot
drive drove driven show showed shown
eat ate eaten shrink shrank shrunk
fall fell fallen shut shut shut
feed fed fed sing sang sung
feel felt felt sink sank sunk
fight fought fought sit sat sat
find found found sleep slept slept
fit fit fit slide slid slid
flee fled fled slit slit slit
fly flew flown speak spoke spoken
forbid forbade forbidden speed sped sped
forget forgot forgotten spend spent spent
forgive forgave forgiven spin spun spun
freeze froze frozen spit spit spit
get got got/gotten split split split
give gave given spread spread spread
go went gone spring sprang sprung _
grind ground ground stand stood stood
grow grew grown steal stole stolen
hang hung hung stick stuck stuck
have had had sting stung stung
hear heard heard stink stank stunk
hide hid hidden strike struck struck
hit hit hit strive strove striven
hold held held swear swore sworn
hurt hurt hurt sweep swept swept
keep kept kept swell swelled swollen
know knew known teach taught taught
Exercise 1. Translate the verbs into English and give their forms.
Знати, забувати, вішати, навчати, різати, присягатися, чути, вибачати, закривати,
підніматися, зростати, ховати, красти, боротися, розповсюджуватися, малювати,
набрякати, тримати, замерзати, стояти, спати, повзти, мати справу, йти, ранити,
забороняти, показувати, сидіти, співати, бачити.
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СИСТЕМА ЧАСІВ ДІЄСЛОВА (АКТИВНИЙ СТАН)
Indefinite Perfect
Continuous Perfect
(Simple) Continuous
am
V have have been V(ing)
Present is V(ing)
Vs has V3 has been V(ing)
are
V(ed) was had V(ed)
Past had been V(ing)
V2 were V(ing) had V3
shall/will be shall/will have shall/will have
Future shall/will V
V(ing) V(ed)/V3 been V(ing)
Приклади
Present time
1. Susan has French classes twice a week. (Present Simple)
2. Now she is doing a translation from English into French. (Present Continuous)
3. Susan has already been doing her homework for an hour and a half. (Present Perfect
Continuous)
Past time
1. Last night John came home from work later than usual. (Past Simple)
2. His wife Joan was watching TV. (Past Continuous)
3. She has already looked all the new words up in the dictionary. (Present Perfect)
4. She had already sent the children to bed. (Past Perfect)
5. The children had been sleeping for about an hour by the time John came. (Past Perfect
Continuous)
Future time
I promise, I shall (will) help you with the project tomorrow. (Future Simple)
We’ll be working on it the whole evening. (Future Continuous)
I’m sure, we’ll have completed it by 10. (Future Perfect)
By this time we’ll have been working on it for a week. (Future Perfect Continuous)
ТЕПЕРІШНІЙ ЧАС (THE PRESENT TIME)
1. BE-FORMS
Affirmative statements
I am I am a student.
YOU/WE/THEY are They are teachers.
HE/SHE/IT is She is a doctor.
Questions with be
Am I a student? Are they doctors? Is he a chef?
Why is she in London now? What color are the walls in your room? Where am I?
Negative sentences
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I am not a student. (I’m not a student.)
They are not teachers. (They aren’t teachers.)
She is not a doctor. (She isn’t a doctor.)
2. THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
Form Example Use

Affirmative statements 1. With general truths, to show that
We work hard. something is consistently true.
I/ YOU/WE/THEY V She loves music. Dogs give people love.
HE/SHE/IT Vs aлe: дiecлoвo have приймає
форму has 2. With customs.
Questions Owners walk dogs on a leash.
Do you work hard? Do they speak English? Do I love
him? 3. To show a regular activity (a habit)
Does she know Peter? Does she read novels? or repeated action.
Why do they live in Paris? When do they usually He feeds his cat three times a day.
meet? Why does she go to work by bus?
4. To show place of origin.
Negative sentences I come from Italy.
We don’t work hard. She doesn’t love music.
always 100% at home at 8 o’clock.
I am usually/generally late for classes.
YOU/WE/THEY are often/frequently angry with me.
HE/SHE/IT is sometimes/occasionally meet in the morning.

rarely/seldom reads magazines.
never/not ever 0% reads love stories.
3. TНЕ PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form Example Use

Affirmative statements 1. An action that is in progress now.
am I’m doing yoga. Jack is singing now.
is + V(ing) She is teaching Web design. 2. A longer action that is in progress
are at this general time.
Questions Judy is meeting a lot of new people at
Are they dancing now? this time.
Is Jack taking a tour? 3. Recent trends in the society.
Who is sitting in front computer? People are living better nowadays.
Why is she asking questions? 4. A habit which irritates the
Negative sentences speaker.
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Jack isn’t doing yoga. She is always asking questions.
They aren’t watching TV.
She isn’t laughing.
4. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form Example Use

Affirmative statements We use this form to show the time
spent on an activity and emphasize
I have been using the that action is still happening
have / has been+ V(ing) Internet for hours. She has been working for three
She has been living in hours.
London.
Questions
Have you been using their new computer?
Has she been working hard?
Why have you been surfing the Internet all day?
Negative sentences
Jack hasn’t been yoga.
They haven’t been watching TV all day.
She hasn’t been waiting for me.
State verbs that are not used in the Continuous form
1. Verbs denoting physical perception – see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste
2. Verbs denoting wish – want, wish, desire
3. Verbs denoting emotions – like, love, adore, respect, detest, respect
4. Verbs denoting mental processes – believe, know, understand, doubt, mind, recognize
5. Relational verbs – have, possess, own, belong, include, conain, consist, comprise
5. ПРАВИЛА ПРАВОПИСУ ДІЄСЛІВНИХ ФОРМ
S-forms
1. Дiecлoвo закінчується на -s, - ss, -z, miss – misses
V + es
-sh, -x, -ch, -tch fix – fixes
2. Дiecлoвo закінчується на carry – carries
приголосну +y Vy —»ies worry – worries
3. Діеслова go, do V+es goes
does
Exercise 2. Give s-forms of the verbs given below.

Watch, play, buzz, fetch, brush, dress, marry, kiss, push, undergo, pity, overdo, study, stay,
fuss, teach, wash, relax, deny, finish.
ING- forms
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1. Дієслово має один склад та Приголосна подвоюється plan – planning
закінчується на приголосну + + ing stop – stopping
голосну + приголосну Виняток: w, х, у не show – showing
подвоюються stay – staying
2. Дієслово закінчуеться на live – living
приголосну + е Vе + ing write – writing
3. Дієслово має два склади та V + ing listen – listening
закінчується на приголосну + (якщо останній склад не open – opening
голосну + приголосну наголошений)
4. Дієслово має два склади та Приголосна подвоюється + refer – referring
закінчується на приголосну + ing (якщо останній склад begin – beginning
голосну + приголосну дієлова наголошений)
5. Дієслово закінчується на -ie V(ie) —►у + ing die – dying
lie – lying
6. Дiєcлoвo закінчується на -с V(c) + k + ing рanic – рanicking
Exercise 3. Use appropriate forms of the verbs TO BE and TO HAVE in the sentences
below.
1. Jessica … a very diligent student.
2. How many dogs … your parents?
3. We … very happy to see you again.
4. Peter … his English four times a week.
5. … Stan and Suzie on holiday now?
6. Jason and I … interested in history.
7. My cat … three kittens.
8. Lucy and Sheila … not very cute.
9. I … sorry to interrupt you.
10.Why … you so excited today?
Exercise 4. Use appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets to complete the sentences below.
1. How often you … (go) to the disco?
2. Clair … (not book) the tickets yet.
3. Where George usually … (spend) his holiday?
4. My cousin … (drive) his old Ford for seven years already.
5. Rachel still … (cook) the dinner.
6. My little daughter … (like) fairy tales.
7. A water molecule … (consist) of hydrogen and oxygen.
8. How long you … (play) chess?
9. I … (meet) Ken three times lately.
10. The band … (play) for half an hour already.
11. This professor always … (give) interesting lectures.
12. What they … (discuss) now?
13. David already … (save) up enough money to buy a laptop.
14. Mr. Pike … (play) golf at weekends.
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15. Though Martha … (prefer) comedies, sometimes she … (watch) dramas.
16. The girls … (tidy) up their room since the very morning.
17. I … (not believe) him, he never … (tell) the truth.
18. Who you … (wait) for here?
19. We … (roam) about the museum for three hour already.
20. The kettle just … (boil).
Exercise 5. Use appropriate Present time forms of the verbs in brackets to complete the
sentences below.
1. Now I … (believe) everything you say.
2. At present such books … (not attract) Helen.
3. Mr. Perry … (not work) this week, he’s on holiday.
4. Brian … (know) Alex since childhood.
5. Now I … (understand) what you … (mean).
6. We … (build) a cottage in a picturesque place.
7. What language you … (learn) at present?
8. What you … (want) to change in the paper?
9. Henry … (not hear) what his friends are talking about in the next room.
10. Mr. Swenson … (own) the footwear store for many years.
11. Nobody … (remember) Clara’s phone number.
12. My son … (watch) cartoons in the living room now.
13. What … (smell) so tasty in the apartment now?
14. Jonathan … (want) to buy a new bike for a long time.
15. I … (not trust) you any more.
МИНУЛИЙ ЧАС (THE PAST TIME)
1. BE-FORMS
Affirmative statements
I/HE/SHE/IT – was I was a student.
YOU/WE/THEY – were They were teachers.
She is a doctor.
Questions with be
Was I a student? Were they doctors? Was he a chef?
Why was she in London? What color were the walls in your room?
Where was I yesterday?
Negative sentences
I was not a student.
They were not teachers. (They weren’t teachers).
She was not a doctor. (She wasn’t a doctor).
2. THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE
Form Example Use
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Affirmative statements 1.To show a regular activity (a
habit) in the past.
We work hard. I worked in London then.
I/HE/SHE/IT – V(ed)/V2 She loved music.
2. To show a completed event in the
YOU/WE/THEY past.
I finished my work at 6 о’clock
Questions yesterday.
Did you work hard? Did they speak English? 3. To show single events in the past
Did I love him? Did she know Peter? Did she read (it isn’t important how long they
novels? Why did they live in Paris? When did they meet? lasted).
Why did she go to work by bus? What did you do in the evening?
We watched a film.
Negative sentences
We didn’t work hard.
She didn’t love music.
3. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form Example Use

Affirmative statements 1. To show what was in progress at
a specific moment in the past.
I was doing yoga when you Jack was singing at 3:00 in the
I/HE/SHE/IT – was called was me. morning.
We were finishing our essay at 2. To show that two events were
YOU/WE/THEY – were
7 o’clock. happening at the same time.
Questions Judy was reading while I was
Were they dancing at the party? watching TV.
Was Jack taking a tour when you m Paris?
Who was sitting in front of the computer when I came in?
Why was she speaking while I was giving a report?
Negative sentences
Jack wasn’t doing yoga when I called him.
They weren’t watching at 6 o’clock yesterday.
1. Use when + the Past Indefinite with the 1. Einstein was living in Switzerland when he
shorter action. discovered his theory of relativity.
2. Use while + the Past Continuous with the 2. Einstein discovered his theory of relativity
longer action. while he was living in Switzerland.
Einstein was living in Switzerland when he discovered his theory of relativity. (NO COMMA)
Einstein was living in Switzerland, he discovered his theory of relativity. (COMMA)
4. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Form Example Use

Affirmative statements 1. To show that the action in the pa has
45
I have been in the USA for three years. a result now.
Have/has + V(ed) She has used your computer a lot. Where is your key?
They have helped me. I’ve lost it.
2. To give new information.
Questions Oh, I’ve cut my finger!
Have you used their new computer?
Has she worked hard this month?
Why have you met with them?
Negative sentences
Jack has never done yoga.
They haven’t seen this film yet.
She hasn’t got her degree.
Use for + an amount of time: for two months, for three years. I’ve known him for a long time.
Use since + date, month, year:, etc that the action began. I’ve known him since 1997.
I have never made a lot of money.
You have already translated the text.
She has even finished her degree.
They have always been interested in computers.
Just means "a short time ago". Have you just arrived?
We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected. – What time is Jane
leaving? – She has already gone!
We use yet to show that the speaker is expecting something to happen. It is used only in questions
ant negative sentences. Has it stopped raining yet?
5. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
Form Example Use

Affirmative statements To show that one action in the past
happened before another action(s).
I had moved to the USA before Jack left
Karen didn’t want to go to the
Had + V(ed) school.
cinema, she had already seen this
She used the computer which we had
film.
*
bought in July.
Questions
Had you used their computer before you bought this one?
Why had you met with them before we telephoned you?
Negative sentences
Jack had not done yoga before we met him.
They hadn’t seen this film up to then.
She hadn’t got to the station by the time the train left.
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6. ПРАВИЛА ПРАВОПИСУ ДІЄСЛІВНИХ ФОРМ
ED-forms
1.Дієслово закінчується на - e V+d die – died

live – lived
2. Дієслово закінчується на V(y) —> i + ed carry – carried
приголосну +у worry – worried
3. Дієслово закінчується на V(y) + ed destroy – destroyed
голосну + у stay – stayed
stop – stopped
4. Дієслово має один склад та
Приголосна подвоюєтъея + ed plug – plugged
закінчується на приголосну +
Виняток: w, x не подвоюються sew – sewed
голосну + приголосну
fix – fixed
permit – permitted
5. Дієслово має два склади та Приголосна подвоюється + ed occur – occurred
закінчується на приголосну + (якщо останній склад дiєcлoвa star – starred
голосну + приголосну наголошений) stir – stirred
prefer – preferred
6.Дієлово закінчується на - с V(с) + k + ed panic – panicked
Exercise 6. Give ed-forms of the verbs given below.

Regret, refer, play, cry, conceal, occupy, tie, admit, traffic, adore, walk, envy, limit, appear,
care, argue, betray, agree, die, copy, reply, employ, rob, picnic, exit, offer, expel, scar, repair,
answer.
1. At last the librarian (to give) me the book which I (to wait) for during two months. I was
very glad. I (to go) home and (to begin) reading it at once. 2. Don’t speak to him: he (to be)
very busy, he (to do) some very urgent work. 3. I did not want him to go there: I (to be)
afraid that something (to happen). 4. I did not notice that my watch (to stop), and when I (to
arrive) at the station, my train (to leave) and I (to have) to ask when the next train (to come).
5. He (to wait) for fifteen minutes when at last (to see) her at the end of the platform. 6. By
the end of the year he (to read) about two hundred pages. 7. We were happy when the sun (to
rise), for the night (to be) very cold. 8. Where you (to put) my dictionary? I cannot find it
anywhere. 9. I (not yet to fall) asleep when the telephone (to ring). 10. What you (to do) from
six till nine yesterday? 11. The сhildren (to play) here at eleven o’clock, but now they (to go)
home. 12. Go to see your old grandfather as soon as you (to arrive) in Lviv. 13. You always
(to spend) summer at the seaside? – Yes, as a rule. Last summer I (to go) to the mountains,
but I (not to find) the rest there as pleasant as near the sea. 14. When they returned, they (to
tell) us many interesting things which they (to see) during their journey. 15. When I (to
leave) home, it (to rain).
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1. We could not go out because it (to rain) hard since early morning. 2. She (to teach) at our
school for twenty years now. 3. Ring me up as soon as you (to come) home. 4. He (to begin)
to write his composition at three o’clock. It is already eleven, and he (to write) it. He says he
(to finish) it by twelve. 5. We (to help) our librarian to put the books in the right order for
three days already, but we (to arrange) only half the books. 6. What you (to do) when I (to
come) in? 7. When I (to come) to his house, they (to tell) me that he (to leave) an hour
before. 8. On checking up his answers he (to find) out that he (to make) several mistakes. 9.
When I (to leave) home, the snow already (to stop), but a strong wind (to blow). 10. You (to
read) this book? – Yes, I (to read) it. I (to think) it (to be) very interesting. 11. What the
children (to do) now? – Oh, they (to play) the new board game which I just (to buy) for
them. 12. They (to reach) the corner of the street by now and (to stand) at the bus stop. 13.
After we (to walk) about two hours, we arrived at a picturesque glade covered with fresh
grass. 14. That (to be) what I (to complain) about.
1. Не (to be) here five minutes ago, but you (to be) out. He (to ask) me to tell you that he (to
come) again tonight. 2. You (to read) “The Murder of Roger Ackroyd” by Agatha Christie? –
No, I (not yet to read) it. But I (to hear) that it (to be) a very interesting book. I (to read) it as
soon as I (to get) it. 3. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to arrive). The
passengers (to hurry) to occupy their seats in the carriages. 4. The concert (to be) a greater
success than we (to expect). We were very glad. 5. He (to tell) me that if no one (to come) to
meet me at the station, I (can) leave the suitcases in the checkroom and go to the hotel where
he (to reserve) a room for me. 6. Lanny (to return) home after seven years of absence. During
these seven years he (to study) in Cape Town where his people (to send) him. Lanny was
glad at the thought that he (to do) what they (to hope) he (to do) and that soon he (to be)
among his people again.
1. When morning came, the storm already (to stop), but the snow still (to fall). 2. Yesterday
by eight o’clock he (to finish) all his homework, and when I (to come) to his place at nine, he
(to read). 3. I (to wait) for permission to go abroad for three weeks already, but I (not to
receive) the visa yet. 4. Everybody (to be) at the door of the museum, but my friend (not yet
to come). 5. We (to drink) tea when the telephone (to ring). 6. Johnny noticed that everybody
(to look) at him, and he (to feel) shy. 7. Light (to travel) more quickly than sound. 8. When I
(to come) to Pete’s house last Sunday, he (to read) a new book. He (to say) he (to give) it to
me soon. Today I (to take) it from him. Now I (to read) it. I (to finish) it by Friday. If you
like, I (to give) it to you on Saturday when you (to come) to see me. 9. When will he come?
We (to wait) for him for half an hour already. 10. On leaving the hall, the students (to thank)
the professor who (to deliver) the lecture. 11. We already (to cover) about ten miles when
Peter, who (to look) out of the window for the last five or ten minutes, suddenly exclaimed,
“Here is the station!”
1. The staff … (receive) a detailed briefing in the morning.
2. I already … (buy) a can of Coke, when my mum … (come up).
3. The whole day yesterday we … (try) to find common features in all the cases.
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4. Mrs. Smith … (risk) her life to save the children in the storm.
5. While the actor … (recite) his monologue, the audience … (hold) their breath.
6. I … (notice)that he … (read) the same page for twenty-five minutes.
7. The students … (make) all the arrangements for the party by 3 o’clock yesterday.
8. The kids … (laugh) loudly, when they … (watch) cartoons on TV.
9. Where you … (go), when Betty … (meet) you?
10. I … (be) a member of a tennis club in my childhood.
11. Last year Danny often … (play) volleyball with his friends.
12. Patrick … (find) all the necessary information in the encyclopedia yesterday.
13. Last September Greg … (live) in Switzerland for seven years.
14. Lady Gaga … (rise) to fame after she … (sing) a couple of hits.
15. At that moment I … (see) that a minibus already … (leave).
16. Chloe … (feel) exhausted because she … (do) the gardening the whole morning.
17. This time yesterday Monica … (browse) the Internet.
18. We … (wait) at the phone till Vic … (call) to give the final answer.
19. In 2003 Gina … (give birth) to cute twins girls.
20. The professor … (begin) his fundamental research 20 years ago.
МАЙБУТНІЙ ЧАС (THE FUTURE TIME)
There are many ways of talking about future. These are the most common forms and their
uses: the Future Indefinite, the Future Continuous, the Future Perfect, the Present Simple, to
be going to.
FUTURE
Indefinite
(Simple) Continuous Perfect
I/we shall/will help you He will be studying for the She will have come by
Affimative exam the whole evening. 3 o’clock
tomorrow.
Shall/Will I/ we help you Will he be studying for the Will she have come by
Question 3 o'clock?
tomorrow? exam the whole evening?
I/ we shall not (shan't) /
will not (won't) help you He will not (won’t) be studying She will not (won’t) have
Negative
tomorrow. for the exam the whole evening. come by 3 o’clock.
O.K. Then I’ll help you to choose a
To talk about the future facts,
Future Indefinite good one (decision taken during
expectations, instant decisions.
the conversation)
This time tomorrow I’ll be
To talk about actions which will be
traveling by plane. In the twenty-
Future Continuous in progress at a specific time in
second century, people will be
future, predicted events.
living to the age of 130.
To talk about actions which will be By the year 2012, I’ll have left
Future Perfect completed by a particular time in school and studied at the university.
future.
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To talk about schedules, timetabled The match stars at 7.30 this
Present Simple or fixed events. evening.
To talk about intentions or plans, I am going to buy a new bicycle

predictions based on present (decision taken before the
to be going to V
knowledge. beginning of the conversation). My
sister is going to have a baby.
1. The weather forecast says it … (be) warm and sunny.
2. I … (not go) to the movies with you, I … (review) the article.
3. On Sunday we … (live) in this apartment for a year.
4. The whole next year I … (study) for my entrance examinations.
5. Big summer sales … (begin) in August.
6. I’ve just spoken to Adam. We … (play) tennis on Thursday afternoon.
7. Tonight there’s a concert on TV. It … (start) at 7 pm.
8. The swallows are flying low. It … (rain).
9. I can’t talk to you now. I (call) … you back in 5 minutes.
10. From five to seven tomorrow my sisters … (shop).
11. We … (have) a party on Saturday. We’ve already invited a lot of friends.
12. In 2020 Peter and I … (be) friends for 15 years.
13. At this time tomorrow Julia … (sunbathe) on the beach in Brighton.
14. I’m sure the weather … (change) for the better soon.
15. Don’t help her, she … (do) everything by herself.
16. You … (see) for yourself what an interesting person he is.
17. Henry has thought everything over. He … (sue) Mr. Perkins.
18. I’ve got a sore throat. – I … (warm up) some milk and honey for you.
19. Do you have any plans for the weekend? – Yes, we … (have) a picnic.
20. Christine … (embroider) the napkin by her granny’s birthday.
Exercise 13. Life on earth is changing. Look at the Information given. Make sentences, as in
the example.
e.g.: Trees provide oxygen and homes for animals.
However, trees are disappearing because of fires and logging.
But many governments have started to plant new trees.
The Facts....
1. Trees / provide / oxygen and homes for animals.
2. Many different species of fish / live on coral reefs.
3. Many people / use / coal and oil as fuel for heating in their homes.
4. Ocean life / produce / 90% of our oxygen.
The Changes....
1. Trees / disappear / because of fires and logging.
2. Fish / die / because fishermen / destroy / coral reefs. ‘
3. Coal and oil supplies / decrease.
4. We / pollute / the oceans with rubbish.
The Action Taken....
1. Many governments / start / to plant new trees.
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2. Some fishermen / stop / fishing near coral reefs.
3. Many people / change / to other sources of fuel for heating.
4. We / begin / to recycle rubbish instead of throwing it all away.
Test 1
1. Every year Mr. Simpson … two months in London.
A is spending В spend С spends D has been spending
2. What will happen if I … to school tomorrow?
A won’t go В don’t go С am not going D wouldn’t go
3. Sarah … the dinner yet.
A hasn’t cooked В haven’t cooked С didn’t cook D won’t cook
4. Liz … her hair.
A is still doing В has still been doing С still does D still do
5. Michael was tired because he … for six hours.
A drove В was driving С has driven D had been driving
6. … my dictionary anywhere? I need it.
A Are you seeing В Did you see С Have you seen D Had you seen
7. Willy … the poem by heart the whole evening yesterday.
A was learning В has learned С has been learning D had learnt
8. I have made up my mind. I … to Yalta for my holiday.
A go В am going С will go D would go
9. I hope the plumber … the taps by midday.
A will fix В will be fixing С will have fixed D would fix
10. My brother … his girlfriend home now.
A is driving В drive С drives D has been driving
11. Nobody knows when Den … home from the party.
A come В comes С is coming D will come
12. Natalie … through the park for a while and then saw a bus stop at the end of the alley.
A walked B was walking С had walked D had been walking
Test 2
1. Rachel was surprised because she … anything like that before.
A hasn’t seen В haven’t seen С hadn’t seen D didn’t see
2. Dad looked into the room and saw the boys … computer games.
A played В were playing С has been playing D had been playing
3. We’ll meet as soon as Adela … from Chicago.
A return В returns С will return D will have returned
4. Pamela … already 16, when her family moved to Leeds.
A was В had been С has been D have been
5. I … to school today, I’ve got a cold.
A don’t go В not go С am not going D not going
6. I hope it … raining by the evening.
A stops В will stop С is going to stop D will have stopped
7. Sheila has just told me her parents … back tomorrow.
A come В will come С would come D are coming
8. I’ve got a splitting headache. – I … you an aspirin.
A am giving В am going to give С give D will give
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9. Veronica … a pie since the very morning.
A makes В is making С has made D has been making
10. Penny says she … Louise for ages.
A knows В has known С knew D had known
11. While Mum was washing the windows, Dad … in the garden.
A was pottering В pottered С had pottered D had been pottering
12. The tourists felt that the wind … harder and harder.
A blew В was blowing С had blown D had been blowing
ДІЄСЛОВО. ВИДО-ЧАСОВІ ФОРМИ (пасивний стан)

VERB. TENSE ASPECT FORMS (Passive Voice)
Make та Do. Дієслова з прийменниками

Make and Do. Verbs with prepositions)

 системи англійського /дієслова (пасивний стан);
утворювати та вживати:
 видо-часові форми дієслів пасивного стану;
 дієслова таке та do;
 дієслова з прийменниками.
ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН (PASSIVE VOICE)
Indefinite (Simple) Continuous Perfect

am am have
Present is V(ed)/V2 is being V(ed)/V2 been V(ed)/V2
are are has
was was
Past V(ed)/V2 being V(ed)/V2 had been V(ed)/V2
were were
Future Will be V(ed)/V2 Will have been V(ed)/V2
Приклади
1. This magazine is published weekly. Its latest issue is being sold everywhere now. The
greater part of the issue has already been sold out.
2. Your article was discussed at the meeting yesterday. It was being argued about for the
whole hour. When Ann came, the discussion had already been finished.
3. The car will be repaired tomorrow. Everything will have been done by 6 p.m.
People always laugh at his jokes. His jokes are always laughed at.
Everybody is looking for Peter. Peter is being looked for (by everybody).
People speak a lot about this event. This event is spoken about a lot.
52
We can also use the empty subjects people, you, one and someone
People use this footpath all the time. This footpath is used all the time.
You/One should check the details. The details should be checked.
Someone took my purse. My purse was taken.
We use the passive in both speech and writing, but it is more common in writing.
We use it especially in textbooks and reports. We use it to describe activities in industry,
science and technology, and also for official rules.
Bananas are exported to Europe.
Payment can be made at any post office.
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences below with appropriate passive forms of the verbs in
brackets.
1. The text already … (translate) by the students.
2. The concert … (broadcast) on the radio yesterday.
3. The conference … (hold) next April.
4. When I came, the table already … (set) by my daughter.
5. The amendment to the Constitution … (adopt) two months ago.
6. This time yesterday the plan … (discuss).
7. The room … (air) three times a day.
8. The house … (build) of brick.
9. How many questions … (ask) after the lecture?
10. The new president … (elect) by the end of the year.
11. The letter … (tear) into pieces.
12. This rare phenomenon … (observe) every ten years.
13. The potatoes already … (boil), the meat … (roast) now.
14. The baby … (look after) by the babysitter.
15. Not all the disadvantages … (consider) carefully at the conference.
16. The landscape … (paint) very artistically.
17. Children’s behaviour … (influence) by TV.
18. Fortunately, nobody … (injure) in the car crash.
19. His ideas … (talk about) by people for many years by now.
20. The life boat … (call out) five times for the last two months.
21. A few attempts … (make) so far.
22. When the light … (turn on), we saw a body on the floor.
23. I see his attitude to life … (review) now.
24. First one shot … (hear), then a second, and a third.
25. By the end of the last year the show … (watch) by two million people.
26. Sometimes stamps … (sell) at incredible prices.
27. The patient … (examine) by the doctor at the moment.
28. By next September the novel … (write) for a decade already.
29. His status … (believe) to be privileged.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences below with appropriate active and passive forms of the
verbs in brackets.
53
1. Sofia … (have) three dogs when she … (be) a child.
2. Elena and Sofia always … (love) pets.
3. I … (sit) in front of a computer now.
4. At the moment Jack and Jill … (say) to be in the gym. They … (lift) weights.
5. Fiona … (not like) jeans, but she … (wear) jeans now.
6. Big changes … (see) in the next ten years.
7. Martin Luther King … (be) a great American.
8. There … (be) many changes in the twentieth century.
9. I … (teach) to read when I … (be) five.
10. Jack … (get) a driver’s license last week.
11. Jane … (see) in this park recently.
12. It … (rain) the whole evening yesterday.
13. By the time I come back, they … (have) supper.
14. I … (break) my pencil.
15. We … (reach) the station when it began to rain.
16. Last Sunday we … (arrive) at the station, … (take) a taxi and … (drive) to the hotel.
17. Jack came home late. He … (have) a meeting with his friends.
18. Bill … (turn off) the light before I left the room.
19. I … (translate) the article by next Friday.
20. Jane just … (come). I … (wait) for her for two hours.
21. Business letters … (write) on special forms.
22. The luggage … (examine) at the customs when we arrived.
23. They … (discuss) the question next week.
24. I … (invite) to the concert.
25. This house … (buy) last year.
26. The house … (build) before I arrived.
27. We … (not show) the new film yet.
28. The accident … (cause) by the driver using a cell phone.
29. In about 40 countries, laws … (pass) that prohibit drivers from using cell phones.
30. Accidents … (cause) by distracted drivers.
It is said that ...
It is said that Henry is in love with Claire. (= People say that Henry is in love with Claire.)
We can use the structure it + passive verb + clause with verbs of reporting. We use this
structure when we cannot say or do not need to say who the speaker is, for example in news
reports.
It is thought that the company is planning a new advertising campaign.
It was reported that the President had suffered a heart attack.
It has been agreed that changes to the scheme are necessary.
Here are some verbs we can use in this structure: agree, allege, announce, assure, believe,
consider, decide, expect, explain, hope, know, report, say, suggest, suppose, think,
understand.
He is said to ...
We can also use a subject + passive verb + to-infinitive.
54
Henry is said to be in love with Claire.
This structure is also used in news reports.
The company is thought to be planning a new advertising campaign.
(= Someone thinks that it is planning a new advertising campaign.)
The President was reported to have suffered a heart attack.
(= Someone reported that he had suffered a heart attack.)
We can use the following verbs in this structure: believe, expect, find, know, report, say,
think, understand.
Exercise 3. Read the story and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.
During periods of terrorist activity, people in Britain are always being warned to look out
for bombs. Any bag or parcel without an owner (1) … seen as a risk to the public. Some
time ago a cardboard box was found at the entrance to Bristol Zoo one day. It was noticed
(2) … a visitor and reported to the director. Clearly, if it was a bomb and it went off, people
might (3) … killed. So army bomb experts (4) … called in, and the box was safely blown up
in a controlled explosion. Soon afterwards (5) … was reported that the box had (6) … left
there by a boy wanting to find a new home for his pet rat. He was tired of the rat, he
explained, but he was unwilling to (7) … it put to sleep by a vet, so he left it in a box outside
the zoo. The director of the zoo is thought (8) … be unenthusiastic about looking after
people’s unwanted pets. No one knows what the rat thought about (9) … blown up.
Exercise 4. Each of these sentences is incorrect. Write the correct sentence.

Those nice glasses got break.
Those nісе glasses got broken.
1. The story was written Agatha Christie.
2. Baseball do play at this stadium.
3. This shirt needs iron.
4. I got cut my hair yesterday.
5. It believes that there is going to be a war.
6. My parents divorce themselves last year.
7. I’ve got a report to be written.
8. To the winner was given a prize.
9. This man on TV supposes to be the tallest person in the world.
Exercise 5. Translate these sentances from Ukrainian into English.

1. Комп'ютери необхідно було зберігати в спеціальних охолоджуваних кімнатах.
2. Було встановлено віддаленє з'єднання.
3. На той час інформація передавалася лише від людини до людини.
4. Ваш запит розглядається нашою службою підтримки. regarde – розглядати
5. Слово «програмне забезпечення» вперше використовувалося ще з 1953 року, але не з'являлося
у пресі до 1960-х років.
6. Ваш запит на зняття коштів було успішно опрацьовано. withdrawal – зняття коштів
7. Робочі станції підключені один до одного у конфігурації із замкнутим контуром. loop –
замкнутий контур
8. Багато з цих програм були написані студентами.
9. Йому самому запропонували цю роботу.
10. Сайт зараз обслуговується.
ДІЄСЛОВА MAKE AND DO

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Make Do
make a date/an appointment do (the) homework
make a plan do an exercise
make a decision do the dishes
make a telephone call do the cleaning/laundry/ ironing/washing etc.
make a reservation do the shopping
make a mistake do one’s best
make an effort do a favor
make an improvement do the right/wrong thing
make a promise do a job
make money do business
make noise What do you do for a living? (asked about a job)
make the bed How do you do? (said when you meet someone a
the first time)
make an attempt
make an impression
make a pause
make a step
Exercise 5. Complete the sentences below with appropriate forms of the verbs MAKE and
DO.
1. Shall I … a cake?
2. … a copy of this letter.
3. She never … her bed in the morning.
4. … something!
5. She … her best to learn English.
6. Let’s … a decision where to go away on holiday.
7. I must … my hair.
8. You’ve … progress for the past week.
9. She always … crazy plans.
10. Could you … the washing up?
11. … me a favor, close the door.
12. Children … so much noise that I couldn’t go to sleep.
13. Let’s … a phone call.
14. She … a lot of mistakes in the dictation.
15. Don’t … a fuss over trifles!
16. Time to … some work.
17. They … a lot of money yesterday.
18. She is … the wrong thing.
19. You’ve … your job pretty well.
20. You should … a reservation beforehand.
ДІЄСЛОВА З ПРИЙМЕННИКАМИ
56
accuse sb of sth – (be) famous for – быть (be) prepared for/to
винить, обвинять известным
57
(be) accustomed to feel like prevent (someone) from
adjust to (be) fond of prohibit (someone) from
(be) afraid of forget about protect (someone) from
agree with forgive someone for (be) proud of
(be) amazed at/by (be) glad about recover from
(be) angry about sth – (be) good at – быть (be) related to
сердиться за что-л. способным к (чему-л.)
(be) angry at/with sbn – (be) grateful to sb for sth rely on/upon
сердиться на кого-л.
apologize to sb for sth (be) guilty of (be) responsible for
approve of – одобрять (be) happy about (be) sad about
argue about hear about (be) satisfied with
argue with hear of (be) scared of
(be) ashamed of hope for (be) sick of
(be) aware of (be) incapable of (be) sorry about sth
believe in insist on/upon (be) sorry for sb
blame someone for – (be) interested in speak about
обвинять
(be) bored with/by (be) involved in speak to/with
(be) capable of (be) jealous of succeed in
care about/for (be) known for (be) sure of/about
compare to/with (be) lazy about (be) surprised at
complain about listen to take care of
(be) concerned about look at talk about
concentrate on look for talk to/with
consist of look forward to thank (someone) for
count on (be) mad about (be) thankful (to someone) for
deal with (be) mad at think about/of
decide on (be) made from/of (be) tired of
depend on/upon (be) married to (be) upset about
(be) different from object to (be) upset with
disapprove of (be) opposed to (be) used to
(be) divorced from participate in wait for
dream about/of plan on warn (someone) about
(be) engaged to pray to (be) worried about
(be) excited about pray for worry about
(be) familiar with
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences below using appropriate prepositions.

Example: I plan on going back to London soon.
1. I’m afraid … .
2. I’m interested … .
3. I want to succeed … .
4. I’m not very good … .
5. I’m accustomed … .
58
6. I plan … .
7. I don’t care … .
8. I’m grateful … .
9. I’m not used … .
10. I don’t want to depend … .
11. I want to talk … my friend.
12. My friend is concerned … .
13. I tried to concentrate … , but in vain.
14. My family consists … .
15. I blame my friend … .
16. I’m surprised … .
17. I insist … .
18. I’m proud … .
19. I’m tired … .
20. I'm looking forward … .
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences below with the given verbs. Insert the necessary
prepositions.
A. be worried, decide, argue, prevent, be divorced, count, be capable of, complain, object, be
ashamed, hope, be angry
1. We have finally … going to Bali.
2. You should … your impudent behavior.
3. I don’t want to … you about such trifles.
4. Mr. Nicolson … his wife. Now they live in different cities.
5. Ken is a reliable person, you can always … him.
6. I … your health – you’re coughing again.
7. Don’t … me, I meant well.
8. I don’t like people who always … life.
9. We don’t believe Ned … betrayal.
10. Nothing will ever … realizing my dream.
11. Optimists are people who … the better.
12. I …being called a liar.
B. feel like, approve, be excited, be prepared, be jealous, look, think, compare, be guilty,
protect, wait
1. If you … your test paper with mine, you’ll see why you’ve got A, and I – B.
2. I don’t … going out in such nasty weather.
3. My mother doesn’t … my going to bed at 3 in the morning.
4. Children are often … their brothers or sisters.
5. My neighbours … moving out.
6. The children … the prospect of going to the circus.
7. I’m tired of … you – you’re 35 minutes late.
8. Greta wasn’t … being dismissed.
9. Jinni has lost her mascara and doesn’t know where … it.
10. Unfortunately I can’t … you … hardships of life.
11. I don’t think Jacky … disrupting the work of the whole department.
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Test 1
1. As soon as the car … it started raining.
A washed В was washed С was washing D has been washed
2. I approve … your decision to take a shorthand course.
A– В of С with D about
3. The dinner … now.
A is cooked В is cooking С is being cooked D cooking
4. You … the same mistake again.
A made В did С have made D have done
5. Mr. Hendricks was accused … stealing a huge sum of money.
A of В in С with D about
6. I hope the apartment … by Christmas.
A will refurbish В will be refurbished С will be refurbishing D will have been refurbished
7. The Romans … to have built the first roads on the British Isles.
A say В said С are saying D are said
8. How many recommendations … at the conference?
A were made В were done С have been done D have been made
9. I feel sorry … this poor kitten.
A of В about С for D with
10. Next year the expedition … by Professor Crummet.
A is headed В will head С is to head D will be headed
11. Involved in money laundry, the minister … to resign.
A forces В forced С was forced D was forcing
12. Emergency measures has … immediately.
A taken В been taken С to take D to be taken
Test 2
1. You mustn’t blame me … what happened yesterday.
A for В of С in D with
2. Obviously this food … at the nearest supermarket.
A buys В bought С was buying D was bought
3. I’d like … when I’m delivering a speech.
A to interrupt В to be interrupting С to be interrupted D will be interrupted
4. The report … on the latest data.
A is based В bases С is basing D has based
5. I didn’t expect you to object … our plan.
A against В with С on D to
6. I would be very grateful if you … me a favour.
A do В make С will do D will make
7. No side effects … before.
A have been observed В had been observed С were observed D were observing
8. This hypothesis is sure … by other scientists.
A to reject В to be rejected С to have rejected D to be rejecting
9. When he finally arrived, he … by all his relatives and friends.
A was waiting В was being waited С was waited for D was being waited for
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10. The children were too lazy … doing the room in their mother’s absence.
A for В about С with D to
11. I ’ve got enough time … the shopping now.
A to do В to make С do D make
12. The film … by the end of November.
A is shot В was shot С will be shot D will have been shot
МОДАЛЬНІ ДІЄСЛОВА

розпізнавати:
o значення модальних дієслів (можливість, заборона, необхідність, дозвіл,
бажаність, iмoвipнicть тощо);
утворювати i вживати:
o відповідні форми модальних дiєcлiв iз різними формами інфінітива.
МОДАЛЬНІ ДІЄСЛОВА
CAN/MAY/MUST
Present can must may

Past could had to V might
Future will be able to V will have to V will be allowed to V
Приклади:
1. I can speak English now, but I couldn't do it last year. – Я можу (вмію) зараз
розмовляти англійською, але я не могла (не вміла) минулого року.
I hope next year I'll be able to speak English fluently. – Я сподіваюся, що
наступного року я зможу розмовляти англійською набагато краще.
2. I had to work hard to do well in my tests. Now I must do my best to make a good
specialist. – Я мав наполегливо попрацювати, щоб добре скласти тести. Тепер я
маю докласти вcix зусиль, щоб стати гарним спеціалістом.
Very soon I'll have to take my first exams as a student. – Незабаром я буду змушена
складати свої студентські іспити.
3. I thought I might use your bicycle. – You may use it any time. – Я думала, що можу
скористатися твоїм велосипедом. – Ти можеш брати його, коли захочеш.
You will always be allowed to use it. – Toбi завжди дозволено користуватися ним.
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences below with appropriate modal verbs. Sometimes more
than one variant is possible.
1. We … not eat in the classroom.
2. Students … not talk during a test.
3. We … use our dictionaries when we write compositions.
4. You … not write a test with a pencil.
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5. Students … sit in any seat they want.
6. We … not use our textbooks during a test.
7. You … leave the room if you want.
8. We … not go to the lab this afternoon, we’ll do it tomorrow.
9. You … change the locks without my permission.
10. … I come in?
11. Next year we … read English books in the original.
12. Jane … leave her child with us if she wants.
13. Yesterday we … be present at the meeting.
14. … you wait a minute? I’ll ask my wife.
15. You’ve got a high temperature. You … call a doctor.
16. You … move next month.
17. … I borrow your car?
18. You … pay your rent with cash. You … pay by check.
19. One … park here.
20. I … go to the party last week.
must be at home.
напевно вдома.
can be watching TV now.
could дивиться телевізор зараз.
John may have done his homework already.
Джон might вже зробив домашне завдання.
можливо visit us tomorrow.
відвідає нас завтра.
propose to Adela.
освідчиться Аделі.
be at home.
вдома.
be watching TV now.
дивиться телевізор зараз.
John can’t / couldn’t have done his homework already.
He може бути, що Джон вже зробив домашнє завдання.
visit us tomorrow.
відвідає нас завтра.
be at home?
propose to Adela.
вдома?
освідчиться Аделі.
be watching TV now?
дивиться телевізор зараз?
Can / Could
John have done his homework already?
Невже
Джон вже зробив домашнє завдання?
visit us tomorrow?
відвідає нас завтра?
62 propose to Adela?
освідчиться Аделі?
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences below with appropriate forms of the infinitives in
brackets.
1. Kelvin is tired. He must … (work) in the garden the whole morning.
2. Could you … (go) to the circus yesterday?
3. The sky is grey, it may … (rain) soon.
4. I have just seen him at the bus stop. He can’t … (carry out) the experiment in the lab
now.
5. Could Sarah … (believe) in ghosts?
6. The headmaster must … (suspect) yesterday, that we were going to skip the History
class.
7. The children must … (watch) cartoons. I have never heard them laugh so loudly.
8. We are behind the schedule. We may … (have to) work at the weekend.
9. I'm sure he’ll come to the test. He must … (approach) the school now.
10. The hotel is so big. There must … (be) one hundred rooms in it.
11. I haven’t seen Karen for a week. She might … (go) away on holiday.
12. I saw Ron with a fishing rod. He must … (go) fishing.
13. Mrs. Robinson looks so young. She can’t … (be) 40 already.
14. Could you … (forget) to phone Mark yesterday?
15. I can’t hear what they are talking about. They may …(discuss) arrangements for the
Christmas party.
16. The Taylors must … (be married) for fifteen years.
17. Can he … (steal) your idea?
18. We may … (return) to this issue in a week.
19. Sheila goes to the gym every day. She can’t … (gain) ten kilos!
20. The singer is so popular. He must … (earn) a lot of money.
SHOULD/OUGHT ТО
You should (ought to) pay more attention to Toбi слід приділяти більше уваги
your grammar. граматиці.
You shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) waste so much Toбi не cлід гаяти так багато часу.
time.
You should (ought to) have revised the rules Треба було тобі повторити правила перед
before test. тестом (але ти цього не зробив).
You shouldn’t (oughtn t to) have gone to He треба було тoбi лягати спати так
bed so late. пізно (але зробив це).
Why should I believe you? I чому я маю вірити тoбi? (риторичне
питания)
NEED
We need to go shopping. Нам треба сходити до крамниці.
We needn’t go shopping. Нам не треба йти до крамниці.
We don’t need to go shopping.
Need we go shopping? Треба нам йти до крамниці?
Do we need to go shopping?
We needed to go shopping yesterday. Нам треба було сходити до крамниці
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вчора.
We didn’t need to go shopping yesterday. Нам не треба було йти до крамниці
вчора (ми i не ходили).
We needn’t have gone shopping yesterday. Нам не треба було йти до крамниці
вчора (але пішли i тільки марно
витратили час i rpoшi).
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences below with appropriate modal verbs (should/ought
to/must/need/have to) and forms of the infinitives in brackets. Sometimes more than variant
1. The weather was awful. I was glad I … (not go) to work.
2. Fiona … (not be) so rude to Mrs. Swift yesterday.
3. I’m afraid you … (call) the doctor tomorrow.
4. Stephen … (not) behave like that if he doesn’t want to be expelled from school.
5. You … (think) earlier about the possible consequences.
6. Christine … (not cook) yesterday, because she was invited to a birthday party.
7. Why I … (do) the same task again?
8. Dan … (get up) early yesterday to catch his train to Boston.
9. Linda … (not buy) any milk. We have enough in the fridge. She only wasted money.
10. My brother … (study) even at night now – he’s taking his finals at college.
11. Ben … (put on) a warm coat yesterday – he caught a cold.
12. Look! Jack is driving a brand new BMW. He … (buy) recently.
13. Tommy, you … (go) to bed right now! It’s nine already.
14. She … (miss) her favourite programme yesterday because of the class she enrolled in
recently.
15. Despite the late hour Mr. Ford … (walk) his dog.
16. If you have a toothache, you … (see) your dentist.
17. You … (warn) earlier you were not coming.
18. Pupils … (wear) uniform to school.
19. Phil … (not drink) cold milk – he is coughing now.
20. Leo … (come) if he doesn’t want to.
brackets.
1. They must … (miss) their bus, if they are not here yet.
2. You need … (not write) this exercise. It was an oral one.
3. Joy should … (turn) to someone for help if she didn’t know what to do.
4. Can he … (lose) the key again?
5. Henry might … (e-mail) you tomorrow.
6. Arthur must … (be) ill, too. Everybody around has the flu.
7. Stella may still … (try on) dresses.
8. You can’t … (believe) this story. It was stupid.
9. Martha shouldn’t … (tell) everybody Pete’s secret.
10. You must … (kid). It’s absolutely incredible.
Test 1
1. Who can … me sort out the books?
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A help В to help С helping D helped
2. Henry … to the market place yesterday.
A must go В must to go С had to go D had gone
3. He is a very good doctor now. He must … a good student at university.
A be В been С have been D was
4. I’m sorry, but I … able to attend the lecture tomorrow.
A won’t be В haven’t been С can’t be D couldn’t be
5. Roger said we … argue about such trifles.
A can’t В may not С needn’t D shouldn’t
6. I’m afraid the boys … stay out so late next Sunday.
A may not В might not С won’t allow to D won’t be allowed to
7. You’ve made a mistake again. You … to be more careful.
A need В must С should D ought
8. We’ve got enough food in the fridge. You … go to the supermarket.
A mustn’t В shouldn’t С haven’t to D needn’t to
9. Mary … read when she was only four.
A could В was able С had D might
10. All the tickets have been sold out. We … the seats a week ago.
A could book В must have booked С should have booked D needed book
11. Dana has just returned from London. She … about Grace’s wedding yet.
A can’t hear В might not hear С can’t have heard D mustn’t have heard
12. … ? It’s almost midday!
A Can he sleep? В Could he sleep? С Can he be sleeping? D Could he have slept?
Test 2
1. Eddie … overtime yesterday, though he felt quite sick.
A must work В had worked С had to work D must worked
2. Felix … to answer your letter only tomorrow.
A could В will be able С has D can
3. We … to have our laptop repaired as soon as possible.
A must В should С could D need
4. Could Greta … the remaining shampoo? What shall I do now?
A use В used С using D have used
5. Harold is in trouble again. – He … what he did.
A shouldn’t do В shouldn’t have done С mustn’t have done D mustn’t do
6. Hugh … to ask any questions, everything was clear.
A needn’t В needed С needn’t have D didn’t need
7. Jasper … swim when he was five.
A could В might С should D must
8. Marcus … cut the amount of food he eats if he wants to lose a couple of kilos.
A may В has С needs D should
9. Veronica … forget how much you’ve done for her.
A may not В needn’t С oughtn’t D shouldn’t
10. I can’t pull on my favourite jeans. I … have gained some weight.
A may В can С must D should
11. William … to get over his anxiety and failed the test.
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A wasn’t able В should have С ought D needed
12. Why … I go there now? It can wait a bit.
A can В should С must D need
НЕПРЯМА MOBA. УЗГОДЖЕННЯ ЧАСІВ.

o випадки, що потребують уживання узгодження часів;
o випадки відхилення від правил узгодження часів;
o відповідні видо-часові форми дієслів – присудків підрядних додаткових речень;
o розповідні, питальні та спонукальні речення в непрямій мовi.
НЕПРЯМА MOBA (REPORTED SPEECH)
Час Пряма мова Непряма мова

Future Future Indefinite in the Past
He said, "John will come soon". He said (that) John would come soon.
Present Past Indefinite
Indefinite He said, "John lives in London". He said (that) John lived in London.
Past Past Perfect
He said, "John returned on Monday". He said (that) John had returned on
Monday.
Future Future Continuous in the Past
He said, "John will be working from 3 to He said (that) John would be working
5". from 3 to 5.
Present Past Continuous
Continuous
He said, "John is working". He said (that) John was working.
Past Past Perfect Continuous
He said, "John was working from 3 to 5". He said (that) John had been working
from 3 to 5.
Future Future Perfect in the Past
He said, "John will have returned by He said (that) John would have
Monday". returned by Monday.
Present Past Perfect
Perfect He said, "John has already returned". He said (that) John had already
returned.
Past Past Perfect
He said, "John had returned by Monday". He said (that) John had returned by
Monday.
Future Future Perfect Continuous in the
Perfect He said, "John will have been working in Past
Continuous our firm for 3 years in May". He said (that) John would have been
working in their firm for 3 years in
May.
Present Past Perfect Continuous
He said, "John has been working since He said (that) John had been working
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3". since 3.
Past Past Perfect Continuous
He said, "by that time John had been He said (that) by that time John had
working for 3 hours". working for 3 hours.
Willy said, "I was born in 1994". Willy said (that) he was born in 1994.
The teacher said, "Water boils at 100 degrees The teacher said (that) water boils at 100
Celcius". degrees Celcius.
Ned said, “When I noticed Liz, she was Ned said (that) when he noticed Liz she was
crossing the road". crossing the road.
Примітка
Пряма мова Непряма мова
this that
these those
here there
now then
today that day
yesterday the previous day/the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the next/following day
the day after tomorrow in two days
last week the previous week/the week before
next week the week/following week
3 days ago 3 days before
Приклади:
1. Peter complained, "I lost my wallet yesterday". –
Peter complained (that) he had lost his wallet the day before.
2. Julia asked Jim, "What are you going to do tomorrow?" –
Julia asked Jim what he was going to do the following day.
3. Mum said to me, "Do this task now". – Mum told me to do that task then.
РОЗПОВІДНІ РЕЧЕНИЯ (STATEMENTS)
Willy said "I don’t like autumn". Willy said (that) he didn’t like autumn.
Willy said to Kate, "I don’t like autumn". Willy told Kate (that) he didn’t like autumn.
Exercise 1. Recast the sentences below into indirect speech.

1. Mary said, "We can walk in the park if you like".
2. Nancy said, "I’m sorry I didn’t come yesterday".
3. Peter remarked, "I don’t know when The Coca Cola Company was founded".
4. My granny used to say, "There are so many people who don’t observe any rules".
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5. He said, "Our new neighbour always dresses so elegantly".
6. My boyfriend said to me, "I have missed you so much lately".
7. The students said to the teacher, "We didn’t mean to disrupt the class".
8. My colleague said, "I entirely agree with you".
9. Judy said to Clara, "Melanie had a baby in May".
10. The department head said, "We’ll have to make some changes in the schedule".
11. My guest said, "I usually have three spoonfuls of sugar with my tea".
12. Megan said, "Last year we went to Austria".
13. Tom complained, "I’m very tired. I had very little sleep last night".
14. The mother said to her children, "A trip to a wildlife park is too expensive for us".
15. The father scolded his son, "You can’t spend the whole days lazing about",
16. Amanda said dreamily, "In two weeks I’ll be far away from here".
17. Vic said, "In my childhood I had a nanny, who was always smiling".
18. Mr. Sandford promised, "The new equipment will have been installed by May, 12".
19. Marcella said, "I have just got an e-mail from Steve".
20. Mrs. Hendricks said to her husband, "In the morning the toys were lying all over the
room".
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences below with appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. Ann said they … just (buy) a Christmas tree.
2. The teacher said she … (want) to see my parents.
3. The shop assistant told me that the set … (deliver) the following week.
4. Kevin said he … (try) to fix his bike for two hours.
5. The mother said her son … (sleep) in his cradle.
6. Steve said he … (need) a pencil sharpener.
7. The manager was happy there … (be) so many customers in the shop lately.
8. The police promised the stolen car … (find) in two days.
9. I hoped the train … (arrive) in time.
10. The bartender told Dick that he … (can) smoke if he … (like).
11. Ned said he always … (be) interested in history.
12. The psychologist said the child … (enjoy) being involved in adult activities.
13. Julia complained she … (not be) sure of the answer.
14. The Browns said they … (arrange) a house-warming party on Sunday.
15. Vivian remarked she never … (like) semolina.
16. The doctor said he … (come) to see me again in a couple of days.
17. Linda replied she … (be) very busy for the last several days.
18. Granny promised she … (teach) me to knit.
19. The host said he … (want) to introduce me to the other guests.
20. The defendant said he … (not plead) guilty.
ПИТАЛЬНІ РЕЧЕННЯ (INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES)
ЗАГАЛЬНІ ПИТАНИЯ (GENERAL QUESTIONS)
Peter asked Betty "Do you love me?" if/whether she loved him.
"Did you see Ben yesterday?" if/whether she had seen Ben the day
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before.
"Were you shopping the whole day if/whether she had been shopping
on Sunday?" the whole day on Sunday.

1. Patricia asked, "Have we met before?"
2. Mum asked me, "Are you hungry?"
3. David wondered, "Is everybody here?"
4. The kids asked their dad, "Are we going to the circus?"
5. The policeman inquired, "Did you see the robber clearly?”
6. Valerie asked me, "Is the water warm?"
7. Liz wondered, "Have you been waiting long?”
8. Mrs. Craig asked, "Will you have finished the work by 6?"
9. The waiter asked, "Would you like something for dessert?"
10. My brother asked me, "Have you seen my belt?"
11. Mr. Hendricks wondered, "Were you sleeping at 3 yesterday?"
12. The girl asked, "Had everybody come by 6?"
13. The dentist asked, "Does it hurt?"
14. The insurance inspector asked, "Does the painting really cost a million?"
15. The nurse asked, "Have you taken the medicine?"
16. The receptionist asked, "Have you got a reservation?"
17. My husband asked me, "Do you like this necklace?"
18. Mum asked me, "Are you going to do your room?"
19. The boss asked his secretary, "Is there anybody waiting to see me?"
20. The taxi driver asked me, "Are you in a hurry?"
1. I asked Anthony if he ever … (be) to the Hague.
2. The examiner asked if I … (understand) the question.
3. The notary asked Glenn if he … (have) a passport on him.
4. Victor asked Ingrid whether she … (marry) him or not.
5. My mother-in-law wondered if I … (buy) some bread.
6. Hilda asked Lou if she … (be) afraid of spiders.
7. The reporter asked the man whether he … (see) the tsunami with his own eyes.
8. The dean asked the students if they … (participate) in the conference next May.
9. The hairdresser asked Linda if she … (dye) her hair herself.
10. Stephanie wondered if the concert … (finish) by 10.
11. My aunt asked if it already … (stop) snowing outside.
12. The interpreter asked whether I … (can) repeat the last word.
13. My cousin wondered if the tickets … (book).
14. Mum asked if I … (return) by the beginning of the film.
15. A colleague asked Mr. Patterson if he … (can) give him a lift home.
16. The principal asked my parents if they … (punish) me at least sometimes.
17. Rita asked Paul if he … (buy) a present for their mum.
18. Arthur inquired if anybody … (listen) to him.
19. My little daughter asked me if I … (sing) her a lullaby.
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20. The shop girl asked whether the customer … (pay) in cash or by credit card.
СПЕЦІАЛЬНІ ПИТАННЯ (SPECIAL QUESTIONS)
"Why do you love me?" why she loved him.

"Where did you see Ben where she had see Ben the day
Peter asked Betty
yesterday?" before.
"How long were you shopping on how long she had been shopping on
Sunday?" Sunday.

1. Dolly asked, "What is your favourite magazine?"
2. Emma asked, "Where have you been?"
3. Eugene wondered, "When will you come again?"
4. Ida asked, "How can I get there?"
5. I was asked, "Why are so embarrassed?"
6. Simon inquired, "How much did you pay for the script?"
7. Ruth asked, "Whose towel is it?"
8. Phil asked, "Who is knocking?"
9. Jake asked, "What is going on here?"
10.The teacher asked, "Where is your homework?"
11.A friend of mine asked, "What have you been doing lately?"
12.Kate wondered, "How did you spend your holiday?"
13.Max asked, "How many people have you invited to the party?"
14.A passer-by asked, "How far is it to the City hall?"
15.The shop assistant asked the customer, "How much butter would you like?"
16.The bus driver asked, "Where exactly are you going?"
17.Frank wondered, "Who can do such work in a day?"
18.Judy asked, "What have you done to help them?"
19.My colleague asked me, "How did you manage to leave the office unnoticed?"
20.The director asked the actors, "How long will it take you to get made up?"
1. Gladys asked when the pizza … (deliver).
2. Martin wondered why his question … (remain) unanswered.
3. Nina asked her mother when the dinner … (be) ready.
4. The singer asked his producer how much he … (get) for the previous concert.
5. Brian wondered whose dog … (bark) the whole night.
6. Connor asked how long I … (learn) Spanish.
7. Chalie inquired how many tasks he … (have to) do.
8. The dentist asked Ann which tooth … (ache).
9. The reporter asked how many people … (injure) in the crash.
10. The detective asked whom Mrs. Forsite … (run) into at the entrance.
11. The superintendant asked who … (make) so much noise.
12. The maid asked what else her master … (want) her to do.
13. Nora wondered when they … (can) meet next time.
14. Nick asked his grandpa what … (be) the most important thing he … (do) in his life.
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15. The girl asked how long it … (take) her to become a super model.
16. The chemist asked what medicine I … (need).
17. The photographer asked how many photos the couple … (want) to have.
18. Boris wondered why his offer … (reject).
19. Oliver wondered who … (say) such nasty things about him.
20. Robin asked how many kilometers we … (corer) that day.
СПОНУКАЛЬНІ РЕЧЕНИЯ (IMPERATIVE SENTENCES)
asked "Call me later". to call him later.

told "Go home". to go home.
warned "Don’t tell him a word". not to tell him a word.
Peter advised Betty "Have another try". to have another try.
instructed "Be careful with the money". to be careful with the money.
begged "Come back soon". to come back soon.
ordered "Get the papers ready". to get the papers ready.
Willy said, "Let’s think it over". Willy suggested thinking it over.

1. Derek said, "Don’t disturb me, I’m busy".
2. Mr. Evans warned me, "Don’t forget your ticket".
3. Fiona said, "Let’s skip the lesson".
4. Mark advised me, "Put on a sweater, if you don’t want to get cold".
5. Andrew said, "Turn to somebody else".
6. William begged Lucy, "Don’t tell anybody about my failure".
7. Richard asked me, "Bring something for dinner".
8. A classmate of mine said, "Let’s throw a party on Saturday".
9. Rudy said, "Watch your step!"
10.The driver said, "Don’t slam the door".
Test 1
1. Mummy promised she … my favourite apple pie.
A made В will make С would make D will have made
2. Mrs. Simmons wondered why … my homework again.
A didn’t I do В haven’t I done С I didn’t do D I hadn’t done
3. The coach told the sportsmen … about the medical check up.
A to not forget В not to forget С didn’t forget D wouldn’t forget
4. Bob complained that he … the same mistake in the dictation.
A made В has made С have made D had made
5. Grandpa has just told everybody he … to try scuba diving.
A is going В was going С has been going D had been going
6. I knew the apartment … by Easter.
A will be refurbished В would be refurbished
С would be refurbishing D would have been refurbished
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7. The guide said the cathedral … in 1564.
A was built В has been built С was building D had been built
8. Martha was confident she … the right thing the week before.
A did В was doing С has done D had done
9. I knew for sure that the Earth … round the Sun.
A goes В is going С went D was going
10. Nobody knew Mr. Emmerson … in New York before.
A lived В was living С had lived D has been living
11. When we were at the party I couldn’t understand why … himself.
A he wasn’t enjoying В he didn’t enjoy С wasn’t he enjoying D didn’t he enjoy
12. Sarah said the cat … with the toy mouse when she entered the apartment.
A played В was playing С had played D had been playing
Test 2
1. Helen told her little sister that she … her a candy.
A gave В was giving С will give D would give
2. The clerk asked the visitor if he … to put his name on the waiting list.
A phoned В had phoned С has phoned D had been phoning
3. Stanley wondered if I … time to go to the pub together.
A have В has С had D was having
4. I was told I would get the job if I … the necessary papers.
A produce В produced С will produce D would produce
5. Ray answered he … on the project for six months.
A works В worked С was working D had been working
6. Ursula complained she … from David for a month.
A didn’t hear В wasn’t heard С hadn’t heard D hadn’t been heard
7. My brother suggested … about trifles.
A not argue В not to argue С didn’t argue D not arguing
8. The producer promised he … get enough money to shoot the film.
A will В would С is going to D was going to
9. Percy inquired why … whispering.
A I was В I am С was I D am I
10. Walter wanted to know when Columbus … America.
A discovered В was discovered С had discovered D had been discovered
11. The mother said when she looked into the nursery her son … something.
A drew В was drawing С had drawn D had been drawing
12. Sally knew that the planets in the Solar system … round the sun.
A goes В go С went D were going
ІНФІНІТИВ. ING-FORMS

o випадки, що вимагають вживання інфінітива або –ing форми;
o відповідні форми інфінітива та –ing форми.
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ІНФІНІТИВ (INFINITIVE)
ФОРМИ ІНФІНІТИВА
Активний стан Приклад Пасивний стан Приклад
Indefinite (to) V (to) be V(ed)/V3 The article must be

I’d like to go for a walk
translated today.
Continuous (to) be V(ing) She seems to be sleeping.
The article should

(to) have V(ed)/V3 I ’m glad to have seen (to) have been +
Perfect have been translated
her. V(ed)/V3
two days ago.
She must have been
Perfect (to) have been
Continuous sitting here since early
V(ing)
morning.
УЖИВАННЯ ІНФІНІТИВА
The to-infinitive is used The infinitive without to is used

1. After verbs to express purpose 1. After modal verbs can / may / must / should
She went out to buy some milk. You must be back at 12 o'clock.
2. After certain verbs (advise, agree, appear, 2. After had better/would rather
decide, expect, hope, promise, refuse etc) I'd rather stay in tonight.
He promised to be back at 10 o'clock. 3. After make/let/see/hear/feel/have + object
3. After certain adjectives (angry, happy, glad Mum let me watch TV.
etc) I made him apologize.
She was glad to see him. Але: in the passive form: be made/be heard/be
4. After question words (where, how, what, seen + to -infinitive
who, He was made to apologize.
which, but not after "why") 4. Help is followed by a to-infinitive or an
Has she told you where to meet them? infinitive without to.
But: why leave so early? She helped me (to) wash the dishes.
5. After would like/would love/would prefer 5. If two infinitives are joined by "and", the
I'd love to go for a walk. "to" of the second infinitive can be omitted.
6. After nouns I want to eat something and (to) have a rest.
It’s a pleasure to work with you.
After too/enough constructions
He's too short to reach the top shelf.
He isn't tall enough to reach the top shelf.
7. With it + be + adjective (+ of + object)
It is nice of him to have given me a kitten for
my
birthday.
brackets.
1. I want … (see) a manager.
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2. Your car will … (repair) by next Wednesday.
3. It’s important … (listen to) her alibi.
4. She agreed … (meet) with Jack.
5. They are too lazy … (wake up) at dawn.
6. Why not … (visit) your parents?
7. I’d better … (go) home now.
8. It’s necessary … (plan) everything carefully.
9. She sat down … (have) a rest.
10. She was made … (go) to the out of the way village.
11. It’s nice … (sit) next to you now.
12. I’d rather … (meet) you tonight.
13. Do you know where … (wait) for her?
14. Let me … (see).
15. She made him … (stop) smoking.
16. She is too angry … (speak) to him.
17. She met me only … (make fun of) me.
18. Could you help me … (translate) this article?
19. You could … (kill) by lightning yesterday.
20. It may … (rain).
ДІЄСЛОВА, ПІСЛЯ ЯКИХ УЖИВАЄТЬСЯ ТІЛЬКИ ІНФІНІТИВ
V+ INFINITIVE V+OBJECT+INFINITIVE
afford advise allow
agree appoint ask
appear beg believe
arrange cause choose
forget command consider
hope dare desire
learn enable encourage
need expect find
offer forbid force
plan help hire
prepare invite instruct
pretend know need
promise order permit
refuse persuade remind
seem request require
swear select teach
tend tell think
want urge warn
wait want
wish
Приклади:
1. I plan to call on him and discuss this question.
2. He agreed to come tomorrow.
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3. He wants me to go there tonight, but I don’t want to.
4. She asked me to wait a little.
5. They seem to have gone to Cyprus last year.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences below with appropriate forms of the infinitive in
brackets.
1. I persuaded Tom … (join) a sports club.
2. You have been warned … (not believe) this liar.
3. It’s important … (understand) by your friends.
4. Sheila was told … (fetch) a taxi.
5. The coach instructed the goalkeeper … (be) more attentive.
6. Ada urged her husband … (look for) the lost puppy everywhere.
7. Bart seems … (sleep) in his room.
8. Dave knew Agatha … (travel) all over the world for the last few years.
9. Natalie pretends … (read).
10. I want … (invite) to Ross’s party.
11. Parents should encourage their children … (take) independent decisions.
12. Clare refused … (participate) in the contest.
13. 1 thought Oscar … (stay) with his friends in Florida then.
14. Lily seems … (go) shopping an hour ago.
15. Nobody helped Eve … (do) the apartment.
16. Julian believed Neil … (work) overtime that week.
17. Ed swore … (see) everything with his own eyes.
18. I chose Penny … (dress) as Snowwhite at the matinee.
19. We always forget … (close) the windows before leaving home.
20. Viola pretended … (leave) her homework at home.
ING-FORMS (ГЕРУНДІЙ, ДІЄПРИКМЕТНИК ТА ДІЄПРИСЛІВНИК)

IVG-ФОРМИ
Пасивний
Активний стан Приклад Приклад
стан
He entered the room
Present V(ing) She enjoys dancing. being V(ed)/V3
out being noticed.
He denied having having been + I admitted having
Perfect having V(ed)/V3
stolen the money. V(ed/)V3 been shown the letter.
УЖИВАННЯ ING-FORMS
1. as a noun:
Eating vegetables is good for your health.
2. after certain verbs (admit (to), avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, enjoy, escape,
excuse, fancy, finish forgive, imagine, involve, keep (continue), look forward to,
mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone, practise, prevent, report, resist, risk, save,
stand, suggest, understand etc):
He objected to restoring the painting.
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3. after love, like, dislike, hate, enjoy, prefer (to express general preference):
He likes cooking.
Запам’ятай: like + to V= it's a good idea; it's useful; it’s the right thing to do:
I like to eat a healthy breakfast.
4. after certain phrases (I'm busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the
use of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't stand, be/get used to, be/get accustomed to,
have difficulty (in) ):
It's no use complaining.
5. after go for physical activities:
They go skiing every winter.
6. after spend/waste time:
He wasted his time playing video games.
7. after prepositions:
He entered without knocking at the door.
8. after see, hear, listen, watch, feel to express an incomplete action, an action in
progress or a long action:
I saw Kate painting the kitchen. (I saw Kate in the middle of painting. I saw Kate when
she was рапting the kitchen. I didn 't wait until she had finished.) (Я бачив, як Кейт
фарбувала кухню.)
Запам’ятай: see, hear, listen, watch, feel + infinitive without to to express a complete
action, something that one saw or heard from beginning to end
I watched Kate paint the kitchen. It took her two hours. (I saw the whole action from
beginning to end.) (Я бачив, як Кейт пофарбувала кухню.)
ДІЄСЛОВА, ПІСЛЯ ЯКИХ УЖИВАЮТЬСЯ ING-ФОРМИ
V+Gerund
admit consider excuse miss regret
adore delay fancy permit resent
advise deny finish postpone resist
appreciate describe forbid practise risk
avoid detest imagine put off suggest
can’t help dislike involve quit tolerate
complete dread keep recall understand
commence enjoy mind recommend
Приклади:
1. She enjoys dancing,
2. I can’t help laughing when she starts singing.
3. He denies having seen the film before.
4. Doctors advise keeping to a healthy diet.
5. We admitted being invited to the reception.
Примітка
Дієслова, що вживаються з герундієм або інфінтивом без зміни значення
attempt deserve love
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begin hesitate neglect
can’t stand intend prefer
continue like start
Приклади:
1. I like swimming.
2. I like to swim.
We stopped to talk about the weather. We stopped talking about the weather.
Ми зупинилиея (з якою метою?), щоб Ми припинили обговорювати погоду.
обговорити погоду.
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences below with appropriate ING-forms of the verbs in
bracket.
1. The girls put off … (visit) a beautician till the following week.
2. I can’t imagine your … (beat) by this amateur boxer.
3. Would you mind … (appoint) head manager?
4. I don’t understand her … (make) the same mistake five times.
5. Who suggested … (buy) a dishwasher?
6. We’re considering … (spend) our holidays in the mountains.
7. Do you really enjoy … (praise) like that?
8. I’d recommend … (see) the doctor immediately.
9. Louise admitted … (lose) the keys again.
10. Lindsey adores … (photograph) by paparazzi.
11. I can’t resist … (eat) so many sweets.
12. We can’t help … (laugh) when he tells jokes.
13. Mike avoided … (see) by the headmaster.
14. Why did you quit … (go) to the library?
15. I appreciate your … (help) in emergency.
16. Jessica denies … (spend) all her money in one day.
17. I can’t stand people … (lie) to me.
18. Ned deserves … (send) to a good resort.
19. When did you start … (play) hockey?
20. Why did you stop … (play) the trumpet?
To-infinitive or -ing form?

+ TO-INFINITIVE + -ING FORM
These verbs are followed by a to-infinitive. These verbs are followed by an -ing form.
agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask,attempt, admit, avoid, can’t face, can’t help, can’t
beg, can’t afford, can’t wait, choose, claim, resist, can’t stand, carry on, consider, delay,
decide, demand, desire, expect, fail, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, excuse,
guarantee, happen, help, hope, manage, fancy,finish, give up, imagine, involve,
offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, justify, keep (on), mention, mind, postpone,
prove, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, turn out, practise, put off, resent, risk, save, suggest,
undertake, want, wish tolerate
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Exercise 4. Complete the conversations. Put in a to-infinitive or an -ing form.
A: I hear you sometimes sail to France in your boat.
B: That’s right. I really enjoy sailing.
1. A: Are you going to organize our trip?
B: Yes, of course. I’ve agreed … it.
2. A: You wear a uniform at work, don’t you?
B: Yes, I have to, although I dislike … it.
3. A: Do you think they’ll approve the plan?
B: Yes, I’m quite sure they’ll decide … it.
4. A: What time will you be back?
B: Oh, I expect … back some time around nine.
5. A: Did I remind you about the dinner tonight?
B: Yes, thank you. You keep … me.
6. A: Was your decision the right one, do you think?
B: Yes, luckily. In the end it proved … the best thing for everyone.
7. A: Do you still work at the post office?
B: No, I gave up … there last year.
8. A: Have ICM bought the company?
B: Well, they’ve offered … it.
9. A: I’m sorry you had to wait all that time.
B: Oh, it’s all right. I didn’t mind … .
Exercise 5. Read the conversation and write the missing words. Use one word only in each
space.
Anna: I hear you’re preparing to leave for Australia.
Lisa: That’s right. And I’m really looking forward to it. I can’t (1) … to get there. I’m
hoping (2) … see all my friends while I’m there. I’m going to enjoy (3) … them again after
so long.
Anna: Martin and I (4) … like to go away, but we can’t manage it this year.
Lisa: There’s just one problem that I (5) … to sort out. My tickets haven’t arrived. I’ve tried
to ring the travel agency, but I can’t get through. I’m beginning to regret (6) … going there
myself to pick them up.
Anna: I expect they’ll be here tomorrow.
Lisa: That’s really leaving it to the last minute. It’s such a worry.
Anna: Well, I know you. You can’t (7) … worrying, can you?
Lisa: No, I can’t. I hope this holiday isn’t going to turn out (8) … be a disaster.
Anna: Of course it isn’t. Just keep (9) … trying to get through.
Exercise 6. Each of these sentences has a mistake in it. Write the correct sentence.
The man kept ask us for money. The man kept asking us for mоneу.
1. We’ve finished to decorate the flat.
2. I regret say what I did.
3. Tessa decided go not to work.
4. Do you mind help me?
5. I’m beginning getting worried.
6. I can’t afford bey a new car.
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7. I hope to avoid to make things worse.
8. Peter seems gone away already.
Exercise 7. Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the
word in brackets.
I wish I hadn’t sold my bike. (regret)
I regret selling mу bike.
1. The children were eager to see their presents. (wait)
2. I hate to get up in the dark. (stand)
3. By chance I saw your brother yesterday. (happened)
4. The shop usually opens ten minutes late. (tends)
5. Would you like to go for a walk? (fancy)
6. The police continued to watch the house. (carried)
7. Seeing Nelson Mandela will always stay in my memory. (forget)
Test 1
1. Roger avoided … about his childhood.
A to ask В to be asked С asking D being asked
2. Tilda seems … her exam yesterday.
A failing В to fail С having failed D to have failed
3. Rose doesn’t let her dog … on the bed.
A sleep В sleeping С to sleep D to be sleeping
4. Arnold must … the gardening for three hours already.
A do В be doing С have done D have been doing
5. I am believed Grace … about Greece now.
A travel В travelling С to travel D to be travelling
6. Dora didn’t want … by her boss.
A misinterpret В being misinterpreted С to misinterpret D to be misinterpreted
7. I’d rather … with the problem by myself.
A deal В dealing С to deal D to be dealing
8. Why … him all these questions?
A not asking В not to ask С not ask D to not ask
9. She left the surgery without … by the doctor.
A examining В having examined С being examined D examined
10. We saw the shoplifter … something hurriedly into his pocket.
A to put В to have put С to be putting D put
11. Felix was made … the experiment again.
A to conduct В conduct С to have conducted D be conducted
12. He enjoyed … like a prince.
A treating В to be treated С being treated D to be treating
Test 2
1. The boys may … darts for an hour already.
A play В be playing С have played D have been playing
2. The doctor persuaded me … some tests made.
A have В to have С having D to have had
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3. The wind seems to … more and more biting.
A get В be getting С have got D have been getting
4. The neighbours stopped … after the argument.
A talking В to talk С to be talking D being talked
5. I can’t understand … her new car.
A her to sell В she sold С her selling D having sold
6. Patrick has always wanted … his own shop.
A opening В to open С open D he opens
7. Polly decided to take a computer course … for her new job.
A prepare В prepared С to prepare D for preparing
8. She’s very independent by nature and avoids … anybody for help.
A asking В being asked С to ask D having asked
9. … books in the original is very important for future interpreters.
A Reading В To be reading С They read D Having read
10. I hope he appreciates … him with repairs.
A me to have helped В I was giving С being helped D my helping
11. The headmaster doesn’t let the students … jeans for school.
A wearing В be wearing С wear D to wear
12. My sister was made … the dog out.
A take В taking С to take D to be taking
ПРИЙМЕННИКИ (PREPOSITIONS)
розпізнавати i вживати відповідно до змітового та граматичного контексту:
o прийменники місця;
o прийменники напряму;
o прийменники часу;
o прийменники способу дії;
o прийменники у деяких сталих виразах.
ПРИЙМЕННИКИ МІСЦЯ ТА НАПРЯМУ

(PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND MOVEMENT)
in + cities / towns / streets / the suburbs / an armchair / danger / a
queue / a picture / a photo
at + house number 15 / home / school / university / work / a bus
stop / the floor
on + foot / holiday
by+ bus / taxi / car / plane / train / ship / boat / air / sea
but i n a taxi / car
on + a / the bus / plane / train / ship / boat
between+ two people or objects
among+ three or more people or objects
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences by circling the correct prepositions.

1. The mat is a small carpet placed at/near the door.
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2. He jumped in/into the river and swam to the opposite bank.
3. We rented the apartment in/at Number 3 Maple Street.
4. Houses in/at the suburbs are in great demand now.
5. If you want some peaches, you’ll have to climb up/downthe tree.
6. The old gentleman could hardly get from/out of the taxi.
7. Children like hiding under/above the bed.
8. You can take the seat on/in the right.
9. She sat in/on the armchair knitting socks for her grandson.
10. It’s no good spending all your time in front of/behind the TV.
11. If you want to read, you’d better sit by/near the window.
12. We first met in/on the plane to Brazil.
13. Tilda is a shy girl and prefers keeping in/at the back.
14. Between/Among my friends there are a lot of students.
15. Teenagers seldom stay in/at home in the evening.
16. Last night we went in/to the theatre.
17. Walt kissed me on/in the cheek.
18. I dream to spend a couple of days in/at Venice.
19. I can’t get used to living at/on the 15th floor.
20. They decided to place the armchair between/among the sofa and a fireplace.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with the phrases given below.
Go to the theatre/cinema/movies/circus/school; at the top/the bottom; on page 5; at
reception; in the sky; on the menu/a list; in the corner of the room; at work at the corner of
the street; on a farm; at the factory; on a bike
1. I’ve been very busy lately and have no time to … .
2. He was disappointed when he didn’t find his name … .
3. Before entering college Boris worked … .
4. There were hundreds of stars … .
5. Go straight forward and turn … .
6. Jeremу used to spend his summers … in Utah.
7. Don’t forget to put down your name … of the page.
8. The cat’s favourite place was … .
9. You are to retell the text … .
10. If you leave before I come, leave the keys … .
11. Don’t call me, when I’m … .
12. We were shocked when the manager came to the reception … .
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with the phrases given below.

Across the square; through the park; out of the bag; over the stream; through the window;
toward the port; into the purse; from the table
1. We had to jump … .
2. The cat got into and out of the house … .
3. Have you taken any papers … ?
4. The yacht was sailing … .
5. Going out Fiona put the comb … .
6. When I’m in a hurry, I go … to shorten the way.
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7. The demonstrators were marching … .
8. The boy took his textbook … .
ПРИЙМЕННИКИ ЧАСУ (PREPOSITIONS OF TIME)
AT IN ON
at 8:20 in the morning/night on Sunday
at Christmas/Easter in November (months) on January 3
at midnight in summer (seasons) on a summer night
at the weekend in 2005(years)
at night in the 20 century
8.05 five past eight

8.15 (a) quarter past eight
8.30 half past eight
8.40 twenty to eight
8.45 (a) quarter to eight
Exercise 4. Complete the sentences below with appropriate prepositions.

1. I don’t get up so early … Sunday.
2. Our city is especially beautiful … spring.
3. The expedition departed … May 8, 1956.
4. Coach tours gained popularity … the 19lh century.
5. We always play tennis … weekends.
6. Can he have come home … midnight?
7. Fred called on me … Friday morning.
8. This year I was on holiday … May.
9. School begins … half … 8.
10. Before the exams Sheila had to study even … night.
on time – at the right time at 8:30 = exactly at that time
in time = not late, early enough by 8:30 = not later than that time
The train arrived on time. by next Tuesday = something will happen
We were in time for the lesson. at or before a certain moment
for two days = to say how long something until Friday = a situation will continue up
goes on to a certain moment
during the film = to say when something at the end = at the time when something
happens ends
while + subject + verb I worked on the in the end = finally
project for 2 days. At the end of the lesson the teacher gave us
I fell asleep during the film. a task.
I fell asleep while I was watching the film. In the end, she agreed to join us.
I have been working since 3.
I was working from 3 to/till 5.
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1. The train left the station … time.
2. We have been friends … childhood.
3. … the end of the lesson the teacher set the home assignment.
4. I’ll be waiting at the entrance … 5, not later.
5. The research had been completed … 2007.
6. She has had a bad cough … three days already.
7. The lecture lasted … 6 … 8.
8. Gina had a snack … the break.
9. … the end she managed to give up smoking.
10. Greg injured his leg … getting off the bus.
11. Clara revised the rules … going to bed.
12. Nick will have returned from the cruise … next Wednesday.
13. The phone rang several times … the interview.
14. I don’t like to be late, I’m always … time.
15. We have been looking for you … the very morning.

1. The Browns live … a very beautiful cottage.
2. There is a green garden … the cottage.
3. I parked my car … the house.
4. There is a church … my house.
5. Last week we drove … London.
6. My birthday is … the 20 of June.
7. Were you born … summer?
8. Let’s meet … 5:30.
9. … the trip we visited a lot of sights.
10. My grandson was born … 2005.
11. How did you get … Paris? … plane.
12. … the weekend we are going to London.
13. The train arrived … time, as usual.
14. The article was translated … Friday.
15. We met a lot of interesting people … we were on holiday.
16. I watched television … two hours.
17. … the end she agreed.
18. She is … danger. We must help her.
19. Go … the front door … the cottage.
1. I get to my work … foot.
ПРИЙМЕННИКИ СПОСОБУ ДІЇ (PREPOSITIONS OF MANNER)
The door was opened by the boy The door was opened with the key
(who did it). (with the help of what).

1. The presentation was prepared … our students.
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2. Nuts can be released from the shell … a nutcracker.
3. The lecture was delivered … Professor Cromwell.
4. The violent crowd was surrounded … the police.
5. The violent crowd was dispersed … water jets.
6. You can take wonderful photos … this camera.
7. The photos were taken … my boyfriend.
by cheque by credit card (but in cash)
by post by chance/mistake/accident
by hand by air/sea/car/ship (but on foot)
by heart
Exercise 8. Complete the sentences with the phrases from the box above.
1. More and more people prefer going on a bike to going … .
2. I didn’t do in on purpose. It happened … .
3. If you don’t have any money on you, you can pay … or … .
4. In a hurry I took somebody else’s bag … .
5. If you get seasick, you shouldn’t … .
6. The blackmailer sent the letter … .
7. Lace should be washed … .
above suspicion up and down
at the age of in exchange for
at all costs on an/the average

at the request of on the whole
at the latest out of danger
before long over and over
behind one’s back without fail
Exercise 9. Complete the sentences with the phrases from the box above.
1. She couldn’t memorize the words, so read them … again.
2. I promise the goods will be delivered on Friday … .
3. He became famous … 28.
4. Adam’s reputation has always been … .
5. What would you like to have … your assistance?
6. The committee was set up … the local inhabitants.
7. At present Roy earns a thousand a week … .
8. Though not perfect, the project is satisfactory … .
9. Luckily, due to the firefighters’ efforts everybody was … .
10. No matter how hard the task may be, we’ll carry it out … .
11. It won’t do to do such things … .
12. The manager was nervously walking … his office.
13. Don’t worry, you’ll be informed of our decision … .
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Test 1
1. Room 9 is … the end of the corridor.
A in В at С to D near
2. He’s leaving for the USA and will probably return … six months.
A after В through С in D at
3. Paul gets everywhere … his car.
A in В on С inside D with
4. I saw him take something … his pocket.
A out В out of С from D out from
5. The plane was flying … the ocean.
A across В through С above D over
6. When I was a child, I used to get a lot of presents … Christmas.
A on В at С during D while
7. Punctual people always come … time.
A at В in С for D before
8. The orchard was surrounded … a high fence.
A with В by С around D for
9. Yesterday I ran into Peter … the bus stop.
A on В in С at D across
10. The cottage was located … old oak trees.
A in В between С inside D among
11. There were three pretty girls … the picture.
A in В on С at D onto
12. I have been waiting for you … two hours already!
A during В for С till D while
Test 2
1. People should sleep … night.
A in В at С at the D during
2. Tomorrow I will be at home … 2 to 5.
A from В since С between D with
3. … the whole the trip was successful.
A in В at С on D into
4. If you like, you can pay … cash.
A with В by С in D on
5. We discussed this problem … Monday morning.
A in В during С for D on
6. Don’t stick your hands … the pockets: it’s impolite.
A to В onto С in D into
7. Do you enjoy your studies … university?
A at В in С inside D within
8. Choose any … your friends to help you.
A from В of С out of D among
9. Our students have a lunch break … midday.
A in В for С during D at
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10. Though opposed at first, he took our arguments … the end.
A in В at С by D after
11. Who is this guy … the photo?
A on В in С at D into
12. What dishes are traditionally made … Easter?
A on В in С for D at
СПОЛУЧНИКИ (CONJUNCTIONS)
розпізнавати i вживати
o прості, похідні, складні та складені сполучники для зв’язку членів речення, а
також речень у тексті.
СПОЛУЧНИКИ СУРЯДНОСТІ (COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS)

ЄДНАЛЬНІ, РОЗДІЛОВІ ТА ПРОТИСТАВНІ СПОЛУЧНИКИ
(COPULATIVE, DISJUNCTIVE AND ADVERSATIVE CONJUCTIONS)
and й, та, a The phone rang, and Mrs. Bush went to answer it.
as well as так само як (й) We spoke to Eugene as well as to Jasper.
both … and як ... так i, Both Karen and Hilda put on their best dresses.
так само …як
but але, a I like tea, but I don’t like coffee.
either … or або ... або Stephen has left either for Leeds or for York.
neither … nor ані ... ані Neither people nor animals could stand the heat.
not only… не тільки ... але і I like not only your clothes but also your manner
but also on the whole.
or або Behave yourself or I’ll have to talk to your mother!
whereas у той час як Some people like summer, whereas others prefer
winter.
while у той час як, тоді як Peter is a serious boy, while you are a lazybones.
Exercise 1. Combine the sentences using copulative disjunctive and adversative

conjunctions.
1. Jessie isn’t at home. Elvira isn’t at home either.
2. Dad usually watches news programmes. Mum prefers documentaries.
3. Edith may spend her holiday at home. Probably, she will go to the seaside.
4. Hetty is very good at cooking. Besides she is good at sewing.
5. We have an apartment in town. We also have a country cottage.
6. Dorothy has got an A for her essay. Her grade in physics is a C.
7. Felice left her purse at home. She also left her passport.
СПОЛУЧНИКИ ШДРЯДНОСТІ
(SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS)
Сполучники підрядності вводить підрядні речення

додаткові:
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that що I saw that Susan was annoyed.
if якщо Ask Miranda if Jerry has returned.
whether чи Ask Miranda whether Jerry has returned or not.
часу:
after після того як After we had a game of chess Barney went home.
as коли, по мірі As she grew up, she made more and more friends.
as soon as того як As soon as the boss came in, everybody got down to work.
before до того як They had been dating for a year before they got married.
hardly ... when не встиг ... як не Hardly had it stopped snowing when the sun appeared in the sky.
no sooner ... than встиг... як No sooner had she fell down than a passer-by helped her to her
since з того часу як feet.
till/until доки Fanny has been thoughtful since she returned from college.
when коли They laughed till tears filled their eyes.
while у той час як When I woke up in the morning the sun was high in the sky.
A lot of things happened while they were staying with the Rew
monds.
причини:
as оскільки As it was rather early everybody was still asleep.
because тому що It was quiet in the room because the children had their lesson.
now that тепер коли Now that you know the truth, we can talk everything over again.
since оскільки The budget had to be altered since the expenditure was too high.
умови:
if якщо I won’t be surprised if Dora doesn’t come.
in case у випадку Call me immediately in case there are any complications.
on condition that за умови We’ll move to Manchester on condition that you get a post there.
provided that за умови якщо The order will be carried out provided that the payment is made
in time.
unless якщо ... ні We’ll surely meet unless I’m too busy.
цілі:
so that аби, щоб I’ve come so that you can hear the news firsthand.
in order that аби, щоб I’m calling in order that I can warn you about the change in
schedule.
способу дії: як He always acts as he wishes.
as начебто Sheila turned round as if looking for somebody.
as if/as though
слідства:
so ... that так ... що He was so frightened that could hardly breathe.
such ... that такий ... що It was such a tiresome day that everybody went to bed at once.
nopiвняня:
as ... as так само ... як Rupert is as brilliant as Einstein.
than ніж Rupert is even more brilliant than Einstein.
поступки:
though/although хоча The competitions were held though the weather wasn’t favorable.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with appropriate coordinative conjunctions. Sometimes

more than one variant is possible.
1. We noticed … Michael was talking to a stranger.
2. … the lecture was over, the students didn’t leave.
3. The race will be held …it starts raining.
4. The experiment failed … there was a shortcut.
5. … Jolly is out of town, we’ll have to turn to somebody else.
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6. Tell me … you liked the meat pie or not.
7. She kept silent … she didn’t hear my question.
8. … everything is OK, we can celebrate the happy outcome.
9. … Ella was informed about it she burst into tears.
10. Granny did more for the girl … anybody else.
11. Alec did everything … you said.
12. The tourists hid in the cave … the storm abated.
13. Sondra changed her mind … she had talked to her lawyer.
14. Harold looked absolutely calm … in fact he couldn’t help worrying.
15. The novel was … exciting … I couldn’t tear myself away from it.
Test 1
1. I’ll stay here … Jim comes for me.
A when В till С as D while
2. Theresa was upset, … her brother didn’t even try to hide his joy.
A unless В in case С after D while
3. … we have run out of sugar, you’ll have to go to the grocer’s.
A However В Before С Since D As soon as
4. No sooner he had come … we sat down to dinner.
A after В then С than D as
5. Nobody knows … the match will be cancelled or not.
A when В if С whether D unless
6. Mr. Jenkins decided to go to work … he felt unwell.
A despite В besides С although D because
7. I’ll help you … that I don’t have to do the flat.
A in case В on the condition С under condition D on condition
8. Cindy had a fever … she would have attended the lecture.
A nevertheless В scarcely С so that D otherwise
9. She majored in French … in Italian at Sorbonne.
A as well and В as well С together D as well as
10. Hardly had the bell rang … the children rushed out of the classroom.
A as В when С after D before
11. Not only was she frightened … felt abandoned.
A but В also С but also D and also
12. … Terry has found a job, he is thinking of getting married.
A Now В Now that С Now when D While
Test 2
1. … the snow fell down, huge snowdrifts formed at the sides of the road.
A As В Before С Although D As if
2. We were looking for a shade … the sun was shining too bright.
A so В so that С whether D as
3. Make a list of the books you need … you don't waste time in the library.
A so В because С that D so that
4. … Marcus knows no German, he wants to go to a German university.
A As В If С Even D Even though
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5. Could you ask Peter … he is coming to the party or not?
A when В if С whether D unless
6. I’ll be waiting for you in the cafe … you come.
A before В while С as D till
7. Mike was looking at me in surprise … he had never seen me before.
A when В though С as if D so
8. Troy had hardly seen Joanna … he fell in love with her.
A as В when С after D before
9. We argued about … to buy flowers or chocolates.
A if В therefore С whether D unless
10. … we tried, our attempts failed.
A Nevertheless В Despite С Because D However
11. We decided to put off the trip … the weather was changing for worse.
A because of В unless С because D due to
12. The day was so hot … the streets were almost empty.
A and В that С so D because
УМОВНІ РЕЧЕННЯ. (CONDITIONALS)
РЕЧЕННЯ З ДІЄСЛОВОМ WISH.
o умовні речення різних типів;
o відповідні форми дієслів умовного способу.
УМОВНІ РЕЧЕННЯ (CONDITIONALS)
TYPE 1: REAL PRESENT

If-clause Main clause Use
Imperative
If + Present Simple Future
Unless (if not) Present Simple
can/may/must +V Real or very probable
Example: situation in
Unless you can afford it, don’t buy it. the present or future
If she comes late, we’ll miss the bus.
If it rains, we won’t go to the country.
If you see Jane, can you tell her my story?
TYPE 2: UNREAL PRESENT
If-clause Main clause Use
would Improbable situation in
If + Past Simple could + V the present or future: also
might is used to give advice
Example:
If I were you, I would go to see a doctor (advice).
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If I had money, I would buy a new house.
TYPE 3: UNREAL PAST
If-clause Main clause (result) Use
would
If + Past Perfect could + have V3
Unreal or improbable
might
situation in the past, also
Example:
is used to express regrets
If you hadn’t missed classes, you would have passed the
and criticism
exam.
If you had been polite to her, she would have stayed with
us.
1. If I have time, I … (write) to him.
2. If today … (be) Sunday, we could go to the beach.
3. If I didn’t have to study, we … (go out) tonight.
4. If it hadn’t snowed, we … (leave) yesterday.
5. If you are in Paris, … (call) me.
6. She would have sold the house, if she … (find) the right buyer.
7. If I have time, I usually … (walk) to work.
8. If you … (go) to the post office, please mail this letter for me.
9. If I finished the dress before Sunday, I … (give) it to my sister for her birthday.
10. If I had seen the movie, I … (tell) you about it last night.
11. He would give you the money, if he … (have) any.
12. She … (call) you, if she had needed your help.
13. We could go for a drive if today … (be) Friday.
14. I … (accept) if they invite me to the party.
15. If they had known him, they … (talk) to him.
16. If I heard from Jane, I … (call) you.
17. If I … (hear) from Jane, I would have called you.
18. We would have arrived sooner, if we … (lose) our way.
19. If I … (be) you, I … (spend) the week-end in London.
20. If Terry … (like) coffee, he … (go) to the coffee shop every day.
Exercise 2. What would you say to a friend who … .

Example: doesn’t go out much – If I were you, I would spend more time outdoors.
1. isn’t very interested in studies
2. spent too much money at the club
3. eats too many sweets
4. caught a cold last week
5. wants to enter a university
6. is too trusting
7. lives in the South
8. doesn’t know what to do in the future
9. has lost his wallet
10. is too touchy
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11. reads only comics
12. never goes to the theatre
13. learns five foreign languages at the same time
14. has a new camera
15. was rude to the teacher
16. forgot to buy a newspaper for his dad
17. has never been to Kyiv
18. pays too much attention to his appearance
19. has five dogs
20. is in hospital now.
РЕЧЕННЯ З ДІЄСЛОВОМ TO WISH
Форма Уживання Приклад

I wish +subject + Past We express a wish about I wish he were with us now.
Simple (If only = "I wish" a present situation which Шкода, що вiн не з нами
but more emphatic) we want to be different. зараз. If only he were with us!
Якби тільки він був зараз iз
нами!
I wish +subject +would V (If We express a wish for a I wish she would ever stop
only) change in the future. smoking.
Note. We never say: Шкода, що вона ніколи не
I wish I would припинить палити.
I wish + Past Perfect (If We express a regret or a I wish he hadn't failed his test
only) wish that something last term.
happened or didn’t Шкода, що вiн не склав цей
happen in the past. іспит у минулому семестрі.
1. I wish I … (meet) with you when you were in town.
2. Jack wishes he … (send) the letter yesterday.
3. If only people … (fly).
4. Jane wishes she … (go) to London, but she has to work.
5. I wish your brother … (stop) drinking.
6. I wish it … (be) so cold now.
7. Paula wishes Jack … (talk) so much yesterday.
8. I wish you … (not be) so lazy.
9. Kate wishes you … (type) faster.
10. Mr. Brown wishes his students … (work) better last term.
11. If only it … (be) Indian summer now!
12. Melanie wished she … (not mention) Patrick’s name in the conversation.
13. Now Dan wishes he … (study) harder at school.
14. I wish I … (know) the answer to this question.
15. The Davises wished they never … (board) that plane.
16. We wish your cat … (not leave) mice at our door.
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17. My brother wished he … (not go) to college that day. He got an F!
18. I wish I … (be) Sherlock Holmes and (can) solve the mystery.
19. Thousands of people wish the volcano eruption … (not start) yet.
20. The police inspector wished there … (be) more witnesses to the crime.
Test 1
1. I won’t talk to you unless you … to Mrs. Barton.
A apologize В will apologize С don’t apologize D won’t apologize
2. She could think of her diet if she really … to get slim.
A want В wanted С had wanted D would want
3. If Martha … yesterday, we wouldn’t have found out the truth.
A didn’t call В wasn’t calling С hadn’t called D hadn’t been calling
4. I wish the weather … for the worse so suddenly last week.
A weren’t changing В didn’t change С hasn’t changed D hadn’t changed
5. If I … books by this author before, I wouldn’t recommend you to read some.
A didn’t read В hadn’t read С haven’t read D wasn’t reading
6. I wish you … to what I say at least sometimes.
A listen В listened С are listening D were listening
7. If you had come in time the teacher … you.
A didn’t reprimand В hadn’t reprimanded
С wouldn’t reprimand D wouldn’t have reprimanded
8. You saw she was upset, you … her what the matter was.
A can ask В could ask С can have asked D could have asked
9. I won’t be surprised if Sheila … come to the party.
A don’t В doesn’t С hasn’t D won’t
10. You might not have fallen ill if you … in the rain.
A don’t get В didn’t get С hadn’t got D hadn’t been getting
11. Tracу wished she … so far from the office. She disliked getting up so early.
A lived В didn’t live С had lived D hadn’t lived
12. If I … a teenager, I wouldn’t waste so much time before the computer.
A am В was С were D had been
Test 2
1. If you… the beginning of the film, you would have enjoyed it better.
A didn’t miss В weren’t missing С hadn’t missed D hadn’t been missing
2. I wish he … to post the letter yesterday.
A doesn’t forget В didn’t forget С hasn’t forgotten D hadn’t forgotten
3. If only Susan … that I love her!
A has believed В was believed С believes D believed
4. If you didn’t believe rumours you … much happier.
A were В would be С will be D would have been
5. I … my mind if you had told me about everything honestly.
A won’t change В won’t have changed С wouldn’t change D wouldn’t have changed
6. If the expedition … with everything necessary, it wouldn’t have failed.
A didn’t provide В wasn’t provided С hadn’t been provided D wouldn’t be provided
7. My brother wouldn’t have joined the army if he … the university.
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A entered В were entering С had entered D had been entering
8. Stan wishes he … to the USA soon.
A will go В goes С would go D would have gone
9. If only you … with us here now.
A stay В are staying С stayed D had been staying
10. You wouldn’t have crashed the car if you … the rules.
A followed В was following С had followed D would have followed
11. The mother wished she … her son’s secrets.
A knew В were known С knows D know
12. If I were as clever as Francis I … a millionaire already.
A will be В were С would be D would have been
УТВОРЕННЯ ФОРМ НАКАЗОВОГО СПОСОБУ.

THERE IS / ARE. HAVE / HAVE GOT.
УЗГОДЖЕННЯ ПІДМЕТА З ПРИСУДКОМ (SUBJECT / VERB AGREEMENT)
УТВОРЕННЯ ФОРМ НАКАЗОВОГО СПОСОБУ
Стверджувальна форма V Заперечна форма DON’T V

Come here! Don’t come here!
Think of it. Don’t think of it.
Press the red button. Don’t press the red button.
Watch out! Don’t hurt yourself.
Help me! Don’t leave me alone.
Exercise 1. React to the following statements using imperative sentences. Make the
sentences negative if necessary.
Example: It’s too stuffy in here. – Open the window.
1. The music is too loud.
2. The doorbell is ringing.
3. I can’t solve this problem.
4. I want to give you a piece of advice.
5. The room is a mess.
6. I don’t need this book any more.
7. I want to keep it secret.
8. The film is boring.
9. I don’t know now where he is.
10. I’m afraid Joanna thinks I’m a failure.
НАКАЗОВИЙ СПОСІБ І3 LET
Let me help you.

him explain everything.
her stay at home tonight.
it be!
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us go to the park.
them go to the station.
the boy wait a little.
Ann sing this song.
Примітка
Let her not go there. Don’t let her go there.
Exercise 2. React to the following statements using imperative sentences with LET. Make
the tences negative if necessary.
Example: It’s too stuffy in here. – Let’s open the window.
1. I’m absolutely free tonight.
2. I’m annoyed with your behaviour.
3. I can’t find my wallet.
4. It’s Mother’s birthday tomorrow.
5. The dog hasn’t been taken out since morning.
6. The flowers need watering.
7. Stephen is a strange person.
8. The baby is crying.
9. I need to talk to you immediately.
10. John and Peter are going to Berlin.
THERE IS/ARE
is a book on the table.

is a cup and two spoons on the table.
are two spoons and a cup on the table.
There
was a lot of snow in our garden last year.
were some children playing snowballs in the yard.
will be a lot of fruit in our garden next year.
There is an apple on the plate.
There isn’t any apple on the plate.
There is no apple on the plate.
Is there an aple on the plate?
There is an apple on the plate, isn’t there?
There is a bird in the cage. The bird is in the cage.
У клітці птах. Птах у клітці.
1. Set phrases
It’s a pity/shame he isn’t at home.
It’s time to go home.
2. Distances
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It’s 2 km from here to the underground station.
3. Time
It’s 3 o’clock.
It’s midnight.
4. It + to be + adjective + infinitive
It’s hard to understand him.
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the verb TO BE.
1. There … a lot guests in the living room when I came home.
2. What … there in the basket you saw on the floor?
3. There … a new hotel here next July.
4. There … some ink on your shirt, you’ll have to try to wash it off.
5. There … a comb and two brushes by the mirror, you can take any.
6. … there any mistakes in your test last week?
7. There … a lot of changes in my life lately.
8. There … a new show on TV soon.
9. There … a lot of milk in the jug.
10. Who … there in the room? I can hear a lot of voices.
Exercise 4. Complete the sentences below with THERE or IT.

1. … is a pleasure to talk to you.
2. … was no time to hesitate.
3. … is time to have tea.
4. … is easy to memorize these words.
5. … is a large city.
6. … are a lot of sights here.
7. … are only two kilometers of good roads here.
8. … is a short distance to cover.
9. … is an hour to waste.
10.… is too cold to sunbathe.
HAVE/HAVE GOT
I have a brother. I have got a brother.

My brother doesn’t have a car yet. My brother hasn’t got a car.
Do you have a car? Has your brother got a car?
Helen has/has got a headache now.
She often has headaches.
She had a headache yesterday.
I hope won’t have a headache tomorrow.
Exercise 5. Use the verbs in the sentences below in the Past or Future forms. Make ail the
necessary changes.
Example: I have got four classes today. – I had five classes yesterday. I’ll have five classes
tomorrow.
1. Kelly has got a toothache.
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2. Rose has tea five times a day.
3. Denis has got a dog.
4. К sister has got a lot of friends.
5. Paul has a shower every morning.
6. Gordon has got very little time today.
7. We haven’t got any questions to you.
8. I’ve got a sore throat.
9. The Browns have got a lot of books.
10. I seldom have my French these days.
УЗГОДЖЕННЯ ПІДМЕТА З ПРИСУДКОМ.
(Subject / Verb Agreement)
Neither my parents nor my brother is at Neither my brother nor my parents are at

home. home.
Either Lily’s friends or she is singing. Either Lily or her friends are singing.
A number of people are waiting outside. The number of people waiting outside is
quite big.
Lily with her friends is singing. Lily and her friends are singing.
Fish and chips is my favourite dish Chips were lying all aver the place.
The onlу reason for his actions is jealousy. The reasons for his behaviour were shame
and jealousy.
Three hours is a long time to wait.
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. Neither my dog nor my cat … (want) to eat this meat.
2. Fried potatoes … (be) something I like very much.
3. A number of students … (take part) in the conference this month.
4. The effect of my questions … (be) unpredictable.
5. The number of students at our department … (double) for the last few years.
6. Either Sam or his brother … (talk) over the phone now.
7. One of the things I’d like to discuss with you … (be) your attendance.
8. A sausage and beans … (be) a traditional breakfast in our family.
9. The members of our team … (be) in the gym now.
10. The potatoes … (not be) ready yet.
11. The headmaster with the teachers … (have) a conference now.
12. The teachers and the headmaster … (take) a decision already.
Test 1
1. Let Frank … down to business immediately.
A get В to get С getting D will get
2. Joan with Stuart … badminton in the backyard now.
A are playing В is playing С play D plays
3. Neither Vic nor Natalie … invited to the party.
A is В are С have D has
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4. … a wonderful rose and two lilies in the vase.
A It is В There is С They are D There are
5. … 23 km from here to the lake.
A There is В There are С It is D They are
6. Five years … a long period of time.
A are В is С it is D there are
7. We usually … a talk before the lectures.
A have В have got С having D get
8. … Gina spend so much time in front of the TV.
A Not let В Let not С Don’t let D Not to let
9. … many apples in your orchard this year?
A There will be В Will be there С Be there will D Will there be
10. Ten kilometers … too far to go on foot.
A is В are С it is D they are
11. I have four classes today and tomorrow I … only two.
A have В have got С will have D will have got
12. A number of our students … to Bristol this year.
A has gone В is gone С are gone D have gone
Test 2
1. Frank with his friends … a surprise for the girls.
A is preparing В prepares С are preparing D prepare
2. He … a bath in the evening.
A have В having С has D has got
3. … to the cinema today.
A Let’s not to go В Don’t let us to go С Not let’s go D Don’t let us go
4. Neither Dolly nor Ella … called me yet.
A has В have С hasn’t D haven’t
5. 50 dollars … a lot of money for a poor student.
A it is В are С is D there are
6. A number of books … damaged by the fire yesterday.
A is В was С has D were
7. Ice and vapour … different states of water.
A is В it is С are D they are
8. … a boy and a girl in the room.
A There is В There are С It is D They are
9. … many guests at the birthday party?
A There will be В Will be there С Be there will D Will there be
10. A representative of the Trade Unions… begun his speech.
A is В has С were D have
11. Let Mother … a little longer today.
A sleep В sleeping С to sleep D will sleep
12. 15 minutes … not enough to relax after such a hard lesson.
A are В is С it is D they are
Words often Confused
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ago – before
ago (adv) before now
e.g. Sandra left school six months ago.
before (adv) before a past time
e.g. She washed her hair before she went to the party.
Fill in ago or before.
1. They moved to this neighbourhood two years … .
2. I have seen this film … .
3. In 1996 she finished the degree which she had started four years … .
4. He took up cycling ten years … .
beside – besides
beside (prep) next to
e.g. The sofa is beside the fireplace in my house.
besides (prep) also, in addition to
e.g. Besides buying us dinner last night, he paid for the theatre tickets.
Fill in beside or besides.
1. Put the book on the table … the vase.
2. My house is … a big park.
3. … a tent, you’ll need a sleeping bag.
4. He’s taken seven other tests … this one.
after – afterwards
after (prep) following in time
e.g. He called me after I had finished work.
afterwards (adv) at a later time
e.g. They went to the cinema and afterwards they went home.
Fill in after or afterwards.
1. Let’s go out … work this evening.
2. She ironed the clothes and … she put them away.
3. They went to the meeting and … they drove home.
4. … they had eaten, they did the washing-up.
good – well
good (adj) well-behaved, not naughty
e.g. Their children are always good when they go out.
well (adv) in a skillful or good way
e.g. He speaks Russian very well.
well (adj) healthy
e.g. I don’t feel well today.
Fill in good or well
1. If you’re … at school today, we’ll go to the park later.
2. They sing very … together, don’t they?
3. Be a … girl at school today.
4. After eating four burgers, he didn’t feel … .
5. Did Adam do … in the test?
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hard – hardly
hard (adj) difficult, vigorous
e.g. Tom found the exam very hard, am that’s why he failed it.
hardly (adv) barely
e.g. It was so hot last night that I hardly slept at all.
Fill in hard or hardly
1. Eric always works … .
2. I have … any free time these days.
3. They could … hear each other because the music was so loud.
4. If you train … you’ll win the race on Saturday.
It’s – its
it’s it is or it has (short form)
e.g. It’s time to go to bed!
It’s been two months since I last saw him.
its (poss adj) of a thing/animal
e.g. The cat curled up in its basket am went to sleep.
Fill in it’s or its.
1. … eight o'clock already! We’re going to be late!
2. Their house is huge. … got fifteen rooms.
3. The dog buried … bone in the garden.
4. The plane lowered … wheels just before landing.
quite – enough
quite (adv) fairly, but not very
e.g. The party we went to was quite good.
enough (adv) sufficient, satisfactory
e.g. The sofa was big enough for four people.
Fill in quite or enough.
1. I enjoyed the meal. It was … tasty.
2. She wasn't tall … to become a model.
3. The test was … difficult.I hope I did well.
4. Is the room warm … for you?
used to – be used to
used to refers to past habits and states
e.g. I used to exercise every day. but I don 't any more.
be used to refers to an action which has been done so often that is very familiar to the person
involved
e.g. Joan is used to getting up early in the mornings.
Fill in used to or be used to in the correct form.
1. They … live by the sea, but now they live in the city.
2. We … meet for lunch every day, but we don t any more.
3. They … being on their own.
4. Tom … working night shifts now, although he found it hard at the beginning.
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affect – effect
affect (v) to influence sth/sb
e.g. The closing down of the factory affected many families in the town.
effect (n) result; change produced by an action or a cause.
e.g. The effects of pollution can be seen all over the world.
Fill in affect or effect.
1. You shouldn't let her comments … you.
2. The advertising campaign had a good … on the sales figures.
3. Famous people can … the lives of young people.
4. The polluted water had a serious … on the fish in the river.
besides – except – but – except for – apart from

besides (adv) in addition, moreover, including, as well
e.g. It's too late to go out now. Besides, it's going to rain.
except (prep) not including, apart from (in the middle of a sentence)
e.g. Everyone in the company got a pay rise except James.
but (conj) not including, apart from (never at the beginning of a sentence)
e.g. I cleaned every room but the kitchen.
except for (prep) not including, apart from (usually followed by a noun or -ing form)
e.g. Except for the security guard, the building was empty.
apart from (prep) not including (usually followed by a noun or -ing form)
e.g. Apart from washing the car. what else have you done today?
Fill in besides, except, but or apart.

1. We got cards from everyone … for Alec.
2. … from the singing of the birds, everything was quiet.
3. I didn't like the idea of working for that company: the salary wasn't good enough.
4. She locked every door … the fire exit.
5. … from Pauline, everyone at the meeting agreed with the plan.
6. Let's get a taxi since it's raining. …. we've already missed the last bus.
7. Every guest came on time … Claire.
8. … going shopping, what else shall we do on Saturday?
9. I'm going to bed because I'm tired … it’s very late.
bring – take
bring (v) move sth towards sb/sth else
e.g. Bring me those files, please.
take (v) move sth away from sb
e.g. Will you take the rubbish out when you leave, please?
Fill in bring or take in the correct form.
1. Please … this box outside to the garden.
2. … me a chair from the kitchen, please.
3. He … the children to play in the park yesterday evening.
4. Will you … me the dishes from the dining room, please?
100
until – by
until (prep) before the time when something happens and not after it
e.g. He worked for this company until he retired.
by (prep) no later than a specified time
e.g. You must finish the report by Friday afternoon.
Fill in until or by.
1. We waited at the station … the train came.
2. I’ll be in the office … 6 o’clock. Call me before then.
3. You must return the library books … Wednesday.
4. Sam will know his exam results … the end of July.
5. We can’t announce anything to the public … we get the Prime Minister’s consent.
since – for
since (prep) from a specified time in the past until a laier past time or until the present
e.g. He's been on holiday since last Friday.
for (prep) indicating a length of time
e.g. They’ve been working here for ten years.
Fill in since or for.
1. They have known each other … many years.
2. He hasn’t heard from Alice … last summer.
3. Janet hasn’t written to John … January.
4. I have been waiting for the train … an hour.
5. I have been good friends with James … we were at school together.
listen – hear
listen to (v) to hear intentionally
e.g. They listened to the news broadcast on the radio.
hear (v) to perceive sounds with the ears
e.g. Susan heard someone calling for help.
Fill in listen or hear in the correct form.
1. You must … carefully or you won’t know what to do.
2. I think I … a noise outside.
3. Please speak louder, I can’t … you.
4. Tom … to music every evening to help him relax.
on time – in time
on time neither late nor early, at the correct tin
e.g. I always make sure I get to work on time.
in time not late
e.g. I hope I’ll get to the airport in time to watch the plane land.
Fill in on time or in time.
1. Bill is always late. He’s never … for work.
2. I woke up just … to see the sunrise this morning.
3. We’re having guests tonight so make sure you’re home … to welcome them.
4. If we hurry, we’ll get to the station … to catch the train.
101
Expressions with Do
one’s best/worst, business with sb, a crossword, damage to, one’s duty, an exercise, a
test, an experiment, go one’s hair, harm, one’s homework, the housework, a job, sth
for a living, research, right/wrong, the shopping, a translation, the washing-up, work,
etc.
Expressions with Make

an appointment, an arrangement, the beds, a cake, changes, coffee, a decision, a
discovery, an effort, excuse, a fortune, an impression, a joke, a mess, a mistake,
money, a noise, an offer, peace, preparations, progress, sure, trouble, war, up one’s
mind, etc.
Fill in do or make in the correct form.
1. James … an exercise in his book when his pen ran out.
2. She … lots of mistakes in her homework.
3. We could … a fortune if we sold all this jewellery.
4. I like the washing-up straight after dinner.
5. Sam … the shopping for me on his way home yesterday.
6. She … a joke but nobody laughed.
7. They … progress with the building.
8. Just a small slice of cake won't … any harm.
9. John is going to … an appointment to have his hair cut.
10. If you're going to … a job you should do it properly.
11. Mum is busy … preparations for the party.
12. Will you … your beds now, please?
13. Could you … a translation of this article for me, please?
14. I don't mind if you fail the test, so long as you … your best.
15. Yesterday we … an offer on the house we want to buy.
at the beginning – in the beginning

at the end – in the end
at the beginning at the place or time at which sth starts
e.g. There is a contents page at the beginning of the book.
in the beginning initially. This suggests further change.
e.g. He thought German was hard in the beginning, but now he finds it easy.
at the end at the furthest or last part of sth
e.g. At the end of the day I like to relax in front of the TV.
in the end at last, finally, when everything is taken into consideration
e.g. I was going to take the bus home, but in the end I got a taxi.
Fill in at the beginning, in the beginning, at the end or in the end.

1. She didn't feel very confident … of her career, but she has changed a lot since then.
2. …, the work was interesting, but now I find it boring.
3. It was a difficult situation, but … everything worked out nicely.
102
4. There is a revision chapter … of the book.
5. She didn't know anyone … but then she made lots of friends.
6. … of the week, the weather was awful, but then it improved.
7. The big new supermarket is … of the street.
8. The story has a tragic beginning, but fortunately everything turns out well … .
9. … nothing grew on the land, but it is covered with trees now.
any way – anyway

any way in any manner
e.g. They couldn't find any way to get out of the building.
anyway (adv) anyhow, in any case
e.g. The coat was expensive, but I bought it anyway.
Fill in any way or anyway.

1. Is there … I can help you?
2. You can do this … you think best.
3. I wasn't keen on the idea of going to the party, but I went … .
4. It wasn't raining, but I took my umbrella with me … .
5. You can t treat people … you want; you must always take their feelings into
consideration.
all ready – already

all ready everyone prepared
e.g. The children are all ready to go.
already (adv) by this time
e.g. By the time I got there, the train had already left.
Fill in all ready or already.
1. The teams are … so the competition can begin.
2. When you are we can leave.
3. They've … finished all the work.
4. I’ve … done the shopping this week.
5. The children had put on their costumes and they were … to go on stage.
Глагол Do используется, когда кто-либо совершает действие, занимается какой-

либо деятельностью или выполняет какую-либо работу:
do a crossword – разгадывать кроссворд

do the ironing – утюжить что-либо
do the laundry – заниматься стиркой
do the washing – мыть что-либо
do the washing up – мыть посуду
Do часто используется, когда речь идет о работе любого плана:

103
do your work – делать работу
do homework – делать домашнюю работу (домашние задания)
do housework – делать работу по дому
do your job – делать свою работу (свои обязанности)
Do в качестве общей идеи
Глагол Do используется, когда речь идет о чем-либо в общем. Другими словами,

когда необходимо описать какое-либо действие, при этом не называя самого
действия. В данном значении глагол часто используется со словами something,
nothing, anything, everything, и т.д.
Например:
I'm not doing anything today.
Я сегодня ничего не делаю. (= Я сегодня ничем не занимаюсь.)
He does everything for his mother.

Он все делает для своей матери.
She's doing nothing.

Она ничего не делает. (= Она ничем не занимается.)
Важные выражения с глаголом Do
Есть несколько устойчивых выражений, в которых всегда используется

глагол Do. Лучше всего их просто выучить.
do badly – плохо преуспевать (в чем-либо); плохо удаваться (о чем-либо); и т.д.

do business – заниматься делами, бизнесом
do the dishes – мыть посуду
do a favour – сделать одолжение
do good – пойти на пользу; принести пользу
do harm – пойти во вред; принести вред; причинить вред
do time (to go to prison) – отбывать срок (в тюрьме)
do well – хорошо преуспевать (в чем-либо); хорошо удаваться (о чем-либо); и т.д.
do your best – сделать все возможное
do your hair – причесывать волосы
Глагол Make используется, когда что-либо создается, сооружается, строится, и

т.п.:
make a dress – сделать (сшить) платье

make food – приготовить еду
make a cup of tea / coffee – сделать (приготовить) чашку чая / кофе
104
Make часто используется, когда речь идет о приготовлении еды.
make a meal (breakfast / lunch / dinner) – приготовить еду (завтрак / обед / ужин)
Важные выражения с глаголом Make
Есть несколько устойчивых выражений, в которых всегда используется

глагол Make. Лучше всего их просто выучить.
make amends – вносить поправки (в договор, в контракт, и т.п.); также может

означать "компенсировать кому-либо что-либо", "извиниться перед кем-либо"
make arrangements – договориться, устроить что-либо
make believe (to pretend) – притворяться, делать вид
make a choice – сделать выбор
make a comment – сделать замечание, комментарий
make a decision – принять решение
make a difference – иметь разницу (например: It makes no difference. – Это не
имеет никакой разницы).
make an effort – приложить усилие
make an enquiry – сделать запрос, наводить справки
make an excuse – извиниться
make a fool of yourself – выставить себя дураком
make a fortune – сделать состояние
make friends - подружиться
make a fuss – поднимать шум
make a journey – совершить путешествие
make a mess – устроить беспорядок
make a mistake – сделать ошибку
make money – зарабатывать деньги
make a move – сделать ход
make a noise – шуметь
make a phone call – совершить телефонный звонок
make a plan – составить план
make a point – выразить точку зрения
make a profit – получать прибыль
make a promise – сделать обещание
make a remark – сделать замечание
make a sound – издать звук
make a speech – прочитать речь
make a suggestion – сделать предложение
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355360904_PROFESSIONAL_ENGLISH_IN_IT_B2_-
C1_Textbook_for_Students_of_Information_Technology
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ЗМІСТ

Опрацювавши цей розділ, Ви зможете

Іменники, що утворюють множину за правилами

Закінчення слова Приклади Закінчення слова Приклади

Винятки: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, chefs, cliffs, sheriffs.

Імснники, що утворюють множину не за правилами

Exercise 1. Write the plural form of each noun.

Exercise 2. Use the words in the sentences below

Exercise 3. Use is/are in the sentences below.

ПРИСВІЙНИЙ ВІДМІНОК ІМЕННИКА

Іменник Закінчення Приклад

1. Назви іcтот в однині N’s The boy's book is on the table.

Exercise 5. Put in the nouns and add -s if necessary.

Exercise 6. Choose the correct verb form.

Exercise 8. Choose the correct form.

2) Чи називає іменник обчислювальний предмет?

3) Чи називає іменник предмет в однині?

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles.

ОСОБЛИВІ ВИПАДКИ ВЖИВАННЯ АРТИКЛЯ

Нульовий артикль (-) Означений артикль (the)

Титул + iм’я Queen Elizabeth Титул the Queen

Назви журналів Sports Історичні документа the Constitution

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles.

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles.

Уживання артикля в деяких сталих виразах

Prison, school, bed, etc.

1 Prison or the prison?

Here are some examples with other buildings.

2 Bed, home, etc.

On Friday, for lunch, etc.

Years, seasons and months

Days of the week

Parts of the day and night

Exercise 8. Put in the words. Decide if you need to use the.

Exercise 9. Decide which word or words are correct.

Ви зможете розрізняти та вживати:

Ocoбoвi (Personal) Присвійні (Possessive) Зворотні

BKAЗIBHI ЗАЙМЕННИКИ (DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS)

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns.

НЕОЗНАЧЕНІ (SOME, ANY), ЗАПЕРЕЧНІ (NO)

BODY ONE THING WHERE

Exercise 2. Complete the conversations. Put in the correct words.

Exercise 3. Choose the right word.

ПИТАЛЬНІ ЗАЙМЕННИКИ (INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS)

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences below with appropriate interrogative pronouns.

СПОЛУЧНІ ЗАЙМЕННИКИ (CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS)

Exercise 5. Complete the sentences below with appropriate conjunctive pronouns.

ОЗНАЧАЛЬНІ 3АЙМЕНHИКИ (DEFINING PRONOUNS)

-ic historic -ent independent -ed tired

СТУПЕНI ПОРIВНЯННЯ ПРИКМЕТНИКIВ

ПРАВИЛА ПРАВОПИСУ ПРИКМЕТНИКІВ

Форма Правило Приклад

good better the best

Exercise 2. Give the comparative and superlative forms of each word. –

Exercise 5. Recast the sentences below according to the model.

Exercise 6. Recast the sentences below according to the model.

MUCH, MANY, A LOT, A LOT OF, FEW, A FEW, LITTLE, A LITTLE

COMMONLY MISUSED WORDS

Exercise 8. Choose the right word to complete the sentences below.

ПРИСЛІВНИК. ЧИСЛІВНИК. (NUMERAL)

УТВОРЕННЯ ПРИСЛІВНИКІВ НА –lу

Exercise 1. Choose the correct adverb to complete the sentences below.

СТУПЕНІ ПОРІВНЯННЯ ПРИСЛІВНИКІВ

Exercise 4. Recast the sentences below according to the model.